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1. An international research agenda for clozapine-resistant schizophrenia

Author: Ontwikkelingsstoornissen Med., Affectieve & Psychotische Med., Brain, Onderzoeksgroep 2, Luykx, Jurjen J, Gonzalez-Diaz, Jairo M, Guu, Ta-Wei, van der Horst, Marte Z, van Dellen, Edwin, Boks, Marco P, Guloksuz, Sinan, DeLisi, Lynn E, Sommer, Iris E, Cummins, Russel, Shiers, David, Lee, Jimmy, Every-Palmer, Susanna, Mhalla, Ahmed, Chadly, Zohra, Chan, Sherry K W, Cotes, Robert O, Takahashi, Shun, Benros, Michael E, Wagner, Elias, Correll, Christoph U, Hasan, Alkomiet, Siskind, Dan, Endres, Dominique, MacCabe, James, Tiihonen, Jari, Ontwikkelingsstoornissen Med., Affectieve & Psychotische Med., Brain, Onderzoeksgroep 2, Luykx, Jurjen J, Gonzalez-Diaz, Jairo M, Guu, Ta-Wei, van der Horst, Marte Z, van Dellen, Edwin, Boks, Marco P, Guloksuz, Sinan, DeLisi, Lynn E, Sommer, Iris E, Cummins, Russel, Shiers, David, Lee, Jimmy, Every-Palmer, Susanna, Mhalla, Ahmed, Chadly, Zohra, Chan, Sherry K W, Cotes, Robert O, Takahashi, Shun, Benros, Michael E, Wagner, Elias, Correll, Christoph U, Hasan, Alkomiet, Siskind, Dan, Endres, Dominique, MacCabe, James, and Tiihonen, Jari
Published: 2023

2. An international research agenda for clozapine-resistant schizophrenia

Author: Luykx, Jurjen J, Gonzalez-Diaz, Jairo M, Guu, Ta-Wei, van der Horst, Marte Z, van Dellen, Edwin, Boks, Marco P, Guloksuz, Sinan, DeLisi, Lynn E, Sommer, Iris E, Cummins, Russel, Shiers, David, Lee, Jimmy, Every-Palmer, Susanna, Mhalla, Ahmed, Chadly, Zohra, Chan, Sherry K W, Cotes, Robert O, Takahashi, Shun, Benros, Michael E, Wagner, Elias, Correll, Christoph U, Hasan, Alkomiet, Siskind, Dan, Endres, Dominique, MacCabe, James, Tiihonen, Jari, Luykx, Jurjen J, Gonzalez-Diaz, Jairo M, Guu, Ta-Wei, van der Horst, Marte Z, van Dellen, Edwin, Boks, Marco P, Guloksuz, Sinan, DeLisi, Lynn E, Sommer, Iris E, Cummins, Russel, Shiers, David, Lee, Jimmy, Every-Palmer, Susanna, Mhalla, Ahmed, Chadly, Zohra, Chan, Sherry K W, Cotes, Robert O, Takahashi, Shun, Benros, Michael E, Wagner, Elias, Correll, Christoph U, Hasan, Alkomiet, Siskind, Dan, Endres, Dominique, MacCabe, James, and Tiihonen, Jari
Abstract: Treatment-resistant symptoms occur in about a third of patients with schizophrenia and are associated with a substantial reduction in their quality of life. The development of new treatment options for clozapine-resistant schizophrenia constitutes a crucial, unmet need in psychiatry. Additionally, an overview of past and possible future research avenues to optimise the early detection, diagnosis, and management of clozapine-resistant schizophrenia is unavailable. In this Health Policy, we discuss the ongoing challenges associated with clozapine-resistant schizophrenia faced by patients and health-care providers worldwide to improve the understanding of this condition. We then revisit several clozapine guidelines, the diagnostic tests and treatment options for clozapine-resistant schizophrenia, and currently applied research approaches in clozapine-resistant schizophrenia. We also suggest methodologies and targets for future research, divided into innovative nosology-oriented field trials (eg, examining dimensional symptom staging), translational approaches (eg, genetics), epidemiological research (eg, real-world studies), and interventional studies (eg, non-traditional trial designs incorporating lived experiences and caregivers' perspectives). Finally, we note that low-income and middle-income countries are under-represented in studies on clozapine-resistant schizophrenia and propose an agenda to guide multinational research on the cause and treatment of clozapine-resistant schizophrenia. We hope that this research agenda will empower better global representation of patients living with clozapine-resistant schizophrenia and ultimately improve their functional outcomes and quality of life.
Published: 2023

3. Mapping genomic loci implicates genes and synaptic biology in schizophrenia.

Author: Trubetskoy, Vassily, Trubetskoy, Vassily, Pardiñas, Antonio F, Qi, Ting, Panagiotaropoulou, Georgia, Awasthi, Swapnil, Bigdeli, Tim B, Bryois, Julien, Chen, Chia-Yen, Dennison, Charlotte A, Hall, Lynsey S, Lam, Max, Watanabe, Kyoko, Frei, Oleksandr, Ge, Tian, Harwood, Janet C, Koopmans, Frank, Magnusson, Sigurdur, Richards, Alexander L, Sidorenko, Julia, Wu, Yang, Zeng, Jian, Grove, Jakob, Kim, Minsoo, Li, Zhiqiang, Voloudakis, Georgios, Zhang, Wen, Adams, Mark, Agartz, Ingrid, Atkinson, Elizabeth G, Agerbo, Esben, Al Eissa, Mariam, Albus, Margot, Alexander, Madeline, Alizadeh, Behrooz Z, Alptekin, Köksal, Als, Thomas D, Amin, Farooq, Arolt, Volker, Arrojo, Manuel, Athanasiu, Lavinia, Azevedo, Maria Helena, Bacanu, Silviu A, Bass, Nicholas J, Begemann, Martin, Belliveau, Richard A, Bene, Judit, Benyamin, Beben, Bergen, Sarah E, Blasi, Giuseppe, Bobes, Julio, Bonassi, Stefano, Braun, Alice, Bressan, Rodrigo Affonseca, Bromet, Evelyn J, Bruggeman, Richard, Buckley, Peter F, Buckner, Randy L, Bybjerg-Grauholm, Jonas, Cahn, Wiepke, Cairns, Murray J, Calkins, Monica E, Carr, Vaughan J, Castle, David, Catts, Stanley V, Chambert, Kimberley D, Chan, Raymond CK, Chaumette, Boris, Cheng, Wei, Cheung, Eric FC, Chong, Siow Ann, Cohen, David, Consoli, Angèle, Cordeiro, Quirino, Costas, Javier, Curtis, Charles, Davidson, Michael, Davis, Kenneth L, de Haan, Lieuwe, Degenhardt, Franziska, DeLisi, Lynn E, Demontis, Ditte, Dickerson, Faith, Dikeos, Dimitris, Dinan, Timothy, Djurovic, Srdjan, Duan, Jubao, Ducci, Giuseppe, Dudbridge, Frank, Eriksson, Johan G, Fañanás, Lourdes, Faraone, Stephen V, Fiorentino, Alessia, Forstner, Andreas, Frank, Josef, Freimer, Nelson B, Fromer, Menachem, Frustaci, Alessandra, Gadelha, Ary, Genovese, Giulio, Gershon, Elliot S, Trubetskoy, Vassily, Trubetskoy, Vassily, Pardiñas, Antonio F, Qi, Ting, Panagiotaropoulou, Georgia, Awasthi, Swapnil, Bigdeli, Tim B, Bryois, Julien, Chen, Chia-Yen, Dennison, Charlotte A, Hall, Lynsey S, Lam, Max, Watanabe, Kyoko, Frei, Oleksandr, Ge, Tian, Harwood, Janet C, Koopmans, Frank, Magnusson, Sigurdur, Richards, Alexander L, Sidorenko, Julia, Wu, Yang, Zeng, Jian, Grove, Jakob, Kim, Minsoo, Li, Zhiqiang, Voloudakis, Georgios, Zhang, Wen, Adams, Mark, Agartz, Ingrid, Atkinson, Elizabeth G, Agerbo, Esben, Al Eissa, Mariam, Albus, Margot, Alexander, Madeline, Alizadeh, Behrooz Z, Alptekin, Köksal, Als, Thomas D, Amin, Farooq, Arolt, Volker, Arrojo, Manuel, Athanasiu, Lavinia, Azevedo, Maria Helena, Bacanu, Silviu A, Bass, Nicholas J, Begemann, Martin, Belliveau, Richard A, Bene, Judit, Benyamin, Beben, Bergen, Sarah E, Blasi, Giuseppe, Bobes, Julio, Bonassi, Stefano, Braun, Alice, Bressan, Rodrigo Affonseca, Bromet, Evelyn J, Bruggeman, Richard, Buckley, Peter F, Buckner, Randy L, Bybjerg-Grauholm, Jonas, Cahn, Wiepke, Cairns, Murray J, Calkins, Monica E, Carr, Vaughan J, Castle, David, Catts, Stanley V, Chambert, Kimberley D, Chan, Raymond CK, Chaumette, Boris, Cheng, Wei, Cheung, Eric FC, Chong, Siow Ann, Cohen, David, Consoli, Angèle, Cordeiro, Quirino, Costas, Javier, Curtis, Charles, Davidson, Michael, Davis, Kenneth L, de Haan, Lieuwe, Degenhardt, Franziska, DeLisi, Lynn E, Demontis, Ditte, Dickerson, Faith, Dikeos, Dimitris, Dinan, Timothy, Djurovic, Srdjan, Duan, Jubao, Ducci, Giuseppe, Dudbridge, Frank, Eriksson, Johan G, Fañanás, Lourdes, Faraone, Stephen V, Fiorentino, Alessia, Forstner, Andreas, Frank, Josef, Freimer, Nelson B, Fromer, Menachem, Frustaci, Alessandra, Gadelha, Ary, Genovese, Giulio, and Gershon, Elliot S
Abstract: Schizophrenia has a heritability of 60-80%1, much of which is attributable to common risk alleles. Here, in a two-stage genome-wide association study of up to 76,755 individuals with schizophrenia and 243,649 control individuals, we report common variant associations at 287 distinct genomic loci. Associations were concentrated in genes that are expressed in excitatory and inhibitory neurons of the central nervous system, but not in other tissues or cell types. Using fine-mapping and functional genomic data, we identify 120 genes (106 protein-coding) that are likely to underpin associations at some of these loci, including 16 genes with credible causal non-synonymous or untranslated region variation. We also implicate fundamental processes related to neuronal function, including synaptic organization, differentiation and transmission. Fine-mapped candidates were enriched for genes associated with rare disruptive coding variants in people with schizophrenia, including the glutamate receptor subunit GRIN2A and transcription factor SP4, and were also enriched for genes implicated by such variants in neurodevelopmental disorders. We identify biological processes relevant to schizophrenia pathophysiology; show convergence of common and rare variant associations in schizophrenia and neurodevelopmental disorders; and provide a resource of prioritized genes and variants to advance mechanistic studies.
Published: 2022

4. Mapping genomic loci implicates genes and synaptic biology in schizophrenia.

Author: Trubetskoy, Vassily, Trubetskoy, Vassily, Pardiñas, Antonio F, Qi, Ting, Panagiotaropoulou, Georgia, Awasthi, Swapnil, Bigdeli, Tim B, Bryois, Julien, Chen, Chia-Yen, Dennison, Charlotte A, Hall, Lynsey S, Lam, Max, Watanabe, Kyoko, Frei, Oleksandr, Ge, Tian, Harwood, Janet C, Koopmans, Frank, Magnusson, Sigurdur, Richards, Alexander L, Sidorenko, Julia, Wu, Yang, Zeng, Jian, Grove, Jakob, Kim, Minsoo, Li, Zhiqiang, Voloudakis, Georgios, Zhang, Wen, Adams, Mark, Agartz, Ingrid, Atkinson, Elizabeth G, Agerbo, Esben, Al Eissa, Mariam, Albus, Margot, Alexander, Madeline, Alizadeh, Behrooz Z, Alptekin, Köksal, Als, Thomas D, Amin, Farooq, Arolt, Volker, Arrojo, Manuel, Athanasiu, Lavinia, Azevedo, Maria Helena, Bacanu, Silviu A, Bass, Nicholas J, Begemann, Martin, Belliveau, Richard A, Bene, Judit, Benyamin, Beben, Bergen, Sarah E, Blasi, Giuseppe, Bobes, Julio, Bonassi, Stefano, Braun, Alice, Bressan, Rodrigo Affonseca, Bromet, Evelyn J, Bruggeman, Richard, Buckley, Peter F, Buckner, Randy L, Bybjerg-Grauholm, Jonas, Cahn, Wiepke, Cairns, Murray J, Calkins, Monica E, Carr, Vaughan J, Castle, David, Catts, Stanley V, Chambert, Kimberley D, Chan, Raymond CK, Chaumette, Boris, Cheng, Wei, Cheung, Eric FC, Chong, Siow Ann, Cohen, David, Consoli, Angèle, Cordeiro, Quirino, Costas, Javier, Curtis, Charles, Davidson, Michael, Davis, Kenneth L, de Haan, Lieuwe, Degenhardt, Franziska, DeLisi, Lynn E, Demontis, Ditte, Dickerson, Faith, Dikeos, Dimitris, Dinan, Timothy, Djurovic, Srdjan, Duan, Jubao, Ducci, Giuseppe, Dudbridge, Frank, Eriksson, Johan G, Fañanás, Lourdes, Faraone, Stephen V, Fiorentino, Alessia, Forstner, Andreas, Frank, Josef, Freimer, Nelson B, Fromer, Menachem, Frustaci, Alessandra, Gadelha, Ary, Genovese, Giulio, Gershon, Elliot S, Trubetskoy, Vassily, Trubetskoy, Vassily, Pardiñas, Antonio F, Qi, Ting, Panagiotaropoulou, Georgia, Awasthi, Swapnil, Bigdeli, Tim B, Bryois, Julien, Chen, Chia-Yen, Dennison, Charlotte A, Hall, Lynsey S, Lam, Max, Watanabe, Kyoko, Frei, Oleksandr, Ge, Tian, Harwood, Janet C, Koopmans, Frank, Magnusson, Sigurdur, Richards, Alexander L, Sidorenko, Julia, Wu, Yang, Zeng, Jian, Grove, Jakob, Kim, Minsoo, Li, Zhiqiang, Voloudakis, Georgios, Zhang, Wen, Adams, Mark, Agartz, Ingrid, Atkinson, Elizabeth G, Agerbo, Esben, Al Eissa, Mariam, Albus, Margot, Alexander, Madeline, Alizadeh, Behrooz Z, Alptekin, Köksal, Als, Thomas D, Amin, Farooq, Arolt, Volker, Arrojo, Manuel, Athanasiu, Lavinia, Azevedo, Maria Helena, Bacanu, Silviu A, Bass, Nicholas J, Begemann, Martin, Belliveau, Richard A, Bene, Judit, Benyamin, Beben, Bergen, Sarah E, Blasi, Giuseppe, Bobes, Julio, Bonassi, Stefano, Braun, Alice, Bressan, Rodrigo Affonseca, Bromet, Evelyn J, Bruggeman, Richard, Buckley, Peter F, Buckner, Randy L, Bybjerg-Grauholm, Jonas, Cahn, Wiepke, Cairns, Murray J, Calkins, Monica E, Carr, Vaughan J, Castle, David, Catts, Stanley V, Chambert, Kimberley D, Chan, Raymond CK, Chaumette, Boris, Cheng, Wei, Cheung, Eric FC, Chong, Siow Ann, Cohen, David, Consoli, Angèle, Cordeiro, Quirino, Costas, Javier, Curtis, Charles, Davidson, Michael, Davis, Kenneth L, de Haan, Lieuwe, Degenhardt, Franziska, DeLisi, Lynn E, Demontis, Ditte, Dickerson, Faith, Dikeos, Dimitris, Dinan, Timothy, Djurovic, Srdjan, Duan, Jubao, Ducci, Giuseppe, Dudbridge, Frank, Eriksson, Johan G, Fañanás, Lourdes, Faraone, Stephen V, Fiorentino, Alessia, Forstner, Andreas, Frank, Josef, Freimer, Nelson B, Fromer, Menachem, Frustaci, Alessandra, Gadelha, Ary, Genovese, Giulio, and Gershon, Elliot S
Abstract: Schizophrenia has a heritability of 60-80%1, much of which is attributable to common risk alleles. Here, in a two-stage genome-wide association study of up to 76,755 individuals with schizophrenia and 243,649 control individuals, we report common variant associations at 287 distinct genomic loci. Associations were concentrated in genes that are expressed in excitatory and inhibitory neurons of the central nervous system, but not in other tissues or cell types. Using fine-mapping and functional genomic data, we identify 120 genes (106 protein-coding) that are likely to underpin associations at some of these loci, including 16 genes with credible causal non-synonymous or untranslated region variation. We also implicate fundamental processes related to neuronal function, including synaptic organization, differentiation and transmission. Fine-mapped candidates were enriched for genes associated with rare disruptive coding variants in people with schizophrenia, including the glutamate receptor subunit GRIN2A and transcription factor SP4, and were also enriched for genes implicated by such variants in neurodevelopmental disorders. We identify biological processes relevant to schizophrenia pathophysiology; show convergence of common and rare variant associations in schizophrenia and neurodevelopmental disorders; and provide a resource of prioritized genes and variants to advance mechanistic studies.
Published: 2022

