Search

The use of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) has increased considerably worldwide, generating large amounts of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) of which only 17% is treated. The processing and extraction of metals from printed circuit boards (PCBs) of WEEE is done by a combination of physical and chemical methods, which become highly polluting. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate new eco-friendly strategies to prevent the impact of environmental pollution. The present research proposes to design a Batch bioreactor for the recovery of Cu from WEEE. For this purpose, equations of the modeling of a Batch bioreactor were coupled with real parameters and values taken from the city of Guayaquil and then designed using these values in the AutoCAD design software. A bioreactor was obtained with an optimal agitation considering 8 flat blades for mixing, also the appropriate material is stainless steel, and the optimum working temperature is 28°C. Applying these parameters, a Cu recovery of 96% is obtained in the city of Guayaquil., El uso de aparatos eléctricos y electrónicos (AEE) ha aumentado considerablemente en todo el mundo, generando grandes cantidades de residuos de aparatos eléctricos y electrónicos (RAEE) de los cuales sólo el 17% son tratados. El procesamiento y extracción de los metales de las placas de circuitos impresos (PCBs) de los RAEE se realiza mediante una combinación de métodos físicos y químicos, que llegan a ser altamente contaminantes. Por lo que es necesario, formular nuevas estrategias eco-amigables para prevenir el impacto de la contaminación ambiental. La presente investigación plantea diseñar un biorreactor tipo Batch para la recuperación de Cu a partir de los RAEE. Para lo cual se acoplaron ecuaciones del modelado de un biorreactor tipo Batch tomando parámetros y valores reales tomados de la ciudad de Guayaquil y luego se diseña tomando estos valores en el Software de diseño AutoCAD. Se obtuvo un biorreactor con una agitación óptima considerando 8 aspas planas para la mezcla, además el material adecuado resulta ser el acero inoxidable, la temperatura óptima de trabajo 28°C. Aplicando estos parámetros se obtiene la recuperación de Cu en la ciudad de Guayaquil del 96%.

Due to the ever-increasing expansion of English language integration into content courses within higher educational institutions (HEIs), this study seeks to gain insights into how domestic students, as well as content and language lecturers perceive integrating English for Specific Academic Purposes (ESAP) in an academic/vocational military university using Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL). We investigate firstly on how mostly domestic, non-native English speaking students perceive learning academic military content in an English Educational Environment (EEE), and secondly, how content and ESAP lecturers perceive collaborating within CLIL at the Swedish Defense University. Using a mixed-methods approach with data gathered from students and lecturers, the results are useful for HEIs looking to increase their English integration. Our results indicate that NNES students indeed learn content and language knowledge simultaneously using CLIL because communicative ESAP tasks enable them to process, and increase content knowledge. However, as this article will show, students prefer drastically different CLIL methods for reasons that we argue can be traced to varying L2 proficiencies. Meanwhile, lecturers had different expectations of, and perceived, interdisciplinary collaboration differently. This study concludes by suggesting that CLIL step 3 is inherently flawed due to a mismatch of implicit methods and explicit expectations of language proficiency, which consequently complicate lecturer roles and interdisciplinary collaboration.

In this paper, we evaluate the Effective Energy Efficiency (EEE) and propose delay-outage aware resource allocation strategies for energy-limited IoT (Internet of Things) devices under the finite blocklength (FBL) regime. The EEE is a cross-layer model, measured by the ratio of Effective Capacity to the total consumed power. To maximize the EEE, there is a need to optimize transmission parameters such as transmission power and rate efficiently. Whereas it is quite complex to study the impact of transmission power, or rate alone, the complexity is aggravated by the simultaneous consideration of both variables. Hence, we formulate power allocation (PA) and rate allocation (RA) optimization problems individually and jointly to maximize EEE. Furthermore, we investigate the performance of the EEE under constant and random arrivals, where statistical QoS constraints are imposed on buffer overflow probability. Using effective bandwidth and effective capacity theories, we determine the arrival rate and the required service rate that satisfy the QoS constraints. After that, we compare the performance of different iterative algorithms such as Dinkelbach’s and Cross Entropy, which guarantee the convergence for the optimal solution. By numerical analysis, the influence of source characteristics, fixed transmission rate, error probability, coding blocklength, and QoS constraints on the throughput are identified. Our analysis reveals that the joint PA and RA is the optimal resources allocation strategy for maximizing the EEE in the presence of constant and random data arrivals. Finally, the results illustrate that the modified Dinkelbach’s algorithm has high performance and low complexity compared to others.

