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2. Pushing the Limits : Palynological Investigations at the Margin of the Greenland Ice Sheet in the Norse Western Settlement

Author

Schofield, J. Edward, Pearce, Danni M., Mair, Douglas W. F., Rea, Brice R., Lea, James M., Kamenos, Nicholas A., Schoenrock, Kathryn M., Barr, Iestyn D., Edwards, Kevin J., Schofield, J. Edward, Pearce, Danni M., Mair, Douglas W. F., Rea, Brice R., Lea, James M., Kamenos, Nicholas A., Schoenrock, Kathryn M., Barr, Iestyn D., and Edwards, Kevin J.

Abstract

This paper presents two high-resolution pollen records dating to ?AD 1000?1400 that reveal the impacts of Norse colonists on vegetation and landscape around a remote farmstead in the Western Settlement of Greenland. The study is centred upon a ?centralised farm? (ruin group V53d) in Austmannadalen, near the margin of the Greenland Ice Sheet (64?13?N, 49?49?W). The climate is low arctic and considered marginal in terms of its suitability for the type of pastoral agriculture that the Norse settlers introduced. The data reveal that at a short distance (?500?m) from the farm buildings, the palynological ?footprint? for settlement becomes extremely indistinct, the only clear palaeoenvironmental evidence for a human presence being elevated levels of microscopic charcoal. This contrasts with the Eastern Settlement, where a strong palynological signature for Norse landn?m is evident, from the local (individual farm) through to the regional (landscape) scale. The palynological data from Austmannadalen, and the Western Settlement more generally, imply that farming occurred at very low intensity. This aligns with ideas that promote the importance of hunting, and trade in valuable Arctic commodities (e.g. walrus ivory), ahead of a search for new pasture as the dominant motivation driving the Norse settlement of this region.

Published
2022
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3. The Reading Palaeofire Database: an expanded global resource to document changes in fire regimes from sedimentary charcoal records

Author

European Commission, German Research Foundation, López Sáez, José Antonio [0000-0002-3122-2744], Luelmo Lautenschlaeger, Reyes [0000-0002-4505-2416], Romera, S. [0000-0001-5726-2536], Pérez Díaz, Sebastián [0000-0002-2702-0058], Harrison, Sandy P., Villegas, Roberto, Cruz-Silva, Esmeralda, Gallagher, Daniel, Kesner, David, Lincoln, Paul, Shen, Yicheng, Sweeney, Luke, Colombaroli, Daniele, Ali, Adam, Barhoumi, Chéïma, Bergeron, Yves, Blyakharchuk, Tatiana A., Bobek, Přemysl, Bradshaw, Richard, Clear, Jennifer L., Czerwiński, S., Daniau, A. L., Dodson, John, Edwards, Kevin J., Edwards, M.E., Feurdean, Angelica, Foster, David, Gajewski, Konrad, Galka, Mariusz, Garneau, Michelle, Giesecke, Thomas, Romera, S., Girardin, Martin P., Hoefer, Dana, Huang, Kangyou, Inoue, Jun, Jamrichová, Eva, Jasiunas, N., Jiang, Wenying, Jiménez Moreno, Gonzalo, Karpińska‐Kołaczek, Monika, Kołaczek, P., Kuosmanen, Niina, Lamentowicz, Mariusz, Lavoie, Martin, Li, Fang, Li, Jianyong, Lisitsyna, Olga, López Sáez, José Antonio, Luelmo Lautenschlaeger, Reyes, Magnan, Gabriel, Magyari, Enikö Katalin, Maksims, Alekss, Marcisz, K., Marinova, Elena, Marlon, Jenn, Mensing, S., Miroslaw-Grabowska, Joanna, Oswald, Wyatt, Pérez Díaz, Sebastián, Pérez-Obiol, Ramón, Piilo, Sanna, Poska, A., Qin, Xiaoguang, Remy, Cécile C., Richard, Pierre J. H., Salonen, J. Sakari, Sasaki, Naoko, Schneider, Hieke, Shotyk, William, Stancikaite, Migle, Šteinberga, Dace, Stivrins, Normunds, Takahara, Hikaru, Tan, Zhihai, Trasune, Liva, Umbanhowar, Charles E., Väliranta, Minna, Vassiljev, Jüri, Xiao, Xiayun, Xu, Qinghai, Xu, Xin, Zawisza, Edyta, Zhao, Yan, Zhou, Zheng, Paillard, Jordan, European Commission, German Research Foundation, López Sáez, José Antonio [0000-0002-3122-2744], Luelmo Lautenschlaeger, Reyes [0000-0002-4505-2416], Romera, S. [0000-0001-5726-2536], Pérez Díaz, Sebastián [0000-0002-2702-0058], Harrison, Sandy P., Villegas, Roberto, Cruz-Silva, Esmeralda, Gallagher, Daniel, Kesner, David, Lincoln, Paul, Shen, Yicheng, Sweeney, Luke, Colombaroli, Daniele, Ali, Adam, Barhoumi, Chéïma, Bergeron, Yves, Blyakharchuk, Tatiana A., Bobek, Přemysl, Bradshaw, Richard, Clear, Jennifer L., Czerwiński, S., Daniau, A. L., Dodson, John, Edwards, Kevin J., Edwards, M.E., Feurdean, Angelica, Foster, David, Gajewski, Konrad, Galka, Mariusz, Garneau, Michelle, Giesecke, Thomas, Romera, S., Girardin, Martin P., Hoefer, Dana, Huang, Kangyou, Inoue, Jun, Jamrichová, Eva, Jasiunas, N., Jiang, Wenying, Jiménez Moreno, Gonzalo, Karpińska‐Kołaczek, Monika, Kołaczek, P., Kuosmanen, Niina, Lamentowicz, Mariusz, Lavoie, Martin, Li, Fang, Li, Jianyong, Lisitsyna, Olga, López Sáez, José Antonio, Luelmo Lautenschlaeger, Reyes, Magnan, Gabriel, Magyari, Enikö Katalin, Maksims, Alekss, Marcisz, K., Marinova, Elena, Marlon, Jenn, Mensing, S., Miroslaw-Grabowska, Joanna, Oswald, Wyatt, Pérez Díaz, Sebastián, Pérez-Obiol, Ramón, Piilo, Sanna, Poska, A., Qin, Xiaoguang, Remy, Cécile C., Richard, Pierre J. H., Salonen, J. Sakari, Sasaki, Naoko, Schneider, Hieke, Shotyk, William, Stancikaite, Migle, Šteinberga, Dace, Stivrins, Normunds, Takahara, Hikaru, Tan, Zhihai, Trasune, Liva, Umbanhowar, Charles E., Väliranta, Minna, Vassiljev, Jüri, Xiao, Xiayun, Xu, Qinghai, Xu, Xin, Zawisza, Edyta, Zhao, Yan, Zhou, Zheng, and Paillard, Jordan

