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We investigate thermodynamic schemes of charged BTZ-like black holes in arbitrary dimensions, namely higher-dimensional charged black holes in which the electromagnetic sector exhibits the same properties with that of the usual three-dimensional BTZ solution. We first present the Euclidean on-shell action in arbitrary dimensions, inserting a radial cutoff. We then extract the corresponding thermodynamic quantities from the semi-classical partition function in different ensembles and find that there exist two possible thermodynamic schemes, with different outcomes. Regarding the traditional scheme (scheme I), where the length cutoff is identified with the AdS radius, we show that charged BTZ-like black holes are super-entropic, namely they violate the reverse isoperimetric inequality conjecture, and their super-entropicity is strongly connected to a fundamental thermodynamic instability. This class of solutions is the first demonstration of super-entropic black holes which possess second-order critical points and, since thermodynamic instabilities always arise, it is not possible to physically interpret the corresponding van der Waals critical phenomenon in this scheme. In the second scheme (II) where the length cutoff is considered as an independent variable, namely the system respects the conjectured reverse isoperimetric inequality, we show that the solutions are thermodynamically stable in an ensemble where the length cutoff is kept fixed, and hence one can provide an explanation for the van der Waals critical phenomenon. Furthermore, in order to verify the consistency of the second scheme, we study the Joule-Thomson expansion and we extract the Joule-Thomson coefficient, the inversion temperature, the inversion curves, and the isenthalpic curves. The results indicate that this class of AdS black holes can be considered as interacting statistical systems. Additionally, ..., Comment: The published version with 26 pages and 7 figures. But here (the latest arXiv version) 2 new footnotes with 4 new references were added

Hyperbolic vacuum black holes in Lovelock gravity theories of odd order $N$, in which $N$ denotes the order of higher-curvature corrections, are known to have the so-called isolated critical points with nonstandard critical exponents (as $\alpha = 0$, $\beta = 1$, $\gamma = N-1$, and $\delta = N$), different from those of mean-field critical exponents (with $\alpha = 0$, $\beta = 1/2$, $\gamma = 1$, and $\delta = 3$). Motivated by this important observation, here, we explore the consequences of taking the $D \to 4$ limit of Lovelock gravity and the possibility of finding nonstandard critical exponents associated with isolated critical points in four-dimensions by use of the four-dimensional regularization technique, proposed recently by Glavan and Lin \cite{Glavan2020}. To do so, we first present $\text{AdS}_4$ Einstein-Lovelock black holes with fine-tuned Lovelock couplings in the regularized theory, which is needed for our purpose. Next, it is shown that the regularized $4D$ Einstein-Lovelock gravity theories of odd order $N > 3$ do not possess any physical isolated critical point, unlike the conventional Lovelock gravity. In fact, the critical (inflection) points of the equation of state always occur for the branch of black holes with negative entropy. The situation is quite different for the case of the regularized $4D$ Einstein-Lovelock gravity with cubic curvature corrections ($N=3$). In this case ($N=3$), although the entropy is non-negative and the equation of state of hyperbolic vacuum black holes has a nonstandard Taylor expansion about its inflection point, but there is no criticality associated with this special point. At the inflection point, the physical properties of the black hole system change drastically ..., Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures, 1 table, with minor edits (two new paragraphs were added)

Air pollution exposure is a public health emergency, which attributes globally to an estimated seven million deaths on a yearly basis We are all exposed to air pollutants, varying from ambient air pollution hanging over cities to dust inside the home. It is a mixture of airborne particulate matter and gases that can be subdivided into three categories based on particle diameter. The smallest category called PM 0.1 is the most abundant. A fraction of the particles included in this category might enter the blood stream spreading to other parts of the body. As air pollutants can enter the body via the lungs and gut, growing evidence links its exposure to gastrointestinal and respiratory impairments and diseases, like asthma, rhinitis, respiratory tract infections, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and abdominal pain. It has become evident that there exists a crosstalk between the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, commonly referred to as the gut-lung axis. Via microbial secretions, metabolites, immune mediators and lipid profiles, these two separate organ systems can influence each other. Well-known immunomodulators and gut health stimulators are probiotics, prebiotics, together called synbiotics. They might combat air pollution-induced systemic inflammation and oxidative stress by optimizing the microbiota composition and microbial metabolites, thereby stimulating anti-inflammatory pathways and strengthening mucosal and epithelial barriers. Although clinical studies investigating the role of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in an air pollution setting are lacking, these interventions show promising health promoting effects by affecting the gastrointestinal- and respiratory tract. This review summarizes the current data on how air pollution can affect the gut-lung axis and might impact gut and lung health. It will further elaborate on the potential role of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics on the gut-lung axis, and gut and lung health.