Unused electronics kept in stocks represent a delayed or lost opportunity for reuse or remanufacturing. The reuse potential depends on the remaining physical durability and perceived or factual technological obsolescence. The greatest potential for reuse is when the products are still within their designed lifetimes, thus products should be sent to second life as soon as they are no longer in use. An extension of lifetimes of small electronics through domestic reuse could bring clear environmental (especially climate) benefits in comparison to recycling, incineration, or stockpiling. About 8,000 t of small electronics annually enter incineration together with mixed household waste. Environmental and economic benefits could be attained if a more effective waste management system would divert WEEE flows towards material recycling and especially - reuse. The magnitude and nature of the benefits depend on the quantity of collected electronics, composition, and the effectiveness and the efficiency of sorting and recycling. Drawing definite conclusions about the impacts of increased collection and current recycling vs keeping WEEE in stocks is difficult as it depends on future households’ behaviour, the efficiency of e-waste management as well strategies governing re-valorisation of WEEE., This study is part of a short assignment as a part of investigation of a possible deposit-return system for small electronics in Sweden. The study aims to explore the potential of reuse of small electronics kept in stocks by households; the environmental impacts/benefits of increased recycling and reuse. The research is mainly based on the literature review which was complemented with some estimates of e-waste shares in mixed household waste and the potential economic value of metals present in electronics.

Circular Economy in the Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE) supply chain has a significant (and still unexploited) potential. This paper aims to systematically review the knowledge emerging from the literature at the intersection between Circular Economy and the EEE supply chain, with a special focus on enablers, levers, and their potential environmental, economic and social benefits. An original framework is developed to categorise Circular Economy enablers, levers and potential benefits. Companies in the EEE industry aiming to implement Circular Economy can exploit several enablers (grouped into digitalization, government intervention, and users’ active role) and levers (grouped into circular product design, servitised business models, and supply chain management) to generate economic, environmental and social benefits. Based on the framework, 115 articles were scrutinised. The analysis led to the definition of a research agenda, with policy and industry implications. To advance Circular Economy research in the EEE supply chain, future studies should address: (i) the enabling role of digitalization, particularly within blockchain, 3D Printing, augmented and virtual reality; (ii) design strategies focused on ‘reduce’; (iii) servitised business models based on result-oriented offerings; (iv) collaboration in the EEE supply chain; (v) the assessment of social and economic benefits to users. Future research should also investigate the systemic interrelations between enablers, levers and benefits.

