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Our objective was to assess the utility of an assessment battery capturing health literacy (HL) and biopsychosocial determinants of health in predicting 30-day readmission in comparison to a currently well-adopted readmission risk calculator. We also sought to capture the distribution of inpatient HL, with emphasis on inadequate and marginal HL (an intermediate HL level). A prospective observational study was conducted to obtain HL and biopsychosocial data on general medicine inpatients admitted to the UCLA health system. Five hundred thirty-seven subjects were tracked prospectively for 30-day readmission after index hospitalization. HL was significantly better at predicting readmission compared to LACE + (Length, admission acuity, comorbidities, emergency room visits) alone (P = .013). A multivariate model including education, insurance, and language comfort was a strong predictor of adequate HL (P < .001). In conclusion, HL offered significant improvement in risk stratification in comparison to LACE + alone. Patients with marginal HL were high-risk, albeit difficult to characterize. Incorporating robust HL and biopsychosocial determinant assessments may allow hospital systems to allocate educational resources towards at-risk patients, thereby mitigating readmission risk.

People exhibit a persistent bias to believe information that is not true and to act on these beliefs. Contemporary findings illuminate the destructive costs of misinformation and false claims in the media; belief in misinformation has been flagged as a significant contributor to recent and ongoing querulous, polarizing events including the handling of the global pandemic, election outcomes, and events of racial and political persecution. One persistent obstacle to preventing belief in misinformation is the fluency with which previously encountered information is processed. Illusory truth effects refer to the robust finding that memory for information can be distorted (and is more likely to be remembered as true) due to mere exposure of false or misleading details; information that is re-encountered is processed with ease, and this fluency is misattributed to a statements’ veracity. The current study is an attempt to replicate earlier work conducted in the domain of illusory truth effects (i.e., Gilbert et al., 1993), and involves two experiments which test a novel disfluency manipulation of false statements (e.g., tHe RoBbEr HaD a GuN) in a mock criminal trial scenario. Currently, empirical research testing the potential influence of fluency disruptions on memory for false claims is limited, and findings concerning the efficacy of disfluency as a strategy to deter belief in a statement are inconclusive. Results from both experiments support the hypothesis that people perform poorly when asked to disregard information explicitly identified as false and will use this information in decisions of high consequence, despite receiving specific instruction to disregard it. Although this outcome was tempered slightly when a warning about the presence of false information was provided, participants who encoded false crime report details DiSfLuEnTlY were 9% more likely to misremember these details as true and assigned harsher character assessments and prison sentences to suspe

People exhibit a persistent bias to believe information that is not true and to act on these beliefs. Contemporary findings illuminate the destructive costs of misinformation and false claims in the media; belief in misinformation has been flagged as a significant contributor to recent and ongoing querulous, polarizing events including the handling of the global pandemic, election outcomes, and events of racial and political persecution. One persistent obstacle to preventing belief in misinformation is the fluency with which previously encountered information is processed. Illusory truth effects refer to the robust finding that memory for information can be distorted (and is more likely to be remembered as true) due to mere exposure of false or misleading details; information that is re-encountered is processed with ease, and this fluency is misattributed to a statements’ veracity. The current study is an attempt to replicate earlier work conducted in the domain of illusory truth effects (i.e., Gilbert et al., 1993), and involves two experiments which test a novel disfluency manipulation of false statements (e.g., tHe RoBbEr HaD a GuN) in a mock criminal trial scenario. Currently, empirical research testing the potential influence of fluency disruptions on memory for false claims is limited, and findings concerning the efficacy of disfluency as a strategy to deter belief in a statement are inconclusive. Results from both experiments support the hypothesis that people perform poorly when asked to disregard information explicitly identified as false and will use this information in decisions of high consequence, despite receiving specific instruction to disregard it. Although this outcome was tempered slightly when a warning about the presence of false information was provided, participants who encoded false crime report details DiSfLuEnTlY were 9% more likely to misremember these details as true and assigned harsher character assessments and prison sentences to suspe

