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Over a century of drug policy and law has failed to stop the flow of illegal drugs into the U.S. Drug policy and law have focused on reducing the supply of illicit drugs but have failed to consider factors that influence the demand for those drugs. The U.S. now faces an unprecedented crisis of opioid use, abuse, overdose, and death largely due to these failures.A gap analysis was conducted to identify shortcomings in existing policy. Gap analysis is used to determine whether a policy as written reaches desired goals and outcomes through its implementation. Biopsychosocial theory (BPS) was used to frame the recommendations for policy change. The BPS framework of human behavior and well-being encompasses all known influences on a person when attempting to diagnose or treat an illness, permitting a thorough examination of a policy’s ability to meet the needs of a population. The gap analysis shows the current policy does not produce desired outcomes in terms of drug abuse prevention, and women are affected more negatively than men. Women are at greater risk of losing their children, losing their jobs, being unable to find educational resources, and becoming homeless if they become addicted to opioids. The BPS suggests a shift in policy and law from supply reduction to demand reduction, which is critical to the future of women most at risk for drug abuse, overdose, and death., Civilian, Department of Social Services, State of California, Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

The present study proposes and thoroughly examines a novel approach for the effective hybridization of solar and wind sources based on hydrogen storage to increase grid stability and lower peak load. The parabolic trough collector, vanadium chloride thermochemical cycle, hydrogen storage tank, alkaline fuel cells, thermal energy storage, and absorption chiller make up the suggested smart system. Additionally, the proposed system includes a wind turbine to power the electrolyzer unit and minimize the size of the solar system. A rule-based control technique establishes an intelligent two-way connection with energy networks to compensate for the energy expenses throughout the year. The transient system simulation (TRNSYS) tool and the engineering equation solver program are used to conduct a comprehensive techno-economic-environmental assessment of a Swedish residential building. A four-objective optimization utilizing MATLAB based on the grey wolf algorithm coupled with an artificial neural network is used to determine the best trade-off between the indicators. According to the results, the primary energy saving, carbon dioxide reduction rate, overall cost, and purchased energy are 80.6 %, 219 %, 14.8 $/h, and 24.9 MWh at optimal conditions. From the scatter distribution, it can be concluded that fuel cell voltage and collector length should be maintained at their lowest domain and the electrode area is an ineffective parameter. The suggested renewable-driven smart system can provide for the building's needs for 70 % of the year and sell excess production to the local energy network, making it a feasible alternative. Solar energy is far less effective in storing hydrogen over the winter than wind energy, demonstrating the benefits of combining renewable energy sources to fulfill demand. By lowering CO2 emissions by 61,758 kg, it is predicted that the recommended smart renewable system might save 7719 $ in environmental costs, equivalent to 6.9 ha of new reforestation.

Despite a decline in Australian adolescents reporting to have consumed alcohol, a high proportion of the adolescent population still consumes alcohol. Community-led prevention interventions that systematically and strategically implement evidence-based programs have been shown to be effective in producing population-behaviour change related to youth alcohol and drug use. This study evaluated the post-intervention effects of a multi-component community intervention in Australia. It comprised social marketing targeting adolescents and parents, and a community intervention to reduce underage alcohol sales. Structural equation modelling was used to examine direct and indirect effects of community intervention components on intention and consumption. Self-report surveys (N = 3377) and community sales data (27 communities) were analysed to evaluate the effect of the intervention components on intention and consumption before the age of 18. The intervention reduced alcohol sales to minors (OR =.82). Exposure to the social marketing was significantly associated with household no-alcohol rules (OR = 2.24) and parents not supplying alcohol (OR =.72). The intervention predicted intention not to consume alcohol before age 18; intention was associated with not consuming alcohol (OR = 5.70). Total indirect effects from the intervention through to intention were significant. However, parents setting a rule and not supplying alcohol were the only significant direct effects to intention. Parents setting a rule was directly associated with lower consumption. Overall, the intervention logic was supported by the data modelling. The study extends prior knowledge of community-based interventions to prevent adolescent alcohol use by identifying critical intervention components and effect mechanisms. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: ACTRN12612000384853.