5. Mapping genomic loci implicates genes and synaptic biology in schizophrenia

Author: Medical Research Council (UK), National Natural Science Foundation of China, Royal Society (UK), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Science and Technology Committee, Research Council of Norway, European Commission, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Comunidad de Madrid, Fundación Alicia Koplowitz, Fundación Alonso Lozano, Mental Health Research UK, Wellcome Trust, Brain and Behavior Research Foundation, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (UK), University College London, Generalitat Valenciana, Trubetskoy, Vassily, Pardiñas, Antonio F., Qi, Ting, Panagiotaropoulou, Georgia, Awasthi, Swapnil, Bigdeli, Tim B., Bryois, Julien, Chen, Chia-Yen, Dennison, Charlotte A., Hall, Lynsey S., Lam, Max, Curtis, Charles, Nikitina-Zake, Liene, Davidson, Michael, Joa, Inge, Davis, Kenneth L., Yolken, Robert, Murray, Robin M., de Haan, Lieuwe, Legge, Sophie E., Serretti, Alessandro, van Os, Jim, Smoller, Jordan W., Agartz, Ingrid, Alizadeh, Behrooz Z., Degenhardt, Franziska, DeLisi, Lynn E., Demontis, Ditte, Dickerson, Faith, Zai, Clement C., Dikeos, Dimitris, Dinan, Timothy, Henskens, Frans A., Vaaler, Arne, Noto, Cristiano, Nimgaonkar, Vishwajit, Rautanen, Anna, Lehrer, Douglas S., Djurovic, Srdjan, Duan, Jubao, Julià, Antonio, Stahl, Eli A., Zhou, Wei, Vawter, Marquis P., Toncheva, Draga, Webb, Bradley T., Ducci, Giuseppe, Dudbridge, Frank, Eriksson, Johan G., Fañanas Saura, Lourdes, Goldstein, Jacqueline I., Faraone, Stephen V., Lencer, Rebecca, Moreno, Carmen, Bacanu, Silviu A., Fiorentino, Alessia, Calkins, Monica E., Mitjans, Marina, Forstner, Andreas, Nuechterlein, Keith H., Frank, Josef, Tsuang, Debby W., Freimer, Nelson B., Tooney, Paul A., Belangero, Sintia Iole, Weinberger, Daniel R., Fromer, Menachem, Ge,Tian, Adolfsson, Rolf, Hakonarson, Hakon, Zhu, Feng, Frustaci, Alessandra, Nöthen, Markus M., Gadelha, Ary, Genovese, Giulio, Gershon, Elliot S., Quattrone, Diego, Kähler, Anna K., Kam-Thong, Tony, van Amelsvoort, Therese, Vilella, Elisabet, Molden, Espen, O'Brien, Niamh Louise, Zimprich, Fritz, Kamatani, Yoichiro, Braun, Alice, Melegh, Bela, Pirinen, Matti, Karachanak-Yankova, Sena, Ophoff, Roel A., Kebir, Oussama, Lerer, Bernard, Nordentoft, Merete, Fanous, Ayman H., Reichenberg, Abraham, Li, Miaoxin, Periyasamy, Sathish, Lieberman, Jeffrey, Werge, Thomas, Light, Gregory A., Limborska, Svetlana, Tosato, Sarah, Liu, Chih-Min, Olincy, Ann, Magnusson, Sigurdur, Gareeva, Anna, Bressan, Rodrigo Affonseca, Lönnqvist, Jouko, Roe, Cheryl, Cheng, Wei, Athanasiu, Lavinia, Gutiérrez, Blanca, Harvey, Carol, Loughland, Carmel M., Lubinski, Jan, Luykx, Jurjen J., Lynham, Amy, Gawlik, Micha, Macek, Milan, Mackinnon, Andrew, Buxbaum, Joseph D., Tura, Gian Battista, Bromet, Evelyn J., Atbaşoğlu, Eşref Cem, Roffman, Joshua L., Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Maher, Brion S., Ota, Vanessa Kiyomi, Paciga, Sara A., Gejman, Pablo V., Arango, Celso, Forti, Marta Di, Maier, Wolfgang, Richards, Alexander L., Malaspina, Dolores, Mallet, Jacques, Metspalu, Andres, Marder, Stephen R., Li, Zhiqiang, Takahashi, Atsushi, Marsal, Sara, Kučinskiene, Zita Ausrele, Suvisaari, Jaana, Martin, Alicia R., Turetsky, Bruce I., Martorell, Lourdes, Palotie, Aarno, Mattheisen, Manuel, Baune, Bernhard T., Saka, Meram C., McCarley, Robert W., Giusti-Rodríguez, Paola, Riley, Brien P., Murphy, Kieran C., Gill, Michael, McDonald, Colm, Bruggeman, Richard, McGrath, John J., Sidorenko, Julia, Medeiros, Helena, Pantelis, Christos, Grove, Jakob, Campion, Dominique, Pato, Carlos N., Svrakic, Dragan M., Üçok, Alp, Glatt, Stephen J., Papadimitriou, George N., Khrunin, Andrey, Straub, Richard E., Parellada, Mara, Buckley, Peter F., Paunio, Tiina, Roth, Julian, Morgan, Vera A., Wildenauer, Dieter B., Ayub, Muhammad, Rothermundt, Matthias, Weiser, Mark, Rutten, Bart P. F., Saker-Delye, Safaa, Salomaa, Veikko, Børglum, Anders D., Sanjuán, Julio, van Winkel, Ruud, González Peñas, Javier, Yu, Xin, Kim, Sung-Wan, Santoro, Marcos Leite, Benner, Christian, Ikeda, Masashi, Morley, Christopher P., Zeng, Jian, Savitz, Adam, Schall, Ulrich, Scott, Rodney J., Voloudakis, Georgios, Yue, Weihua, Seidman, Larry J., Sharp, Sally Isabel, Alptekin, Köksal, Klovins, Janis, Amin, Farooq, Bertolino, Alessandro, Shi, Jianxin, Siever, Larry J., Atkinson, Elizabeth G., Buckner, Randy L., Holmans, Peter A., Rivera, Margarita, Sigurdsson, Engilbert, González-Pinto, Ana, Sim, Kang, Skarabis, Nora, Stroup, T Scott, Slominsky, Petr, Guillin, Olivier, Wang, Shi-Heng, So, Hon-Cheong, Quested, Digby, Sobell, Janet L., Braff, David, Zhang, Wen, Bybjerg-Grauholm, Jonas, Söderman, Erik, Rujescu, Dan, Chambert, Kimberley D., Stain, Helen J., Melle, Ingrid, Carr, Vaughan J, Pocklington, Andrew J., Steen, Nils Eiel, Harwood, Janet, Steixner-Kumar, Agnes A., Gopal, Srihari, Stögmann, Elisabeth, Veijola, Juha, Watanabe, Kyoko, Sham, Pak C., Cahn, Wiepke, Bramon, Elvira, Roussos, Panos, Waddington, John, Perkins, Diana O., Pato, Michele T., Walter, Henrik, Kondratiev, Nikolay, Waterreus, Anna, Al Eissa, Mariam, Bobes, Julio, Golimbet, Vera, Black, Donald W., Als, Thomas D., Bray, Nicholas J., Breen, Gerome, Buccola, Nancy G., Sanders, Alan R., Byerley, William F., Cervilla, Jorge A., Michie, Patricia T., Pfuhlmann, Bruno, Chen, Wei J., Hong, Kyung Sue, O'Neill, F Anthony, Terao, Chikashi, Green, Michael F., Cloninger, C. Robert, Crespo-Facorro, Benedicto, Donohoe, Gary, Gülöksüz, Sinan, Freedman, Robert, Albus, Margot, Hayward, Caroline, Pietiläinen, Olli, Herms, Stefan, Hultman, Christina M., Galletly, Cherrie, Gandal, Michael J., Hahn, Eric, Konte, Bettina, Castle, David, Gennarelli, Massimo, Milani, Lili, Hougaard, David M., Hwu, Hai-Gwo, Pulver, Ann E., Jablensky, Assen V., Molina, Esther, Qin, Shengying, McCarroll, Steven A., Moran, Jennifer L., Azevedo, Maria Helena, Gur, Rachel E., Kraft, Julia, Mors, Ole, Catts, Stanley V., Lazzeroni, Laura C., Mortensen, Preben B., Streit, Fabian, Kusumawardhani, Agung, Alexander, Madeline, Godard, Stephanie, Müller-Myhsok, Bertram, Milanova, Vihra, Neil, Amanda L., Cichon, Sven, Giannitelli, Marianna, Cheung, Eric F. C., Kubo, Michiaki, Schwab, Sibylle G., Collier, David A., Williams, Nigel M., Morris, Derek W., Corvin, Aiden, Pimm, Jonathan, Curtis, David, Haroutunian, Vahram, Keller, Matthew C., Vassos, Evangelos, Hyman, Steven E., Iwata, Nakao, Jönsson, Erik G., Kahn, René S., Chan, Raymond C. K., Kennedy, James L., Shi, Yongyong, Adams, Mark, Witt, Stephanie H., Khusnutdinova, Elza, Verhage, Matthijs, Xu, Shuhua, Wu, Yang, Kirov, George, Arolt, Volker, Knowles, James A., Moltó, Maria Dolores, Krebs, Marie-Odile, Hartmann, Annette M., Nestadt, Gerald, Wormley, Brandon K., Bass, Nicholas J., Laurent-Levinson, Claudine, Lee, Jimmy, Muntané, Gerard, Porteous, David, Kuzelova-Ptackova, Hana, Lencz, Todd, Subramaniam, Mythily, Levinson, Douglas F., Li, Qingqin S., Liu, Jianjun, Swerdlow, Neal R., Cairns, Murray J., Malhotra, Anil K., Malhotra, Dheeraj, Iyegbe, Conrad, Mondelli, Valeria, Kim, Minsoo, Arrojo, Manuel, Landi, Stefano, McIntosh, Andrew M., Petryshen, Tracey L., Radant, Allen D., Frei, Oleksandr, Mesholam-Gately, Raquelle I., McQuillin, Andrew, Sugar, Catherine A., Menezes, Paulo Rossi, St Clair, David, Meier, Sandra, Powell, John, Chaumette, Boris, Stefansson, Hreinn, Domenici, Enrico, Bonassi, Stefano, Stefánsson, Kári, Wu, Jing Qin, Tsuang, Ming T., Myin-Germeys, Inez, Pellegrino, Renata, Visscher, Peter M., Yang, Jian, Posthuma, Danielle, Andreassen, Ole A., Koopmans, Frank, Kendler, Kenneth S., Chong, Siow Ann, Gur, Ruben C., Ehrenreich, Hannelore, Owen, Michael J., Rietschel, Marcella, Gratten, Jacob, Wray, Naomi R., Hoffmann, Per, Daly, Mark J., Szatkiewicz, Jin P., Huang, Hailiang, Nenadić, Igor, Torretta, Silvia, Escott-Price, Valentina, Neale, Benjamin M., Begemann, Martin, Thibaut, Florence, Agerbo, Esben, Rampino, Antonio, Sullivan, Patrick F., Schulze, Thomas G., Ripke, Stephan, Walters, James T. R., O'Donovan, Michael C., Kučinskas, Vaidutis, Belliveau, Richard A., Bene, Judit, Oh, Sang-Yun, Ta, Thi Minh Tam, Greenwood, Tiffany A., Howrigan, Daniel P., Rapaport, Mark H., Benyamin, Beben, Mowry, Bryan J., Giegling, Ina, Strengman, Eric, Bergen, Sarah E., Silverman, Jeremy M., Blasi, Giuseppe, Cohen, David, Stone, William S., Xu, Zhida, Lee, Phil H., Consoli, Angèle, Kelly, Brian J.., Cordeiro, Quirino, Esko, Tõnu, Costas, Javier, Medical Research Council (UK), National Natural Science Foundation of China, Royal Society (UK), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Science and Technology Committee, Research Council of Norway, European Commission, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Comunidad de Madrid, Fundación Alicia Koplowitz, Fundación Alonso Lozano, Mental Health Research UK, Wellcome Trust, Brain and Behavior Research Foundation, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (UK), University College London, Generalitat Valenciana, Trubetskoy, Vassily, Pardiñas, Antonio F., Qi, Ting, Panagiotaropoulou, Georgia, Awasthi, Swapnil, Bigdeli, Tim B., Bryois, Julien, Chen, Chia-Yen, Dennison, Charlotte A., Hall, Lynsey S., Lam, Max, Curtis, Charles, Nikitina-Zake, Liene, Davidson, Michael, Joa, Inge, Davis, Kenneth L., Yolken, Robert, Murray, Robin M., de Haan, Lieuwe, Legge, Sophie E., Serretti, Alessandro, van Os, Jim, Smoller, Jordan W., Agartz, Ingrid, Alizadeh, Behrooz Z., Degenhardt, Franziska, DeLisi, Lynn E., Demontis, Ditte, Dickerson, Faith, Zai, Clement C., Dikeos, Dimitris, Dinan, Timothy, Henskens, Frans A., Vaaler, Arne, Noto, Cristiano, Nimgaonkar, Vishwajit, Rautanen, Anna, Lehrer, Douglas S., Djurovic, Srdjan, Duan, Jubao, Julià, Antonio, Stahl, Eli A., Zhou, Wei, Vawter, Marquis P., Toncheva, Draga, Webb, Bradley T., Ducci, Giuseppe, Dudbridge, Frank, Eriksson, Johan G., Fañanas Saura, Lourdes, Goldstein, Jacqueline I., Faraone, Stephen V., Lencer, Rebecca, Moreno, Carmen, Bacanu, Silviu A., Fiorentino, Alessia, Calkins, Monica E., Mitjans, Marina, Forstner, Andreas, Nuechterlein, Keith H., Frank, Josef, Tsuang, Debby W., Freimer, Nelson B., Tooney, Paul A., Belangero, Sintia Iole, Weinberger, Daniel R., Fromer, Menachem, Ge,Tian, Adolfsson, Rolf, Hakonarson, Hakon, Zhu, Feng, Frustaci, Alessandra, Nöthen, Markus M., Gadelha, Ary, Genovese, Giulio, Gershon, Elliot S., Quattrone, Diego, Kähler, Anna K., Kam-Thong, Tony, van Amelsvoort, Therese, Vilella, Elisabet, Molden, Espen, O'Brien, Niamh Louise, Zimprich, Fritz, Kamatani, Yoichiro, Braun, Alice, Melegh, Bela, Pirinen, Matti, Karachanak-Yankova, Sena, Ophoff, Roel A., Kebir, Oussama, Lerer, Bernard, Nordentoft, Merete, Fanous, Ayman H., Reichenberg, Abraham, Li, Miaoxin, Periyasamy, Sathish, Lieberman, Jeffrey, Werge, Thomas, Light, Gregory A., Limborska, Svetlana, Tosato, Sarah, Liu, Chih-Min, Olincy, Ann, Magnusson, Sigurdur, Gareeva, Anna, Bressan, Rodrigo Affonseca, Lönnqvist, Jouko, Roe, Cheryl, Cheng, Wei, Athanasiu, Lavinia, Gutiérrez, Blanca, Harvey, Carol, Loughland, Carmel M., Lubinski, Jan, Luykx, Jurjen J., Lynham, Amy, Gawlik, Micha, Macek, Milan, Mackinnon, Andrew, Buxbaum, Joseph D., Tura, Gian Battista, Bromet, Evelyn J., Atbaşoğlu, Eşref Cem, Roffman, Joshua L., Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Maher, Brion S., Ota, Vanessa Kiyomi, Paciga, Sara A., Gejman, Pablo V., Arango, Celso, Forti, Marta Di, Maier, Wolfgang, Richards, Alexander L., Malaspina, Dolores, Mallet, Jacques, Metspalu, Andres, Marder, Stephen R., Li, Zhiqiang, Takahashi, Atsushi, Marsal, Sara, Kučinskiene, Zita Ausrele, Suvisaari, Jaana, Martin, Alicia R., Turetsky, Bruce I., Martorell, Lourdes, Palotie, Aarno, Mattheisen, Manuel, Baune, Bernhard T., Saka, Meram C., McCarley, Robert W., Giusti-Rodríguez, Paola, Riley, Brien P., Murphy, Kieran C., Gill, Michael, McDonald, Colm, Bruggeman, Richard, McGrath, John J., Sidorenko, Julia, Medeiros, Helena, Pantelis, Christos, Grove, Jakob, Campion, Dominique, Pato, Carlos N., Svrakic, Dragan M., Üçok, Alp, Glatt, Stephen J., Papadimitriou, George N., Khrunin, Andrey, Straub, Richard E., Parellada, Mara, Buckley, Peter F., Paunio, Tiina, Roth, Julian, Morgan, Vera A., Wildenauer, Dieter B., Ayub, Muhammad, Rothermundt, Matthias, Weiser, Mark, Rutten, Bart P. F., Saker-Delye, Safaa, Salomaa, Veikko, Børglum, Anders D., Sanjuán, Julio, van Winkel, Ruud, González Peñas, Javier, Yu, Xin, Kim, Sung-Wan, Santoro, Marcos Leite, Benner, Christian, Ikeda, Masashi, Morley, Christopher P., Zeng, Jian, Savitz, Adam, Schall, Ulrich, Scott, Rodney J., Voloudakis, Georgios, Yue, Weihua, Seidman, Larry J., Sharp, Sally Isabel, Alptekin, Köksal, Klovins, Janis, Amin, Farooq, Bertolino, Alessandro, Shi, Jianxin, Siever, Larry J., Atkinson, Elizabeth G., Buckner, Randy L., Holmans, Peter A., Rivera, Margarita, Sigurdsson, Engilbert, González-Pinto, Ana, Sim, Kang, Skarabis, Nora, Stroup, T Scott, Slominsky, Petr, Guillin, Olivier, Wang, Shi-Heng, So, Hon-Cheong, Quested, Digby, Sobell, Janet L., Braff, David, Zhang, Wen, Bybjerg-Grauholm, Jonas, Söderman, Erik, Rujescu, Dan, Chambert, Kimberley D., Stain, Helen J., Melle, Ingrid, Carr, Vaughan J, Pocklington, Andrew J., Steen, Nils Eiel, Harwood, Janet, Steixner-Kumar, Agnes A., Gopal, Srihari, Stögmann, Elisabeth, Veijola, Juha, Watanabe, Kyoko, Sham, Pak C., Cahn, Wiepke, Bramon, Elvira, Roussos, Panos, Waddington, John, Perkins, Diana O., Pato, Michele T., Walter, Henrik, Kondratiev, Nikolay, Waterreus, Anna, Al Eissa, Mariam, Bobes, Julio, Golimbet, Vera, Black, Donald W., Als, Thomas D., Bray, Nicholas J., Breen, Gerome, Buccola, Nancy G., Sanders, Alan R., Byerley, William F., Cervilla, Jorge A., Michie, Patricia T., Pfuhlmann, Bruno, Chen, Wei J., Hong, Kyung Sue, O'Neill, F Anthony, Terao, Chikashi, Green, Michael F., Cloninger, C. Robert, Crespo-Facorro, Benedicto, Donohoe, Gary, Gülöksüz, Sinan, Freedman, Robert, Albus, Margot, Hayward, Caroline, Pietiläinen, Olli, Herms, Stefan, Hultman, Christina M., Galletly, Cherrie, Gandal, Michael J., Hahn, Eric, Konte, Bettina, Castle, David, Gennarelli, Massimo, Milani, Lili, Hougaard, David M., Hwu, Hai-Gwo, Pulver, Ann E., Jablensky, Assen V., Molina, Esther, Qin, Shengying, McCarroll, Steven A., Moran, Jennifer L., Azevedo, Maria Helena, Gur, Rachel E., Kraft, Julia, Mors, Ole, Catts, Stanley V., Lazzeroni, Laura C., Mortensen, Preben B., Streit, Fabian, Kusumawardhani, Agung, Alexander, Madeline, Godard, Stephanie, Müller-Myhsok, Bertram, Milanova, Vihra, Neil, Amanda L., Cichon, Sven, Giannitelli, Marianna, Cheung, Eric F. C., Kubo, Michiaki, Schwab, Sibylle G., Collier, David A., Williams, Nigel M., Morris, Derek W., Corvin, Aiden, Pimm, Jonathan, Curtis, David, Haroutunian, Vahram, Keller, Matthew C., Vassos, Evangelos, Hyman, Steven E., Iwata, Nakao, Jönsson, Erik G., Kahn, René S., Chan, Raymond C. K., Kennedy, James L., Shi, Yongyong, Adams, Mark, Witt, Stephanie H., Khusnutdinova, Elza, Verhage, Matthijs, Xu, Shuhua, Wu, Yang, Kirov, George, Arolt, Volker, Knowles, James A., Moltó, Maria Dolores, Krebs, Marie-Odile, Hartmann, Annette M., Nestadt, Gerald, Wormley, Brandon K., Bass, Nicholas J., Laurent-Levinson, Claudine, Lee, Jimmy, Muntané, Gerard, Porteous, David, Kuzelova-Ptackova, Hana, Lencz, Todd, Subramaniam, Mythily, Levinson, Douglas F., Li, Qingqin S., Liu, Jianjun, Swerdlow, Neal R., Cairns, Murray J., Malhotra, Anil K., Malhotra, Dheeraj, Iyegbe, Conrad, Mondelli, Valeria, Kim, Minsoo, Arrojo, Manuel, Landi, Stefano, McIntosh, Andrew M., Petryshen, Tracey L., Radant, Allen D., Frei, Oleksandr, Mesholam-Gately, Raquelle I., McQuillin, Andrew, Sugar, Catherine A., Menezes, Paulo Rossi, St Clair, David, Meier, Sandra, Powell, John, Chaumette, Boris, Stefansson, Hreinn, Domenici, Enrico, Bonassi, Stefano, Stefánsson, Kári, Wu, Jing Qin, Tsuang, Ming T., Myin-Germeys, Inez, Pellegrino, Renata, Visscher, Peter M., Yang, Jian, Posthuma, Danielle, Andreassen, Ole A., Koopmans, Frank, Kendler, Kenneth S., Chong, Siow Ann, Gur, Ruben C., Ehrenreich, Hannelore, Owen, Michael J., Rietschel, Marcella, Gratten, Jacob, Wray, Naomi R., Hoffmann, Per, Daly, Mark J., Szatkiewicz, Jin P., Huang, Hailiang, Nenadić, Igor, Torretta, Silvia, Escott-Price, Valentina, Neale, Benjamin M., Begemann, Martin, Thibaut, Florence, Agerbo, Esben, Rampino, Antonio, Sullivan, Patrick F., Schulze, Thomas G., Ripke, Stephan, Walters, James T. R., O'Donovan, Michael C., Kučinskas, Vaidutis, Belliveau, Richard A., Bene, Judit, Oh, Sang-Yun, Ta, Thi Minh Tam, Greenwood, Tiffany A., Howrigan, Daniel P., Rapaport, Mark H., Benyamin, Beben, Mowry, Bryan J., Giegling, Ina, Strengman, Eric, Bergen, Sarah E., Silverman, Jeremy M., Blasi, Giuseppe, Cohen, David, Stone, William S., Xu, Zhida, Lee, Phil H., Consoli, Angèle, Kelly, Brian J.., Cordeiro, Quirino, Esko, Tõnu, and Costas, Javier
Abstract: Schizophrenia has a heritability of 60-80%1, much of which is attributable to common risk alleles. Here, in a two-stage genome-wide association study of up to 76,755 individuals with schizophrenia and 243,649 control individuals, we report common variant associations at 287 distinct genomic loci. Associations were concentrated in genes that are expressed in excitatory and inhibitory neurons of the central nervous system, but not in other tissues or cell types. Using fine-mapping and functional genomic data, we identify 120 genes (106 protein-coding) that are likely to underpin associations at some of these loci, including 16 genes with credible causal non-synonymous or untranslated region variation. We also implicate fundamental processes related to neuronal function, including synaptic organization, differentiation and transmission. Fine-mapped candidates were enriched for genes associated with rare disruptive coding variants in people with schizophrenia, including the glutamate receptor subunit GRIN2A and transcription factor SP4, and were also enriched for genes implicated by such variants in neurodevelopmental disorders. We identify biological processes relevant to schizophrenia pathophysiology; show convergence of common and rare variant associations in schizophrenia and neurodevelopmental disorders; and provide a resource of prioritized genes and variants to advance mechanistic studies.
Published: 2022

