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This paper analyses the impact of economic crises on the development of European financial assistance. It demonstrates that crisis episodes that have taken place over the last five decades have significantly altered the design of European Union emergency support. This paper illustrates how solutions adopted in formative moments–including the 1973 oil shock, the Eurozone crisis, and the Covid-19 pandemic–and their long-term consequences led to the smorgasbord of instruments of the present financial assistance structure. By applying a historical institutionalist approach, combining insights from studies of critical junctures and gradual change, this contribution explains how economic shocks contributed to change in financial assistance, while also highlighting mechanisms that led to the continuation of specific elements of the assistance structure.

India has a sizable and successful consumer class, which is critical given that household consumption accounts for 60% of GDP. Total market value is calculated by adding the monetary or market values of all final goods and services produced inside a nation's borders. Additionally, the gross domestic product at market value (GDP at market value) may be employed to reflect this total market value. Total domestic production is defined in terms of GDP to assess the economy's health. GDP is computed on a quarterly or yearly basis, depending on the state of the economy at the moment. Human capital is a country's most important natural resource, and it must be used appropriately and acknowledged to accomplish long-term economic goals sustainably. India is the world's second-most populated nation, with 1.3 billion people behind China. According to the World Bank, India's global influence has grown in lockstep with its consistent economic success. Compared to wealthier nations, emerging countries have several obstacles, including a lack of infrastructure and a low per capita income. Another issue that has to be addressed is the growth of rural economic systems. According to some experts, India's current economic instability will culminate in an unprecedented economic boom, which they believe has already begun.

India has a sizable and successful consumer class, which is critical given that household consumption accounts for 60% of GDP. Total market value is calculated by adding the monetary or market values of all final goods and services produced inside a nation's borders. Additionally, the gross domestic product at market value (GDP at market value) may be employed to reflect this total market value. Total domestic production is defined in terms of GDP to assess the economy's health. GDP is computed on a quarterly or yearly basis, depending on the state of the economy at the moment. Human capital is a country's most important natural resource, and it must be used appropriately and acknowledged to accomplish long-term economic goals sustainably. India is the world's second-most populated nation, with 1.3 billion people behind China. According to the World Bank, India's global influence has grown in lockstep with its consistent economic success. Compared to wealthier nations, emerging countries have several obstacles, including a lack of infrastructure and a low per capita income. Another issue that has to be addressed is the growth of rural economic systems. According to some experts, India's current economic instability will culminate in an unprecedented economic boom, which they believe has already begun.

This paper analyses the impact of economic crises on the development of European financial assistance. It demonstrates that crisis episodes that have taken place over the last five decades have significantly altered the design of European Union emergency support. This paper illustrates how solutions adopted in formative moments–including the 1973 oil shock, the Eurozone crisis, and the Covid-19 pandemic–and their long-term consequences led to the smorgasbord of instruments of the present financial assistance structure. By applying a historical institutionalist approach, combining insights from studies of critical junctures and gradual change, this contribution explains how economic shocks contributed to change in financial assistance, while also highlighting mechanisms that led to the continuation of specific elements of the assistance structure.

India has a sizable and successful consumer class, which is critical given that household consumption accounts for 60% of GDP. Total market value is calculated by adding the monetary or market values of all final goods and services produced inside a nation's borders. Additionally, the gross domestic product at market value (GDP at market value) may be employed to reflect this total market value. Total domestic production is defined in terms of GDP to assess the economy's health. GDP is computed on a quarterly or yearly basis, depending on the state of the economy at the moment. Human capital is a country's most important natural resource, and it must be used appropriately and acknowledged to accomplish long-term economic goals sustainably. India is the world's second-most populated nation, with 1.3 billion people behind China. According to the World Bank, India's global influence has grown in lockstep with its consistent economic success. Compared to wealthier nations, emerging countries have several obstacles, including a lack of infrastructure and a low per capita income. Another issue that has to be addressed is the growth of rural economic systems. According to some experts, India's current economic instability will culminate in an unprecedented economic boom, which they believe has already begun.