Målet med projektet var att kartlägga flöden av småelektronik som berörs av producentansvaret för elektriska och elektroniska produkter. I detta uppdrag ingick att uppskatta flöden och förråd av småelektronik under tillverkning, import/export, användning och avfallshantering, med ett fokus på att utvärdera trender i flöden. En utgångspunkt för projektet har varit att definiera begreppet småelektronik och hur denna definition kan appliceras på SCB:s officiella statistik över Utrikeshandel (import och export) samt inhemsk produktion som baseras på KN-koder (Kombinerad Nomenklatur) samt data från framförallt från El-Kretsen i Sverige för att skaffa statistik om elavfall. SCB tillhandahåller data för olika produkter enligt KN i allmänt tillgängliga databaser. Utgångspunkten för vad som ingår i begreppet småelektronik beskrivs i förordningen (2014:1075) om producentansvar för elutrustning där ett av kraven för att elutrustning ska klassificeras som ”liten elutrustning” är att utrustningens yttermått varken på längden, bredden eller djupet överstiger 50 centimeter. Projektet har i första hand fokuserat på konsumentprodukter och uteslutit ”proffsprodukter” i den mån det har varit möjligt. Slutsatserna som tas upp i rapporten finns beskrivet i slutet av rapporten och sammanfattas i korthet här. Tillgänglig statistik över Svensk handels- och produktionsstatistik samt avfall är av hög kvalitet men i många fall inte anpassad eller detaljerad nog för att följa småelektronikflöden. Trots att kvaliteten är hög på den tillgängliga statistiken är det svårt att få en fullständig bild av småelektronikflöden i samhället. Det finns flera flöden där statistiskt underlag saknas helt och osäkerheten som denna brist orsakar gör att den kompletta bilden av materialflöden blir osäker. På grund av brist på data kunde projektet därför inte nå syftet att uppskatta alla flöden och förråd av småelektronik under tillverkning, import/export, användning och avfallshantering. Illegal export, privat, The aim of this project was to map the flows of small electronics that are affected by the producer responsibility for electrical and electronic products. The project included estimations of flows and stocks of small electronics during manufacturing, import and export, usage and waste management, with a focus on evaluating trends in the flows. A starting point for the project was to define the concept of small electronics and how this definition could be applied to relevant databases, which include: SCB’s official statistics on foreign trade (import and export) and domestic production based on CN codes (Combined Nomenclature), and data from El-Kretsen in Sweden to obtain statistics on electrical and electronic waste. SCB provides data for various products, according to the CN codes, in publicly available databases. The starting point for what is included in the concept of small electronics is described in the ordinance (2014: 1075) on producer responsibility for electrical equipment, where one of the requirements for electrical equipment to be classified as “small electrical equipment” is that the equipment's outer dimensions do not exceed 50 centimeters in length, width or depth. The project has primarily focused on consumer products and excluded professional products as much as possible. The conclusions from mapping of flows are described at the end of the report and are briefly summarized below: The statistics available on Swedish trade and production as well as waste are of high quality but in many cases insufficient in terms of precision and suitability for monitoring flows of small electronics. Although the quality of the available statistics is high, these statistics do not give a complete picture of the flows of small electronics in society. There are several flows where statistical data is completely lacking, and the uncertainty caused by this deficiency makes the complete picture of material flows uncertain. Due to the lack of data, the project could there

The consumption of resources is at an alarmingly high level, and there is a high need for resource-efficient alternatives to manufacturing. Remanufacturing is one way to reduce the use of both materials and energy, while still providing products with a like-new condition. This paper aims to define critical areas to assess when applying remanufacturing to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). The research was conducted by interweaving remanufacturing’s role in a circular economy (CE) with a single case study at a robotic lawn mower OEM. The case study was split into three parts that separately investigated customer demand, product design and economic sustainability, respectively, all in the area of remanufacturing. This paper addressed the research gap in OEM strategy towards a CE with remanufacturing, defining five critical areas to assess when applying remanufacturing to OEMs: customer, product, sustainability (economic, environmental and social), business model, and production system. The findings of the paper could be useful for many OEMs willing to shift to a CE with remanufacturing., ElevatoRE

The United Way of Greater Lafayette is a non-for-profit that works to serve the community through programs, outreach, engagement, and fundraising. The United Way facility acts as a hub for many programs including Read to Succeed, Kindergarten Countdown Camp, and Voluntary Income Tax Assistance (VITA). These programs help to address issues in the local community and provides volunteers opportunities to make a difference, while obtaining technical skills. YeChan Lim is a recent Master’s graduate in the Environmental and Ecological Engineering program.

As a step towards decreasing the greenhouse gas emissions caused by the transport sector, electrical vehicles (EVs) have become more and more popular. Two major problem areas the EV industry is currently facing are range limitations, i.e. being restricted by the capacity of the battery, as well as a demand for higher bandwidth as the in-vehicle communication increases. In this thesis, an attempt is made to address these problem areas by examining the energy consumption required by Controller Area Network (CAN) and Ethernet. In addition, the effects of Energy-Efficient Ethernet (EEE) are reviewed. The protocols are examined by performing a theoretical analysis over CAN, Ethernet and EEE, physical tests over CAN and Ethernet, as well as simulations of EEE. The results show that Ethernet requires 2.5 to four times more energy than CAN in theory, and 4.5 to six times more based on physical measurements. The energy consumption of EEE depends on usage, ranging from energy levels of 40 \% less than CAN when idle, and up to equal amounts as regular Ethernet at high utilisation. By taking full advantage of the traits of Time-Sensitive Networking, EEE has the potential of significantly decreasing the amount of energy consumed compared to standard Ethernet while still providing a much higher bandwidth than CAN, at the cost of introducing short delays. This thesis provides insight into the behaviour of a transmitter for each of the three protocols, discusses the energy implications of replacing CAN with Ethernet and highlights the importance of understanding how to use Ethernet and EEE efficiently.