6. Contributions of common genetic variants to risk of schizophrenia among individuals of African and Latino ancestry.

Author: Bigdeli, Tim B, Bigdeli, Tim B, Genovese, Giulio, Georgakopoulos, Penelope, Meyers, Jacquelyn L, Peterson, Roseann E, Iyegbe, Conrad O, Medeiros, Helena, Valderrama, Jorge, Achtyes, Eric D, Kotov, Roman, Stahl, Eli A, Abbott, Colony, Azevedo, Maria Helena, Belliveau, Richard A, Bevilacqua, Elizabeth, Bromet, Evelyn J, Byerley, William, Carvalho, Celia Barreto, Chapman, Sinéad B, DeLisi, Lynn E, Dumont, Ashley L, O'Dushlaine, Colm, Evgrafov, Oleg V, Fochtmann, Laura J, Gage, Diane, Kennedy, James L, Kinkead, Becky, Macedo, Antonio, Moran, Jennifer L, Morley, Christopher P, Dewan, Mantosh J, Nemesh, James, Perkins, Diana O, Purcell, Shaun M, Rakofsky, Jeffrey J, Scolnick, Edward M, Sklar, Brooke M, Sklar, Pamela, Smoller, Jordan W, Sullivan, Patrick F, Macciardi, Fabio, Marder, Stephen R, Gur, Ruben C, Gur, Raquel E, Braff, David L, Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia (COGS) Investigators, Nicolini, Humberto, Escamilla, Michael A, Vawter, Marquis P, Sobell, Janet L, Malaspina, Dolores, Lehrer, Douglas S, Buckley, Peter F, Rapaport, Mark H, Knowles, James A, Genomic Psychiatry Cohort (GPC) Consortium, Fanous, Ayman H, Pato, Michele T, McCarroll, Steven A, Pato, Carlos N, Bigdeli, Tim B, Bigdeli, Tim B, Genovese, Giulio, Georgakopoulos, Penelope, Meyers, Jacquelyn L, Peterson, Roseann E, Iyegbe, Conrad O, Medeiros, Helena, Valderrama, Jorge, Achtyes, Eric D, Kotov, Roman, Stahl, Eli A, Abbott, Colony, Azevedo, Maria Helena, Belliveau, Richard A, Bevilacqua, Elizabeth, Bromet, Evelyn J, Byerley, William, Carvalho, Celia Barreto, Chapman, Sinéad B, DeLisi, Lynn E, Dumont, Ashley L, O'Dushlaine, Colm, Evgrafov, Oleg V, Fochtmann, Laura J, Gage, Diane, Kennedy, James L, Kinkead, Becky, Macedo, Antonio, Moran, Jennifer L, Morley, Christopher P, Dewan, Mantosh J, Nemesh, James, Perkins, Diana O, Purcell, Shaun M, Rakofsky, Jeffrey J, Scolnick, Edward M, Sklar, Brooke M, Sklar, Pamela, Smoller, Jordan W, Sullivan, Patrick F, Macciardi, Fabio, Marder, Stephen R, Gur, Ruben C, Gur, Raquel E, Braff, David L, Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia (COGS) Investigators, Nicolini, Humberto, Escamilla, Michael A, Vawter, Marquis P, Sobell, Janet L, Malaspina, Dolores, Lehrer, Douglas S, Buckley, Peter F, Rapaport, Mark H, Knowles, James A, Genomic Psychiatry Cohort (GPC) Consortium, Fanous, Ayman H, Pato, Michele T, McCarroll, Steven A, and Pato, Carlos N
Abstract: Schizophrenia is a common, chronic and debilitating neuropsychiatric syndrome affecting tens of millions of individuals worldwide. While rare genetic variants play a role in the etiology of schizophrenia, most of the currently explained liability is within common variation, suggesting that variation predating the human diaspora out of Africa harbors a large fraction of the common variant attributable heritability. However, common variant association studies in schizophrenia have concentrated mainly on cohorts of European descent. We describe genome-wide association studies of 6152 cases and 3918 controls of admixed African ancestry, and of 1234 cases and 3090 controls of Latino ancestry, representing the largest such study in these populations to date. Combining results from the samples with African ancestry with summary statistics from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) study of schizophrenia yielded seven newly genome-wide significant loci, and we identified an additional eight loci by incorporating the results from samples with Latino ancestry. Leveraging population differences in patterns of linkage disequilibrium, we achieve improved fine-mapping resolution at 22 previously reported and 4 newly significant loci. Polygenic risk score profiling revealed improved prediction based on trans-ancestry meta-analysis results for admixed African (Nagelkerke's R2 = 0.032; liability R2 = 0.017; P < 10-52), Latino (Nagelkerke's R2 = 0.089; liability R2 = 0.021; P < 10-58), and European individuals (Nagelkerke's R2 = 0.089; liability R2 = 0.037; P < 10-113), further highlighting the advantages of incorporating data from diverse human populations.
Published: 2020

7. Contributions of common genetic variants to risk of schizophrenia among individuals of African and Latino ancestry.

Author: Bigdeli, Tim B, Bigdeli, Tim B, Genovese, Giulio, Georgakopoulos, Penelope, Meyers, Jacquelyn L, Peterson, Roseann E, Iyegbe, Conrad O, Medeiros, Helena, Valderrama, Jorge, Achtyes, Eric D, Kotov, Roman, Stahl, Eli A, Abbott, Colony, Azevedo, Maria Helena, Belliveau, Richard A, Bevilacqua, Elizabeth, Bromet, Evelyn J, Byerley, William, Carvalho, Celia Barreto, Chapman, Sinéad B, DeLisi, Lynn E, Dumont, Ashley L, O'Dushlaine, Colm, Evgrafov, Oleg V, Fochtmann, Laura J, Gage, Diane, Kennedy, James L, Kinkead, Becky, Macedo, Antonio, Moran, Jennifer L, Morley, Christopher P, Dewan, Mantosh J, Nemesh, James, Perkins, Diana O, Purcell, Shaun M, Rakofsky, Jeffrey J, Scolnick, Edward M, Sklar, Brooke M, Sklar, Pamela, Smoller, Jordan W, Sullivan, Patrick F, Macciardi, Fabio, Marder, Stephen R, Gur, Ruben C, Gur, Raquel E, Braff, David L, Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia (COGS) Investigators, Nicolini, Humberto, Escamilla, Michael A, Vawter, Marquis P, Sobell, Janet L, Malaspina, Dolores, Lehrer, Douglas S, Buckley, Peter F, Rapaport, Mark H, Knowles, James A, Genomic Psychiatry Cohort (GPC) Consortium, Fanous, Ayman H, Pato, Michele T, McCarroll, Steven A, Pato, Carlos N, Bigdeli, Tim B, Bigdeli, Tim B, Genovese, Giulio, Georgakopoulos, Penelope, Meyers, Jacquelyn L, Peterson, Roseann E, Iyegbe, Conrad O, Medeiros, Helena, Valderrama, Jorge, Achtyes, Eric D, Kotov, Roman, Stahl, Eli A, Abbott, Colony, Azevedo, Maria Helena, Belliveau, Richard A, Bevilacqua, Elizabeth, Bromet, Evelyn J, Byerley, William, Carvalho, Celia Barreto, Chapman, Sinéad B, DeLisi, Lynn E, Dumont, Ashley L, O'Dushlaine, Colm, Evgrafov, Oleg V, Fochtmann, Laura J, Gage, Diane, Kennedy, James L, Kinkead, Becky, Macedo, Antonio, Moran, Jennifer L, Morley, Christopher P, Dewan, Mantosh J, Nemesh, James, Perkins, Diana O, Purcell, Shaun M, Rakofsky, Jeffrey J, Scolnick, Edward M, Sklar, Brooke M, Sklar, Pamela, Smoller, Jordan W, Sullivan, Patrick F, Macciardi, Fabio, Marder, Stephen R, Gur, Ruben C, Gur, Raquel E, Braff, David L, Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia (COGS) Investigators, Nicolini, Humberto, Escamilla, Michael A, Vawter, Marquis P, Sobell, Janet L, Malaspina, Dolores, Lehrer, Douglas S, Buckley, Peter F, Rapaport, Mark H, Knowles, James A, Genomic Psychiatry Cohort (GPC) Consortium, Fanous, Ayman H, Pato, Michele T, McCarroll, Steven A, and Pato, Carlos N
Abstract: Schizophrenia is a common, chronic and debilitating neuropsychiatric syndrome affecting tens of millions of individuals worldwide. While rare genetic variants play a role in the etiology of schizophrenia, most of the currently explained liability is within common variation, suggesting that variation predating the human diaspora out of Africa harbors a large fraction of the common variant attributable heritability. However, common variant association studies in schizophrenia have concentrated mainly on cohorts of European descent. We describe genome-wide association studies of 6152 cases and 3918 controls of admixed African ancestry, and of 1234 cases and 3090 controls of Latino ancestry, representing the largest such study in these populations to date. Combining results from the samples with African ancestry with summary statistics from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) study of schizophrenia yielded seven newly genome-wide significant loci, and we identified an additional eight loci by incorporating the results from samples with Latino ancestry. Leveraging population differences in patterns of linkage disequilibrium, we achieve improved fine-mapping resolution at 22 previously reported and 4 newly significant loci. Polygenic risk score profiling revealed improved prediction based on trans-ancestry meta-analysis results for admixed African (Nagelkerke's R2 = 0.032; liability R2 = 0.017; P < 10-52), Latino (Nagelkerke's R2 = 0.089; liability R2 = 0.021; P < 10-58), and European individuals (Nagelkerke's R2 = 0.089; liability R2 = 0.037; P < 10-113), further highlighting the advantages of incorporating data from diverse human populations.
Published: 2020

8. Contributions of common genetic variants to risk of schizophrenia among individuals of African and Latino ancestry.

Author: Bigdeli, Tim B, Bigdeli, Tim B, Genovese, Giulio, Georgakopoulos, Penelope, Meyers, Jacquelyn L, Peterson, Roseann E, Iyegbe, Conrad O, Medeiros, Helena, Valderrama, Jorge, Achtyes, Eric D, Kotov, Roman, Stahl, Eli A, Abbott, Colony, Azevedo, Maria Helena, Belliveau, Richard A, Bevilacqua, Elizabeth, Bromet, Evelyn J, Byerley, William, Carvalho, Celia Barreto, Chapman, Sinéad B, DeLisi, Lynn E, Dumont, Ashley L, O'Dushlaine, Colm, Evgrafov, Oleg V, Fochtmann, Laura J, Gage, Diane, Kennedy, James L, Kinkead, Becky, Macedo, Antonio, Moran, Jennifer L, Morley, Christopher P, Dewan, Mantosh J, Nemesh, James, Perkins, Diana O, Purcell, Shaun M, Rakofsky, Jeffrey J, Scolnick, Edward M, Sklar, Brooke M, Sklar, Pamela, Smoller, Jordan W, Sullivan, Patrick F, Macciardi, Fabio, Marder, Stephen R, Gur, Ruben C, Gur, Raquel E, Braff, David L, Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia (COGS) Investigators, Nicolini, Humberto, Escamilla, Michael A, Vawter, Marquis P, Sobell, Janet L, Malaspina, Dolores, Lehrer, Douglas S, Buckley, Peter F, Rapaport, Mark H, Knowles, James A, Genomic Psychiatry Cohort (GPC) Consortium, Fanous, Ayman H, Pato, Michele T, McCarroll, Steven A, Pato, Carlos N, Bigdeli, Tim B, Bigdeli, Tim B, Genovese, Giulio, Georgakopoulos, Penelope, Meyers, Jacquelyn L, Peterson, Roseann E, Iyegbe, Conrad O, Medeiros, Helena, Valderrama, Jorge, Achtyes, Eric D, Kotov, Roman, Stahl, Eli A, Abbott, Colony, Azevedo, Maria Helena, Belliveau, Richard A, Bevilacqua, Elizabeth, Bromet, Evelyn J, Byerley, William, Carvalho, Celia Barreto, Chapman, Sinéad B, DeLisi, Lynn E, Dumont, Ashley L, O'Dushlaine, Colm, Evgrafov, Oleg V, Fochtmann, Laura J, Gage, Diane, Kennedy, James L, Kinkead, Becky, Macedo, Antonio, Moran, Jennifer L, Morley, Christopher P, Dewan, Mantosh J, Nemesh, James, Perkins, Diana O, Purcell, Shaun M, Rakofsky, Jeffrey J, Scolnick, Edward M, Sklar, Brooke M, Sklar, Pamela, Smoller, Jordan W, Sullivan, Patrick F, Macciardi, Fabio, Marder, Stephen R, Gur, Ruben C, Gur, Raquel E, Braff, David L, Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia (COGS) Investigators, Nicolini, Humberto, Escamilla, Michael A, Vawter, Marquis P, Sobell, Janet L, Malaspina, Dolores, Lehrer, Douglas S, Buckley, Peter F, Rapaport, Mark H, Knowles, James A, Genomic Psychiatry Cohort (GPC) Consortium, Fanous, Ayman H, Pato, Michele T, McCarroll, Steven A, and Pato, Carlos N
Abstract: Schizophrenia is a common, chronic and debilitating neuropsychiatric syndrome affecting tens of millions of individuals worldwide. While rare genetic variants play a role in the etiology of schizophrenia, most of the currently explained liability is within common variation, suggesting that variation predating the human diaspora out of Africa harbors a large fraction of the common variant attributable heritability. However, common variant association studies in schizophrenia have concentrated mainly on cohorts of European descent. We describe genome-wide association studies of 6152 cases and 3918 controls of admixed African ancestry, and of 1234 cases and 3090 controls of Latino ancestry, representing the largest such study in these populations to date. Combining results from the samples with African ancestry with summary statistics from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) study of schizophrenia yielded seven newly genome-wide significant loci, and we identified an additional eight loci by incorporating the results from samples with Latino ancestry. Leveraging population differences in patterns of linkage disequilibrium, we achieve improved fine-mapping resolution at 22 previously reported and 4 newly significant loci. Polygenic risk score profiling revealed improved prediction based on trans-ancestry meta-analysis results for admixed African (Nagelkerke's R2 = 0.032; liability R2 = 0.017; P < 10-52), Latino (Nagelkerke's R2 = 0.089; liability R2 = 0.021; P < 10-58), and European individuals (Nagelkerke's R2 = 0.089; liability R2 = 0.037; P < 10-113), further highlighting the advantages of incorporating data from diverse human populations.
Published: 2020

9. Neuroimaging of schizophrenia and other primary psychotic disorders: achievements and perspectives

Author: Galderisi, Silvana, editor, DeLisi, Lynn E., editor, Borgwardt, Stefan, editor, Galderisi, Silvana, editor, DeLisi, Lynn E., editor, and Borgwardt, Stefan, editor
Published: 2019

10. Neuroimaging of schizophrenia and other primary psychotic disorders: achievements and perspectives

Author: Galderisi, Silvana, editor, DeLisi, Lynn E., editor, Borgwardt, Stefan, editor, Galderisi, Silvana, editor, DeLisi, Lynn E., editor, and Borgwardt, Stefan, editor
Published: 2019

11. Neuroimaging of schizophrenia and other primary psychotic disorders: achievements and perspectives

Author: Galderisi, Silvana, editor, DeLisi, Lynn E., editor, Borgwardt, Stefan, editor, Galderisi, Silvana, editor, DeLisi, Lynn E., editor, and Borgwardt, Stefan, editor
Published: 2019

12. Neuroimaging of schizophrenia and other primary psychotic disorders: achievements and perspectives

Author: Galderisi, Silvana, editor, DeLisi, Lynn E., editor, Borgwardt, Stefan, editor, Galderisi, Silvana, editor, DeLisi, Lynn E., editor, and Borgwardt, Stefan, editor
Published: 2019

13. Neuroimaging of schizophrenia and other primary psychotic disorders: achievements and perspectives

Author: Galderisi, Silvana, editor, DeLisi, Lynn E., editor, Borgwardt, Stefan, editor, Galderisi, Silvana, editor, DeLisi, Lynn E., editor, and Borgwardt, Stefan, editor
Published: 2019

14. What Should a Psychiatrist Know About Genetics? Review and Recommendations From the Residency Education Committee of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics.