Abstract

Sedimentary charcoal records are widely used to reconstruct regional changes in fire regimes through time in the geological past. Existing global compilations are not geographically comprehensive and do not provide consistent metadata for all sites. Furthermore, the age models provided for these records are not harmonised and many are based on older calibrations of the radiocarbon ages. These issues limit the use of existing compilations for research into past fire regimes. Here, we present an expanded database of charcoal records, accompanied by new age models based on recalibration of radiocarbon ages using IntCal20 and Bayesian age-modelling software. We document the structure and contents of the database, the construction of the age models, and the quality control measures applied. We also record the expansion of geographical coverage relative to previous charcoal compilations and the expansion of metadata that can be used to inform analyses. This first version of the Reading Palaeofire Database contains 1676 records (entities) from 1480 sites worldwide. The database (RPDv1b – Harrison et al., 2021) is available at https://doi.org/10.17864/1947.000345.

Published
2022

4. The Eurasian Modern Pollen Database (EMPD), version 2

Author

Université de Lausanne, Swiss National Science Foundation, López Sáez, José Antonio [0000-0002-3122-2744], Davis, Basil A. S., Chevalier, Manuel, Sommer, Philipp, Carter, Vachel A., Finsinger, Walter, Mauri, Achille, Phelps, Leanne N., Zanon, Marco, Abegglen, Roman, Åkesson, Christine M., Alba Sánchez, Francisca, Valsecchi, V., Zanina, Oksana G., Zimny, Marcelina, Scott Anderson, R., Antipina, Tatiana A., Atanassova, Juliana R., Beer, Ruth, Belyanina, Nina I., Blyakharchuk, Tatiana A., Borisova, Olga K., Bozilova, Elissaveta, Bukreeva, Galina, Bunting, M. Jane, Clò, Eleonora, Colombaroli, Daniele, Combourieu-Nebout, N., Desprat, Stéphanie, Rita, Federico di, Djamali, Morteza, Edwards, Kevin J., Fall, Patricia L., Feurdean, Angelica, Fletcher, William J., Florenzano, Assunta, Furlanetto, Giulia, Gaceur, Emna, Galimov, Arsenii T., Galka, Mariusz, García-Moreiras, Iria, Giesecke, Thomas, Grindean, Roxana, Guido, Maria A., Gvozdeva, Irina G., Herzschuh, Ulrike, Hjelle, Kari L., Ivanov, Sergy, Jahns, Susanne, Jankovska, Vlasta, Jiménez-Moreno, Gonzalo, Karpińska‐Kołaczek, Monika, Kitaba, Ikuko, Kolaczek, Piotr, Lapteva, Elena G., Latalowa, Malgorzata, Lebreton, Vincent, Leroy, Suzanne A. G., Leydet, Michelle, Lopatina, Darya A., López Sáez, José Antonio, Lotter, A. F., Marinova, Elena, Matthias, Isabelle, Mavridou, Anastasia, Mercuri, Anna Maria, Mesa-Fernández, Jose Manuel, Mikishin, Yuri A., Milecka, Krystyna, Montanari, Carlo, Morales-Molino, César, Mrotzek, Almut, Muñoz Sobrino, C., Naidina, Olga D., Nakagawa, Takeshi, Nielsen, Anne Birgitte, Novenko, Elena Y., Panajiotidis, Sampson, Panova, Nata K., Papadopoulou, María, Pardoe, Heather S., Pędziszewska, Anna, Petrenko, Tatitana I., Ramos-Román, María J., Ravazzi, Cesare, Rösch, Manfred, Ryabogina, Natalia, Sabariego Ruiz, Silvia, Salonen, J. Sakari, Sapelko, Tatyana V., Schofield, James E., Seppä, Heikki, Shumilovskikh, Lyudmila, Stivrins, Normunds, Stojakowits, Philipp, Svobodova Svitavska, Helena, Święta-Musznicka, Joanna, Tantau, Ioan, Tinner, Willy, Tobolski, Kazimierz, Tonkov, Spassimir, Tsakiridou, Margarita, Université de Lausanne, Swiss National Science Foundation, López Sáez, José Antonio [0000-0002-3122-2744], Davis, Basil A. S., Chevalier, Manuel, Sommer, Philipp, Carter, Vachel A., Finsinger, Walter, Mauri, Achille, Phelps, Leanne N., Zanon, Marco, Abegglen, Roman, Åkesson, Christine M., Alba Sánchez, Francisca, Valsecchi, V., Zanina, Oksana G., Zimny, Marcelina, Scott Anderson, R., Antipina, Tatiana A., Atanassova, Juliana R., Beer, Ruth, Belyanina, Nina I., Blyakharchuk, Tatiana A., Borisova, Olga K., Bozilova, Elissaveta, Bukreeva, Galina, Bunting, M. Jane, Clò, Eleonora, Colombaroli, Daniele, Combourieu-Nebout, N., Desprat, Stéphanie, Rita, Federico di, Djamali, Morteza, Edwards, Kevin J., Fall, Patricia L., Feurdean, Angelica, Fletcher, William J., Florenzano, Assunta, Furlanetto, Giulia, Gaceur, Emna, Galimov, Arsenii T., Galka, Mariusz, García-Moreiras, Iria, Giesecke, Thomas, Grindean, Roxana, Guido, Maria A., Gvozdeva, Irina G., Herzschuh, Ulrike, Hjelle, Kari L., Ivanov, Sergy, Jahns, Susanne, Jankovska, Vlasta, Jiménez-Moreno, Gonzalo, Karpińska‐Kołaczek, Monika, Kitaba, Ikuko, Kolaczek, Piotr, Lapteva, Elena G., Latalowa, Malgorzata, Lebreton, Vincent, Leroy, Suzanne A. G., Leydet, Michelle, Lopatina, Darya A., López Sáez, José Antonio, Lotter, A. F., Marinova, Elena, Matthias, Isabelle, Mavridou, Anastasia, Mercuri, Anna Maria, Mesa-Fernández, Jose Manuel, Mikishin, Yuri A., Milecka, Krystyna, Montanari, Carlo, Morales-Molino, César, Mrotzek, Almut, Muñoz Sobrino, C., Naidina, Olga D., Nakagawa, Takeshi, Nielsen, Anne Birgitte, Novenko, Elena Y., Panajiotidis, Sampson, Panova, Nata K., Papadopoulou, María, Pardoe, Heather S., Pędziszewska, Anna, Petrenko, Tatitana I., Ramos-Román, María J., Ravazzi, Cesare, Rösch, Manfred, Ryabogina, Natalia, Sabariego Ruiz, Silvia, Salonen, J. Sakari, Sapelko, Tatyana V., Schofield, James E., Seppä, Heikki, Shumilovskikh, Lyudmila, Stivrins, Normunds, Stojakowits, Philipp, Svobodova Svitavska, Helena, Święta-Musznicka, Joanna, Tantau, Ioan, Tinner, Willy, Tobolski, Kazimierz, Tonkov, Spassimir, and Tsakiridou, Margarita