Hyperbolic vacuum black holes in Lovelock gravity theories of odd order $N$, in which $N$ denotes the order of higher-curvature corrections, are known to have the so-called isolated critical points with nonstandard critical exponents (as $\alpha = 0$, $\beta = 1$, $\gamma = N-1$, and $\delta = N$), different from those of mean-field critical exponents (with $\alpha = 0$, $\beta = 1/2$, $\gamma = 1$, and $\delta = 3$). Motivated by this important observation, here, we explore the consequences of taking the $D \to 4$ limit of Lovelock gravity and the possibility of finding nonstandard critical exponents associated with isolated critical points in four-dimensions by use of the four-dimensional regularization technique, proposed recently by Glavan and Lin \cite{Glavan2020}. To do so, we first present $\text{AdS}_4$ Einstein-Lovelock black holes with fine-tuned Lovelock couplings in the regularized theory, which is needed for our purpose. Next, it is shown that the regularized $4D$ Einstein-Lovelock gravity theories of odd order $N > 3$ do not possess any physical isolated critical point, unlike the conventional Lovelock gravity. In fact, the critical (inflection) points of the equation of state always occur for the branch of black holes with negative entropy. The situation is quite different for the case of the regularized $4D$ Einstein-Lovelock gravity with cubic curvature corrections ($N=3$). In this case ($N=3$), although the entropy is non-negative and the equation of state of hyperbolic vacuum black holes has a nonstandard Taylor expansion about its inflection point, but there is no criticality associated with this special point. At the inflection point, the physical properties of the black hole system change drastically ..., Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures, 1 table, with minor edits (two new paragraphs were added)

We extensively explore three different aspects of Born-Infeld (BI) type nonlinear $U(1)$ gauge-invariant modifications of Maxwell's classical electrodynamics (also known as BI-type nonlinear electrodynamics) and bring some new perspectives on these theories. First, within the framework of exponential $U(1)$ gauge theory, it is explicitly proved that although the electric field at the location of the elementary point charges is not finite, but the total electrostatic field energy is finite. Motivated by this observation together with a wealth of evidence, we conjecture that all theories in 4-dimensional spacetime that belong to the BI family result in finite self-energy for elementary charged particles. In higher dimensions, it is found that the weak-field coupling limit of BI-type theories, which is identified as the weak field limit of effective Euler-Heisenberg (EH) theory, does not possess a regularizing ability to make the self-energy of a point charge finite, which implies that the conjecture may not hold for some BI-type theories. However, we explicitly prove that BI, logarithmic and exponential $U(1)$ gauge theories in arbitrary dimensions result in finite self-energy as well. Next, we classically study the problem of vacuum polarization effects and then systematically make a connection between all BI-type theories and QED. It is shown that all the BI-type theories classically predict the vacuum polarization effects, in which the final results are exactly in one-to-one correspondence with QED and the effective EH theory up to the leading order of corrections. Finally, we present a new, simple proof indicating that ..., Comment: 27 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables

We extensively explore three different aspects of Born-Infeld (BI) type nonlinear $U(1)$ gauge-invariant modifications of Maxwell's classical electrodynamics (also known as BI-type nonlinear electrodynamics) and bring some new perspectives on these theories. First, within the framework of exponential $U(1)$ gauge theory, it is explicitly proved that although the electric field at the location of the elementary point charges is not finite, but the total electrostatic field energy is finite. Motivated by this observation together with a wealth of evidence, we conjecture that all theories in 4-dimensional spacetime that belong to the BI family result in finite self-energy for elementary charged particles. In higher dimensions, it is found that the weak-field coupling limit of BI-type theories, which is identified as the weak field limit of effective Euler-Heisenberg (EH) theory, does not possess a regularizing ability to make the self-energy of a point charge finite, which implies that the conjecture may not hold for some BI-type theories. However, we explicitly prove that BI, logarithmic and exponential $U(1)$ gauge theories in arbitrary dimensions result in finite self-energy as well. Next, we classically study the problem of vacuum polarization effects and then systematically make a connection between all BI-type theories and QED. It is shown that all the BI-type theories classically predict the vacuum polarization effects, in which the final results are exactly in one-to-one correspondence with QED and the effective EH theory up to the leading order of corrections. Finally, we present a new, simple proof indicating that ..., Comment: 27 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables

In the context of Black Hole Chemistry (BHC), holographic phase transitions of asymptotically anti-de Sitter (AdS) charged topological black holes (TBHs) in massive gravity coupled to Power Maxwell Invariant (PMI) electrodynamics are discussed in the grand canonical (fixed $U(1)$ potential, $\Phi$) ensemble. Considering all higher-order graviton's self-interactions of (dRGT) massive gravitational field theory in arbitrary dimensions, exact TBH solutions are derived, the explicit form of the on-shell action is computed, and the associated thermodynamic quantities in the Grand Canonical Ensemble (GCE) are calculated. In addition, the validity of the first law of thermodynamics and Smarr relation are examined in the extended phase space. Regarding this model, it is shown that a van der Waals (vdW) behavior takes place in $d \ge 4$ dimensions, a typical reentrant phase transition is observed in $d \ge 5$, and both anomalous vdW and triple point phenomena are recognized in $d \ge 6$. So, the results are quite different from their counterparts in the GCE of Maxwell-massive gravity. Besides, we briefly study the critical behaviors of higher-dimensional TBHs with a conformally invariant Maxwell source as a special subgroup of our solutions for both Einstein and massive gravity theories in various ensembles., Comment: 21 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables - Published version

In the subject of black hole chemistry, a broad variety of critical phenomena for charged topological black holes (TBHs) with massive gravitons (within the framework of dRGT massive gravity) is discussed in detail. Since critical behavior and nature of possible phase transition(s) crucially depend on the specific choice of ensemble, and, in order to gain more insight into criticality in the massive gravity framework, we perform our analysis in both the canonical (fixed charge, $Q$) and the grand canonical (fixed potential, $\Phi$) ensembles. It is shown that, for charged TBHs in the grand canonical ensemble, the van der Waals (vdW) phase transition could take place in $d \ge 5$, the reentrant phase transition (RPT) in $d \ge 6$ and the analogue of triple point in $d \ge 7$ which are different from the results of canonical ensemble. In the canonical ensemble, the vdW phase transition is observed in $d \ge 4$, the vdW type phase transition in $d \ge 6$ and the critical behavior associated with the triple point in $d \ge 6$. In this regard, the appearance of grand canonical $P-V$ criticality and the associated phase transition(s) in black holes with various topologies depend on the effective topological factor $k_{\rm{eff}}^{\rm{(GC)}} \equiv {[k + {m_g^2}c_0^2{c_2} - 2({d_3}/{d_2}){\Phi ^2}]}$ instead of $k$ in Einstein gravity, where $k$ is the normalized topological factor ($k_{\rm{eff}}^{\rm{(C)}} \equiv [k + {m_g^2}c_0^2{c_2}]$ plays this role in the canonical ensemble of TBHs in massive gravity). Such evidence gives the (grand) canonical study of extended phase space thermodynamics with massive gravitons a special significance., Comment: Published version, 27 pages, 9 figures, 3 tables

In the subject of black hole chemistry, a broad variety of critical phenomena for charged topological black holes (TBHs) with massive gravitons (within the framework of dRGT massive gravity) is discussed in detail. Since critical behavior and nature of possible phase transition(s) crucially depend on the specific choice of ensemble, and, in order to gain more insight into criticality in the massive gravity framework, we perform our analysis in both the canonical (fixed charge, $Q$) and the grand canonical (fixed potential, $\Phi$) ensembles. It is shown that, for charged TBHs in the grand canonical ensemble, the van der Waals (vdW) phase transition could take place in $d \ge 5$, the reentrant phase transition (RPT) in $d \ge 6$ and the analogue of triple point in $d \ge 7$ which are different from the results of canonical ensemble. In the canonical ensemble, the vdW phase transition is observed in $d \ge 4$, the vdW type phase transition in $d \ge 6$ and the critical behavior associated with the triple point in $d \ge 6$. In this regard, the appearance of grand canonical $P-V$ criticality and the associated phase transition(s) in black holes with various topologies depend on the effective topological factor $k_{\rm{eff}}^{\rm{(GC)}} \equiv {[k + {m_g^2}c_0^2{c_2} - 2({d_3}/{d_2}){\Phi ^2}]}$ instead of $k$ in Einstein gravity, where $k$ is the normalized topological factor ($k_{\rm{eff}}^{\rm{(C)}} \equiv [k + {m_g^2}c_0^2{c_2}]$ plays this role in the canonical ensemble of TBHs in massive gravity). Such evidence gives the (grand) canonical study of extended phase space thermodynamics with massive gravitons a special significance., Comment: Published version, 27 pages, 9 figures, 3 tables