Author: Nurnberger, John I, Nurnberger, John I, Austin, Jehannine, Berrettini, Wade H, Besterman, Aaron D, DeLisi, Lynn E, Grice, Dorothy E, Kennedy, James L, Moreno-De-Luca, Daniel, Potash, James B, Ross, David A, Schulze, Thomas G, Zai, Gwyneth, Nurnberger, John I, Nurnberger, John I, Austin, Jehannine, Berrettini, Wade H, Besterman, Aaron D, DeLisi, Lynn E, Grice, Dorothy E, Kennedy, James L, Moreno-De-Luca, Daniel, Potash, James B, Ross, David A, Schulze, Thomas G, and Zai, Gwyneth
Abstract: The International Society of Psychiatric Genetics (ISPG) created a Residency Education Committee with the purpose of identifying key genetic knowledge that should be taught in psychiatric training programs. Thirteen committee members were appointed by the ISPG Board of Directors, based on varied training, expertise, gender, and national origin. The Committee has met quarterly for the past 2 years, with periodic reports to the Board and to the members of the Society. The information summarized includes the existing literature in the field of psychiatric genetics and the output of ongoing large genomics consortia. An outline of clinically relevant areas of genetic knowledge was developed, circulated, and approved. This document was expanded and annotated with appropriate references, and the manuscript was developed. Specific information regarding the contribution of common and rare genetic variants to major psychiatric disorders and treatment response is now available. Current challenges include the following: (1) Genetic testing is recommended in the evaluation of autism and intellectual disability, but its use is limited in current clinical practice. (2) Commercial pharmacogenomic testing is widely available, but its utility has not yet been clearly established. (3) Other methods, such as whole exome and whole genome sequencing, will soon be clinically applicable. The need for informed genetic counseling in psychiatry is greater than ever before, knowledge in the field is rapidly growing, and genetic education should become an integral part of psychiatric training.
Published: 2019

15. Neuroimaging of schizophrenia and other primary psychotic disorders: achievements and perspectives

Author: Galderisi, Silvana, editor, DeLisi, Lynn E., editor, Borgwardt, Stefan, editor, Galderisi, Silvana, editor, DeLisi, Lynn E., editor, and Borgwardt, Stefan, editor
Published: 2019

16. Contribution of copy number variants to schizophrenia from a genome-wide study of 41,321 subjects

Author: Marshall, Christian R., Howrigan, Daniel P., Merico, Daniele, Thiruvahindrapuram, Bhooma, Wu, Wenting, Greer, Douglas S., Antaki, Danny, Shetty, Aniket, Holmans, Peter A., Pinto, Dalila, Gujral, Madhusudan, Brandler, William M., Malhotra, Dheeraj, Wang, Zhouzhi, Fajarado, Karin V. Fuentes, Maile, Michelle S., Ripke, Stephan, Agartz, Ingrid, Albus, Margot, Alexander, Madeline, Amin, Farooq, Atkins, Joshua, Bacanu, Silviu A., Belliveau, Richard A., Jr., Bergen, Sarah E., Ertalan, Marcelo, Bevilacqua, Elizabeth, Bigdeli, Tim B., Black, Donald W., Bruggeman, Richard, Buccola, Nancy G., Buckner, Randy L., Bulik-Sullivan, Brendan, Byerley, William, Cahn, Wiepke, Cai, Guiqing, Cairns, Murray J., Campion, Dominique, Cantor, Rita M., Carr, Vaughan J., Carrera, Noa, Catts, Stanley V., Chambert, Kimberley D., Cheng, Wei, Cloninger, C. Robert, Cohen, David, Cormican, Paul, Craddock, Nick, Crespo-Facorro, Benedicto, Crowley, James J., Curtis, David, Davidson, Michael, Davis, Kenneth L., Degenhardt, Franziska, Del Favero, Jurgen, DeLisi, Lynn E., Dikeos, Dimitris, Dinan, Timothy, Djurovic, Srdjan, Donohoe, Gary, Drapeau, Elodie, Duan, Jubao, Dudbridge, Frank, Eichhammer, Peter, Eriksson, Johan, Escott-Price, Valentina, Essioux, Laurent, Fanous, Ayman H., Farh, Kai-How, Farrell, Martilias S., Frank, Josef, Franke, Lude, Freedman, Robert, Freimer, Nelson B., Friedman, Joseph I., Forstner, Andreas J., Fromer, Menachem, Genovese, Giulio, Georgieva, Lyudmila, Gershon, Elliot S., Giegling, Ina, Giusti-Rodriguez, Paola, Godard, Stephanie, Goldstein, Jacqueline I., Gratten, Jacob, de Haan, Lieuwe, Hamshere, Marian L., Hansen, Mark, Hansen, Thomas, Haroutunian, Vahram, Hartmann, Annette M., Henskens, Frans A., Herms, Stefan, Hirschhorn, Joel N., Hoffinann, Per, Hofman, Andrea, Huang, Hailiang, Ikeda, Masashi, Joa, Inge, Kahler, Anna K., Kahn, Rene S., Kalaydjieva, Luba, Karjalainen, Juha, Kavanagh, David, Keller, Matthew C., Kelly, Brian J., Kennedy, James L., Kim, Yunjung, Knowles, James A., Konte, Bettina, Laurent, Claudine, Lee, Phil, Lee, S. Hong, Legge, Sophie E., Lerer, Bernard, Levy, Deborah L., Liang, Kung-Yee, Lieberman, Jeffrey, Lonnqvist, Jouko, Loughland, Carmel M., Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Maher, Brion S., Maier, Wolfgang, Mallet, Jacques, Mattheisen, Manuel, Mattingsdal, Morten, McCarley, Robert W., McDonald, Colm, McIntosh, Andrew M., Meier, Sandra, Meijer, Carin J., Melle, Ingrid, Mesholam-Gately, Raquelle I., Metspalu, Andres, Michie, Patricia T., Milani, Lili, Milanova, Vihra, Mokrab, Younes, Morris, Derek W., Muller-Myhsok, Bertram, Murphy, Kieran C., Murray, Robin M., Myin-Germeys, Inez, Nenadic, Igor, Nertney, Deborah A., Nestadt, Gerald, Nicodemus, Kristin K., Nisenbaum, Laura, Nordin, Annelie, O'Callaghan, Eadbhard, O'Dushlaine, Colm, Oh, Sang-Yun, Olincy, Ann, Olsen, Line, O'Neill, F. Anthony, Van Os, Jim, Pantelis, Christos, Papadimitriou, George N., Parkhomenko, Elena, Pato, Michele T., Paunio, Tiina, Perkins, Diana O., Pers, Tune H., Pietilainen, Olli, Pimm, Jonathan, Pocklington, Andrew J., Powell, John, Price, Alkes, Pulver, Ann E., Purcell, Shaun M., Quested, Digby, Rasmussen, Henrik B., Reichenberg, Abraham, Reimers, Mark A., Richards, Alexander L., Roffman, Joshua L., Roussos, Panos, Ruderfer, Douglas M., Salomaa, Veikko, Sanders, Alan R., Savitz, Adam, Schall, Ulrich, Schulze, Thomas G., Schwab, Sibylle G., Scolnick, Edward M., Scott, Rodney J., Seidman, Larry J., Shi, Jianxin, Silverman, Jeremy M., Smoller, Jordan W., Soderman, Erik, Spencer, Chris C. A., Stahl, Eli A., Strengman, Eric, Strohmaier, Jana, Stroup, T. Scott, Suvisaari, Jaana, Svrakic, Dragan M., Szatkiewicz, Jin P., Thirumalai, Srinivas, Tooney, Paul A., Veijola, Juha, Visscher, Peter M., Waddington, John, Walsh, Dermot, Webb, Bradley T., Weiser, Mark, Wildenauer, Dieter B., Williams, Nigel M., Williams, Stephanie, Witt, Stephanie H., Wolen, Aaron R., Wormley, Brandon K., Wray, Naomi R., Wu, Jing Qin, Zai, Clement C., Adolfsson, Rolf, Andreassen, Ole A., Blackwood, Douglas H. R., Bramon, Elvira, Buxbaum, Joseph D., Cichon, Sven, Collier, David A., Corvin, Aiden, Daly, Mark J., Darvasi, Ariel, Domenici, Enrico, Esko, Tonu, Gejman, Pablo V., Gill, Michael, Gurling, Hugh, Hultman, Christina M., Iwata, Nakao, Jablensky, Assen V., Jonsson, Erik G., Kendler, Kenneth S., Kirov, George, Knight, Jo, Levinson, Douglas F., Li, Qingqin S., McCarroll, Steven A., McQuillin, Andrew, Moran, Jennifer L., Mowry, Bryan J., Nothen, Markus M., Ophoff, Roel A., Owen, Michael J., Palotie, Aarno, Pato, Carlos N., Petryshen, Tracey L., Posthuma, Danielle, Rietschel, Marcella, Riley, Brien P., Rujescu, Dan, Sklar, Pamela, St Clair, David, Walters, James T. R., Werge, Thomas, Siillivan, Patrick F., O'Donovan, Michael C., Scherer, Stephen W., Neale, Benjamin M., Sebat, Jonathan, Marshall, Christian R., Howrigan, Daniel P., Merico, Daniele, Thiruvahindrapuram, Bhooma, Wu, Wenting, Greer, Douglas S., Antaki, Danny, Shetty, Aniket, Holmans, Peter A., Pinto, Dalila, Gujral, Madhusudan, Brandler, William M., Malhotra, Dheeraj, Wang, Zhouzhi, Fajarado, Karin V. Fuentes, Maile, Michelle S., Ripke, Stephan, Agartz, Ingrid, Albus, Margot, Alexander, Madeline, Amin, Farooq, Atkins, Joshua, Bacanu, Silviu A., Belliveau, Richard A., Jr., Bergen, Sarah E., Ertalan, Marcelo, Bevilacqua, Elizabeth, Bigdeli, Tim B., Black, Donald W., Bruggeman, Richard, Buccola, Nancy G., Buckner, Randy L., Bulik-Sullivan, Brendan, Byerley, William, Cahn, Wiepke, Cai, Guiqing, Cairns, Murray J., Campion, Dominique, Cantor, Rita M., Carr, Vaughan J., Carrera, Noa, Catts, Stanley V., Chambert, Kimberley D., Cheng, Wei, Cloninger, C. Robert, Cohen, David, Cormican, Paul, Craddock, Nick, Crespo-Facorro, Benedicto, Crowley, James J., Curtis, David, Davidson, Michael, Davis, Kenneth L., Degenhardt, Franziska, Del Favero, Jurgen, DeLisi, Lynn E., Dikeos, Dimitris, Dinan, Timothy, Djurovic, Srdjan, Donohoe, Gary, Drapeau, Elodie, Duan, Jubao, Dudbridge, Frank, Eichhammer, Peter, Eriksson, Johan, Escott-Price, Valentina, Essioux, Laurent, Fanous, Ayman H., Farh, Kai-How, Farrell, Martilias S., Frank, Josef, Franke, Lude, Freedman, Robert, Freimer, Nelson B., Friedman, Joseph I., Forstner, Andreas J., Fromer, Menachem, Genovese, Giulio, Georgieva, Lyudmila, Gershon, Elliot S., Giegling, Ina, Giusti-Rodriguez, Paola, Godard, Stephanie, Goldstein, Jacqueline I., Gratten, Jacob, de Haan, Lieuwe, Hamshere, Marian L., Hansen, Mark, Hansen, Thomas, Haroutunian, Vahram, Hartmann, Annette M., Henskens, Frans A., Herms, Stefan, Hirschhorn, Joel N., Hoffinann, Per, Hofman, Andrea, Huang, Hailiang, Ikeda, Masashi, Joa, Inge, Kahler, Anna K., Kahn, Rene S., Kalaydjieva, Luba, Karjalainen, Juha, Kavanagh, David, Keller, Matthew C., Kelly, Brian J., Kennedy, James L., Kim, Yunjung, Knowles, James A., Konte, Bettina, Laurent, Claudine, Lee, Phil, Lee, S. Hong, Legge, Sophie E., Lerer, Bernard, Levy, Deborah L., Liang, Kung-Yee, Lieberman, Jeffrey, Lonnqvist, Jouko, Loughland, Carmel M., Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Maher, Brion S., Maier, Wolfgang, Mallet, Jacques, Mattheisen, Manuel, Mattingsdal, Morten, McCarley, Robert W., McDonald, Colm, McIntosh, Andrew M., Meier, Sandra, Meijer, Carin J., Melle, Ingrid, Mesholam-Gately, Raquelle I., Metspalu, Andres, Michie, Patricia T., Milani, Lili, Milanova, Vihra, Mokrab, Younes, Morris, Derek W., Muller-Myhsok, Bertram, Murphy, Kieran C., Murray, Robin M., Myin-Germeys, Inez, Nenadic, Igor, Nertney, Deborah A., Nestadt, Gerald, Nicodemus, Kristin K., Nisenbaum, Laura, Nordin, Annelie, O'Callaghan, Eadbhard, O'Dushlaine, Colm, Oh, Sang-Yun, Olincy, Ann, Olsen, Line, O'Neill, F. Anthony, Van Os, Jim, Pantelis, Christos, Papadimitriou, George N., Parkhomenko, Elena, Pato, Michele T., Paunio, Tiina, Perkins, Diana O., Pers, Tune H., Pietilainen, Olli, Pimm, Jonathan, Pocklington, Andrew J., Powell, John, Price, Alkes, Pulver, Ann E., Purcell, Shaun M., Quested, Digby, Rasmussen, Henrik B., Reichenberg, Abraham, Reimers, Mark A., Richards, Alexander L., Roffman, Joshua L., Roussos, Panos, Ruderfer, Douglas M., Salomaa, Veikko, Sanders, Alan R., Savitz, Adam, Schall, Ulrich, Schulze, Thomas G., Schwab, Sibylle G., Scolnick, Edward M., Scott, Rodney J., Seidman, Larry J., Shi, Jianxin, Silverman, Jeremy M., Smoller, Jordan W., Soderman, Erik, Spencer, Chris C. A., Stahl, Eli A., Strengman, Eric, Strohmaier, Jana, Stroup, T. Scott, Suvisaari, Jaana, Svrakic, Dragan M., Szatkiewicz, Jin P., Thirumalai, Srinivas, Tooney, Paul A., Veijola, Juha, Visscher, Peter M., Waddington, John, Walsh, Dermot, Webb, Bradley T., Weiser, Mark, Wildenauer, Dieter B., Williams, Nigel M., Williams, Stephanie, Witt, Stephanie H., Wolen, Aaron R., Wormley, Brandon K., Wray, Naomi R., Wu, Jing Qin, Zai, Clement C., Adolfsson, Rolf, Andreassen, Ole A., Blackwood, Douglas H. R., Bramon, Elvira, Buxbaum, Joseph D., Cichon, Sven, Collier, David A., Corvin, Aiden, Daly, Mark J., Darvasi, Ariel, Domenici, Enrico, Esko, Tonu, Gejman, Pablo V., Gill, Michael, Gurling, Hugh, Hultman, Christina M., Iwata, Nakao, Jablensky, Assen V., Jonsson, Erik G., Kendler, Kenneth S., Kirov, George, Knight, Jo, Levinson, Douglas F., Li, Qingqin S., McCarroll, Steven A., McQuillin, Andrew, Moran, Jennifer L., Mowry, Bryan J., Nothen, Markus M., Ophoff, Roel A., Owen, Michael J., Palotie, Aarno, Pato, Carlos N., Petryshen, Tracey L., Posthuma, Danielle, Rietschel, Marcella, Riley, Brien P., Rujescu, Dan, Sklar, Pamela, St Clair, David, Walters, James T. R., Werge, Thomas, Siillivan, Patrick F., O'Donovan, Michael C., Scherer, Stephen W., Neale, Benjamin M., and Sebat, Jonathan
Abstract: Copy number variants (CNVs) have been strongly implicated in the genetic etiology of schizophrenia (SCZ). However, genome-wide investigation of the contribution of CNV to risk has been hampered by limited sample sizes. We sought to address this obstacle by applying a centralized analysis pipeline to a SCZ cohort of 21,094 cases and 20,227 controls. A global enrichment of CNV burden was observed in cases (odds ratio (OR) = 1.11, P = 5.7 x 10(-15)), which persisted after excluding loci implicated in previous studies (OR = 1.07, P = 1.7 x 10(-6)). CNV burden was enriched for genes associated with synaptic function (OR = 1.68, P = 2.8 x 10(-11)) and neurobehavioral phenotypes in mouse (OR = 1.18, P = 7.3 x 10(-5)). Genome-wide significant evidence was obtained for eight loci, including 1q21.1, 2p16.3 (NRXN1), 3q29, 7q11.2, 15q13.3, distal 16p11.2, proximal 16p11.2 and 22q11.2. Suggestive support was found for eight additional candidate susceptibility and protective loci, which consisted predominantly of CNVs mediated by nonallelic homologous recombination.
Published: 2017
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17. Contribution of copy number variants to schizophrenia from a genome-wide study of 41,321 subjects.

Author: Marshall, Christian R, Marshall, Christian R, Howrigan, Daniel P, Merico, Daniele, Thiruvahindrapuram, Bhooma, Wu, Wenting, Greer, Douglas S, Antaki, Danny, Shetty, Aniket, Holmans, Peter A, Pinto, Dalila, Gujral, Madhusudan, Brandler, William M, Malhotra, Dheeraj, Wang, Zhouzhi, Fajarado, Karin V Fuentes, Maile, Michelle S, Ripke, Stephan, Agartz, Ingrid, Albus, Margot, Alexander, Madeline, Amin, Farooq, Atkins, Joshua, Bacanu, Silviu A, Belliveau, Richard A, Bergen, Sarah E, Bertalan, Marcelo, Bevilacqua, Elizabeth, Bigdeli, Tim B, Black, Donald W, Bruggeman, Richard, Buccola, Nancy G, Buckner, Randy L, Bulik-Sullivan, Brendan, Byerley, William, Cahn, Wiepke, Cai, Guiqing, Cairns, Murray J, Campion, Dominique, Cantor, Rita M, Carr, Vaughan J, Carrera, Noa, Catts, Stanley V, Chambert, Kimberley D, Cheng, Wei, Cloninger, C Robert, Cohen, David, Cormican, Paul, Craddock, Nick, Crespo-Facorro, Benedicto, Crowley, James J, Curtis, David, Davidson, Michael, Davis, Kenneth L, Degenhardt, Franziska, Del Favero, Jurgen, DeLisi, Lynn E, Dikeos, Dimitris, Dinan, Timothy, Djurovic, Srdjan, Donohoe, Gary, Drapeau, Elodie, Duan, Jubao, Dudbridge, Frank, Eichhammer, Peter, Eriksson, Johan, Escott-Price, Valentina, Essioux, Laurent, Fanous, Ayman H, Farh, Kai-How, Farrell, Martilias S, Frank, Josef, Franke, Lude, Freedman, Robert, Freimer, Nelson B, Friedman, Joseph I, Forstner, Andreas J, Fromer, Menachem, Genovese, Giulio, Georgieva, Lyudmila, Gershon, Elliot S, Giegling, Ina, Giusti-Rodríguez, Paola, Godard, Stephanie, Goldstein, Jacqueline I, Gratten, Jacob, de Haan, Lieuwe, Hamshere, Marian L, Hansen, Mark, Hansen, Thomas, Haroutunian, Vahram, Hartmann, Annette M, Henskens, Frans A, Herms, Stefan, Hirschhorn, Joel N, Hoffmann, Per, Hofman, Andrea, Huang, Hailiang, Ikeda, Masashi, Joa, Inge, Marshall, Christian R, Marshall, Christian R, Howrigan, Daniel P, Merico, Daniele, Thiruvahindrapuram, Bhooma, Wu, Wenting, Greer, Douglas S, Antaki, Danny, Shetty, Aniket, Holmans, Peter A, Pinto, Dalila, Gujral, Madhusudan, Brandler, William M, Malhotra, Dheeraj, Wang, Zhouzhi, Fajarado, Karin V Fuentes, Maile, Michelle S, Ripke, Stephan, Agartz, Ingrid, Albus, Margot, Alexander, Madeline, Amin, Farooq, Atkins, Joshua, Bacanu, Silviu A, Belliveau, Richard A, Bergen, Sarah E, Bertalan, Marcelo, Bevilacqua, Elizabeth, Bigdeli, Tim B, Black, Donald W, Bruggeman, Richard, Buccola, Nancy G, Buckner, Randy L, Bulik-Sullivan, Brendan, Byerley, William, Cahn, Wiepke, Cai, Guiqing, Cairns, Murray J, Campion, Dominique, Cantor, Rita M, Carr, Vaughan J, Carrera, Noa, Catts, Stanley V, Chambert, Kimberley D, Cheng, Wei, Cloninger, C Robert, Cohen, David, Cormican, Paul, Craddock, Nick, Crespo-Facorro, Benedicto, Crowley, James J, Curtis, David, Davidson, Michael, Davis, Kenneth L, Degenhardt, Franziska, Del Favero, Jurgen, DeLisi, Lynn E, Dikeos, Dimitris, Dinan, Timothy, Djurovic, Srdjan, Donohoe, Gary, Drapeau, Elodie, Duan, Jubao, Dudbridge, Frank, Eichhammer, Peter, Eriksson, Johan, Escott-Price, Valentina, Essioux, Laurent, Fanous, Ayman H, Farh, Kai-How, Farrell, Martilias S, Frank, Josef, Franke, Lude, Freedman, Robert, Freimer, Nelson B, Friedman, Joseph I, Forstner, Andreas J, Fromer, Menachem, Genovese, Giulio, Georgieva, Lyudmila, Gershon, Elliot S, Giegling, Ina, Giusti-Rodríguez, Paola, Godard, Stephanie, Goldstein, Jacqueline I, Gratten, Jacob, de Haan, Lieuwe, Hamshere, Marian L, Hansen, Mark, Hansen, Thomas, Haroutunian, Vahram, Hartmann, Annette M, Henskens, Frans A, Herms, Stefan, Hirschhorn, Joel N, Hoffmann, Per, Hofman, Andrea, Huang, Hailiang, Ikeda, Masashi, and Joa, Inge
Abstract: Copy number variants (CNVs) have been strongly implicated in the genetic etiology of schizophrenia (SCZ). However, genome-wide investigation of the contribution of CNV to risk has been hampered by limited sample sizes. We sought to address this obstacle by applying a centralized analysis pipeline to a SCZ cohort of 21,094 cases and 20,227 controls. A global enrichment of CNV burden was observed in cases (odds ratio (OR) = 1.11, P = 5.7 × 10-15), which persisted after excluding loci implicated in previous studies (OR = 1.07, P = 1.7 × 10-6). CNV burden was enriched for genes associated with synaptic function (OR = 1.68, P = 2.8 × 10-11) and neurobehavioral phenotypes in mouse (OR = 1.18, P = 7.3 × 10-5). Genome-wide significant evidence was obtained for eight loci, including 1q21.1, 2p16.3 (NRXN1), 3q29, 7q11.2, 15q13.3, distal 16p11.2, proximal 16p11.2 and 22q11.2. Suggestive support was found for eight additional candidate susceptibility and protective loci, which consisted predominantly of CNVs mediated by nonallelic homologous recombination.
Published: 2017