Abstract

The Eurasian (née European) Modern Pollen Database (EMPD) was established in 2013 to provide a public database of high-quality modern pollen surface samples to help support studies of past climate, land cover, and land use using fossil pollen. The EMPD is part of, and complementary to, the European Pollen Database (EPD) which contains data on fossil pollen found in Late Quaternary sedimentary archives throughout the Eurasian region. The EPD is in turn part of the rapidly growing Neotoma database, which is now the primary home for global palaeoecological data. This paper describes version 2 of the EMPD in which the number of samples held in the database has been increased by 60% from 4826 to 8134. Much of the improvement in data coverage has come from northern Asia, and the database has consequently been renamed the Eurasian Modern Pollen Database to reflect this geographical enlargement. The EMPD can be viewed online using a dedicated map-based viewer at https://empd2.github.io and downloaded in a variety of file formats at https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.909130 (Chevalier et al., 2019).

Published
2020

6. Archaeological assessment reveals Earth’s early transformation through land use

Author

Stephens, Lucas, Fuller, Dorian, Boivin, Nicole, Rick, Torben, Gauthier, Nicolas, Kay, Andrea, Marwick, Ben, Geralda, Chelsey, Armstrong, Denise, Barton, C. Michael, Denham, Tim, Douglass, Kristina, Driver, Jonathan, Janz, Lisa, Roberts, Patrick, Rogers, J. Daniel, Thakar, Heather, Altaweel, Mark, Johnson, Amber L., Sampietro Vattuone, Maria Marta, Aldenderfer, Mark, Archila, Sonia, Artioli, Gilberto, Bale, Martin T., Beach, Timothy, Borrell, Ferran, Braje, Todd, Buckland, Philip I., Jiménez Cano, Nayeli Guadalupe, Capriles, José M., Diez Castillo, Agustín, Çilingiroglu, Çiler, Negus Cleary, Michelle, Conolly, James, Coutros, Peter R., Covey, R. Alan, Cremaschi, Mauro, Crowther, Alison, Der, Lindsay, di Lernia, Savino, Doershuk, John F., Doolittle, William E., Edwards, Kevin J., Erlandson, Jon M., Evans, Damian, Fairbairn, Andrew, Faulkner, Patrick, Feinman, Gary, Fernandes, Ricardo, Fitzpatrick, Scott M., Fyfe, Ralph, Garcea, Elena, Goldstein, Steve, Goodman, Reed Charles, Dalpoim Guedes, Jade, Herrmann, Jason, Hiscock, Peter, Hommel, Peter, Horsburgh, K. Ann, Hritz, Carrie, Ives, John W., Junno, Aripekka, Kahn, Jennifer G., Kaufman, Brett, Kearns, Catherine, Kidder, Tristram R., Lanoë, François, Lawrence, Dan, Lee, Gyoung-Ah, Levin, Maureece J., Lindskoug, Henrik B., López-Sáez, José Antonio, Macrae, Scott, Marchant, Rob, Marston, John M., McClure, Sarah, McCoy, Mark D., Miller, Alicia Ventresca, Morrison, Michael, Motuzaite Matuzeviciute, Giedre, Müller, Johannes, Nayak, Ayushi, Noerwidi, Sofwan, Peres, Tanya M., Peterson, Christian E., Proctor, Lucas, Randall, Asa R., Renette, Steve, Robbins