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This book is a text intended for undergraduates who are preparing to be physical education teachers, coaches, or athletic directors. It presents a method of instruction that uses a partner system by which students locate anatomical structures in the illustrations and on their partners, and then learn the structures' functions by manipulating their partners' movements. The book is divided into six parts covering the following aspects of the topic: basic concepts; the upper extremity; the trunk, thorax, and abdomen; the lower extremity; internal anatomy; and the microanatomy of muscle contraction. (JD)

A long-standing challenge for semiconductor lasers is scaling the optical power and brightness of many diode lasers by coherent beam combination. Because single-mode semiconductor lasers have limited power available from a single element, there is a strong motivation to coherently combine the outputs of many elements for applications including industrial lasers for materials processing, free space optical communications, and defense. Despite the fact that such a coherently-combined source is potentially the most efficient laser, coherent combination of semiconductor lasers is generally considered to be difficult, since precise phase control is required between elements. We describe our approach to coherent combination of semiconductor lasers. The Slab-Coupled Optical Waveguide Laser (SCOWL), invented at Lincoln Laboratory, is used as the single-mode diode laser element for coherent combination. With a 10-element SCOWL array, coherently combined output power as high as 7 W in continuous wave using an external cavity has been demonstrated, which is the highest output level achieved using a coherent array of semiconductor lasers. We are currently working on a related approach to scale the coherent power up to 100 W.

Contains an introduction and reports on seven research projects., Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Subcontract 284-25041, Joint Services Electronics Program Contract DAAL04-95-1-0038, National Center for Integrated Photonic Technology Contract 542-381, U.S. Army Research Office/ AASERT Contract DAAH04-93-G-0175, National Science Foundation Grant DMR 92-02957, Joint Services Electronics Program Grant DAAL04-95-1-0038, National Science Foundation Grant DMR 90-22933, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, National Center for Integrated Photonic Technology Subcontract 542-383, National Science Foundation DMR 94-00334

Limitations imposed on the saturation energy of high-power slab-coupled optical waveguide amplifiers were studied for pulsed signal transmission. Loss due to the two-photon absorption and free-carrier absorption processes becomes a dominant factor for ultrashort-pulse amplification, leading to lower saturation energy. TPA and FCA coefficients are measured to be 65 cm/GW and 7times10[superscript -17] cm[superscript 2], respectively. Carrier-related gain recovery times vary from 160 ps to 380 ps at bias currents from 4 A to 1 A, respectively., United States. Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-07-0014), United States. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (MTO under Air Force contract number FA8721-05- C-0002)

Arrays as large as 256 x 64 of single-photon counting avalanche photodiodes have been developed for defense applications in free-space communication and laser radar. Focal plane arrays (FPAs) sensitive to both 1.06 and 1.55 µm wavelength have been fabricated for these applications. At 240 K and 4 V overbias, the dark count rate (DCR) of 15 µm diameter devices is typically 250 Hz for 1.06 µm sensitive APDs and 1 kHz for 1.55 µm APDs. Photon detection efficiencies (PDE) at 4 V overbias are about 45% for both types of APDs. Accounting for microlens losses, the full FPA has a PDE of 30%. The reset time needed for a pixel to avoid afterpulsing at 240 K is about 3-4 µsec. These devices have been used by system groups at Lincoln Laboratory and other defense contractors for building operational systems. For these fielded systems the device reliability is a strong concern. Individual APDs as well as full arrays have been run for over 1000 hrs of accelerated testing to verify their stability. The reliability of these GM-APDs is shown to be under 10 FITs at operating temperatures of 250 K, which also corresponds to an MTTF of 17,100 yrs., U.S. Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (Air Force contract number FA8721-05-C-0002)

We have coherently combined up to 7.2 W CW using an individually addressable 10-element-array of 960-nm slab-coupled optical waveguide lasers (SCOWLs). We are currently scaling the phase-locked output power to 100 W using SCOWL stacks., United States. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (Air Force Contract No. FA8721-05-C-0002)

Arrays of InP-based avalanche photodiodes operating at 1.06-µm wavelength in the Geiger mode have been fabricated in the 128x32 format. The arrays have been hermetically packaged with precision-aligned lenslet arrays, bump-bonded read-out integrated circuits, and thermoelectric coolers. With the array cooled to -20C and voltage biased so that optical cross-talk is small, the median photon detection efficiency is 23-25% and the median dark count rate is 2 kHz. With slightly higher voltage overbias, optical cross-talk increases but the photon detection efficiency increases to almost 30%. These values of photon detection efficiency include the optical coupling losses of the microlens array and package window.

In this work, we modified our wafer-scale 3D integration technique, originally developed for Si, to hybridize InP-based image sensor arrays with Si readout circuits. InGaAs image arrays based on the InGaAs layer grown on InP substrates were fabricated in the same processing line as silicon-on-insulator (SOI) readout circuits. The finished 150-mm-diameter InP wafer was then directly bonded to the SOI wafer and interconnected to the Si readout circuits by 3D vias. A 1024 times 1024 diode array with 8-mum pixel size is demonstrated. This work shows the wafer-scale 3D integration of a compound semiconductor with Si., Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (Air Force Contract FA8721-05-C-0002)

Arrays of photon-counting Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes (APDs) sensitive to 1.06 and 1.55 µm wavelengths and as large as 256 x 64 elements on 50 µm pitch have been fabricated for defense applications. As array size, and element density increase, optical crosstalk becomes an increasingly limiting source of spurious counts. We characterize the crosstalk by measurement of emitted light, and by extracting the spatial and temporal focal plane array (FPA) response to the light from FPA dark count statistics. We discuss the physical and geometrical causes of FPA crosstalk, suggest metrics useful to system designers, then present measured crosstalk metrics for large FPAs as a function of their operating parameters. We then present FPA designs that suppress crosstalk effects and show more than 40 times reduction in crosstalk.