El desarrollo y avance de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación, generan la producción de diferentes dispositivos para satisfacer diferentes necesidades de los humanos, estos dispositivos son llamados Aparatos Eléctricos y Electrónicos. Al terminar el ciclo de vida de estos por diferentes motivos como desuso, calidad, obsolescencia programada, etc., se convierten en Residuos de Aparatos Eléctricos y Electrónicos, que sin tener una disposición final adecuada afectan al medio ambiente y a la salud humana entre otras consecuencias negativas. Según la clasificación de la Unión Europea los RAEE tipo III que comprenden todos aquellos equipos de informática y telecomunicaciones como computadores de escritorio, computadores portátiles, teléfonos fijos y celulares, entre otros dispositivos, son una de las categorías de RAEE que más se consumen a nivel mundial, a nivel nacional se identifica a Bogotá como una de las ciudades con mayor consumo de tecnología y a su vez de Aparatos Eléctricos y Electrónicos. La implementación de una red de valor de ciclo cerrado, donde se definan unos agentes, actuantes y unos procesos alineados y con esto lograr el diseño de una red de valor de ciclo cerrado para los residuos de aparatos eléctricos y electrónicos tipo III para la ciudad de Bogotá.

Telecommunication networks are over-provisioned with redundant resources in order to cope with traffic load during peak hours and to quickly recover from failures. However, much of the resources are underutilized during long periods of time, but still consuming full energy. With the growing concerns of energy waste and greenhouse gas emissions, the network design principles tend to shift towards allocation of resources on-demand for energy-efficiency. In this paper, we analyze and evaluate the performance of two different energy-saving techniques, namely energy saving topology control (ESTOP) and energy-efficient Ethernet (EEE). We investigate the energy-saving characteristics of ESTOP+EEE; the combination of ESTOP and EEE. The evaluation is conducted in OMNet++ with realistic and synthetic network topologies under varying traffic conditions. The results indicate that the combination has a significant potential for saving energy, compared to running ESTOP or EEE alone, but that the amount of energy savings depends on topology, traffic load, and the chosen target connectivity level for ESTOP. In particular, the results show that the target connectivity level needs to be carefully matched to the topology and the current traffic situation, suggesting that ESTOP+EEE would be suitable where the target connectivity level is dynamically adjusted according to traffic variations., QC 20220620

Telecommunication networks have been designed and deployed with over-provisioning and redundancy of resources to cope with traffic load during peak hours and quickly recover from failure. However, most of these resources are underutilized and in most of the time idle but consuming full energy. With the growing concern of energy waste and greenhouse gases (GHG), the network design principles tend to shift to allocate resources on-demand and be energy-efficient. In this paper, we analyze and evaluate the performance of two energy-saving techniques, namely Energy Saving TOPology control (ESTOP) for coordinated sleeping, and Energy Efficient Ethernet (EEE) for uncoordinated sleeping. Furthermore, we evaluate the potential of combining ESTOP and EEE considering that the reduced topologies obtained running ESTOP can substantially increase link utilization and the length of some paths and therefore degrade the performance of EEE. The evaluation was conducted in OMNet++ with realistic and synthetic networks under different traffic conditions. The results show that the energy conservation of the combination is significant when a lower value of the connectivity threshold is used during off-peak hours and a higher value is used during peak hours. ESTOP depends on the density of the topology and can save about 50% of energy., QC 20170908

Los estudios socio-políticos respecto a las conformaciones tecnocráticas en la UE permiten destacar un sistema de gobernanza a la luz de la alianza de clase entre la comunidad epistémica, la clase política clásica, los lobbies económicos y financieros. Esta alianza marca una revolución neo-liberal en la naturaleza del poder y una posición dominante en el proceso histórico hegemónico. En este articulo proponemos la análisis de las dinámicas histórico políticas a través de las cuales, desde la Estrategia de Lisboa, la gobernanza europea construye y expande los mecanismos de subsunción al capital, imponiendo los ajustes y las reformas estructurales que están transformando nuestros modos de vida en ganancia y miseria., The socio-political studies concerning the technocratic conformations in the EU enable the emphasis on a governance system in the light of the class analysis between the epistemic community, the traditional political class, the economic and financial lobbies. This alliance sets a neo-liberal revolution in the nature of power and a dominant position in the hegemonic historical process. In this article we propose the analysis of the historical and political dynamics through which, since the Lisbon Strategy, the european governance constructs and expands the mechanisms of subsumption under capital, imposing the adjustments and the structural reforms that are transforming our lifestyles in greed and misery.