Schug, Gwen, Ryzewski, Krysta, Saini, Rakesh, Scheinsohn, Vivian, Schmidt, Peter, Sebillaud, Pauline, Seitsonen, Oula, Simpson, Ian A., So\ltysiak, Arkadiusz, Speakman, Robert J., Spengler, Robert N., Steffen, Martina L., Storozum, Michael J., Strickland, Keir M., Thompson, Jessica, Thurston, T. L., Ulm, Sean, Ustunkaya, M. Cemre, Welker, Martin H., West, Catherine, Williams, Patrick Ryan, Wright, David K., Wright, Nathan, Zahir, Muhammad, Zerboni, Andrea, Beaudoin, Ella, Munevar Garcia, Santiago, Powell, Jeremy, Thornton, Alexa, Kaplan, Jed O., Gaillard, Marie-José, Klein Goldewijk, Kees, Ellis, Erle, Stephens, Lucas, Fuller, Dorian, Boivin, Nicole, Rick, Torben, Gauthier, Nicolas, Kay, Andrea, Marwick, Ben, Geralda, Chelsey, Armstrong, Denise, Barton, C. Michael, Denham, Tim, Douglass, Kristina, Driver, Jonathan, Janz, Lisa, Roberts, Patrick, Rogers, J. Daniel, Thakar, Heather, Altaweel, Mark, Johnson, Amber L., Sampietro Vattuone, Maria Marta, Aldenderfer, Mark, Archila, Sonia, Artioli, Gilberto, Bale, Martin T., Beach, Timothy, Borrell, Ferran, Braje, Todd, Buckland, Philip I., Jiménez Cano, Nayeli Guadalupe, Capriles, José M., Diez Castillo, Agustín, Çilingiroglu, Çiler, Negus Cleary, Michelle, Conolly, James, Coutros, Peter R., Covey, R. Alan, Cremaschi, Mauro, Crowther, Alison, Der, Lindsay, di Lernia, Savino, Doershuk, John F., Doolittle, William E., Edwards, Kevin J., Erlandson, Jon M., Evans, Damian, Fairbairn, Andrew, Faulkner, Patrick, Feinman, Gary, Fernandes, Ricardo, Fitzpatrick, Scott M., Fyfe, Ralph, Garcea, Elena, Goldstein, Steve, Goodman, Reed Charles, Dalpoim Guedes, Jade, Herrmann, Jason, Hiscock, Peter, Hommel, Peter, Horsburgh, K. Ann, Hritz, Carrie, Ives, John W., Junno, Aripekka, Kahn, Jennifer G., Kaufman, Brett, Kearns, Catherine, Kidder, Tristram R., Lanoë, François, Lawrence, Dan, Lee, Gyoung-Ah, Levin, Maureece J., Lindskoug, Henrik B., López-Sáez, José Antonio, Macrae, Scott, Marchant, Rob, Marston, John M., McClure, Sarah, McCoy, Mark D., Miller, Alicia Ventresca, Morrison, Michael, Motuzaite Matuzeviciute, Giedre, Müller, Johannes, Nayak, Ayushi, Noerwidi, Sofwan, Peres, Tanya M., Peterson, Christian E., Proctor, Lucas, Randall, Asa R., Renette, Steve, Robbins Schug, Gwen, Ryzewski, Krysta, Saini, Rakesh, Scheinsohn, Vivian, Schmidt, Peter, Sebillaud, Pauline, Seitsonen, Oula, Simpson, Ian A., So\ltysiak, Arkadiusz, Speakman, Robert J., Spengler, Robert N., Steffen, Martina L., Storozum, Michael J., Strickland, Keir M., Thompson, Jessica, Thurston, T. L., Ulm, Sean, Ustunkaya, M. Cemre, Welker, Martin H., West, Catherine, Williams, Patrick Ryan, Wright, David K., Wright, Nathan, Zahir, Muhammad, Zerboni, Andrea, Beaudoin, Ella, Munevar Garcia, Santiago, Powell, Jeremy, Thornton, Alexa, Kaplan, Jed O., Gaillard, Marie-José, Klein Goldewijk, Kees, and Ellis, Erle