The DOD developed a new Joint Warfighting Concept (JWC) to address how the United States will confront the nation’s most pressing national security challenges. The focus of the JWC was the importance of logistics during combat operations and the ability to sustain a large force over strategic distances. The DOD’s shift of focus to near-peer threats requires sustainment demand reduction across the services. Many demand reduction initiatives (DRI) are under consideration to lessen the burden of logistics at the strategic, operational, and tactical levels. Due to the relative newness of the JWC, the LOG FCB does not have a quantitative, credible, repeatable process to effectively assess, compare, and prioritize implementation of demand reduction initiatives. This study implemented several systems engineering (SE) concepts that include the completion of stakeholder analysis, functional analysis, mapping of function to form, creating a top-level and detailed systems design, the use of value modeling, and the application of sensitivity analysis. The use of these SE tools and processes resulted in the development of a DRI Assessment System which includes instructions for use of the system, questionnaire for data collection, Excel calculation sheets, and the metrics and definitions for the selected attributes. These products provide the logistics functional capability board (LOG FCB) the capability to objectively prioritize current and future DRIs to implement across the DOD., Major, United States Army, Major, United States Army, Captain, United States Army, Major, United States Army, Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

Wildlife trade threatens global taxa. While interest in consumer behavior is increasing, such studies are scarce, particularly for plants and fungi, around questions of consumer characteristics, preferences, and perceptions. Moreover, these factors are not often marshaled to support conservation measures effectively. To address these questions, we examined the case of Chinese caterpillar fungus (Ophiocordyceps sinensis [Berk.] G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung, Hywel-Jones, & Spatafora) consumers. This product is particularly interesting due to its extremely high value, economic importance to harvesters, and increasing conservation concerns. Data were generated through an online structured survey (n = 1861 consumers) and semi-structured qualitative interviews (n = 65) across six provinces that comprise the primary market in China. We found significant regional and demographic differences in consumer characteristics, preferences for the geographical origin of the product, and limited understanding of harvester and sustainability issues. Interestingly, consumers in higher income provinces bought less frequently but spent more money with the aim of self-consumption, compared with consumers in lower income provinces who buy more frequently, spending less, and with the intention to use purchased products as presents for family or friends. Consumer responses indicated that conservation measures can be enhanced through public information dissemination about product characteristics and linking consumers to the consequences of their consumption choices, with a particular focus on geographically differentiated information campaigns.

Limiting warming to well below 2°C requires rapid and complete decarbonisation of energy systems. We compare economy-wide modelling of 1.5°C and 2°C scenarios with sector-focused analyses of four critical sectors that are difficult to decarbonise: aviation, shipping, road freight transport, and industry. We develop and apply a novel framework to analyse and track mitigation progress in these sectors. We find that emission reductions in the 1.5°C and 2°C scenarios of the IMAGE model come from deep cuts in CO2 intensities and lower energy intensities, with minimal demand reductions in these sectors’ activity. We identify a range of additional measures and policy levers that are not explicitly captured in modelled scenarios but could contribute significant emission reductions. These are demand reduction options, and include less air travel (aviation), reduced transportation of fossil fuels (shipping), more locally produced goods combined with high load factors (road freight), and a shift to a circular economy (industry). We discuss the challenges of reducing demand both for economy-wide modelling and for policy. Based on our sectoral analysis framework, we suggest modelling improvements and policy recommendations, calling on the relevant UN agencies to start tracking mitigation progress through monitoring key elements of the framework (CO2 intensity, energy efficiency, and demand for sectoral activity, as well as the underlying drivers), as a matter of urgency. Key policy insights Four critical sectors (aviation, shipping, road freight, and industry) cannot cut their CO2 emissions to zero rapidly with technological supply-side options alone. Without large-scale negative emissions, significant demand reductions for those sectors’ activities are needed to meet the 1.5–2°C goal. Policy priorities include affordable alternatives to frequent air travel; smooth connectivity between low-carbon travel modes; speed reductions in shipping and

This thesis applies Bacchi's (2009; 2016) policy analysis framework, to Australian illicit drug policy texts (1985–2017) to interrogate exercises of power in illicit drug policy. Findings reveal the dominance of legal and health/well-being discourses which produce the body as a site of self-governance ('responsibilisation'), while epidemiological narratives narrow the cannabis 'problem' and omit why cannabis is used for recreation. Failure to resolve the historical influence of morality associated with public health rationalities and their intersection with law and order has meant that harm minimisation, which empowers citizens through the governance of self, is constrained by sovereign power.