18. Contribution of copy number variants to schizophrenia from a genome-wide study of 41,321 subjects.

Author: Marshall, Christian R, Marshall, Christian R, Howrigan, Daniel P, Merico, Daniele, Thiruvahindrapuram, Bhooma, Wu, Wenting, Greer, Douglas S, Antaki, Danny, Shetty, Aniket, Holmans, Peter A, Pinto, Dalila, Gujral, Madhusudan, Brandler, William M, Malhotra, Dheeraj, Wang, Zhouzhi, Fajarado, Karin V Fuentes, Maile, Michelle S, Ripke, Stephan, Agartz, Ingrid, Albus, Margot, Alexander, Madeline, Amin, Farooq, Atkins, Joshua, Bacanu, Silviu A, Belliveau, Richard A, Bergen, Sarah E, Bertalan, Marcelo, Bevilacqua, Elizabeth, Bigdeli, Tim B, Black, Donald W, Bruggeman, Richard, Buccola, Nancy G, Buckner, Randy L, Bulik-Sullivan, Brendan, Byerley, William, Cahn, Wiepke, Cai, Guiqing, Cairns, Murray J, Campion, Dominique, Cantor, Rita M, Carr, Vaughan J, Carrera, Noa, Catts, Stanley V, Chambert, Kimberley D, Cheng, Wei, Cloninger, C Robert, Cohen, David, Cormican, Paul, Craddock, Nick, Crespo-Facorro, Benedicto, Crowley, James J, Curtis, David, Davidson, Michael, Davis, Kenneth L, Degenhardt, Franziska, Del Favero, Jurgen, DeLisi, Lynn E, Dikeos, Dimitris, Dinan, Timothy, Djurovic, Srdjan, Donohoe, Gary, Drapeau, Elodie, Duan, Jubao, Dudbridge, Frank, Eichhammer, Peter, Eriksson, Johan, Escott-Price, Valentina, Essioux, Laurent, Fanous, Ayman H, Farh, Kai-How, Farrell, Martilias S, Frank, Josef, Franke, Lude, Freedman, Robert, Freimer, Nelson B, Friedman, Joseph I, Forstner, Andreas J, Fromer, Menachem, Genovese, Giulio, Georgieva, Lyudmila, Gershon, Elliot S, Giegling, Ina, Giusti-Rodríguez, Paola, Godard, Stephanie, Goldstein, Jacqueline I, Gratten, Jacob, de Haan, Lieuwe, Hamshere, Marian L, Hansen, Mark, Hansen, Thomas, Haroutunian, Vahram, Hartmann, Annette M, Henskens, Frans A, Herms, Stefan, Hirschhorn, Joel N, Hoffmann, Per, Hofman, Andrea, Huang, Hailiang, Ikeda, Masashi, Joa, Inge, Marshall, Christian R, Marshall, Christian R, Howrigan, Daniel P, Merico, Daniele, Thiruvahindrapuram, Bhooma, Wu, Wenting, Greer, Douglas S, Antaki, Danny, Shetty, Aniket, Holmans, Peter A, Pinto, Dalila, Gujral, Madhusudan, Brandler, William M, Malhotra, Dheeraj, Wang, Zhouzhi, Fajarado, Karin V Fuentes, Maile, Michelle S, Ripke, Stephan, Agartz, Ingrid, Albus, Margot, Alexander, Madeline, Amin, Farooq, Atkins, Joshua, Bacanu, Silviu A, Belliveau, Richard A, Bergen, Sarah E, Bertalan, Marcelo, Bevilacqua, Elizabeth, Bigdeli, Tim B, Black, Donald W, Bruggeman, Richard, Buccola, Nancy G, Buckner, Randy L, Bulik-Sullivan, Brendan, Byerley, William, Cahn, Wiepke, Cai, Guiqing, Cairns, Murray J, Campion, Dominique, Cantor, Rita M, Carr, Vaughan J, Carrera, Noa, Catts, Stanley V, Chambert, Kimberley D, Cheng, Wei, Cloninger, C Robert, Cohen, David, Cormican, Paul, Craddock, Nick, Crespo-Facorro, Benedicto, Crowley, James J, Curtis, David, Davidson, Michael, Davis, Kenneth L, Degenhardt, Franziska, Del Favero, Jurgen, DeLisi, Lynn E, Dikeos, Dimitris, Dinan, Timothy, Djurovic, Srdjan, Donohoe, Gary, Drapeau, Elodie, Duan, Jubao, Dudbridge, Frank, Eichhammer, Peter, Eriksson, Johan, Escott-Price, Valentina, Essioux, Laurent, Fanous, Ayman H, Farh, Kai-How, Farrell, Martilias S, Frank, Josef, Franke, Lude, Freedman, Robert, Freimer, Nelson B, Friedman, Joseph I, Forstner, Andreas J, Fromer, Menachem, Genovese, Giulio, Georgieva, Lyudmila, Gershon, Elliot S, Giegling, Ina, Giusti-Rodríguez, Paola, Godard, Stephanie, Goldstein, Jacqueline I, Gratten, Jacob, de Haan, Lieuwe, Hamshere, Marian L, Hansen, Mark, Hansen, Thomas, Haroutunian, Vahram, Hartmann, Annette M, Henskens, Frans A, Herms, Stefan, Hirschhorn, Joel N, Hoffmann, Per, Hofman, Andrea, Huang, Hailiang, Ikeda, Masashi, and Joa, Inge
Abstract: Copy number variants (CNVs) have been strongly implicated in the genetic etiology of schizophrenia (SCZ). However, genome-wide investigation of the contribution of CNV to risk has been hampered by limited sample sizes. We sought to address this obstacle by applying a centralized analysis pipeline to a SCZ cohort of 21,094 cases and 20,227 controls. A global enrichment of CNV burden was observed in cases (odds ratio (OR) = 1.11, P = 5.7 × 10-15), which persisted after excluding loci implicated in previous studies (OR = 1.07, P = 1.7 × 10-6). CNV burden was enriched for genes associated with synaptic function (OR = 1.68, P = 2.8 × 10-11) and neurobehavioral phenotypes in mouse (OR = 1.18, P = 7.3 × 10-5). Genome-wide significant evidence was obtained for eight loci, including 1q21.1, 2p16.3 (NRXN1), 3q29, 7q11.2, 15q13.3, distal 16p11.2, proximal 16p11.2 and 22q11.2. Suggestive support was found for eight additional candidate susceptibility and protective loci, which consisted predominantly of CNVs mediated by nonallelic homologous recombination.
Published: 2017

19. Contribution of copy number variants to schizophrenia from a genome-wide study of 41,321 subjects

Author: Marshall, Christian R., Howrigan, Daniel P., Merico, Daniele, Thiruvahindrapuram, Bhooma, Wu, Wenting, Greer, Douglas S., Antaki, Danny, Shetty, Aniket, Holmans, Peter A., Pinto, Dalila, Gujral, Madhusudan, Brandler, William M., Malhotra, Dheeraj, Wang, Zhouzhi, Fuentes Fajarado, Karin V., Maile, Michelle S., Ripke, Stephan, Agartz, Ingrid, Albus, Margot, Alexander, Madeline, Amin, Farooq, Atkins, Joshua, Bacanu, Silviu A., Belliveau, Richard A., Bergen, Sarah E., Bertalan, Marcelo, Bevilacqua, Elizabeth, Bigdeli, Tim B., Black, Donald W., Bruggeman, Richard, Buccola, Nancy G., Buckner, Randy L., Bulik-Sullivan, Brendan, Byerley, William, Cahn, Wiepke, Cai, Guiqing, Cairns, Murray J., Campion, Dominique, Cantor, Rita M., Carr, Vaughan J., Carrera, Noa, Catts, Stanley V., Chambert, Kimberley D., Cheng, Wei, Cloninger, C. Robert, Cohen, David, Cormican, Paul, Craddock, Nick, Crespo-Facorro, Benedicto, Crowley, James J., Curtis, David, Davidson, Michael, Davis, Kenneth L., Degenhardt, Franziska, Del Favero, Jurgen, DeLisi, Lynn E., Dikeos, Dimitris, Dinan, Timothy, Djurovic, Srdjan, Donohoe, Gary, Drapeau, Elodie, Duan, Jubao, Dudbridge, Frank, Eichhammer, Peter, Eriksson, Johan, Escott-Price, Valentina, Essioux, Laurent, Fanous, Ayman H., Farh, Kai How, Farrell, Martilias S., Frank, Josef, Franke, Lude, Freedman, Robert, Freimer, Nelson B., Friedman, Joseph I., Forstner, Andreas J., Fromer, Menachem, Genovese, Giulio, Georgieva, Lyudmila, Gershon, Elliot S., Giegling, Ina, Giusti-Rodríguez, Paola, Godard, Stephanie, Goldstein, Jacqueline I., Gratten, Jacob, De Haan, Lieuwe, Hamshere, Marian L., Hansen, Mark, Hansen, Thomas, Haroutunian, Vahram, Hartmann, Annette M., Henskens, Frans A., Herms, Stefan, Hirschhorn, Joel N., Hoffmann, Per, Hofman, Andrea, Huang, Hailiang, Ikeda, Masashi, Joa, Inge, Kähler, Anna K., Kahn, René S., Kalaydjieva, Luba, Karjalainen, Juha, Kavanagh, David, Keller, Matthew C., Kelly, Brian J., Kennedy, James L., Kim, Yunjung, Knowles, James A., Konte, Bettina, Laurent, Claudine, Lee, Phil, Lee, S. Hong, Legge, Sophie E., Lerer, Bernard, Levy, Deborah L., Liang, Kung Yee, Lieberman, Jeffrey, Lönnqvist, Jouko, Loughland, Carmel M., Magnusson, Patrik K E, Maher, Brion S., Maier, Wolfgang, Mallet, Jacques, Mattheisen, Manuel, Mattingsdal, Morten, McCarley, Robert W., McDonald, Colm, McIntosh, Andrew M., Meier, Sandra, Meijer, Carin J., Melle, Ingrid, Mesholam-Gately, Raquelle I., Metspalu, Andres, Michie, Patricia T., Milani, Lili, Milanova, Vihra, Mokrab, Younes, Morris, Derek W., Müller-Myhsok, Bertram, Murphy, Kieran C., Murray, Robin M., Myin-Germeys, Inez, Nenadic, Igor, Nertney, Deborah A., Nestadt, Gerald, Nicodemus, Kristin K., Nisenbaum, Laura, Nordin, Annelie, O'Callaghan, Eadbhard, O'Dushlaine, Colm, Oh, Sang Yun, Olincy, Ann, Olsen, Line, O'Neill, F. Anthony, Van Os, Jim, Pantelis, Christos, Papadimitriou, George N., Parkhomenko, Elena, Pato, Michele T., Paunio, Tiina, Perkins, Diana O., Pers, Tune Hannes, Pietiläinen, Olli, Pimm, Jonathan, Pocklington, Andrew J., Powell, John, Price, Alkes, Pulver, Ann E., Purcell, Shaun M., Quested, Digby, Rasmussen, H. B., Reichenberg, Abraham, Reimers, Mark A., Richards, Alexander L., Roffman, Joshua L., Roussos, Panos, Ruderfer, Douglas M., Salomaa, Veikko, Sanders, Alan R., Savitz, Adam, Schall, Ulrich, Schulze, Thomas G., Schwab, Sibylle G., Scolnick, Edward M., Scott, Rodney J., Seidman, Larry J., Shi, Jianxin, Silverman, Jeremy M., Smoller, Jordan W., Söderman, Erik, Spencer, Chris C A, Stahl, Eli A., Strengman, Eric, Strohmaier, Jana, Stroup, T. Scott, Suvisaari, Jaana, Svrakic, Dragan M., Szatkiewicz, Jin P., Thirumalai, Srinivas, Tooney, Paul A., Veijola, Juha, Visscher, Peter M., Waddington, John, Walsh, Dermot, Webb, Bradley T., Weiser, Mark, Wildenauer, Dieter B., Williams, Nigel M., Williams, Stephanie, Witt, Stephanie H., Wolen, Aaron R., Wormley, Brandon K., Wray, Naomi R., Wu, J. Q., Zai, Clement C., Adolfsson, Rolf, Andreassen, Ole A., Blackwood, Douglas H R, Bramon, Elvira, Buxbaum, Joseph D., Cichon, Sven, Collier, David A., Corvin, Aiden, Daly, Mark J., Darvasi, Ariel, Domenici, Enrico, Esko, Tõnu, Gejman, Pablo V., Gill, Michael, Gurling, Hugh, Hultman, Christina M., Iwata, Nakao, Jablensky, Assen V., Jönsson, Erik G., Kendler, Kenneth S., Kirov, George, Knight, Jo, Levinson, Douglas F., Li, Qingqin S., McCarroll, Steven A., McQuillin, Andrew, Moran, Jennifer L., Mowry, Bryan J., Nöthen, Markus M., Ophoff, Roel A., Owen, Michael J., Palotie, Aarno, Pato, Carlos N., Petryshen, Tracey L., Posthuma, Danielle, Rietschel, Marcella, Riley, Brien P., Rujescu, Dan, Sklar, Pamela, St Clair, David, Walters, James T R, Werge, Thomas, Sullivan, Patrick F., O'Donovan, Michael C., Scherer, Stephen W., Neale, Benjamin M., Sebat, Jonathan, Marshall, Christian R., Howrigan, Daniel P., Merico, Daniele, Thiruvahindrapuram, Bhooma, Wu, Wenting, Greer, Douglas S., Antaki, Danny, Shetty, Aniket, Holmans, Peter A., Pinto, Dalila, Gujral, Madhusudan, Brandler, William M., Malhotra, Dheeraj, Wang, Zhouzhi, Fuentes Fajarado, Karin V., Maile, Michelle S., Ripke, Stephan, Agartz, Ingrid, Albus, Margot, Alexander, Madeline, Amin, Farooq, Atkins, Joshua, Bacanu, Silviu A., Belliveau, Richard A., Bergen, Sarah E., Bertalan, Marcelo, Bevilacqua, Elizabeth, Bigdeli, Tim B., Black, Donald W., Bruggeman, Richard, Buccola, Nancy G., Buckner, Randy L., Bulik-Sullivan, Brendan, Byerley, William, Cahn, Wiepke, Cai, Guiqing, Cairns, Murray J., Campion, Dominique, Cantor, Rita M., Carr, Vaughan J., Carrera, Noa, Catts, Stanley V., Chambert, Kimberley D., Cheng, Wei, Cloninger, C. Robert, Cohen, David, Cormican, Paul, Craddock, Nick, Crespo-Facorro, Benedicto, Crowley, James J., Curtis, David, Davidson, Michael, Davis, Kenneth L., Degenhardt, Franziska, Del Favero, Jurgen, DeLisi, Lynn E., Dikeos, Dimitris, Dinan, Timothy, Djurovic, Srdjan, Donohoe, Gary, Drapeau, Elodie, Duan, Jubao, Dudbridge, Frank, Eichhammer, Peter, Eriksson, Johan, Escott-Price, Valentina, Essioux, Laurent, Fanous, Ayman H., Farh, Kai How, Farrell, Martilias S., Frank, Josef, Franke, Lude, Freedman, Robert, Freimer, Nelson B., Friedman, Joseph I., Forstner, Andreas J., Fromer, Menachem, Genovese, Giulio, Georgieva, Lyudmila, Gershon, Elliot S., Giegling, Ina, Giusti-Rodríguez, Paola, Godard, Stephanie, Goldstein, Jacqueline I., Gratten, Jacob, De Haan, Lieuwe, Hamshere, Marian L., Hansen, Mark, Hansen, Thomas, Haroutunian, Vahram, Hartmann, Annette M., Henskens, Frans A., Herms, Stefan, Hirschhorn, Joel N., Hoffmann, Per, Hofman, Andrea, Huang, Hailiang, Ikeda, Masashi, Joa, Inge, Kähler, Anna K., Kahn, René S., Kalaydjieva, Luba, Karjalainen, Juha, Kavanagh, David, Keller, Matthew C., Kelly, Brian J., Kennedy, James L., Kim, Yunjung, Knowles, James A., Konte, Bettina, Laurent, Claudine, Lee, Phil, Lee, S. Hong, Legge, Sophie E., Lerer, Bernard, Levy, Deborah L., Liang, Kung Yee, Lieberman, Jeffrey, Lönnqvist, Jouko, Loughland, Carmel M., Magnusson, Patrik K E, Maher, Brion S., Maier, Wolfgang, Mallet, Jacques, Mattheisen, Manuel, Mattingsdal, Morten, McCarley, Robert W., McDonald, Colm, McIntosh, Andrew M., Meier, Sandra, Meijer, Carin J., Melle, Ingrid, Mesholam-Gately, Raquelle I., Metspalu, Andres, Michie, Patricia T., Milani, Lili, Milanova, Vihra, Mokrab, Younes, Morris, Derek W., Müller-Myhsok, Bertram, Murphy, Kieran C., Murray, Robin M., Myin-Germeys, Inez, Nenadic, Igor, Nertney, Deborah A., Nestadt, Gerald, Nicodemus, Kristin K., Nisenbaum, Laura, Nordin, Annelie, O'Callaghan, Eadbhard, O'Dushlaine, Colm, Oh, Sang Yun, Olincy, Ann, Olsen, Line, O'Neill, F. Anthony, Van Os, Jim, Pantelis, Christos, Papadimitriou, George N., Parkhomenko, Elena, Pato, Michele T., Paunio, Tiina, Perkins, Diana O., Pers, Tune Hannes, Pietiläinen, Olli, Pimm, Jonathan, Pocklington, Andrew J., Powell, John, Price, Alkes, Pulver, Ann E., Purcell, Shaun M., Quested, Digby, Rasmussen, H. B., Reichenberg, Abraham, Reimers, Mark A., Richards, Alexander L., Roffman, Joshua L., Roussos, Panos, Ruderfer, Douglas M., Salomaa, Veikko, Sanders, Alan R., Savitz, Adam, Schall, Ulrich, Schulze, Thomas G., Schwab, Sibylle G., Scolnick, Edward M., Scott, Rodney J., Seidman, Larry J., Shi, Jianxin, Silverman, Jeremy M., Smoller, Jordan W., Söderman, Erik, Spencer, Chris C A, Stahl, Eli A., Strengman, Eric, Strohmaier, Jana, Stroup, T. Scott, Suvisaari, Jaana, Svrakic, Dragan M., Szatkiewicz, Jin P., Thirumalai, Srinivas, Tooney, Paul A., Veijola, Juha, Visscher, Peter M., Waddington, John, Walsh, Dermot, Webb, Bradley T., Weiser, Mark, Wildenauer, Dieter B., Williams, Nigel M., Williams, Stephanie, Witt, Stephanie H., Wolen, Aaron R., Wormley, Brandon K., Wray, Naomi R., Wu, J. Q., Zai, Clement C., Adolfsson, Rolf, Andreassen, Ole A., Blackwood, Douglas H R, Bramon, Elvira, Buxbaum, Joseph D., Cichon, Sven, Collier, David A., Corvin, Aiden, Daly, Mark J., Darvasi, Ariel, Domenici, Enrico, Esko, Tõnu, Gejman, Pablo V., Gill, Michael, Gurling, Hugh, Hultman, Christina M., Iwata, Nakao, Jablensky, Assen V., Jönsson, Erik G., Kendler, Kenneth S., Kirov, George, Knight, Jo, Levinson, Douglas F., Li, Qingqin S., McCarroll, Steven A., McQuillin, Andrew, Moran, Jennifer L., Mowry, Bryan J., Nöthen, Markus M., Ophoff, Roel A., Owen, Michael J., Palotie, Aarno, Pato, Carlos N., Petryshen, Tracey L., Posthuma, Danielle, Rietschel, Marcella, Riley, Brien P., Rujescu, Dan, Sklar, Pamela, St Clair, David, Walters, James T R, Werge, Thomas, Sullivan, Patrick F., O'Donovan, Michael C., Scherer, Stephen W., Neale, Benjamin M., and Sebat, Jonathan
Abstract: Copy number variants (CNVs) have been strongly implicated in the genetic etiology of schizophrenia (SCZ). However, genome-wide investigation of the contribution of CNV to risk has been hampered by limited sample sizes. We sought to address this obstacle by applying a centralized analysis pipeline to a SCZ cohort of 21,094 cases and 20,227 controls. A global enrichment of CNV burden was observed in cases (odds ratio (OR) = 1.11, P = 5.7 × 10-15), which persisted after excluding loci implicated in previous studies (OR = 1.07, P = 1.7 × 10-6). CNV burden was enriched for genes associated with synaptic function (OR = 1.68, P = 2.8 × 10-11) and neurobehavioral phenotypes in mouse (OR = 1.18, P = 7.3 × 10-5). Genome-wide significant evidence was obtained for eight loci, including 1q21.1, 2p16.3 (NRXN1), 3q29, 7q11.2, 15q13.3, distal 16p11.2, proximal 16p11.2 and 22q11.2. Suggestive support was found for eight additional candidate susceptibility and protective loci, which consisted predominantly of CNVs mediated by nonallelic homologous recombination.
Published: 2017