Abstract

Humans began to leave lasting impacts on Earth’s surface starting 10,000 to 8000 years ago. Through a synthetic collaboration with archaeologists around the globe, Stephens et al. compiled a comprehensive picture of the trajectory of human land use worldwide during the Holocene (see the Perspective by Roberts). Hunter-gatherers, farmers, and pastoralists transformed the face of Earth earlier and to a greater extent than has been widely appreciated, a transformation that was essentially global by 3000 years before the present.Science, this issue p. 897; see also p. 865Environmentally transformative human use of land accelerated with the emergence of agriculture, but the extent, trajectory, and implications of these early changes are not well understood. An empirical global assessment of land use from 10,000 years before the present (yr B.P.) to 1850 CE reveals a planet largely transformed by hunter-gatherers, farmers, and pastoralists by 3000 years ago, considerably earlier than the dates in the land-use reconstructions commonly used by Earth scientists. Synthesis of knowledge contributed by more than 250 archaeologists highlighted gaps in archaeological expertise and data quality, which peaked for 2000 yr B.P. and in traditionally studied and wealthier regions. Archaeological reconstruction of global land-use history illuminates the deep roots of Earth’s transformation and challenges the emerging Anthropocene paradigm that large-scale anthropogenic global environmental change is mostly a recent phenomenon.