People exhibit a persistent bias to believe information that is not true and to act on these beliefs. Contemporary findings illuminate the destructive costs of misinformation and false claims in the media; belief in misinformation has been flagged as a significant contributor to recent and ongoing querulous, polarizing events including the handling of the global pandemic, election outcomes, and events of racial and political persecution. One persistent obstacle to preventing belief in misinformation is the fluency with which previously encountered information is processed. Illusory truth effects refer to the robust finding that memory for information can be distorted (and is more likely to be remembered as true) due to mere exposure of false or misleading details; information that is re-encountered is processed with ease, and this fluency is misattributed to a statements’ veracity. The current study is an attempt to replicate earlier work conducted in the domain of illusory truth effects (i.e., Gilbert et al., 1993), and involves two experiments which test a novel disfluency manipulation of false statements (e.g., tHe RoBbEr HaD a GuN) in a mock criminal trial scenario. Currently, empirical research testing the potential influence of fluency disruptions on memory for false claims is limited, and findings concerning the efficacy of disfluency as a strategy to deter belief in a statement are inconclusive. Results from both experiments support the hypothesis that people perform poorly when asked to disregard information explicitly identified as false and will use this information in decisions of high consequence, despite receiving specific instruction to disregard it. Although this outcome was tempered slightly when a warning about the presence of false information was provided, participants who encoded false crime report details DiSfLuEnTlY were 9% more likely to misremember these details as true and assigned harsher character assessments and prison sentences to suspe

People exhibit a persistent bias to believe information that is not true and to act on these beliefs. Contemporary findings illuminate the destructive costs of misinformation and false claims in the media; belief in misinformation has been flagged as a significant contributor to recent and ongoing querulous, polarizing events including the handling of the global pandemic, election outcomes, and events of racial and political persecution. One persistent obstacle to preventing belief in misinformation is the fluency with which previously encountered information is processed. Illusory truth effects refer to the robust finding that memory for information can be distorted (and is more likely to be remembered as true) due to mere exposure of false or misleading details; information that is re-encountered is processed with ease, and this fluency is misattributed to a statements’ veracity. The current study is an attempt to replicate earlier work conducted in the domain of illusory truth effects (i.e., Gilbert et al., 1993), and involves two experiments which test a novel disfluency manipulation of false statements (e.g., tHe RoBbEr HaD a GuN) in a mock criminal trial scenario. Currently, empirical research testing the potential influence of fluency disruptions on memory for false claims is limited, and findings concerning the efficacy of disfluency as a strategy to deter belief in a statement are inconclusive. Results from both experiments support the hypothesis that people perform poorly when asked to disregard information explicitly identified as false and will use this information in decisions of high consequence, despite receiving specific instruction to disregard it. Although this outcome was tempered slightly when a warning about the presence of false information was provided, participants who encoded false crime report details DiSfLuEnTlY were 9% more likely to misremember these details as true and assigned harsher character assessments and prison sentences to suspe

BACKGROUND: High intake of added sugar is linked to weight gain and cardiometabolic risk. In 2018, the US National Salt and Sugar Reduction Initiative proposed government-supported voluntary national sugar reduction targets. This intervention's potential effects and cost-effectiveness are unclear. METHODS: A validated microsimulation model, CVD-PREDICT (Cardiovascular Disease Policy Model for Risk, Events, Detection, Interventions, Costs, and Trends), coded in C++, was used to estimate incremental changes in type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), costs, and cost-effectiveness of the US National Salt and Sugar Reduction Initiative policy. The model was run at the individual level, incorporating the annual probability of each person's transition between health statuses on the basis of risk factors. The model incorporated national demographic and dietary data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey across 3 cycles (2011 through 2016), added sugar-related diseases from meta-analyses, and policy costs and health-related costs from established sources. A simulated nationally representative US population was created and followed until age 100 years or death, with 2019 as the year of intervention start. Findings were evaluated over 10 years and a lifetime from health care and societal perspectives. Uncertainty was evaluated in a 1-way analysis by assuming 50% industry compliance and probabilistic sensitivity analyses through a second-order Monte Carlo approach. Model outputs included averted diabetes cases, CVD events and CVD deaths, QALYs gained, and formal health care cost savings, stratified by age, race, income, and education. RESULTS: Achieving the US National Salt and Sugar Reduction Initiative sugar reduction targets could prevent 2.48 million CVD events, 0.49 million CVD deaths, and 0.75 million diabetes cases; gain 6.67 million QALYs; and save $160.88 billion net costs from a societal perspective over a