20. Quantitative Trait Locus and Brain Expression of HLA-DPA1 Offers Evidence of Shared Immune Alterations in Psychiatric Disorders.

Author: Morgan, Ling Z, Morgan, Ling Z, Rollins, Brandi, Sequeira, Adolfo, Byerley, William, DeLisi, Lynn E, Schatzberg, Alan F, Barchas, Jack D, Myers, Richard M, Watson, Stanley J, Akil, Huda, Bunney, William E, Vawter, Marquis P, Morgan, Ling Z, Morgan, Ling Z, Rollins, Brandi, Sequeira, Adolfo, Byerley, William, DeLisi, Lynn E, Schatzberg, Alan F, Barchas, Jack D, Myers, Richard M, Watson, Stanley J, Akil, Huda, Bunney, William E, and Vawter, Marquis P
Abstract: Genome-wide association studies of schizophrenia encompassing the major histocompatibility locus (MHC) were highly significant following genome-wide correction. This broad region implicates many genes including the MHC complex class II. Within this interval we examined the expression of two MHC II genes (HLA-DPA1 and HLA-DRB1) in brain from individual subjects with schizophrenia (SZ), bipolar disorder (BD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and controls by differential gene expression methods. A third MHC II mRNA, CD74, was studied outside of the MHC II locus, as it interacts within the same immune complex. Exon microarrays were performed in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in BD compared to controls, and both HLA-DPA1 and CD74 were decreased in expression in BD. The expression of HLA-DPA1 and CD74 were both reduced in hippocampus, amygdala, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex regions in SZ and BD compared to controls by specific qPCR assay. We found several novel HLA-DPA1 mRNA variants spanning HLA-DPA1 exons 2-3-4 as suggested by exon microarrays. The intronic rs9277341 SNP was a significant cis expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) that was associated with the total expression of HLA-DPA1 in five brain regions. A biomarker study of MHC II mRNAs was conducted in SZ, BD, MDD, and control lymphoblastic cell lines (LCL) by qPCR assay of 87 subjects. There was significantly decreased expression of HLA-DPA1 and CD74 in BD, and trends for reductions in SZ in LCLs. The discovery of multiple splicing variants in brain for HLA-DPA1 is important as the HLA-DPA1 gene is highly conserved, there are no reported splicing variants, and the functions in brain are unknown. Future work on the function and localization of MHC Class II proteins in brain will help to understand the role of alterations in neuropsychiatric disorders. The HLA-DPA1 eQTL is located within a large linkage disequilibrium block that has an irrefutable association with schizophrenia. Future tests in a larger
Published: 2016

21. Quantitative Trait Locus and Brain Expression of HLA-DPA1 Offers Evidence of Shared Immune Alterations in Psychiatric Disorders.

Author: Morgan, Ling Z, Morgan, Ling Z, Rollins, Brandi, Sequeira, Adolfo, Byerley, William, DeLisi, Lynn E, Schatzberg, Alan F, Barchas, Jack D, Myers, Richard M, Watson, Stanley J, Akil, Huda, Bunney, William E, Vawter, Marquis P, Morgan, Ling Z, Morgan, Ling Z, Rollins, Brandi, Sequeira, Adolfo, Byerley, William, DeLisi, Lynn E, Schatzberg, Alan F, Barchas, Jack D, Myers, Richard M, Watson, Stanley J, Akil, Huda, Bunney, William E, and Vawter, Marquis P
Abstract: Genome-wide association studies of schizophrenia encompassing the major histocompatibility locus (MHC) were highly significant following genome-wide correction. This broad region implicates many genes including the MHC complex class II. Within this interval we examined the expression of two MHC II genes (HLA-DPA1 and HLA-DRB1) in brain from individual subjects with schizophrenia (SZ), bipolar disorder (BD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and controls by differential gene expression methods. A third MHC II mRNA, CD74, was studied outside of the MHC II locus, as it interacts within the same immune complex. Exon microarrays were performed in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in BD compared to controls, and both HLA-DPA1 and CD74 were decreased in expression in BD. The expression of HLA-DPA1 and CD74 were both reduced in hippocampus, amygdala, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex regions in SZ and BD compared to controls by specific qPCR assay. We found several novel HLA-DPA1 mRNA variants spanning HLA-DPA1 exons 2-3-4 as suggested by exon microarrays. The intronic rs9277341 SNP was a significant cis expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) that was associated with the total expression of HLA-DPA1 in five brain regions. A biomarker study of MHC II mRNAs was conducted in SZ, BD, MDD, and control lymphoblastic cell lines (LCL) by qPCR assay of 87 subjects. There was significantly decreased expression of HLA-DPA1 and CD74 in BD, and trends for reductions in SZ in LCLs. The discovery of multiple splicing variants in brain for HLA-DPA1 is important as the HLA-DPA1 gene is highly conserved, there are no reported splicing variants, and the functions in brain are unknown. Future work on the function and localization of MHC Class II proteins in brain will help to understand the role of alterations in neuropsychiatric disorders. The HLA-DPA1 eQTL is located within a large linkage disequilibrium block that has an irrefutable association with schizophrenia. Future tests in a larger
Published: 2016

22. Evidence for Genetic Overlap Between Schizophrenia and Age at First Birth in Women.

Author: Mehta, Divya, Mehta, Divya, Tropf, Felix C, Gratten, Jacob, Bakshi, Andrew, Zhu, Zhihong, Bacanu, Silviu-Alin, Hemani, Gibran, Magnusson, Patrik KE, Barban, Nicola, Esko, Tõnu, Metspalu, Andres, Snieder, Harold, Mowry, Bryan J, Kendler, Kenneth S, Yang, Jian, Visscher, Peter M, McGrath, John J, Mills, Melinda C, Wray, Naomi R, Lee, S Hong, Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, LifeLines Cohort Study, and TwinsUK, Andreassen, Ole A, Bramon, Elvira, Bruggeman, Richard, Buxbaum, Joseph D, Cairns, Murray J, Cantor, Rita M, Cloninger, C Robert, Cohen, David, Crespo-Facorro, Benedicto, Darvasi, Ariel, DeLisi, Lynn E, Dinan, Timothy, Djurovic, Srdjan, Donohoe, Gary, Drapeau, Elodie, Escott-Price, Valentina, Freimer, Nelson B, Georgieva, Lyudmila, de Haan, Lieuwe, Henskens, Frans A, Joa, Inge, Julià, Antonio, Khrunin, Andrey, Lerer, Bernard, Limborska, Svetlana, Loughland, Carmel M, Macek, Milan, Marsal, Sara, McCarley, Robert W, McIntosh, Andrew M, McQuillin, Andrew, Melegh, Bela, Michie, Patricia T, Morris, Derek W, Murphy, Kieran C, Myin-Germeys, Inez, Olincy, Ann, Van Os, Jim, Pantelis, Christos, Posthuma, Danielle, Quested, Digby, Schall, Ulrich, Scott, Rodney J, Seidman, Larry J, Toncheva, Draga, Tooney, Paul A, Waddington, John, Weinberger, Daniel R, Weiser, Mark, Wu, Jing Qin, Mehta, Divya, Mehta, Divya, Tropf, Felix C, Gratten, Jacob, Bakshi, Andrew, Zhu, Zhihong, Bacanu, Silviu-Alin, Hemani, Gibran, Magnusson, Patrik KE, Barban, Nicola, Esko, Tõnu, Metspalu, Andres, Snieder, Harold, Mowry, Bryan J, Kendler, Kenneth S, Yang, Jian, Visscher, Peter M, McGrath, John J, Mills, Melinda C, Wray, Naomi R, Lee, S Hong, Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, LifeLines Cohort Study, and TwinsUK, Andreassen, Ole A, Bramon, Elvira, Bruggeman, Richard, Buxbaum, Joseph D, Cairns, Murray J, Cantor, Rita M, Cloninger, C Robert, Cohen, David, Crespo-Facorro, Benedicto, Darvasi, Ariel, DeLisi, Lynn E, Dinan, Timothy, Djurovic, Srdjan, Donohoe, Gary, Drapeau, Elodie, Escott-Price, Valentina, Freimer, Nelson B, Georgieva, Lyudmila, de Haan, Lieuwe, Henskens, Frans A, Joa, Inge, Julià, Antonio, Khrunin, Andrey, Lerer, Bernard, Limborska, Svetlana, Loughland, Carmel M, Macek, Milan, Marsal, Sara, McCarley, Robert W, McIntosh, Andrew M, McQuillin, Andrew, Melegh, Bela, Michie, Patricia T, Morris, Derek W, Murphy, Kieran C, Myin-Germeys, Inez, Olincy, Ann, Van Os, Jim, Pantelis, Christos, Posthuma, Danielle, Quested, Digby, Schall, Ulrich, Scott, Rodney J, Seidman, Larry J, Toncheva, Draga, Tooney, Paul A, Waddington, John, Weinberger, Daniel R, Weiser, Mark, and Wu, Jing Qin
Abstract: ImportanceA recently published study of national data by McGrath et al in 2014 showed increased risk of schizophrenia (SCZ) in offspring associated with both early and delayed parental age, consistent with a U-shaped relationship. However, it remains unclear if the risk to the child is due to psychosocial factors associated with parental age or if those at higher risk for SCZ tend to have children at an earlier or later age.ObjectiveTo determine if there is a genetic association between SCZ and age at first birth (AFB) using genetically informative but independently ascertained data sets.Design, setting, and participantsThis investigation used multiple independent genome-wide association study data sets. The SCZ sample comprised 18 957 SCZ cases and 22 673 controls in a genome-wide association study from the second phase of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, and the AFB sample comprised 12 247 genotyped women measured for AFB from the following 4 community cohorts: Estonia (Estonian Genome Center Biobank, University of Tartu), the Netherlands (LifeLines Cohort Study), Sweden (Swedish Twin Registry), and the United Kingdom (TwinsUK). Schizophrenia genetic risk for each woman in the AFB community sample was estimated using genetic effects inferred from the SCZ genome-wide association study.Main outcomes and measuresWe tested if SCZ genetic risk was a significant predictor of response variables based on published polynomial functions that described the relationship between maternal age and SCZ risk in offspring in Denmark. We substituted AFB for maternal age in these functions, one of which was corrected for the age of the father, and found that the fit was superior for the model without adjustment for the father's age.ResultsWe observed a U-shaped relationship between SCZ risk and AFB in the community cohorts, consistent with the previously reported relationship between SCZ risk in offspring and maternal age when not adjusted for the age of the father. We confirmed
Published: 2016

23. Evidence of allelic imbalance in the schizophrenia susceptibility gene ZNF804A in human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

Author: Guella, Ilaria, Guella, Ilaria, Sequeira, Adolfo, Rollins, Brandi, Morgan, Ling, Myers, Richard M, Watson, Stanley J, Akil, Huda, Bunney, William E, Delisi, Lynn E, Byerley, William, Vawter, Marquis P, Guella, Ilaria, Guella, Ilaria, Sequeira, Adolfo, Rollins, Brandi, Morgan, Ling, Myers, Richard M, Watson, Stanley J, Akil, Huda, Bunney, William E, Delisi, Lynn E, Byerley, William, and Vawter, Marquis P
Abstract: The rs1344706, an intronic SNP within the zinc-finger protein 804A gene (ZNF804A), was identified as one of the most compelling risk SNPs for schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD). It is however not clear by which molecular mechanisms ZNF804A increases disease risk. We evaluated the role of ZNF804A in SZ and BD by genotyping the originally associated rs1344706 SNP and an exonic SNP (rs12476147) located in exon four of ZNF804A in a sample of 422 SZ, 382 BD, and 507 controls from the isolated population of the Costa Rica Central Valley. We also investigated the rs1344706 SNP for allelic specific expression (ASE) imbalance in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of 46 heterozygous postmortem brains. While no significant association between rs1344706 and SZ or BD was observed in the Costa Rica sample, we observed an increased risk of SZ for the minor allele (A) of the exonic rs12476147 SNP (p=0.026). Our ASE assay detected a significant over-expression of the rs12476147 A allele in DLPFC of rs1344706 heterozygous subjects. Interestingly, cDNA allele ratios were significantly different according to the intronic rs1344706 genotypes (p-value=0.03), with the rs1344706 A allele associated with increased ZNF804A rs12476147 A allele expression (average 1.06, p-value=0.02, for heterozygous subjects vs. genomic DNA). In conclusion, we have demonstrated a significant association of rs12476147 with SZ, and using a powerful within-subject design, an allelic expression imbalance of ZNF804A exonic SNP rs12476147 in the DLPFC. Although this data does not preclude the possibility of other functional variants in ZNF804A, it provides evidence that the rs1344706 SZ risk allele is the cis-regulatory variant directly responsible for this allelic expression imbalance in adult cortex.
Published: 2014

24. A rare functional noncoding variant at the GWAS-implicated MIR137/MIR2682 locus might confer risk to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

Author: Duan, Jubao, Duan, Jubao, Shi, Jianxin, Fiorentino, Alessia, Leites, Catherine, Chen, Xiangning, Moy, Winton, Chen, Jingchun, Alexandrov, Boian S, Usheva, Anny, He, Deli, Freda, Jessica, O'Brien, Niamh L, Molecular Genetics of Schizophrenia collaboration, Genomic Psychiatric Cohort consortium, McQuillin, Andrew, Sanders, Alan R, Gershon, Elliot S, DeLisi, Lynn E, Bishop, Alan R, Gurling, Hugh MD, Pato, Michele T, Levinson, Douglas F, Kendler, Kenneth S, Pato, Carlos N, Gejman, Pablo V, Duan, Jubao, Duan, Jubao, Shi, Jianxin, Fiorentino, Alessia, Leites, Catherine, Chen, Xiangning, Moy, Winton, Chen, Jingchun, Alexandrov, Boian S, Usheva, Anny, He, Deli, Freda, Jessica, O'Brien, Niamh L, Molecular Genetics of Schizophrenia collaboration, Genomic Psychiatric Cohort consortium, McQuillin, Andrew, Sanders, Alan R, Gershon, Elliot S, DeLisi, Lynn E, Bishop, Alan R, Gurling, Hugh MD, Pato, Michele T, Levinson, Douglas F, Kendler, Kenneth S, Pato, Carlos N, and Gejman, Pablo V
Abstract: Schizophrenia (SZ) genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified common risk variants in >100 susceptibility loci; however, the contribution of rare variants at these loci remains largely unexplored. One of the strongly associated loci spans MIR137 (miR137) and MIR2682 (miR2682), two microRNA genes important for neuronal function. We sequenced ∼6.9 kb MIR137/MIR2682 and upstream regulatory sequences in 2,610 SZ cases and 2,611 controls of European ancestry. We identified 133 rare variants with minor allele frequency (MAF) <0.5%. The rare variant burden in promoters and enhancers, but not insulators, was associated with SZ (p = 0.021 for MAF < 0.5%, p = 0.003 for MAF < 0.1%). A rare enhancer SNP, 1:g.98515539A>T, presented exclusively in 11 SZ cases (nominal p = 4.8 × 10(-4)). We further identified its risk allele T in 2 of 2,434 additional SZ cases, 11 of 4,339 bipolar (BP) cases, and 3 of 3,572 SZ/BP study controls and 1,688 population controls; yielding combined p values of 0.0007, 0.0013, and 0.0001 for SZ, BP, and SZ/BP, respectively. The risk allele T of 1:g.98515539A>T reduced enhancer activity of its flanking sequence by >50% in human neuroblastoma cells, predicting lower expression of MIR137/MIR2682. Both empirical and computational analyses showed weaker transcription factor (YY1) binding by the risk allele. Chromatin conformation capture (3C) assay further indicated that 1:g.98515539A>T influenced MIR137/MIR2682, but not the nearby DPYD or LOC729987. Our results suggest that rare noncoding risk variants are associated with SZ and BP at MIR137/MIR2682 locus, with risk alleles decreasing MIR137/MIR2682 expression.
Published: 2014