Published
2019
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7. Archaeological assessment reveals Earth's early transformation through land use

Author

Environmental Sciences, Stephens, Lucas, Fuller, Dorian, Boivin, Nicole, Rick, Torben, Gauthier, Nicolas, Kay, Andrea, Marwick, Ben, Geralda, Chelsey, Armstrong, Denise, Barton, C. Michael, Denham, Tim, Douglass, Kristina, Driver, Jonathan, Janz, Lisa, Roberts, Patrick, Rogers, J. Daniel, Thakar, Heather, Altaweel, Mark, Johnson, Amber L., Sampietro Vattuone, Maria Marta, Aldenderfer, Mark, Archila, Sonia, Artioli, Gilberto, Bale, Martin T., Beach, Timothy, Borrell, Ferran, Braje, Todd, Buckland, Philip I., Jiménez Cano, Nayeli Guadalupe, Capriles, José M., Diez Castillo, Agustin, c Cilingirou glu, c Ciler, Negus Cleary, Michelle, Conolly, James, Coutros, Peter R., Covey, R. Alan, Cremaschi, Mauro, Crowther, Alison, Der, Lindsay, di Lernia, Savino, Doershuk, John F., Doolittle, William E., Edwards, Kevin J., Erlandson, Jon M., Evans, Damian, Fairbairn, Andrew, Faulkner, Patrick, Feinman, Gary, Fernandes, Ricardo, Fitzpatrick, Scott M., Fyfe, Ralph, Garcea, Elena, Goldstein, Steve, Goodman, Reed Charles, Dalpoim Guedes, Jade, Herrmann, Jason, Hiscock, Peter, Hommel, Peter, Horsburgh, K. Ann, Hritz, Carrie, Ives, John W., Junno, Aripekka, Kahn, Jennifer G., Kaufman, Brett, Kearns, Catherine, Kidder, Tristram R., Lanoë, Franc cois, Lawrence, Dan, Lee, Gyoung-Ah, Levin, Maureece J., Lindskoug, Henrik B., López-Sáez, José Antonio, Macrae, Scott, Marchant, Rob, Marston, John M., McClure, Sarah, McCoy, Mark D., Miller, Alicia Ventresca, Morrison, Michael, Motuzaite Matuzeviciute, Giedre, Müller, Johannes, Nayak, Ayushi, Noerwidi, Sofwan, Peres, Tanya M., Peterson, Christian E., Proctor, Lucas, Randall, Asa R., Renette, Steve, Robbins Schug, Gwen, Ryzewski, Krysta, Saini, Rakesh, Scheinsohn, Vivian, Schmidt, Peter, Sebillaud, Pauline, Seitsonen, Oula, Simpson, Ian A., Soltysiak, Arkadiusz, Speakman, Robert J., Spengler, Robert N., Steffen, Martina L., Storozum, Michael J., Strickland, Keir M., Thompson, Jessica, Thurston, T. L., Ulm, Sean, Ustunkaya, M. Cemre, Welker, Martin H., West, Catherine, Williams, Patrick Ryan, Wright, David K., Wright, Nathan, Zahir, Muhammad, Zerboni, Andrea, Beaudoin, Ella, Munevar Garcia, Santiago, Powell, Jeremy, Thornton, Alexa, Kaplan, Jed O., Gaillard, Marie-José, Klein Goldewijk, Kees, Ellis, Erle, Environmental Sciences, Stephens, Lucas, Fuller, Dorian, Boivin, Nicole, Rick, Torben, Gauthier, Nicolas, Kay, Andrea, Marwick, Ben, Geralda, Chelsey, Armstrong, Denise, Barton, C. Michael, Denham, Tim, Douglass, Kristina, Driver, Jonathan, Janz, Lisa, Roberts, Patrick, Rogers, J. Daniel, Thakar, Heather, Altaweel, Mark, Johnson, Amber L., Sampietro Vattuone, Maria Marta, Aldenderfer, Mark, Archila, Sonia, Artioli, Gilberto, Bale, Martin T., Beach, Timothy, Borrell, Ferran, Braje, Todd, Buckland, Philip I., Jiménez Cano, Nayeli Guadalupe, Capriles, José M., Diez Castillo, Agustin, c Cilingirou glu, c Ciler, Negus Cleary, Michelle, Conolly, James, Coutros, Peter R., Covey, R. Alan, Cremaschi, Mauro, Crowther, Alison, Der, Lindsay, di Lernia, Savino, Doershuk, John F., Doolittle, William E., Edwards, Kevin J., Erlandson, Jon M., Evans, Damian, Fairbairn, Andrew, Faulkner, Patrick, Feinman, Gary, Fernandes, Ricardo, Fitzpatrick, Scott M., Fyfe, Ralph, Garcea, Elena, Goldstein, Steve, Goodman, Reed Charles, Dalpoim Guedes, Jade, Herrmann, Jason, Hiscock, Peter, Hommel, Peter, Horsburgh, K. Ann, Hritz, Carrie, Ives, John W., Junno, Aripekka, Kahn, Jennifer G., Kaufman, Brett, Kearns, Catherine, Kidder, Tristram R., Lanoë, Franc cois, Lawrence, Dan, Lee, Gyoung-Ah, Levin, Maureece J., Lindskoug, Henrik B., López-Sáez, José Antonio, Macrae, Scott, Marchant, Rob, Marston, John M., McClure, Sarah, McCoy, Mark D., Miller, Alicia Ventresca, Morrison, Michael, Motuzaite Matuzeviciute, Giedre, Müller, Johannes, Nayak, Ayushi, Noerwidi, Sofwan, Peres, Tanya M., Peterson, Christian E., Proctor, Lucas, Randall, Asa R., Renette, Steve, Robbins Schug, Gwen, Ryzewski, Krysta, Saini, Rakesh, Scheinsohn, Vivian, Schmidt, Peter, Sebillaud, Pauline, Seitsonen, Oula, Simpson, Ian A., Soltysiak, Arkadiusz, Speakman, Robert J., Spengler, Robert N., Steffen, Martina L., Storozum, Michael J., Strickland, Keir M., Thompson, Jessica, Thurston, T. L., Ulm, Sean, Ustunkaya, M. Cemre, Welker, Martin H., West, Catherine, Williams, Patrick Ryan, Wright, David K., Wright, Nathan, Zahir, Muhammad, Zerboni, Andrea, Beaudoin, Ella, Munevar Garcia, Santiago, Powell, Jeremy, Thornton, Alexa, Kaplan, Jed O., Gaillard, Marie-José, Klein Goldewijk, Kees, and Ellis, Erle