La fragilidad financiera es un fenómeno complejo, dinámico y con múltiples dimensiones. Por ello, este trabajo busca inicialmente, a nivel teórico, analizar los estudios previos sobre el tema a través de un proceso de revisión sistemática de la literatura. Partiendo de este análisis, se busca describir los niveles de fragilidad financiera de cuatro grupos generacionales españoles, así como determinar si la capacidad financiera influye en esta situación de desequilibrio. Para alcanzar los objetivos empíricos nos serviremos de los datos registrados, entre 2016 y 2017, por la Encuesta de Competencias Financieras (ECF) del Banco de España y de la Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores. Los trabajos que componen la Revisión se obtienen fundamentalmente de la base de datos Scopus. La fragilidad financiera, campo de estudio en expansión y centrado en países desarrollados, resulta ser más habitual en los millennials, especialmente entre los más jóvenes. La relación entre la competencia financiera y la fragilidad financiera, estimada a partir de modelos probit binomiales, resulta negativa para todas las submuestras, aunque el poder representativo disminuye para los millennials. En general resultan mejor estimadas las medidas de fragilidad objetivas, frente a las de carácter fundamentalmente subjetivo.

Common political economy models point to rationalist motives for engaging in conflict but say little about how income shocks translate into collective violence in some cases but not in others. Grievance models, in contrast, focus on structural origins of shared frustration but offer less insight into when the deprived decide to challenge the status quo. Addressing these lacunae, we develop a theoretical model of civil conflict that predicts income loss to trigger violent mobilization primarily when the shock can be linked to pre-existing collective grievances. The conditional argument is supported by results of a comprehensive global statistical analysis of conflict involvement among ethnic groups. Consistent with theory, we find that this relationship is most powerful among recently downgraded groups, especially in the context of agricultural dependence and low local level of development, whereas political downgrading in the absence of adverse economic changes exerts less influence on ethnic conflict risk.

The study aimed to empirically evaluate the effectiveness of fiscal policy in the context of the economic slowdown  in Azerbaijan caused by the COVID19 pandemic. Using the Granger test, causal relationships between fiscal indicators and indicators of macroeconomic development in Azerbaijan have been determined. Presented an integrated assessment of the development of the national economy under the influence of the fiscal policy in the country. Using the regression analysis, fiscal risks have been identified that have a destabilizing effect on the economy and aggravating its state during a period of economic shock in the short term. The hypothesis about the different influence of the values of the public expenditure multipliers on the economy, depending on their functional directions, has been confirmed. The structure of expenses of the state budget of Azerbaijan has been empirically optimized, increasing production expenses.

The study aimed to empirically evaluate the effectiveness of fiscal policy in the context of the economic slowdown  in Azerbaijan caused by the COVID19 pandemic. Using the Granger test, causal relationships between fiscal indicators and indicators of macroeconomic development in Azerbaijan have been determined. Presented an integrated assessment of the development of the national economy under the influence of the fiscal policy in the country. Using the regression analysis, fiscal risks have been identified that have a destabilizing effect on the economy and aggravating its state during a period of economic shock in the short term. The hypothesis about the different influence of the values of the public expenditure multipliers on the economy, depending on their functional directions, has been confirmed. The structure of expenses of the state budget of Azerbaijan has been empirically optimized, increasing production expenses.

Common political economy models point to rationalist motives for engaging in conflict but say little about how income shocks translate into collective violence in some cases but not in others. Grievance models, in contrast, focus on structural origins of shared frustration but offer less insight into when the deprived decide to challenge the status quo. Addressing these lacunae, we develop a theoretical model of civil conflict that predicts income loss to trigger violent mobilization primarily when the shock can be linked to pre-existing collective grievances. The conditional argument is supported by results of a comprehensive global statistical analysis of conflict involvement among ethnic groups. Consistent with theory, we find that this relationship is most powerful among recently downgraded groups, especially in the context of agricultural dependence and low local level of development, whereas political downgrading in the absence of adverse economic changes exerts less influence on ethnic conflict risk.