Wired IP networks handle the bulk of today's communication. These networks are built with over-provisioning and redundancy of devices to support critical activities. However, the activities can vary significantly, resulting in unused network online waste of power. In this study, we examine two existing power-saving approaches for wired IP networks: i) uncoordinated sleeping and (ii) coordinated sleeping. The uncoordinated and coordinated sleeping algorithms investigated are respectively Energy Efficient Ethernet (EEE) and Energy-Aware Routing (EAR) for green OSPF. In addition, we investigate the combination of coordinated and uncoordinated sleeping algorithms, EEE and EAR for green OSPF. The energy performance of the two algorithms and their combination is evaluated in two networks of different dimensions under varying traffic loads. The investigation shows that EEE, EAR for green OSPF and the combination significantly reduce the energy consumption of a network. However, the highest peak of energy conservation is achieved when EAR for green OSPF is activated in an EEE network during lower traffic load periods and deactivated during high traffic load periods., QC 20160530

Wired IP networks handle the bulk of today’scommunication. These networks are built with over-provisioningand redundancy of devices to support critical activities. However,the activities can vary significantly, resulting in unused networkonline waste of power. In this study, we examine two existingpower-saving approaches for wired IP networks: i) uncoordinatedsleeping and (ii) coordinated sleeping. The uncoordinated andcoordinated sleeping algorithms investigated are respectively En-ergy Efficient Ethernet (EEE) and Energy-Aware Routing (EAR)for green OSPF. In addition, we investigate the combination ofcoordinated and uncoordinated sleeping algorithms, EEE andEAR for green OSPF. The energy performance of the twoalgorithms and their combination is evaluated in two networksof different dimensions under varying traffic loads.The investigation shows that EEE, EAR for green OSPF andthe combination significantly reduce the energy consumption ofa network. However, the highest peak of energy conservationis achieved when EAR for green OSPF is activated in an EEEnetwork during lower traffic load periods and deactivated duringhigh traffic load periods., QC 20170110

The world is experimenting a growth of waste electrical and electronic equipment, WEEE, as a result of continuous technological progress, increasingly affordable prices and consumer behavior. This article presents a model that simulates the current situation of Bogotá's waste management system in the case of TV sets. This model includes variables that describe their influences and issues, and actors involved in the WEEE chain from televisions. The aim of this study is to determine the behavior of the system taking into account policies and activities of the actors involved, which are analyzed under different scenarios., El mundo evidencia un crecimiento de los Residuos de Aparatos Eléctricos y Electrónicos [RAEE], como consecuencia del continuo avance tecnológico, los precios, que los hacen cada vez más asequibles, y el comportamiento del consumidor. Este artículo presenta un modelo que simula la situación actual del sistema de gestión de residuos para el caso de televisores en Bogotá. Dicho modelo integra variables que describen la problemática y agentes que influyen dentro de la cadena de generación RAEE de televisores. El objetivo del estudio es determinar el comportamiento del sistema teniendo en cuenta diferentes políticas y acciones de los actores involucrados, las cuales se analizan bajo diferentes escenarios.