Published
2019

8. Industrial-era lead and mercury contamination in southern Greenland implicates North American sources

Author

Pérez-Rodríguez, Marta, Silva-Sánchez, Noemí, Kylander, Malin E., Bindler, Richard, Mighall, Tim M., Edward Schofield, J., Edwards, Kevin J., Martínez Cortizas, Antonio, Pérez-Rodríguez, Marta, Silva-Sánchez, Noemí, Kylander, Malin E., Bindler, Richard, Mighall, Tim M., Edward Schofield, J., Edwards, Kevin J., and Martínez Cortizas, Antonio

Abstract

To study the long-range transport of atmospheric pollutants from lower latitude industrial areas to the Arctic, we analysed a peat core spanning the last similar to 700 cal. yr (similar to 1300-2000 CE) from southern Greenland, an area sensitive to atmospheric pollution from North American and Eurasian sources. A previous investigation conducted in the same location recorded atmospheric lead (Pb) pollution after similar to 1845, with peak values recorded in the 1970s, and concluded that a North American source was most likely. To confirm the origin of the lead, we present new Pb isotope data from Sandhavn, together with a high-resolution record for mercury (Hg) deposition. Results demonstrate that the mercury accumulation rate has steadily increased since the beginning of the 19th century, with maximum values of 9.3 mu g m(-2) yr(-1) recorded similar to 1940. Lead isotopic ratios show two mixing lines: one which represents inputs from local and regional geogenic sources, and another that comprises regional geogenic and pollution sources. Detrending the Pb isotopic ratio record (thereby extracting the effect of the geogenic mixing) has enabled us to reconstruct a detailed chronology of metal pollution. The first sustained decrease in Pb isotope signals is recorded as beginning similar to 1740-1780 with the lowest values (indicating the highest pollution signature) dated to similar to 1960-1970. The 206Pb/207Pb ratio of excess Pb (measuring 1.222, and reflecting pollution generated Pb), when compared with the Pb isotopic composition of the Sandhavn peat record since the 19th century and the timing of Pb enrichments, clearly points to the dominance of pollution sources fromNorth America, although it did not prove possible to further differentiate the emissions sources geographically.

Published
2018
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10. Quantifying the effects of land use and climate on Holocene vegetation in Europe

Author

Marquer, Laurent, Gaillard, Marie-José, Sugita, Shinya, Poska, Anneli, Trondman, Anna-Kari, Mazier, Florence, Nielsen, Anne Birgitte, Fyfe, Ralph M., Jonsson, Anna Maria, Smith, Benjamin, Kaplan, Jed O., Alenius, Teija, Birks, H. John B., Bjune, Anne E., Christiansen, Jorg, Dodson, John, Edwards, Kevin J., Giesecke, Thomas, Herzschuh, Ulrike, Kangur, Mihkel, Koff, Tiiu, Latalowa, Maligorzata, Lechterbeck, Jutta, Olofsson, Jorgen, Seppa, Heikki, Marquer, Laurent, Gaillard, Marie-José, Sugita, Shinya, Poska, Anneli, Trondman, Anna-Kari, Mazier, Florence, Nielsen, Anne Birgitte, Fyfe, Ralph M., Jonsson, Anna Maria, Smith, Benjamin, Kaplan, Jed O., Alenius, Teija, Birks, H. John B., Bjune, Anne E., Christiansen, Jorg, Dodson, John, Edwards, Kevin J., Giesecke, Thomas, Herzschuh, Ulrike, Kangur, Mihkel, Koff, Tiiu, Latalowa, Maligorzata, Lechterbeck, Jutta, Olofsson, Jorgen, and Seppa, Heikki