The second edition of Drug Policy and the Public Good presents up-to-date evidence relating to the development of drug policy at local, national and international levels. The book explores both illicit drug use and non-medical use of prescription medications from a public health perspective. The core of the book is a critical review of the scientific evidence in five areas of drug policy: (1) primary prevention programs in schools and other settings; (2) treatment interventions and harm reduction approaches; (3) attempts to control the supply of illicit drugs, including drug interdiction and law enforcement; (4) penal approaches, decriminalization and other alternatives; and (5) control of the legal market through prescription drug regimens. It also discusses the trend towards legalization of some psychoactive substances in some countries and the need for a new approach to drug policy that is evidence-based, realistic and coordinated. The accumulated evidence provides important information about effective and ineffective policies. Shifting the emphasis towards a public health approach should reduce the extent of illicit drug use, prevent the escalation of new epidemics and avoid the unintended consequences arising from the marginalization of drug users through severe criminal penalties.

In recent decades, reductions have been observed in Australian school student alcohol and drug use. A range of effective alcohol and drug use programs and policies have contributed to the decline in youth alcohol and drug use. The changing context of youth alcohol and drug use introduces the need to review future prevention and early intervention targets against school programs and policies to establish new direction. This report reviews alcohol and drug use prevention and early interventionapproaches used in Australian government schools. First, a literature review is presented summarising the evidence for effective programs and the theoretical mechanisms that underpin successful behaviour change. Second, the report assesses to what extent the current alcohol and drug use prevention and early intervention approaches used in Australian government schools accord with projected needs and theevidence for effective programs. The literature review completed for this report identified that there are an increasing number of evidence-based alcohol and drug use prevention and early intervention approaches available to Australian schools. However, our examination of state government websites and surveys of school staff suggest that the majority of schools do not use evidence-based programs and guide their school practices instead on general frameworks and principles. The report makes five recommendations:(1) set ambitious behaviour change targets for continued reduction of alcohol and drug use amongst Australian school students;(2) evaluate school practices that are based on frameworks and principles to ensure they are safe and not contributing to harm;(3) offer incentives to schools that use evidence-based alcohol and drug programs;(4) place a priority on the evaluation of school alcohol and drug education programs, within Australian government research funding schemes; and(5) examine positive youth development outcomes in the evaluation of school alcohol and drug education

This article examines the consumption of illegally traded rhino horn. We conducted a survey on 608 males in Vietnam, a country that is identified as among the world's largest recipients of illicit rhino horn. We find that supposed health benefits, such as body detoxification and hangover treatment, were the most common reasons for rhino horn usage. Consumers also used rhino horn to display economic wealth, acquire social status, and initiate business and political relationships. We illuminate the shift in the perceived place of rhino horn from functional to symbolic: rhino horn is not only supposed to possess curative properties but through its circulation within social and professional networks is also considered part of the consumers’ search for a sense of “self,” a sense of “us,” and the delineation of the “other.” We discuss implications for strategies that serve to reduce or prevent further loss of the rhinoceros., Correction published in:Truong, VD, Dang, NVH, Hall, CM. The marketplace management of illegal elixirs: illicit consumption of rhino horn (vol 19, pg 353, 2016). CONSUMPTION MARKETS & CULTURE, 2016:19(5) DOI: 10.1080/10253866.2016.1160478

The threat of human induced climate change is imminent. The reason is an everyincreasing demand for energy and products, producing more and more greenhousegas emissions. Everybody needs to take responsibility now. The estimations are thatwith 2% annual energy savings from residential households 12TWh and 3.3 billionmetric tonnes of CO2 can be saved per year. Greenely, a startup from KIC InnoEnergy,wants to engage residential households to change their energy behaviour athome. They combine a smartphone application with the smart meter infrastructureto reduce households energy demand. Changing behaviour is complicated and researchprior to this thesis revealed that information and economic incentives aloneare not sufficient.A simple and proven technique to change behaviour is Nudging. A gentle pushin the right direction while leaving the freedom of choice. A popular example is aprinted fly in the men’s urinal. It nudges them to aim at the fly. The cleaning costswere reduced by 80% at the Schiphol Airport Amsterdam.Without application usage change is impossible for Greenely. Their main contacttool to households is a smartphone application. The smartphone market is vast andcompetition between applications is strong. Therefore the system outline needs toprecede Nudging for ongoing engagement and long term change. To achieve thatGamification practices are implemented. It is the incorporation of game design intonon-gaming contexts to achieve engagement through motivation and fun.This master thesis is done in cooperation with Greenely and focuses on residentialdemand reduction schemas, Nudging and Gamification. The aim is to improvetheir actual application and create an outline for an improved version that promoteslong term behaviour change. The result incorporates the most suitable features fromthe relevant topics and enables long term change.