La responsabilité élargie des producteurs (REP) est un outil utilisé par les autorités pour gérer les produits en fin de vie. Elle permet de transférer les responsabilités de gestion et de financement des municipalités vers les producteurs. Ce mode de gestion est apparu au cours des années 1990 et déjà plusieurs autorités l’utilisent pour gérer différents produits comme les emballages, les imprimés, les pneus et les matières dangereuses. Le Québec a adopté récemment un nouveau règlement appliquant les concepts de la REP aux produits électroniques, aux piles et aux lampes au mercure. Ce mode de gestion pour ces produits est déjà présent en Europe, en Asie et en Amérique du Nord. La REP comporte plusieurs étapes et l’une des plus importantes est la collecte. La performance générale du programme est souvent affectée par la performance de cette étape. C’est pourquoi cet essai a tenté d’analyser la performance de la collecte des différents programmes déjà existants afin de déterminer les facteurs influençant la performance. L’analyse de la performance s’est basée sur un principe d’étalonnage et a utilisé des indicateurs comme la quantité de produits collectés, la quantité de déchets générés et le taux de recyclage. Ces indicateurs ont permis de sélectionner des programmes présentant une meilleure performance que les autres. Les composantes de ces programmes ont été analysées afin de faire ressortir les facteurs pouvant expliquer leur performance. Les résultats montrent que les facteurs ayant le plus d’influence sur la performance de la collecte sont : la facilité, l’accessibilité, la fréquence, la gratuité et l’implication des autres acteurs. L’identification de ces facteurs a permis d’énoncer des recommandations pour les nouveaux programmes de REP québécois sur les produits électroniques, les piles et les lampes au mercure. Ces recommandations touchent particulièrement à la répartition des points de collecte sur le territoire, les services offerts afin d’augmenter le ta

Une approche privilégiée par diverses institutions d’enseignement supérieur pour améliorer la qualité de l’enseignement et, ultimement, l’expérience d’apprentissage des étudiants est l’évaluation des enseignements par ces derniers (EEE). Toutefois, une telle démarche n’est pas automatiquement synonyme d’amélioration de la qualité de l’enseignement (Bernard, Postiaux, & Salcin, 2000). Partant de cette constatation, nous tenterons de dégager des pistes favorisant une utilisation effective des résultats d’évaluation à des fins de développement professionnel. Pour atteindre cet objectif nous procéderons principalement à une comparaison des systèmes d'EEE de trois institutions d'enseignement supérieur européennes : l'Université de Lausanne en Suisse (UNIL), l'Université catholique de Louvain en Belgique (UCL) et l'Université de Bourgogne en France (UB). Cette comparaison portera d’abord, sur les politiques et les pratiques de l’EEE des trois établissements, ceci grâce à un outil mis au point par l'UNIL, l'UCL et l'Université de McGill (Berthiaume, Lanarès, Jacqmot, Winer & Rochat, 2010). Nous nous pencherons ensuite sur des données quantitatives et qualitatives recueillies auprès de responsables d’évaluation, d‘enseignants et d’étudiants pour tenter de mesurer et comparer les impacts des trois systèmes sur le développement professionnel des enseignants et la qualité de l'enseignement.

Un dels temes actuals en la recerca sobre xarxes es el de minimitzar el consum d'energia relacionat amb les comunicacions. En aquests moments, les tecnologies de xarxa son responsables del 2% de les emissions mundials de CO2, i creixen a un ritme del 12% anual. Si Internet fos un pais el seu consum electric seria el cinque del mon. La seva reduccio suposaria una millora notable de les condicions ambientals i una reduccio del ritme d'escalfament del planeta. En la primera part d'aquest treball s'explora i es revisa l'estat del art en les estrategies actuals d'estalvi energetic relacionat amb xarxes telematiques, diferenciant les diferents aproximacions: ? Estrategies a nivell Hardware ? Estrategies a nivell Software ? Estrategies d'arquitectura de xarxa ? Estrategies de distribucio de energia electrica En la segona part de la memoria s'estudia en detall una estrategia a nivell hardware, el nou estandard IEEE 802.3az, mes conegut com a EEE (Energy Efficient Ethernet). EEE te com a objectiu reduir el consum de les interficies Ethernet. El nostre estudi s'ha realitzat mitjancant les simulacions en ns-2 en un entorn virtualitzat. S'analitzen les potencialitats d'estalvi d'energia en diversos escenaris, incloent els condicionants, limits i les possibles consequencies de l'aplicacio d'aquest estandard sobre el transit Ethernet: delay, jitter i la velocitat efectiva. Les conclusions extretes del treball son que EEE compleix amb el seu proposit (estalviar energia), amb pocs efectes sobre el transit: l'increment del jitter i del delay, pero d' una manera que l 'usuari no notara practicament cap efecte, ja que amb delays grans (1ms), la diferencia de prestacions es negligible, pero l'estalvi si que es important. EEE es un petit pas per millorar la eficiencia en les xarxes de comunicacions, pero aquest camp d'estudi esta comencant a tenir resso i sera uns dels camps importants en els propers anys.