Considering de Rham-Gabadadze-Tolley theory of massive gravity coupled with (ghost free) higher curvature terms arisen from the Lovelock Lagrangian, we obtain charged AdS black hole solutions in diverse dimensions. We compute thermodynamic quantities in the extended phase space by considering the variations of the negative cosmological constant, Lovelock coefficients ($\alpha_{i}$) and massive couplings ($c_{i}$), and prove that such variations is necessary for satisfying the extended first law of thermodynamics as well as associated Smarr formula. In addition, by performing a comprehensive thermal stability analysis for the topological black hole solutions, we show in what regions thermally stable phases exist. Calculations show the results are radically different from those in Einstein gravity. Furthermore, we investigate $P-V$ criticality of massive charged AdS black holes in higher dimensions, including the effect of higher curvature terms and massive parameter, and find that the critical behavior and phase transition can happen for non-compact black holes as well as spherically symmetric ones. The phase structure and critical behavior of topological AdS black holes are drastically restricted by the geometry of event horizon. In this regard, the universal ratio, i.e. $\frac{{{P_c}{v_c}}}{{{T_c}}}$, is a function of the event horizon topology. It is shown the phase structure of AdS black holes with non-compact (hyperbolic) horizon could give birth to three critical points corresponds to a reverse van der Waals behavior for phase transition which is accompanied with two distinct van der Waals phase transitions. For black holes with spherical horizon, the van der Waals, reentrant and analogue of solid/liquid/gas phase transitions are observed., Comment: 36 pages, 22 Figures

Considering de Rham-Gabadadze-Tolley theory of massive gravity coupled with (ghost free) higher curvature terms arisen from the Lovelock Lagrangian, we obtain charged AdS black hole solutions in diverse dimensions. We compute thermodynamic quantities in the extended phase space by considering the variations of the negative cosmological constant, Lovelock coefficients ($\alpha_{i}$) and massive couplings ($c_{i}$), and prove that such variations is necessary for satisfying the extended first law of thermodynamics as well as associated Smarr formula. In addition, by performing a comprehensive thermal stability analysis for the topological black hole solutions, we show in what regions thermally stable phases exist. Calculations show the results are radically different from those in Einstein gravity. Furthermore, we investigate $P-V$ criticality of massive charged AdS black holes in higher dimensions, including the effect of higher curvature terms and massive parameter, and find that the critical behavior and phase transition can happen for non-compact black holes as well as spherically symmetric ones. The phase structure and critical behavior of topological AdS black holes are drastically restricted by the geometry of event horizon. In this regard, the universal ratio, i.e. $\frac{{{P_c}{v_c}}}{{{T_c}}}$, is a function of the event horizon topology. It is shown the phase structure of AdS black holes with non-compact (hyperbolic) horizon could give birth to three critical points corresponds to a reverse van der Waals behavior for phase transition which is accompanied with two distinct van der Waals phase transitions. For black holes with spherical horizon, the van der Waals, reentrant and analogue of solid/liquid/gas phase transitions are observed., Comment: 36 pages, 22 Figures

18.07.2016 bis zum 25.07.2016

12.07.2016 bis zum 18.07.2016

12.07.2016 bis zum 18.07.2016

18.07.2016 bis zum 25.07.2016

18.07.2016 bis zum 25.07.2016

12.07.2016 bis zum 18.07.2016

In this paper, we obtain topological black hole solutions of third order Lovelock gravity couple with two classes of Born-Infeld type nonlinear electrodynamics with anti-de Sitter asymptotic structure. We investigate geometric and thermodynamics properties of the solutions and obtain conserved quantities of the black holes. We examine the first law of thermodynamics and find that the conserved and thermodynamic quantities of the black hole solutions satisfy the first law of thermodynamics. Finally, we calculate the heat capacity and determinant of Hessian matrix to evaluate thermal stability in both canonical and grand canonical ensembles. Moreover, we consider extended phase space thermodynamics to obtain generalized first law of thermodynamics as well as extended Smarr formula., Comment: 13 pages with 7 figures

In this paper, we obtain topological black hole solutions of third order Lovelock gravity couple with two classes of Born-Infeld type nonlinear electrodynamics with anti-de Sitter asymptotic structure. We investigate geometric and thermodynamics properties of the solutions and obtain conserved quantities of the black holes. We examine the first law of thermodynamics and find that the conserved and thermodynamic quantities of the black hole solutions satisfy the first law of thermodynamics. Finally, we calculate the heat capacity and determinant of Hessian matrix to evaluate thermal stability in both canonical and grand canonical ensembles. Moreover, we consider extended phase space thermodynamics to obtain generalized first law of thermodynamics as well as extended Smarr formula., Comment: 13 pages with 7 figures

17.08.2010 - 27.08.2010

17.08.2010 - 27.08.2010

17.08.2010 - 27.08.2010

17.08.2010 - 27.08.2010