The use of simulation to evaluate energy-efficient operations, commissioning problems, and demand-response (DR) strategies offers important insights into building operations. This paper describes a step-by-step procedure for using measured end-use energy data from a campus building to calibrate a simulation model developed in EnergyPlus. This process included identification of key input parameters for reducing uncertainties in the model. The building geometry and internal thermal zones were modeled to match the actual heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) zoning for each individual variable air-volume (VAV) zone. We evaluated most key building and HVAC system components, including space loads (actual occupancy number, lighting and plug loads), HVAC air-side components (VAV terminals, supply and return fans) and water-side components (chillers, pumps, and cooling towers). Comparison of the pre- and post-calibration model shows that the calibration process greatly improves the model's accuracy for each end use. We propose an automated model calibration procedure that links the model to a real-time data monitoring system, allowing the model to be updated any time. The approach enables the automated data feed from sMAP into the EnergyPlus model to create realistic schedules of space loads (occupancy, lighting and plug), performance curves of fans, chillers and cooling towers. We also field-tested DR control strategies to evaluate the model's performance in predicting dynamic response effects. Finally, this paper describes application of the calibrated model to analyze control systems and DR strategies with the goal of reducing peak demand. We compare end-use data from modeled and actual DR events.

We examine the effect of varying the number of bidders and units on bid values in multi-unit auctions. Our results suggest that the uniform-price auction is sensitive to demand reduction, however, increasing the number of bidders or/and units can significantly decrease it. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved., Postprint (published version)

The Papua New Guinea government has adopted a range of measures aimed at reducing the supply of illicit small arms and light weapons in response to persistent problems with their use in inter-communal fighting and crime. However, these measures have been largely ineffective at reducing the level of armed violence in PNG, in part because of the failure to also address the demand that exists for these weapons. A nascent demand reduction agenda has emerged at the local level throughout Papua New Guinea in response to the failure of the national government to adequately address small arms and armed violence problems. This thesis provides a detailed overview of national, regional and international initiatives to address small arms issues and examines how they have been implemented in PNG. It then examines initiatives by local community groups and NGOs that are aimed at reducing small arms and armed violence and considers how successful they have been.

Mexico currently has no governmental consensus to willingly renounce the enormous drug profits flowing into the country from sales in the United States as harmful to Mexican national interests. Any U.S. drug control strategy must accept this fact at the outset in determining the prospects for success. Competing interests within the Mexican government prevent the formation of a consensus that drug profits are harmful to Mexico. Mexican presidents have framed the solution as demand reduction in the United States, while the United States has focused on supply reduction from Mexico. A significant amount of money is involved in the drug trade, with estimates ranging from $5 billion to $40 billion annually. Over 75% of the Mexican economy relies on cash transactions, making the actual amount difficult to determine. President Felipe Calderon has proposed legislation to strengthen the Mexican government's hand in fighting money laundering, but the Mexican Congress has not passed it into law. Various barriers to better cooperation exist between Mexico and the United States. The Mexican Army shows signs of corruption and military action seems to favor the ascendancy of the Sinaloa Cartel. Any solution to the problem must take the money out of the drug trade., Civilian Research Project.

Three-Pronged Solution: (1) System and Building Efficiencies -- Current ASHRAE and LEED Minimums, Federal Improvement Mandates (EPAct/EISA/EOs), and Private Efforts; (2) Demand Reduction and Flattening -- Dynamic Pricing (Smart Grids and Demand Response), Cultural Shifts (Load Flattening), and Equipment Selection (Load Flattening); and (3) Generation and Distribution -- Greater Renewable Emphasis, Nuclear Energy, Natural Gas, and Distributed Generation., Presented at the National Defense Industrial Association (NDIA) Environment, Energy Security & Sustainability (E2S2) Symposium & Exhibition held 9-12 May 2011 in New Orleans, LA.

Presented at the GreenGov Symposium, held on October 31 - November 2, 2011, in Washington, DC.

