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Objective: To determine abundance, distribution and diversity of potential breeding container habitats of the dengue vectors in public places including schools, restaurants, mosques and parks in southwest areas of Penang Island, Malaysia. Methods: Premises at restaurants, schools, parks and mosques were surveyed simultaneously and inspected visually for container habitats and production of immature mosquitoes from March 2015 to March 2016. Abundance (mean ± SE) of breeding containers between sites was compared using One-way ANOVA. Independent sample ttest was used to compare total number of Aedes albopictus (Ae. albopictus) and Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti) surveyed. Results: The surveyed locations yielded a total of 3741 breeding containers and 19537 immature mosquitoes from four areas. Concurrent artificial and natural containers produced 78.4% immature Ae. albopictus and 6.3% Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in wet season, with 14.2% Ae. albopictus and 1.1% Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in dry season. Artificial containers accounted for 98.1% of the total containers recorded, with restaurants being the most productive locations (8 012) and schools being the least productive (2 234). Conclusions: It was concluded that public places are good sources of potential container habitats of Aedes mosquitoes in Penang Island, Malaysia and Ae. albopictus has exclusively replaced the home-grown Ae. aegypti even in urban areas. Therefore, treatment of artificial containers in such locations is critical in Aedes mosquito control campaigns during dengue outbreaks.

Objective: To determine abundance, distribution and diversity of potential breeding container habitats of the dengue vectors in public places including schools, restaurants, mosques and parks in southwest areas of Penang Island, Malaysia. Methods: Premises at restaurants, schools, parks and mosques were surveyed simultaneously and inspected visually for container habitats and production of immature mosquitoes from March 2015 to March 2016. Abundance (mean ± SE) of breeding containers between sites was compared using One-way ANOVA. Independent sample ttest was used to compare total number of Aedes albopictus (Ae. albopictus) and Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti) surveyed. Results: The surveyed locations yielded a total of 3741 breeding containers and 19537 immature mosquitoes from four areas. Concurrent artificial and natural containers produced 78.4% immature Ae. albopictus and 6.3% Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in wet season, with 14.2% Ae. albopictus and 1.1% Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in dry season. Artificial containers accounted for 98.1% of the total containers recorded, with restaurants being the most productive locations (8 012) and schools being the least productive (2 234). Conclusions: It was concluded that public places are good sources of potential container habitats of Aedes mosquitoes in Penang Island, Malaysia and Ae. albopictus has exclusively replaced the home-grown Ae. aegypti even in urban areas. Therefore, treatment of artificial containers in such locations is critical in Aedes mosquito control campaigns during dengue outbreaks.

Objective: To understand the efficacy of ovitrap surveillance and its implementation on monitoring reflection upon case occurrence in relation to climate variables. Methods: We used routinely setup ovitrap surveillance to monitor the mosquito populations in previous outbreak areas. Ovitraps were installed weekly at three localities that experienced high number of dengue cases (Flat Hamna, Kampung Sungai Gelugor and Kampung Tanjung Tokong) from January 2010 to February 2011. Ovitraps and paddles were brought back to the laboratory and all of the water contents were poured into an enamel pan. Aged tap water was added into the enamel pan and eggs were allowed to hatch. The hatching larvae were counted after 3 days. The hatched larvae were identified at the 3rd instar larval stage. The ovitrap indices and mean number of larvae were analyzed using student t-test and One-way ANOVA. Spearmen’s rank correlation coefficient was used to determine the relation between meteorology variables and dengue fever cases. Results: Aedes albopictus was found as dominant species followed by Aedes aegypti recorded in all three study areas. Aedes aegypti preferred to breed outdoor with larvae collection, which was higher than indoor (72.37%). There was a positive correlation between the ovitrap index with the rainfall and humidity except in Kampung Tanjung Tokong. Our result also showed negative correlation between temperature and ovitrap index in all localities.

Malathion and Fendona® (alphacypermethrin) insecticides were tested against larvae and adult stages of house flies, Musca domestica Linnaeus. The percentage mortality of House flies larvae range between 0% and 100%at different exposed dose rate of tested insecticide. Probit analysis was used to determine the LD50. The value LD50 for malathion without food medium was 0.833 -l/larvae and treatment with food medium was 0.895 -l/larvaerespectively. The LD50 for Fendona® without food medium was 0.545 -l/larvae and 0.870 -l/larvae for treatment with food medium. The LD50 values for Fendona® in both treatment was lowers compared with malathion, which meansthat alphacypermethrin is more toxic than malathion. Different with the test on adult house flies, the knockdown time values for alphacypermethrin at KT50 is 9.876 minutes and KT95 is 20.495 minutes against female adult house fliesand were significantly lower than malathion (KT50 is 75.17 minutes and KT95 is 103.38 minutes respectively). Result also showed that a total of 1.0-l of Fendona® is reacting more effective than 1.0-l of malathion. Therefore, we canconclude that Fendona® is the most effective insecticide towards larvae and adult stage of M. domestica. The effectiveness of both chemicals was affected when treated larvae was in the rearing medium

デングウイルスを子孫に垂直伝播可能なヤブカ類では,雌雄いずれも本ウイルスに感受性をもつ.デングウイルスの感染により,多くのタンパク質の機能が損なわれるという報告がある.しかし,これらタンパク質は,最初の感染部位である中腸組織から,いずれも分離されていない.我々は,2次元ゲル電気泳動を用いて,デング熱媒介ヒトスジシマカ成虫の体の大きさと性別に関連した中腸タンパク質の特徴を調べた.雌蚊体の大小比較では,一群のタンパク質が両者に共通に見られ,その量は大きな雌蚊に多く観察された.また,これらとは異なる一群のタンパク質が,体の大きな雌蚊の中腸に特異的に認められた.蚊の雌雄間においても中腸タンパク質に明確な違いが認められた.つまり,雄の中腸で認められた一群のタンパク質は,雌の中腸においても同様に認められたが,その生産量は雄よりも多かった.さらに,これらのタンパク質に加えて,雌の中腸内でのみ特異的に産生される一群のタンパク質が観察された.本報告は,以上の結果から,雌蚊が持つ生理的機能との関連について考察した.######In Aedes mosquito, which can vertically transmit the dengue virus to offspring, both sexes can be receptive to the virus. A number of proteins are being reported to impair the viral infection, but none of these have been isolated from the site of initial infection, the midgut. Using a two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis, we categorized proteins of the midgut from the dengue vector Ae. albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) with regard to size and sex. The comparison of profiles from small and large females revealed that a set of proteins was identified as specific to large female's midguts. The comparison of profiles for males and females showed clear differences as well. A set of proteins identified in male midguts were produced in much higher quantities in females than in males. In addition, many other proteins were identified as being specifically produced only in female midguts. These results are discussed in the context of female functions.