Abstract

Early agriculture can be detected in palaeovegetation records, but quantification of the relative importance of climate and land use in influencing regional vegetation composition since the onset of agriculture is a topic that is rarely addressed. We present a novel approach that combines pollen-based REVEALS estimates of plant cover with climate, anthropogenic land-cover and dynamic vegetation modelling results. This is used to quantify the relative impacts of land use and climate on Holocene vegetation at a sub-continental scale, i.e. northern and western Europe north of the Alps. We use redundancy analysis and variation partitioning to quantify the percentage of variation in vegetation composition explained by the climate and land-use variables, and Monte Carlo permutation tests to assess the statistical significance of each variable. We further use a similarity index to combine pollen based REVEALS estimates with climate-driven dynamic vegetation modelling results. The overall results indicate that climate is the major driver of vegetation when the Holocene is considered as a whole and at the sub-continental scale, although land use is important regionally. Four critical phases of land-use effects on vegetation are identified. The first phase (from 7000 to 6500 BP) corresponds to the early impacts on vegetation of farming and Neolithic forest clearance and to the dominance of climate as a driver of vegetation change. During the second phase (from 4500 to 4000 BP), land use becomes a major control of vegetation. Climate is still the principal driver, although its influence decreases gradually. The third phase (from 2000 to 1500 BP) is characterised by the continued role of climate on vegetation as a consequence of late-Holocene climate shifts and specific climate events that influence vegetation as well as land use. The last phase (from 500 to 350 BP) shows an acceleration of vegetation changes, in particular during the last century, caused by new farming practic

Published
2017
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11. The Holocene vegetation cover of Britain and Ireland: overcoming problems of scale and discerning patterns of openness

Author

Fyfe, Ralph M., Twiddle, Claire L., Sugita, Shinya, Gaillard, Marie-José, Barratt, Philip, Caseldine, Christopher J., Dodson, John, Edwards, Kevin J., Farrell, Michelle, Froyd, Cynthia A., Grant, Michael J., Huckerby, Elizabeth, Innes, James B., Shaw, Helen E., Waller, Martyn, Fyfe, Ralph M., Twiddle, Claire L., Sugita, Shinya, Gaillard, Marie-José, Barratt, Philip, Caseldine, Christopher J., Dodson, John, Edwards, Kevin J., Farrell, Michelle, Froyd, Cynthia A., Grant, Michael J., Huckerby, Elizabeth, Innes, James B., Shaw, Helen E., and Waller, Martyn

Abstract

The vegetation of Europe has undergone substantial changes during the course of the Holocene epoch, resulting from range expansion of plants following climate amelioration, competition between taxa and disturbance through anthropogenic activities. Much of the detail of this pattern is understood from decades of pollen analytical work across Europe, and this understanding has been used to address questions relating to vegetation-climate feedback, biogeography and human impact. Recent advances in modelling the relationship between pollen and vegetation now make it possible to transform pollen proportions into estimates of vegetation cover at both regional and local spatial scales, using the Landscape Reconstruction Algorithm (LRA), i.e. the REVEALS (Regional Estimates of VEgetation Abundance from Large Sites) and the LOVE (LOcal VEgetation) models. This paper presents the compilation and analysis of 73 pollen stratigraphies from the British Isles, to assess the application of the LRA and describe the pattern of landscape/woodland openness (i.e. the cover of low herb and bushy vegetation) through the Holocene. The results show that multiple small sites can be used as an effective replacement for a single large site for the reconstruction of regional vegetation cover. The REVEALS vegetation estimates imply that the British Isles had a greater degree of landscape/woodland openness at the regional scale than areas on the European mainland. There is considerable spatial bias in the British Isles dataset towards wetland areas and uplands, which may explain higher estimates of landscape openness compared with Europe. Where multiple estimates of regional vegetation are available from within the same region inter-regional differences are greater than intra-regional differences, supporting the use of the REVEALS model to the estimation of regional vegetation from pollen data.

Published
2013

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