25. A comprehensive family-based replication study of schizophrenia genes

Author: Aberg, Karolina A, Liu, Youfang, Bukszár, Jozsef, McClay, Joseph L, Khachane, Amit N, Andreassen, Ole A, Blackwood, Douglas, Corvin, Aiden, Djurovic, Srdjan, Gurling, Hugh, Ophoff, Roel, Pato, Carlos N, Pato, Michele T, Riley, Brien, Webb, Todd, Kendler, Kenneth, O'Donovan, Mick, Craddock, Nick, Kirov, George, Owen, Mike, Rujescu, Dan, St Clair, David, Werge, Thomas, Hultman, Christina M, Delisi, Lynn E, Sullivan, Patrick, van den Oord, Edwin J, Aberg, Karolina A, Liu, Youfang, Bukszár, Jozsef, McClay, Joseph L, Khachane, Amit N, Andreassen, Ole A, Blackwood, Douglas, Corvin, Aiden, Djurovic, Srdjan, Gurling, Hugh, Ophoff, Roel, Pato, Carlos N, Pato, Michele T, Riley, Brien, Webb, Todd, Kendler, Kenneth, O'Donovan, Mick, Craddock, Nick, Kirov, George, Owen, Mike, Rujescu, Dan, St Clair, David, Werge, Thomas, Hultman, Christina M, Delisi, Lynn E, Sullivan, Patrick, and van den Oord, Edwin J
Abstract: IMPORTANCE Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a devastating psychiatric condition. Identifying the specific genetic variants and pathways that increase susceptibility to SCZ is critical to improve disease understanding and address the urgent need for new drug targets. OBJECTIVE To identify SCZ susceptibility genes. DESIGN We integrated results from a meta-analysis of 18 genome-wide association studies (GWAS) involving 1 085 772 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 6 databases that showed significant informativeness for SCZ. The 9380 most promising SNPs were then specifically genotyped in an independent family-based replication study that, after quality control, consisted of 8107 SNPs. SETTING Linkage meta-analysis, brain transcriptome meta-analysis, candidate gene database, OMIM, relevant mouse studies, and expression quantitative trait locus databases. PATIENTS We included 11 185 cases and 10 768 control subjects from 6 databases and, after quality control 6298 individuals (including 3286 cases) from 1811 nuclear families. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Case-control status for SCZ. RESULTS Replication results showed a highly significant enrichment of SNPs with small P values. Of the SNPs with replication values of P <. 01, the proportion of SNPs that had the same direction of effects as in the GWAS meta-analysis was 89% in the combined ancestry group (sign test, P < 2.20 × 10-16) and 93% in subjects of European ancestry only (P < 2.20 × 10-16). Our results supported the major histocompatibility complex region showing a 3.7-fold overall enrichment of replication values of P < .01 in subjects from European ancestry. We replicated SNPs in TCF4 (P = 2.53 × 10-10) and NOTCH4 (P = 3.16 × 10-7) that are among the most robust SCZ findings. More novel findings included POM121L2 (P = 3.51 × 10-7), AS3MT (P = 9.01 × 10-7), CNNM2 (P = 6.07 × 10-7), and NT5C2 (P = 4.09 × 10-7). To explore the many small effects, we performed pathway analyses. The most significant pathways inv
Published: 2013

26. A comprehensive family-based replication study of schizophrenia genes

Author: Aberg, Karolina A, Liu, Youfang, Bukszár, Jozsef, McClay, Joseph L, Khachane, Amit N, Andreassen, Ole A, Blackwood, Douglas, Corvin, Aiden, Djurovic, Srdjan, Gurling, Hugh, Ophoff, Roel, Pato, Carlos N, Pato, Michele T, Riley, Brien, Webb, Todd, Kendler, Kenneth, O'Donovan, Mick, Craddock, Nick, Kirov, George, Owen, Mike, Rujescu, Dan, St Clair, David, Werge, Thomas, Hultman, Christina M, Delisi, Lynn E, Sullivan, Patrick, van den Oord, Edwin J, Aberg, Karolina A, Liu, Youfang, Bukszár, Jozsef, McClay, Joseph L, Khachane, Amit N, Andreassen, Ole A, Blackwood, Douglas, Corvin, Aiden, Djurovic, Srdjan, Gurling, Hugh, Ophoff, Roel, Pato, Carlos N, Pato, Michele T, Riley, Brien, Webb, Todd, Kendler, Kenneth, O'Donovan, Mick, Craddock, Nick, Kirov, George, Owen, Mike, Rujescu, Dan, St Clair, David, Werge, Thomas, Hultman, Christina M, Delisi, Lynn E, Sullivan, Patrick, and van den Oord, Edwin J
Abstract: IMPORTANCE Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a devastating psychiatric condition. Identifying the specific genetic variants and pathways that increase susceptibility to SCZ is critical to improve disease understanding and address the urgent need for new drug targets. OBJECTIVE To identify SCZ susceptibility genes. DESIGN We integrated results from a meta-analysis of 18 genome-wide association studies (GWAS) involving 1 085 772 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 6 databases that showed significant informativeness for SCZ. The 9380 most promising SNPs were then specifically genotyped in an independent family-based replication study that, after quality control, consisted of 8107 SNPs. SETTING Linkage meta-analysis, brain transcriptome meta-analysis, candidate gene database, OMIM, relevant mouse studies, and expression quantitative trait locus databases. PATIENTS We included 11 185 cases and 10 768 control subjects from 6 databases and, after quality control 6298 individuals (including 3286 cases) from 1811 nuclear families. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Case-control status for SCZ. RESULTS Replication results showed a highly significant enrichment of SNPs with small P values. Of the SNPs with replication values of P <. 01, the proportion of SNPs that had the same direction of effects as in the GWAS meta-analysis was 89% in the combined ancestry group (sign test, P < 2.20 × 10-16) and 93% in subjects of European ancestry only (P < 2.20 × 10-16). Our results supported the major histocompatibility complex region showing a 3.7-fold overall enrichment of replication values of P < .01 in subjects from European ancestry. We replicated SNPs in TCF4 (P = 2.53 × 10-10) and NOTCH4 (P = 3.16 × 10-7) that are among the most robust SCZ findings. More novel findings included POM121L2 (P = 3.51 × 10-7), AS3MT (P = 9.01 × 10-7), CNNM2 (P = 6.07 × 10-7), and NT5C2 (P = 4.09 × 10-7). To explore the many small effects, we performed pathway analyses. The most significant pathways inv
Published: 2013

27. Summaries from the XIX World Congress of Psychiatric Genetics, Washington, DC, September 10-14, 2011

Author: Dai, Nan, Foldager, Leslie, Gallego, Juan A., Hack, Laura M., Ji, Yuan, Lett, Tristram A.P., Liu, Bao Cheng, Loken, Erik K., Mandelli, Laura, Mehta, Divya, Power, Robert A., Sprooten, Emma, Stephens, Sarah H., Paska, Alja Videtic, Yan, Jia, Zai, Clement C., Zai, Gwyneth, Zhang-James, Yanli, O'Shea, Anne, Delisi, Lynn E., Dai, Nan, Foldager, Leslie, Gallego, Juan A., Hack, Laura M., Ji, Yuan, Lett, Tristram A.P., Liu, Bao Cheng, Loken, Erik K., Mandelli, Laura, Mehta, Divya, Power, Robert A., Sprooten, Emma, Stephens, Sarah H., Paska, Alja Videtic, Yan, Jia, Zai, Clement C., Zai, Gwyneth, Zhang-James, Yanli, O'Shea, Anne, and Delisi, Lynn E.
Published: 2012

28. Duplications of the neuropeptide receptor gene VIPR2 confer significant risk for schizophrenia.

Author: Vacic, Vladimir, Vacic, Vladimir, McCarthy, Shane, Malhotra, Dheeraj, Murray, Fiona, Chou, Hsun-Hua, Peoples, Aine, Makarov, Vladimir, Yoon, Seungtai, Bhandari, Abhishek, Corominas, Roser, Iakoucheva, Lilia M, Krastoshevsky, Olga, Krause, Verena, Larach-Walters, Verónica, Welsh, David K, Craig, David, Kelsoe, John R, Gershon, Elliot S, Leal, Suzanne M, Dell Aquila, Marie, Morris, Derek W, Gill, Michael, Corvin, Aiden, Insel, Paul A, McClellan, Jon, King, Mary-Claire, Karayiorgou, Maria, Levy, Deborah L, DeLisi, Lynn E, Sebat, Jonathan, Vacic, Vladimir, Vacic, Vladimir, McCarthy, Shane, Malhotra, Dheeraj, Murray, Fiona, Chou, Hsun-Hua, Peoples, Aine, Makarov, Vladimir, Yoon, Seungtai, Bhandari, Abhishek, Corominas, Roser, Iakoucheva, Lilia M, Krastoshevsky, Olga, Krause, Verena, Larach-Walters, Verónica, Welsh, David K, Craig, David, Kelsoe, John R, Gershon, Elliot S, Leal, Suzanne M, Dell Aquila, Marie, Morris, Derek W, Gill, Michael, Corvin, Aiden, Insel, Paul A, McClellan, Jon, King, Mary-Claire, Karayiorgou, Maria, Levy, Deborah L, DeLisi, Lynn E, and Sebat, Jonathan
Abstract: Rare copy number variants (CNVs) have a prominent role in the aetiology of schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Substantial risk for schizophrenia is conferred by large (>500-kilobase) CNVs at several loci, including microdeletions at 1q21.1 (ref. 2), 3q29 (ref. 3), 15q13.3 (ref. 2) and 22q11.2 (ref. 4) and microduplication at 16p11.2 (ref. 5). However, these CNVs collectively account for a small fraction (2-4%) of cases, and the relevant genes and neurobiological mechanisms are not well understood. Here we performed a large two-stage genome-wide scan of rare CNVs and report the significant association of copy number gains at chromosome 7q36.3 with schizophrenia. Microduplications with variable breakpoints occurred within a 362-kilobase region and were detected in 29 of 8,290 (0.35%) patients versus 2 of 7,431 (0.03%) controls in the combined sample. All duplications overlapped or were located within 89 kilobases upstream of the vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor gene VIPR2. VIPR2 transcription and cyclic-AMP signalling were significantly increased in cultured lymphocytes from patients with microduplications of 7q36.3. These findings implicate altered vasoactive intestinal peptide signalling in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and indicate the VPAC2 receptor as a potential target for the development of new antipsychotic drugs.
Published: 2011

29. Duplications of the neuropeptide receptor gene VIPR2 confer significant risk for schizophrenia.

Author: Vacic, Vladimir, Vacic, Vladimir, McCarthy, Shane, Malhotra, Dheeraj, Murray, Fiona, Chou, Hsun-Hua, Peoples, Aine, Makarov, Vladimir, Yoon, Seungtai, Bhandari, Abhishek, Corominas, Roser, Iakoucheva, Lilia M, Krastoshevsky, Olga, Krause, Verena, Larach-Walters, Verónica, Welsh, David K, Craig, David, Kelsoe, John R, Gershon, Elliot S, Leal, Suzanne M, Dell Aquila, Marie, Morris, Derek W, Gill, Michael, Corvin, Aiden, Insel, Paul A, McClellan, Jon, King, Mary-Claire, Karayiorgou, Maria, Levy, Deborah L, DeLisi, Lynn E, Sebat, Jonathan, Vacic, Vladimir, Vacic, Vladimir, McCarthy, Shane, Malhotra, Dheeraj, Murray, Fiona, Chou, Hsun-Hua, Peoples, Aine, Makarov, Vladimir, Yoon, Seungtai, Bhandari, Abhishek, Corominas, Roser, Iakoucheva, Lilia M, Krastoshevsky, Olga, Krause, Verena, Larach-Walters, Verónica, Welsh, David K, Craig, David, Kelsoe, John R, Gershon, Elliot S, Leal, Suzanne M, Dell Aquila, Marie, Morris, Derek W, Gill, Michael, Corvin, Aiden, Insel, Paul A, McClellan, Jon, King, Mary-Claire, Karayiorgou, Maria, Levy, Deborah L, DeLisi, Lynn E, and Sebat, Jonathan
Abstract: Rare copy number variants (CNVs) have a prominent role in the aetiology of schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Substantial risk for schizophrenia is conferred by large (>500-kilobase) CNVs at several loci, including microdeletions at 1q21.1 (ref. 2), 3q29 (ref. 3), 15q13.3 (ref. 2) and 22q11.2 (ref. 4) and microduplication at 16p11.2 (ref. 5). However, these CNVs collectively account for a small fraction (2-4%) of cases, and the relevant genes and neurobiological mechanisms are not well understood. Here we performed a large two-stage genome-wide scan of rare CNVs and report the significant association of copy number gains at chromosome 7q36.3 with schizophrenia. Microduplications with variable breakpoints occurred within a 362-kilobase region and were detected in 29 of 8,290 (0.35%) patients versus 2 of 7,431 (0.03%) controls in the combined sample. All duplications overlapped or were located within 89 kilobases upstream of the vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor gene VIPR2. VIPR2 transcription and cyclic-AMP signalling were significantly increased in cultured lymphocytes from patients with microduplications of 7q36.3. These findings implicate altered vasoactive intestinal peptide signalling in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and indicate the VPAC2 receptor as a potential target for the development of new antipsychotic drugs.
Published: 2011

30. A recurrent 16p12.1 microdeletion supports a two-hit model for severe developmental delay.

Author: Girirajan, Santhosh, Girirajan, Santhosh, Rosenfeld, Jill A, Cooper, Gregory M, Antonacci, Francesca, Siswara, Priscillia, Itsara, Andy, Vives, Laura, Walsh, Tom, McCarthy, Shane E, Baker, Carl, Mefford, Heather C, Kidd, Jeffrey M, Browning, Sharon R, Browning, Brian L, Dickel, Diane E, Levy, Deborah L, Ballif, Blake C, Platky, Kathryn, Farber, Darren M, Gowans, Gordon C, Wetherbee, Jessica J, Asamoah, Alexander, Weaver, David D, Mark, Paul R, Dickerson, Jennifer, Garg, Bhuwan P, Ellingwood, Sara A, Smith, Rosemarie, Banks, Valerie C, Smith, Wendy, McDonald, Marie T, Hoo, Joe J, French, Beatrice N, Hudson, Cindy, Johnson, John P, Ozmore, Jillian R, Moeschler, John B, Surti, Urvashi, Escobar, Luis F, El-Khechen, Dima, Gorski, Jerome L, Kussmann, Jennifer, Salbert, Bonnie, Lacassie, Yves, Biser, Alisha, McDonald-McGinn, Donna M, Zackai, Elaine H, Deardorff, Matthew A, Shaikh, Tamim H, Haan, Eric, Friend, Kathryn L, Fichera, Marco, Romano, Corrado, Gécz, Jozef, DeLisi, Lynn E, Sebat, Jonathan, King, Mary-Claire, Shaffer, Lisa G, Eichler, Evan E, Girirajan, Santhosh, Girirajan, Santhosh, Rosenfeld, Jill A, Cooper, Gregory M, Antonacci, Francesca, Siswara, Priscillia, Itsara, Andy, Vives, Laura, Walsh, Tom, McCarthy, Shane E, Baker, Carl, Mefford, Heather C, Kidd, Jeffrey M, Browning, Sharon R, Browning, Brian L, Dickel, Diane E, Levy, Deborah L, Ballif, Blake C, Platky, Kathryn, Farber, Darren M, Gowans, Gordon C, Wetherbee, Jessica J, Asamoah, Alexander, Weaver, David D, Mark, Paul R, Dickerson, Jennifer, Garg, Bhuwan P, Ellingwood, Sara A, Smith, Rosemarie, Banks, Valerie C, Smith, Wendy, McDonald, Marie T, Hoo, Joe J, French, Beatrice N, Hudson, Cindy, Johnson, John P, Ozmore, Jillian R, Moeschler, John B, Surti, Urvashi, Escobar, Luis F, El-Khechen, Dima, Gorski, Jerome L, Kussmann, Jennifer, Salbert, Bonnie, Lacassie, Yves, Biser, Alisha, McDonald-McGinn, Donna M, Zackai, Elaine H, Deardorff, Matthew A, Shaikh, Tamim H, Haan, Eric, Friend, Kathryn L, Fichera, Marco, Romano, Corrado, Gécz, Jozef, DeLisi, Lynn E, Sebat, Jonathan, King, Mary-Claire, Shaffer, Lisa G, and Eichler, Evan E
Abstract: We report the identification of a recurrent, 520-kb 16p12.1 microdeletion associated with childhood developmental delay. The microdeletion was detected in 20 of 11,873 cases compared with 2 of 8,540 controls (P = 0.0009, OR = 7.2) and replicated in a second series of 22 of 9,254 cases compared with 6 of 6,299 controls (P = 0.028, OR = 2.5). Most deletions were inherited, with carrier parents likely to manifest neuropsychiatric phenotypes compared to non-carrier parents (P = 0.037, OR = 6). Probands were more likely to carry an additional large copy-number variant when compared to matched controls (10 of 42 cases, P = 5.7 x 10(-5), OR = 6.6). The clinical features of individuals with two mutations were distinct from and/or more severe than those of individuals carrying only the co-occurring mutation. Our data support a two-hit model in which the 16p12.1 microdeletion both predisposes to neuropsychiatric phenotypes as a single event and exacerbates neurodevelopmental phenotypes in association with other large deletions or duplications. Analysis of other microdeletions with variable expressivity indicates that this two-hit model might be more generally applicable to neuropsychiatric disease.
Published: 2010

31. A recurrent 16p12.1 microdeletion supports a two-hit model for severe developmental delay.

Author: Girirajan, Santhosh, Girirajan, Santhosh, Rosenfeld, Jill A, Cooper, Gregory M, Antonacci, Francesca, Siswara, Priscillia, Itsara, Andy, Vives, Laura, Walsh, Tom, McCarthy, Shane E, Baker, Carl, Mefford, Heather C, Kidd, Jeffrey M, Browning, Sharon R, Browning, Brian L, Dickel, Diane E, Levy, Deborah L, Ballif, Blake C, Platky, Kathryn, Farber, Darren M, Gowans, Gordon C, Wetherbee, Jessica J, Asamoah, Alexander, Weaver, David D, Mark, Paul R, Dickerson, Jennifer, Garg, Bhuwan P, Ellingwood, Sara A, Smith, Rosemarie, Banks, Valerie C, Smith, Wendy, McDonald, Marie T, Hoo, Joe J, French, Beatrice N, Hudson, Cindy, Johnson, John P, Ozmore, Jillian R, Moeschler, John B, Surti, Urvashi, Escobar, Luis F, El-Khechen, Dima, Gorski, Jerome L, Kussmann, Jennifer, Salbert, Bonnie, Lacassie, Yves, Biser, Alisha, McDonald-McGinn, Donna M, Zackai, Elaine H, Deardorff, Matthew A, Shaikh, Tamim H, Haan, Eric, Friend, Kathryn L, Fichera, Marco, Romano, Corrado, Gécz, Jozef, DeLisi, Lynn E, Sebat, Jonathan, King, Mary-Claire, Shaffer, Lisa G, Eichler, Evan E, Girirajan, Santhosh, Girirajan, Santhosh, Rosenfeld, Jill A, Cooper, Gregory M, Antonacci, Francesca, Siswara, Priscillia, Itsara, Andy, Vives, Laura, Walsh, Tom, McCarthy, Shane E, Baker, Carl, Mefford, Heather C, Kidd, Jeffrey M, Browning, Sharon R, Browning, Brian L, Dickel, Diane E, Levy, Deborah L, Ballif, Blake C, Platky, Kathryn, Farber, Darren M, Gowans, Gordon C, Wetherbee, Jessica J, Asamoah, Alexander, Weaver, David D, Mark, Paul R, Dickerson, Jennifer, Garg, Bhuwan P, Ellingwood, Sara A, Smith, Rosemarie, Banks, Valerie C, Smith, Wendy, McDonald, Marie T, Hoo, Joe J, French, Beatrice N, Hudson, Cindy, Johnson, John P, Ozmore, Jillian R, Moeschler, John B, Surti, Urvashi, Escobar, Luis F, El-Khechen, Dima, Gorski, Jerome L, Kussmann, Jennifer, Salbert, Bonnie, Lacassie, Yves, Biser, Alisha, McDonald-McGinn, Donna M, Zackai, Elaine H, Deardorff, Matthew A, Shaikh, Tamim H, Haan, Eric, Friend, Kathryn L, Fichera, Marco, Romano, Corrado, Gécz, Jozef, DeLisi, Lynn E, Sebat, Jonathan, King, Mary-Claire, Shaffer, Lisa G, and Eichler, Evan E
Abstract: We report the identification of a recurrent, 520-kb 16p12.1 microdeletion associated with childhood developmental delay. The microdeletion was detected in 20 of 11,873 cases compared with 2 of 8,540 controls (P = 0.0009, OR = 7.2) and replicated in a second series of 22 of 9,254 cases compared with 6 of 6,299 controls (P = 0.028, OR = 2.5). Most deletions were inherited, with carrier parents likely to manifest neuropsychiatric phenotypes compared to non-carrier parents (P = 0.037, OR = 6). Probands were more likely to carry an additional large copy-number variant when compared to matched controls (10 of 42 cases, P = 5.7 x 10(-5), OR = 6.6). The clinical features of individuals with two mutations were distinct from and/or more severe than those of individuals carrying only the co-occurring mutation. Our data support a two-hit model in which the 16p12.1 microdeletion both predisposes to neuropsychiatric phenotypes as a single event and exacerbates neurodevelopmental phenotypes in association with other large deletions or duplications. Analysis of other microdeletions with variable expressivity indicates that this two-hit model might be more generally applicable to neuropsychiatric disease.
Published: 2010