Mice and guinea pigs were exposed to aerosols containing either the NJ1959 or ArgM strains of Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus (EEEV). Mice were more susceptible to either strain of aerosolized EEEV than were guinea pigs; however, clinical signs indicative of encephalitis were more readily seen in guinea pigs. Lethality was lower for EEEV at large aerosol particle sizes (>3 m) although the differences in the median lethal dose (LD50) were not statistically significant. Virus isolation and immunohistochemistry indicated that virus invaded the brains of guinea pigs within one day of aerosol exposure, regardless of virus strain or particle size. Immunohistochemistry further demonstrated that neuroinvasion occurred via the olfactory system, followed by transneuronal spread to all regions of the brain. Olfactory bipolar neurons and neurons throughout the brain were the key viral targets. The main microscopic lesions in infected guinea pigs were neuronal necrosis, inflammation of the meninges and neuropil of the brain and vasculitis in the brain. These results indicate that guinea pigs infected by aerosolized EEEV recapitulate several key features of fatal human infection and thus should serve as a suitable animal model for aerosol exposure to EEEV., The original document contains color images. Pub. in Viology Journal, v6 n170, 1-17, 2009.

The RoHS Directive was introduced in order to restrict hazardous substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment, EEE. It currently restricts the use of six hazardous substances/compounds; cadmium, lead, mercury, hexavalent chromium, PBB, and PBDE. The RoHS Directive currently includes category 1-7 and 10 in the categories of EEE listed in Annex 1A to the WEEE-Directive (Waste of EEE). The aim with the report is to investigate and elucidate prospects and obstacles to increase the scope of RoHS. This report mainly considers the inclusion of product categories 8 (Medical Devices) and 9 (Monitoring and Control Instruments). In order to fulfil the aim eight questions were formulated, that shall be answered in the report. In order to find the knowledge of and attitude towards RoHS of manufacturers, retailers, and importers of products falling under category 8 and 9, a questionnaire was sent to 80 companies, of which 25 answered. The answers showed that many of the companies did not know of RoHS before the questionnaire was sent out. The majority did not consider that their product category needed a longer time period to find alternatives for the applications where any of the in RoHS restricted substances were used, compared with the other categories in annex 1A to WEEE. Of the companies that answered on the questionnaire the majority had less than 50 employees. The companies in the study had limited knowledge of the contents of their products, they bought the function rather than the contents. One important conclusion in this report is that only a few of the companies in category 8 and 9 are likely to keep using non compliant components for a long time if they use standard electronic equipment irrespective if they intend to readjust their production according to the RoHS Directive or not. The reason is that most subcontractors will be forced by the customers, mainly the larger ones, to readjust their production. They certainly will not keep two production lines. A para

The European Union Member States has a common environmental policy. The intention of the environmental policy and the WEEE and RoHS directives are to preserve, protect and improve the quality of the environment, protect human health and make use of natural resources. The WEEE is abbreviation for “Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment”. The WEEE directive purpose is to improve the reuse, recycling and recovery in order to reduce the amount of disposal of equipment and the contents going to landfill. The RoHS directive is abbreviation for “Restriction of the use of certain Hazardous Substances in electrical and electronic equipment”. The six restricted substances are lead, cadmium, mercury, hexavalent chromium and two brominated flame-retardants; PPB and PBDE. The purpose of the RoHS directive is to approximate the laws of the European Member States on the restrictions of the use of hazardous substances in EEE, “Electrical and Electronic Equipment”. The common legislation is needed because the companies shall have the same terms of concerns. The amount of EEE that the European Member States generate is growing rapidly and that is why a common waste management is needed. The content of hazardous components in EEE is a major concern during the waste management phase and recycling of WEEE. The landfills do not have the possibility to handle the upcoming volumes of waste and the rubbish incineration creates high levels of heavy-alloy metal in our surroundings. The WEEE and RoHS directives covers ten categories of EEE and the producer responsibility shall encourage the design and production of EEE, which take into full account and facilitate their repair, possible upgrading, disassembly, reuse and recycling. The Commission has not drawn up distinct guidelines and boundaries for the EEE within some of the categories in the WEEE and RoHS directives. This makes it difficult for the producers of EEE to determine if their products are within the scope of the directives. The