Common political economy models point to rationalist motives for engaging in conflict but say little about how income shocks translate into collective violence in some cases but not in others. Grievance models, in contrast, focus on structural origins of shared frustration but offer less insight into when the deprived decide to challenge the status quo. Addressing these lacunae, we develop a theoretical model of civil conflict that predicts income loss to trigger violent mobilization primarily when the shock can be linked to pre-existing collective grievances. The conditional argument is supported by results of a comprehensive global statistical analysis of conflict involvement among ethnic groups. Consistent with theory, we find that this relationship is most powerful among recently downgraded groups, especially in the context of agricultural dependence and low local level of development, whereas political downgrading in the absence of adverse economic changes exerts less influence on ethnic conflict risk.

Common political economy models point to rationalist motives for engaging in conflict but say little about how income shocks translate into collective violence in some cases but not in others. Grievance models, in contrast, focus on structural origins of shared frustration but offer less insight into when the deprived decide to challenge the status quo. Addressing these lacunae, we develop a theoretical model of civil conflict that predicts income loss to trigger violent mobilization primarily when the shock can be linked to pre-existing collective grievances. The conditional argument is supported by results of a comprehensive global statistical analysis of conflict involvement among ethnic groups. Consistent with theory, we find that this relationship is most powerful among recently downgraded groups, especially in the context of agricultural dependence and low local level of development, whereas political downgrading in the absence of adverse economic changes exerts less influence on ethnic conflict risk.

Common political economy models point to rationalist motives for engaging in conflict but say little about how income shocks translate into collective violence in some cases but not in others. Grievance models, in contrast, focus on structural origins of shared frustration but offer less insight into when the deprived decide to challenge the status quo. Addressing these lacunae, we develop a theoretical model of civil conflict that predicts income loss to trigger violent mobilization primarily when the shock can be linked to pre-existing collective grievances. The conditional argument is supported by results of a comprehensive global statistical analysis of conflict involvement among ethnic groups. Consistent with theory, we find that this relationship is most powerful among recently downgraded groups, especially in the context of agricultural dependence and low local level of development, whereas political downgrading in the absence of adverse economic changes exerts less influence on ethnic conflict risk.

Literature shows that religiosity can provide individual resilience to life shocks as well as regional resilience to disasters caused by natural hazards. Related work has examined the complicated links between religion and economic growth. Yet few, if any, studies examine the role of regional levels of religiosity on a region's resilience to recession—or how quickly the employment rate returns to pre-recession levels (a common measure of resilience in the economics literature). As the recovery period of the Great Recession cools and economists warn of future economic downturns, all known variables that may be linked with regional resilience are worthy of exploration. Using survey results from the Gosling-Potter Internet Project and General Social Surveys, we applied logarithmic functions to pre- and post-Great Recession employment data for 2,836 U.S. counties. We found a modest and statistically significant association between religious belief and regional resilience to recession. Religiosity was the strongest of sixteen psychosocial variables that we examined in association with the speed of job recovery; despite having negative links with other economic variables. This has particular salience for more rural economies; policy implications are discussed.

This dissertation studies a number of issues related to Development Economics. The first chapter explains how we can use multiple correspondence analysis to calculate an asset index, and then offers an inequality analysis using the asset index. The second chapter provides a theoretical explanation of an odd relationship between child labor and per capita land holding in a household, and then provides empirical evidence for the explanation. Finally, the third chapter represents the results of a study of the behavior of rural households during shocks. Across the entire dissertation, we use three cross sectional surveys, conducted in 2001, 2007-8 and 2010-11 in Zimbabwe.

This dissertation studies a number of issues related to Development Economics. The first chapter explains how we can use multiple correspondence analysis to calculate an asset index, and then offers an inequality analysis using the asset index. The second chapter provides a theoretical explanation of an odd relationship between child labor and per capita land holding in a household, and then provides empirical evidence for the explanation. Finally, the third chapter represents the results of a study of the behavior of rural households during shocks. Across the entire dissertation, we use three cross sectional surveys, conducted in 2001, 2007-8 and 2010-11 in Zimbabwe.