Our nation's efforts to address the illegal drug problem has been met with mixed reviews, and by our government's admission, our demand for illegal drugs fuels the drug trade and has helped to create the current environment in Mexico. The policies of the United States over the last 40 years have been heavily focused on the supply reduction of illegal drugs. A much smaller percentage of effort has been focused on the reduction of the demand for illegal drugs. To support President Calderon in his fight with the drug cartels, the United States government must continue to adjust the annual National Drug Control Strategy to reduce the demand for illegal drugs. This paper reviews current U.S. drug policy and the issues associated with demand reduction. The paper goes on to make some recommendations on how the United States government can better adjust supply and demand reduction programs to make our current efforts more effective.

For the first time, the Department of Defense (DoD) is publishing a strategy to transform the way the Department consumes energy in military operations, consistent with 10 U.S.C. section 138c. Section 138c establishes an Assistant Secretary of Defense for Operational Energy Plans and Programs (ASD(OEPP)) and directs the production of an Operational Energy Strategy for the Department of Defense. The mission of the ASD(OEPP) is to promote the energy security of military operations through guidance for and oversight of Departmental activities and investments. The DoD Operational Energy Strategy sets the overall direction for operational energy security for the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD), Combatant Commands, Defense Agencies, and Military Departments/Services (hereinafter "DoD Components"). Within 90 days of the publication of this strategy, the Department will release an implementation plan, which will include specific targets and timelines for achieving this strategy in the near-, mid-, and long-term. Annual updates to the strategy and implementation plan will include specific performance metrics, as directed by section 138c. Together, these documents will form the basis of the ASD(OEPP)'s annual certification of Departmental budgets, as required by law. Energy security is critical to national security. As described in the 2010 Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR), energy security for the DoD means having assured access to reliable supplies of energy and the ability to protect and deliver sufficient energy to meet operational needs. The Department's energy portfolio includes the energy used at military installations in the United States and overseas as well as the energy used by military forces in execution of their day-to-day missions. This strategy focuses on the latter.

This thesis explored the opportunities to reduce energy demand and renewable energy feasibility at an off-grid science “community” called the Experimental Lakes Area (ELA) in Ontario. Being off-grid, ELA is completely dependent on diesel and propane fuel supply for all its electrical and heating needs, which makes ELA vulnerable to fluctuating fuel prices. As a result ELA emits a large amount of greenhouse gases (GHG) for its size. Energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies can reduce energy consumption and consequently energy cost, as well as GHG. Energy efficiency was very important to ELA due to the elevated fuel costs at this remote location. Minor upgrades to lighting, equipment and building envelope were able to reduce energy costs and reduce load. Efficient energy saving measures were recommended that save on operating and maintenance costs, namely, changing to LED lights, replacing old equipment like refrigerators and downsizing of ice makers. This resulted in a 4.8% load reduction and subsequently reduced the initial capital cost for biomass by $27,000, by $49,500 for wind power and by $136,500 for solar power. Many alternative energies show promise as potential energy sources to reduce the diesel and propane consumption at ELA including wind energy, solar heating and bio-mass. A biomass based CHP system using the existing diesel generators as back-up has the shortest pay back period of the technologies modeled. The biomass based CHP system has a pay back period of 4.1 years at $0.80 per liter of diesel, as diesel price approaches $ 2.00 per liter the pay back period reduces to 0.9 years, 50% the generation cost compared to present generation costs. Biomass has been successfully tried and tested in many off-grid communities particularly in a small-scale off-grid setting in North America and internationally. Also, the site specific solar and wind data show that ELA has potential to harvest renewable resources and produce heat and power at competitiv

La recientemente aprobada reforma del artículo 49 de la Constitución Política de Colombia estableció un régimen de sanción y protección administrativa para consumidores de drogas ilícitas en el país. Este artículo discute los alcances del nuevo régimen, al igual que el contenido de un proyecto de ley que fija los procedimientos administrativos para su desarrollo, a la luz de lecciones aprendidas a partir de las experiencias con los tribunales de tratamiento de drogas en Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido, donde este mecanismo opera con resultados promisorios desde hace varios lustros con base en la doctrina de “reducción del daño”., The recently approved reform of Article 49 of the Constitution of Colombia introduces a new administrative sanction and protection system for illicit drug users in the country. This article discusses the scope of this new system as well as the contents of a bill setting administrative procedures to enact it, in the light of lessons learned from experiences with Drug Treatment Courts in USA and UK, where this mechanism has operated with promising results for a number of years based on the “harm reduction” doctrine.