Policies based upon Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) aim to reduce the environmental impacts of products across their entire life cycle. The intent is to induce design changes in products and thus reduce impacts at source. This, by provision of incentives to producers through an extension of responsibility. Since the early 1990s, a number of countries have incorporated the concept of EPR into policy related to end-of-life management of selected product groups. The incorporation of incentive mechanisms for design change in an EPR programme is, however, perceived to face various challenges, especially for durable, complex products. This thesis presents two sets of in-depth evaluation studies conducted in search of EPR programmes, which incorporate the theoretically envisioned incentive mechanisms in practice. Based upon firm evidence from the studies, it argues that the presence of mandatory EPR programmes do provide positive impacts for the environmental design strategies of manufacturers. This is especially true when implementation is based upon forms of so called individual responsibility where individual producers assume responsibility for the end-of-life management of their own products. Further, this work suggests a range of concrete implementation mechanisms for individual responsibility and highlights the essential components of such approaches.

The studies on the formation of regional markets and theirrelationship with the development of the capitalism have beena privileged topic in the studies of Europe and Japan. In theColombian case, the studies on the topic present some vacuum,partly to that the internal and external factors in the formationof the commercial capital of the country depend of world-wideand regional conjunctural aspects. Through a detailed exampleon the formation of the local and regional market in the SouthColombian west, among 1815 at 1830, the author stands outthe importance of deepening in this area in futureinvestigations., Los estudios sobre la formación de mercados regionales y su relación con el desarrollo del capitalismo han sido un tema privilegiado en los estudios de Europa y Japón. En el caso colombiano, los estudios sobre el tema presentan algunos vacíos debido, en parte, a que los factores internos y externos en la formación del capital comercial del país dependen de aspectos coyunturales mundiales y regionales. A través de un ejemplo detallado sobre la formación del mercado local y regional en el suroccidente colombiano, entre 1815 a 1830, el autor llama la atención sobre la importancia de ahondar en esta área en futuras investigaciones.

The Venezuelan Encephalities virus (VEE) complex include 1AB, 1C, 1D, 1E serotypes, but the 1AB and IC serotypes are the only one related to epizooties. In Peru, the epizootic virus appeared in the 30th and the last appearance was in 1973 and the serotype isolated was 1AR In Loreto in the Peruvianjungle was isolated VEE ID serotype from human febrile illness; however, previous surveillance founded VEE antibodies in the same area. In this study we want to know the prevalence of VEE and Eastern Equine Encephalities virus (EEE) antibodies in humans and equines for the jungle area where the equine population were increasing lately. U sing neutralization test by plaque reduction we founded a variety of prevalence. In the human sera the highest prevalence for VEE was 57% in San Martin and for EEE was 62% in Loreto. In equines sera the highest prevalence for VEE was 68% and for EEE was 65% in Loreto., El complejo de virus de encefalitis equina venezolana (VEE) esta integrado por los serotipos antigénicos 1AB, 1C, 1D, 1E de los cuales los únicos relacionados con epizootias son los serotipos 1AB y IC. En el Perú el virus epizoótico ha hecho su aparición esporádica desde la década de los 30, siendo la última incursión epizoodérmica en el año 1973 por el serotipo 1AB. En Loreto, departamento de la Selva peruana, durante 1973 se identificó el serotipo ID enzootico, asociado a cuadros febriles en humanos, sin embargo encuestas serológicas previas muestran anticuerpos VEE, entendiéndose que su presencia tiene una antigüedad pasada no determinada. El estudio tiene la finalidad de comparar la magnitud de la circulación de las cepas selváticas de la VEE en humanos y equinos, principalmente en las áreas tropicales donde hay una significativa población equina, considerándose este hecho de riesgo para la aparición de cepas epizoóticas. Así mismo, se ha considerado también la encefalitis equina del Este (EEE), virus que ha causado epizootia equina en la selva y cuya participación en la patología humana aún no ha sido definida. Los resultados encontrados mediante prueba de neutralización en placa de VEE y EEE en células YERO con sueros humanos muestran una variada prevalencia. Siendo la mas alta para VEE en el departamento de San Martín 57% y EEE en el departamento de Loreto 62% y con relación a equinos VEE 68% y EEE 65% ambos en el departamento de Loreto.