Целью работы является типологизация шоков и выявление механизмов влияния экономических и политических шоков на конъюнктуру рынка жилой недвижимости в современной России. Новизна результатов исследования состоит в проведении оценки механизмов воздействия различных типов шоков (экономических, политических) на конъюнктуру российского регионального рынка жилой не-движимости. Предложена авторская классификация шоков по различным признакам, использованы оригинальные методы эмпирического анализа механизма воздействия экономических и политических шоков на макроэкономическую конъюнктуру и состояние рынка жилой недвижимости в регионах России (векторная панельная авто-регрессия). Проведенный анализ по Федеральным округам на основе панельной векторной авторегрессии показал, что негативными шоками для ускорения средневзвешенной цены за 1 кв. м. являются смена высшего должностного лица субъекта РФ, объем введенного жилья (за исключением Северо-Западного и Приволжского ФО). Результаты показали также, что Санкт-Петербург можно рассматривать как «выброс» для Северо-Западного ФО. По Уральскому, Южному, Северо-Кавказскому ФО не удалось получить результаты, система не может найти решения из-за небольшого количества данных., The aim of the research is typology of shocks and revealing the mechanisms of influence of economic and political shocks on the conjuncture of the residential real estate market in modern Russia. The novelty of the results of the study is to assess the mechanisms of the impact of various types of shocks (economic, political) on the Russian regional housing market. The author offers classification of shocks according to various criteria and employs original methods of empirical analysis to evaluate the mecha-nism of the impact of economic and political shocks on the macroeconomic situation and the conjuncture of the residential real estate market in the regions of Russia (panel vector autoregression model). The analysis of the Federal Districts of Russia based on the panel vector autoregression showed that negative shocks to accelerate the weighted average price for one square meter are the changing of the highest official of the subject in the Russian Federation and the amount of introduced housing (with the exception of the North-Western and Volga Federal District). The results also showed that St. Petersburg can be considered as an "emission" for the North-West FD. The system can not find a solution due to a small amount of data for the Ural, South, North-Caucasian FD.

This paper analyzes the 2015 economic slowdown in Ecuador through the behavior of the credit market. The evidence suggests that both demand and supply have contracted significantly which has reduced the flow of credit. The literature review suggest that a contraction of this nature could potentially intensify the effect of the economic slowdown and impact mainly the small and medium-sized enterprises., El artículo realiza una observación de la desaceleración de la economía ecuatoriana del año 2015 a través del comportamiento del mercado crediticio. La evidencia sugiere que la oferta y demanda de crédito se han reducido considerablemente generando una contracción importante del volumen de crédito. La revisión literaria indica que este tipo de contracción tiene el potencial de amplificar el efecto de la desaceleración y afectar principalmente a las empresas pequeñas y medianas.

This paper analyzes the 2015 economic slowdown in Ecuador through the behavior of the credit market. The evidence suggests that both demand and supply have contracted significantly which has reduced the flow of credit. The literature review suggest that a contraction of this nature could potentially intensify the effect of the economic slowdown and impact mainly the small and medium-sized enterprises., El artículo realiza una observación de la desaceleración de la economía ecuatoriana del año 2015 a través del comportamiento del mercado crediticio. La evidencia sugiere que la oferta y demanda de crédito se han reducido considerablemente generando una contracción importante del volumen de crédito. La revisión literaria indica que este tipo de contracción tiene el potencial de amplificar el efecto de la desaceleración y afectar principalmente a las empresas pequeñas y medianas.

This paper analyzes the 2015 economic slowdown in Ecuador through the behavior of the credit market. The evidence suggests that both demand and supply have contracted significantly which has reduced the flow of credit. The literature review suggest that a contraction of this nature could potentially intensify the effect of the economic slowdown and impact mainly the small and medium-sized enterprises., El artículo realiza una observación de la desaceleración de la economía ecuatoriana del año 2015 a través del comportamiento del mercado crediticio. La evidencia sugiere que la oferta y demanda de crédito se han reducido considerablemente generando una contracción importante del volumen de crédito. La revisión literaria indica que este tipo de contracción tiene el potencial de amplificar el efecto de la desaceleración y afectar principalmente a las empresas pequeñas y medianas.