La reforma recientemente aprobada del artículo 49 de la Constitución Política de Colombia, por medio de la cual se prohíbe el porte y consumo de sustancias estupefacientes y psicotrópicas y se establecen medidas administrativas para el tratamiento de consumidores de estas sustancias, abre la discusión sobre la diferencia entre consumo y adicción, así como sobre los objetivos y modelos de manejo y tratamiento de estas condiciones. Este artículo aporta elementos a esa discusión, a la luz de hallazgos recientes tanto de la neurociencia como de las ciencias sociales acerca del consumo y trastornos relacionados con sustancias psicoactivas, y ofrece pautas para la reglamentación legal de la nueva disposición constitucional colombiana., This article discusses psychoactive substances use and dependence in the light of a recent constitutional amendment that prohibits illegal drug possession or consumption in Colombia, and establishes administrative treatment measures for offenders. A review of neuroscience and social science literature on the subject informs issues such as the distinction between drug use and dependence, as well as the different objectives and treatment models developed to deal with each of these conditions. General guidelines are suggested for future legal development of the new constitutional amendment.

The United States has a National Security problem, energy security, in which the Department of Defense (DoD) has a unique interest. The United States imports 26% of its total energy supply and 56% of the oil it consumes. The DoD is the largest single consumer of energy in the United States, and energy is the key enabler of U.S. military combat power. High energy consumption, increased competition for limited energy supplies, ever-increasing energy costs, and the lack of a comprehensive Energy Strategy and oversight of energy issues in the DoD have created vulnerabilities. These include potential fuel and electricity supply disruptions as well as foreign policy and economic vulnerability. The DoD needs a comprehensive Energy Strategy and organizational structure to improve National Security by decreasing U.S. dependence on foreign oil, ensuring access to critical energy requirements, maintaining or improving combat capability, promoting research for future energy security, being fiscally responsible to the American tax payer, and protecting the environment. This strategy can be implemented through leadership and culture change, innovation and process efficiencies, reduced demand, and increased and diversified energy sources.

The international traffic in illicit drugs contributes to terrorist risk through at least five mechanisms: supplying cash, creating chaos and instability, supporting corruption, providing cover and sustaining common infrastructures for illicit activity, and competing for law enforcement and intelligence attention. Of these, cash and chaos are likely to be the two most important. Different drugs, different trafficking routes, and different organizations have different relationships to terrorist threats. Therefore it might be possible to improve domestic security by targeting drug law enforcement on those drugs, routes, and organizations with the strongest known or potential links to terror. However, doing so would require new analytic capacities and decision-making strategies for all the agencies involved in drug law enforcement and there is no assurance that the policies that best implement the mission of protecting Americans from drug abuse will also perform best in protecting the country from terrorism. Indeed, the interests of ideology-driven terrorists and money-driven drug traders can sometimes diverge, as when increased resources deployed against terrorists adversely affect the activities of drug traders with no ties to terrorists. Any terrorist threats exacerbated by the illicit drug markets might be reduced by shrinking the markets themselves, both in physical volume and financial revenue. It is not clear that increased drug law enforcement alone can succeed in that respect; the cocaine and heroin markets have proven stubbornly resistant to vigorous enforcement efforts. Reducing demand for illicit drugs also can shrink the markets, especially among chronic, high-dose drug-takers. Acting to reduce the population of hard-core user-offenders through treatment, drug courts, or testing-and-sanctions programs may offer a good prospect for reducing the size of the drug markets, and thus potentially the contribution of drug trafficking to the terrorist threat., CRS Report for Congress.

This study identified policy options, analyzed the options, and provided observations for the short- and long-term direction of Army support to the national counter-drug effort. It will provide a basis for responding to initiatives assigned to the Army by statutory or policy directives. Key findings were to Implement Now five options: ensuring the USMA and all colleges offering ROTC programs are in the Network of Colleges Committed to the Elimination of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, expanding liaison with drug law enforcement agencies and host nation forces, expanding information sharing capabilities, expanding training on Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield and data correlation, and exposing civilian leaders to the Army drug program and its successes.