32. Microduplications of 16p11.2 are associated with schizophrenia.

Author: McCarthy, Shane E, McCarthy, Shane E, Makarov, Vladimir, Kirov, George, Addington, Anjene M, McClellan, Jon, Yoon, Seungtai, Perkins, Diana O, Dickel, Diane E, Kusenda, Mary, Krastoshevsky, Olga, Krause, Verena, Kumar, Ravinesh A, Grozeva, Detelina, Malhotra, Dheeraj, Walsh, Tom, Zackai, Elaine H, Kaplan, Paige, Ganesh, Jaya, Krantz, Ian D, Spinner, Nancy B, Roccanova, Patricia, Bhandari, Abhishek, Pavon, Kevin, Lakshmi, B, Leotta, Anthony, Kendall, Jude, Lee, Yoon-Ha, Vacic, Vladimir, Gary, Sydney, Iakoucheva, Lilia M, Crow, Timothy J, Christian, Susan L, Lieberman, Jeffrey A, Stroup, T Scott, Lehtimäki, Terho, Puura, Kaija, Haldeman-Englert, Chad, Pearl, Justin, Goodell, Meredith, Willour, Virginia L, Derosse, Pamela, Steele, Jo, Kassem, Layla, Wolff, Jessica, Chitkara, Nisha, McMahon, Francis J, Malhotra, Anil K, Potash, James B, Schulze, Thomas G, Nöthen, Markus M, Cichon, Sven, Rietschel, Marcella, Leibenluft, Ellen, Kustanovich, Vlad, Lajonchere, Clara M, Sutcliffe, James S, Skuse, David, Gill, Michael, Gallagher, Louise, Mendell, Nancy R, Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, Craddock, Nick, Owen, Michael J, O'Donovan, Michael C, Shaikh, Tamim H, Susser, Ezra, Delisi, Lynn E, Sullivan, Patrick F, Deutsch, Curtis K, Rapoport, Judith, Levy, Deborah L, King, Mary-Claire, Sebat, Jonathan, McCarthy, Shane E, McCarthy, Shane E, Makarov, Vladimir, Kirov, George, Addington, Anjene M, McClellan, Jon, Yoon, Seungtai, Perkins, Diana O, Dickel, Diane E, Kusenda, Mary, Krastoshevsky, Olga, Krause, Verena, Kumar, Ravinesh A, Grozeva, Detelina, Malhotra, Dheeraj, Walsh, Tom, Zackai, Elaine H, Kaplan, Paige, Ganesh, Jaya, Krantz, Ian D, Spinner, Nancy B, Roccanova, Patricia, Bhandari, Abhishek, Pavon, Kevin, Lakshmi, B, Leotta, Anthony, Kendall, Jude, Lee, Yoon-Ha, Vacic, Vladimir, Gary, Sydney, Iakoucheva, Lilia M, Crow, Timothy J, Christian, Susan L, Lieberman, Jeffrey A, Stroup, T Scott, Lehtimäki, Terho, Puura, Kaija, Haldeman-Englert, Chad, Pearl, Justin, Goodell, Meredith, Willour, Virginia L, Derosse, Pamela, Steele, Jo, Kassem, Layla, Wolff, Jessica, Chitkara, Nisha, McMahon, Francis J, Malhotra, Anil K, Potash, James B, Schulze, Thomas G, Nöthen, Markus M, Cichon, Sven, Rietschel, Marcella, Leibenluft, Ellen, Kustanovich, Vlad, Lajonchere, Clara M, Sutcliffe, James S, Skuse, David, Gill, Michael, Gallagher, Louise, Mendell, Nancy R, Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, Craddock, Nick, Owen, Michael J, O'Donovan, Michael C, Shaikh, Tamim H, Susser, Ezra, Delisi, Lynn E, Sullivan, Patrick F, Deutsch, Curtis K, Rapoport, Judith, Levy, Deborah L, King, Mary-Claire, and Sebat, Jonathan
Abstract: Recurrent microdeletions and microduplications of a 600-kb genomic region of chromosome 16p11.2 have been implicated in childhood-onset developmental disorders. We report the association of 16p11.2 microduplications with schizophrenia in two large cohorts. The microduplication was detected in 12/1,906 (0.63%) cases and 1/3,971 (0.03%) controls (P = 1.2 x 10(-5), OR = 25.8) from the initial cohort, and in 9/2,645 (0.34%) cases and 1/2,420 (0.04%) controls (P = 0.022, OR = 8.3) of the replication cohort. The 16p11.2 microduplication was associated with a 14.5-fold increased risk of schizophrenia (95% CI (3.3, 62)) in the combined sample. A meta-analysis of datasets for multiple psychiatric disorders showed a significant association of the microduplication with schizophrenia (P = 4.8 x 10(-7)), bipolar disorder (P = 0.017) and autism (P = 1.9 x 10(-7)). In contrast, the reciprocal microdeletion was associated only with autism and developmental disorders (P = 2.3 x 10(-13)). Head circumference was larger in patients with the microdeletion than in patients with the microduplication (P = 0.0007).
Published: 2009

33. Exon expression in lymphoblastoid cell lines from subjects with schizophrenia before and after glucose deprivation

Author: Martin, Maureen V, Martin, Maureen V, Rollins, Brandi, Sequeira, P Adolfo, Mesen, Andrea, Byerley, William, Stein, Richard, Moon, Emily A, Akil, Huda, Jones, Edward G, Watson, Stanley J, Barchas, Jack, DeLisi, Lynn E, Myers, Richard M, Schatzberg, Alan, Bunney, William E, Vawter, Marquis P, Martin, Maureen V, Martin, Maureen V, Rollins, Brandi, Sequeira, P Adolfo, Mesen, Andrea, Byerley, William, Stein, Richard, Moon, Emily A, Akil, Huda, Jones, Edward G, Watson, Stanley J, Barchas, Jack, DeLisi, Lynn E, Myers, Richard M, Schatzberg, Alan, Bunney, William E, and Vawter, Marquis P
Abstract: Background: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of glucose reduction stress on lymphoblastic cell line (LCL) gene expression in subjects with schizophrenia compared to non-psychotic relatives. Methods: LCLs were grown under two glucose conditions to measure the effects of glucose reduction stress on exon expression in subjects with schizophrenia compared to unaffected family member controls. A second aim of this project was to identify cis-regulated transcripts associated with diagnosis. Results: There were a total of 122 transcripts with significant diagnosis by probeset interaction effects and 328 transcripts with glucose deprivation by probeset interaction probeset effects after corrections for multiple comparisons. There were 8 transcripts with expression significantly affected by the interaction between diagnosis and glucose deprivation and probeset after correction for multiple comparisons. The overall validation rate by qPCR of 13 diagnosis effect genes identified through microarray was 62%, and all genes tested by qPCR showed concordant up- or down-regulation by qPCR and microarray. We assessed brain gene expression of five genes found to be altered by diagnosis and glucose deprivation in LCLs and found a significant decrease in expression of one gene, glutaminase, in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). One SNP with previously identified regulation by a 3' UTR SNP was found to influence IRF5 expression in both brain and lymphocytes. The relationship between the 3' UTR rs10954213 genotype and IRF5 expression was significant in LCLs (p = 0.0001), DLPFC (p = 0.007), and anterior cingulate cortex (p = 0.002). Conclusion: Experimental manipulation of cells lines from subjects with schizophrenia may be a useful approach to explore stress related gene expression alterations in schizophrenia and to identify SNP variants associated with gene expression.
Published: 2009

34. Exon expression in lymphoblastoid cell lines from subjects with schizophrenia before and after glucose deprivation

Author: Martin, Maureen V, Martin, Maureen V, Rollins, Brandi, Sequeira, P Adolfo, Mesen, Andrea, Byerley, William, Stein, Richard, Moon, Emily A, Akil, Huda, Jones, Edward G, Watson, Stanley J, Barchas, Jack, DeLisi, Lynn E, Myers, Richard M, Schatzberg, Alan, Bunney, William E, Vawter, Marquis P, Martin, Maureen V, Martin, Maureen V, Rollins, Brandi, Sequeira, P Adolfo, Mesen, Andrea, Byerley, William, Stein, Richard, Moon, Emily A, Akil, Huda, Jones, Edward G, Watson, Stanley J, Barchas, Jack, DeLisi, Lynn E, Myers, Richard M, Schatzberg, Alan, Bunney, William E, and Vawter, Marquis P
Abstract: Background: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of glucose reduction stress on lymphoblastic cell line (LCL) gene expression in subjects with schizophrenia compared to non-psychotic relatives. Methods: LCLs were grown under two glucose conditions to measure the effects of glucose reduction stress on exon expression in subjects with schizophrenia compared to unaffected family member controls. A second aim of this project was to identify cis-regulated transcripts associated with diagnosis. Results: There were a total of 122 transcripts with significant diagnosis by probeset interaction effects and 328 transcripts with glucose deprivation by probeset interaction probeset effects after corrections for multiple comparisons. There were 8 transcripts with expression significantly affected by the interaction between diagnosis and glucose deprivation and probeset after correction for multiple comparisons. The overall validation rate by qPCR of 13 diagnosis effect genes identified through microarray was 62%, and all genes tested by qPCR showed concordant up- or down-regulation by qPCR and microarray. We assessed brain gene expression of five genes found to be altered by diagnosis and glucose deprivation in LCLs and found a significant decrease in expression of one gene, glutaminase, in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). One SNP with previously identified regulation by a 3' UTR SNP was found to influence IRF5 expression in both brain and lymphocytes. The relationship between the 3' UTR rs10954213 genotype and IRF5 expression was significant in LCLs (p = 0.0001), DLPFC (p = 0.007), and anterior cingulate cortex (p = 0.002). Conclusion: Experimental manipulation of cells lines from subjects with schizophrenia may be a useful approach to explore stress related gene expression alterations in schizophrenia and to identify SNP variants associated with gene expression.
Published: 2009

35. Microduplications of 16p11.2 are associated with schizophrenia.

Author: McCarthy, Shane E, McCarthy, Shane E, Makarov, Vladimir, Kirov, George, Addington, Anjene M, McClellan, Jon, Yoon, Seungtai, Perkins, Diana O, Dickel, Diane E, Kusenda, Mary, Krastoshevsky, Olga, Krause, Verena, Kumar, Ravinesh A, Grozeva, Detelina, Malhotra, Dheeraj, Walsh, Tom, Zackai, Elaine H, Kaplan, Paige, Ganesh, Jaya, Krantz, Ian D, Spinner, Nancy B, Roccanova, Patricia, Bhandari, Abhishek, Pavon, Kevin, Lakshmi, B, Leotta, Anthony, Kendall, Jude, Lee, Yoon-Ha, Vacic, Vladimir, Gary, Sydney, Iakoucheva, Lilia M, Crow, Timothy J, Christian, Susan L, Lieberman, Jeffrey A, Stroup, T Scott, Lehtimäki, Terho, Puura, Kaija, Haldeman-Englert, Chad, Pearl, Justin, Goodell, Meredith, Willour, Virginia L, Derosse, Pamela, Steele, Jo, Kassem, Layla, Wolff, Jessica, Chitkara, Nisha, McMahon, Francis J, Malhotra, Anil K, Potash, James B, Schulze, Thomas G, Nöthen, Markus M, Cichon, Sven, Rietschel, Marcella, Leibenluft, Ellen, Kustanovich, Vlad, Lajonchere, Clara M, Sutcliffe, James S, Skuse, David, Gill, Michael, Gallagher, Louise, Mendell, Nancy R, Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, Craddock, Nick, Owen, Michael J, O'Donovan, Michael C, Shaikh, Tamim H, Susser, Ezra, Delisi, Lynn E, Sullivan, Patrick F, Deutsch, Curtis K, Rapoport, Judith, Levy, Deborah L, King, Mary-Claire, Sebat, Jonathan, McCarthy, Shane E, McCarthy, Shane E, Makarov, Vladimir, Kirov, George, Addington, Anjene M, McClellan, Jon, Yoon, Seungtai, Perkins, Diana O, Dickel, Diane E, Kusenda, Mary, Krastoshevsky, Olga, Krause, Verena, Kumar, Ravinesh A, Grozeva, Detelina, Malhotra, Dheeraj, Walsh, Tom, Zackai, Elaine H, Kaplan, Paige, Ganesh, Jaya, Krantz, Ian D, Spinner, Nancy B, Roccanova, Patricia, Bhandari, Abhishek, Pavon, Kevin, Lakshmi, B, Leotta, Anthony, Kendall, Jude, Lee, Yoon-Ha, Vacic, Vladimir, Gary, Sydney, Iakoucheva, Lilia M, Crow, Timothy J, Christian, Susan L, Lieberman, Jeffrey A, Stroup, T Scott, Lehtimäki, Terho, Puura, Kaija, Haldeman-Englert, Chad, Pearl, Justin, Goodell, Meredith, Willour, Virginia L, Derosse, Pamela, Steele, Jo, Kassem, Layla, Wolff, Jessica, Chitkara, Nisha, McMahon, Francis J, Malhotra, Anil K, Potash, James B, Schulze, Thomas G, Nöthen, Markus M, Cichon, Sven, Rietschel, Marcella, Leibenluft, Ellen, Kustanovich, Vlad, Lajonchere, Clara M, Sutcliffe, James S, Skuse, David, Gill, Michael, Gallagher, Louise, Mendell, Nancy R, Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, Craddock, Nick, Owen, Michael J, O'Donovan, Michael C, Shaikh, Tamim H, Susser, Ezra, Delisi, Lynn E, Sullivan, Patrick F, Deutsch, Curtis K, Rapoport, Judith, Levy, Deborah L, King, Mary-Claire, and Sebat, Jonathan
Abstract: Recurrent microdeletions and microduplications of a 600-kb genomic region of chromosome 16p11.2 have been implicated in childhood-onset developmental disorders. We report the association of 16p11.2 microduplications with schizophrenia in two large cohorts. The microduplication was detected in 12/1,906 (0.63%) cases and 1/3,971 (0.03%) controls (P = 1.2 x 10(-5), OR = 25.8) from the initial cohort, and in 9/2,645 (0.34%) cases and 1/2,420 (0.04%) controls (P = 0.022, OR = 8.3) of the replication cohort. The 16p11.2 microduplication was associated with a 14.5-fold increased risk of schizophrenia (95% CI (3.3, 62)) in the combined sample. A meta-analysis of datasets for multiple psychiatric disorders showed a significant association of the microduplication with schizophrenia (P = 4.8 x 10(-7)), bipolar disorder (P = 0.017) and autism (P = 1.9 x 10(-7)). In contrast, the reciprocal microdeletion was associated only with autism and developmental disorders (P = 2.3 x 10(-13)). Head circumference was larger in patients with the microdeletion than in patients with the microduplication (P = 0.0007).
Published: 2009

36. Genome scan meta-analysis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, part II : Schizophrenia

Author: Lewis, Cathryn M, Levinson, Douglas F, Wise, Lesley H, DeLisi, Lynn E, Straub, Richard E, Hovatta, Iiris, Williams, Nigel M, Schwab, Sibylle G, Pulver, Ann E, Faraone, Stephen V, Brzustowicz, Linda M, Kaufmann, Charles A, Garver, David L, Gurling, Hugh M D, Lindholm, Eva, Coon, Hilary, Moises, Hans W, Byerley, William, Shaw, Sarah H, Mesen, Andrea, Sherrington, Robin, O'Neill, F Anthony, Walsh, Dermot, Kendler, Kenneth S, Ekelund, Jesper, Paunio, Tiina, Lännqvist, Jouko, Peltonen, Leena, O'Donovan, Michael C, Owen, Michael J, Wildenauer, Dieter B, Maier, Wolfgang, Nestadt, Gerald, Blouin, Jean-Louis, Antonarakis, Stylianos E, Mowry, Bryan J, Silverman, Jeremy M, Crowe, Raymond R, Cloninger, C Robert, Tsuang, Ming T, Malaspina, Dolores, Harkavy-Friedman, Jill M, Svrakic, Dragan M, Bassett, Anne S, Holcomb, Jennifer, Kalsi, Gursharan, McQuillin, Andrew, Brynjolfson, Jon, Sigmundsson, Thordur, Petursson, Hannes, Jazin, Elena, ZoÃ«ga, Tomas, Helgason, Tomas, Lewis, Cathryn M, Levinson, Douglas F, Wise, Lesley H, DeLisi, Lynn E, Straub, Richard E, Hovatta, Iiris, Williams, Nigel M, Schwab, Sibylle G, Pulver, Ann E, Faraone, Stephen V, Brzustowicz, Linda M, Kaufmann, Charles A, Garver, David L, Gurling, Hugh M D, Lindholm, Eva, Coon, Hilary, Moises, Hans W, Byerley, William, Shaw, Sarah H, Mesen, Andrea, Sherrington, Robin, O'Neill, F Anthony, Walsh, Dermot, Kendler, Kenneth S, Ekelund, Jesper, Paunio, Tiina, Lännqvist, Jouko, Peltonen, Leena, O'Donovan, Michael C, Owen, Michael J, Wildenauer, Dieter B, Maier, Wolfgang, Nestadt, Gerald, Blouin, Jean-Louis, Antonarakis, Stylianos E, Mowry, Bryan J, Silverman, Jeremy M, Crowe, Raymond R, Cloninger, C Robert, Tsuang, Ming T, Malaspina, Dolores, Harkavy-Friedman, Jill M, Svrakic, Dragan M, Bassett, Anne S, Holcomb, Jennifer, Kalsi, Gursharan, McQuillin, Andrew, Brynjolfson, Jon, Sigmundsson, Thordur, Petursson, Hannes, Jazin, Elena, ZoÃ«ga, Tomas, and Helgason, Tomas
Abstract: Schizophrenia is a common disorder with high heritability and a 10-fold increase in risk to siblings of probands. Replication has been inconsistent for reports of significant genetic linkage. To assess evidence for linkage across studies, rank-based genome scan meta-analysis (GSMA) was applied to data from 20 schizophrenia genome scans. Each marker for each scan was assigned to 1 of 120 30-cM bins, with the bins ranked by linkage scores (1 = most significant) and the ranks averaged across studies (R(avg)) and then weighted for sample size (N(sqrt)[affected casess]). A permutation test was used to compute the probability of observing, by chance, each bin's average rank (P(AvgRnk)) or of observing it for a bin with the same place (first, second, etc.) in the order of average ranks in each permutation (P(ord)). The GSMA produced significant genomewide evidence for linkage on chromosome 2q (PAvgRnk<.000417). Two aggregate criteria for linkage were also met (clusters of nominally significant P values that did not occur in 1,000 replicates of the entire data set with no linkage present): 12 consecutive bins with both P(AvgRnk) and P(ord)<.05, including regions of chromosomes 5q, 3p, 11q, 6p, 1q, 22q, 8p, 20q, and 14p, and 19 consecutive bins with P(ord)<.05, additionally including regions of chromosomes 16q, 18q, 10p, 15q, 6q, and 17q. There is greater consistency of linkage results across studies than has been previously recognized. The results suggest that some or all of these regions contain loci that increase susceptibility to schizophrenia in diverse populations.
Published: 2003

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