9 results on '"DUCKWEEDS"'
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2. Simplified HAB Field Identification Instructions
- Abstract
This fact sheet will help you identify the presence or absence of a harmful algal blooms (HAB).
- Published
- 2021
3. Study on the locally available aquatic macrophytes as fish feed for rural aquaculture purposes in South America
- Author
-
Schulz, Carsten, Kijora, Claudia, Baena, Jaime Palacio, Velásquez, Yorcelis Carmelina Cruz, Schulz, Carsten, Kijora, Claudia, Baena, Jaime Palacio, and Velásquez, Yorcelis Carmelina Cruz
- Abstract
Zur Sicherung der Fischbestände muss die Aquakultur ihren Beitrag zur Weltfischversorgung weiter steigern. Solange jedoch die Fischfutter Produktion stark von der Gewinnung von Fischmehl abhängig ist, bestehen für die Aquakultur natürliche Begrenzungen und die Gefahr der Überfischung der Fischbestände bleibt erhalten. Wenn das Wachstumspotenzial der Aquakultur ausgeschöpft werden soll, müssen beträchtliche Mengen von Nährstoffeinträgen in Form von vollständigen Aquakultur-Mischfuttermitteln auf einer nachhaltigen Basis verfügbar sein. Aufgrund des gestiegenen Preises von kommerziellem Fischfutter sind Kleinproduzenten nicht in der Lage dieses zu erwerben. Daher ist es notwendig, ihnen alternatives Fischfutter zur Verfügung zu stellen. Wasserpflanzen können eine bedeutende Nahrungsquelle für herbivore- und omnivore Fische sein. Dennoch ist die Nutzung dieser Pflanzen als Zusatz für Fischfutter durch eine Reihe antinutritiver Substanzen, welche das normale Fischwachstum negativ beeinträchtigen, begrenzt. Unterschiedliche Behandlungen der Pflanzen können den Anteil an antinutritiven Substanzen reduzieren. Das Ziel dieser Dissertation war es, das nutritive Potential von Wasserpflanzen zu bestimmen. Die Wirkung der Behandlungen wie Sonnentrocknung oder Fermentierung zu bewerten und den Effekt ihrer Nutzung als Fischfutter auf das Wachstum von kultivierten Fischen zu erfassen. Dazu wurden Rationen mit einem geringen Gehalt an Fischmehl (3%) und bis zu 25% der Wasserpflanzen an die Fischspezies P. brachypomus und O. niloticus verfüttert. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung zeigen dass, eine ausschließlich auf aquatischen Makrophyten basierende Fütterung nicht empfehlenswert ist. Indem sie jedoch mit anderen lokal verfügbaren Agrar-Nebenerzeugnissen oder sogar mit kommerziellen Futtermitteln kombiniert werden, könnten die Futterkosten erheblich reduziert werden und bäuerlichen Kleinbetrieben eine Möglichkeit zum Wettbewerb auf den lokalen Märkten eröffnen., It is commonly known that aquaculture needs to increase further its net contribution to the total world fish supplies. However, at present almost all farming operations, based on the use of fish feed, are highly dependent on available fishery resources for the production of fish meal, becoming a reducing activity rather than an activity suppling fishery resources. If the aquaculture growth potential is to be maintained, then considerable quantities of nutrient inputs in the form of aquafeeds will have to be available on a sustainable basis. On a long-term the small producers will be unable to depend on commercial aquafeeds based traditionally on fish meal, due to its increased price. Small-scale farmers need an alternative fish feed wherever possible based on the use of non-food grade locally feed resources, which is available in rural areas, is low-cost and is suitable for the proper growth and maintenance of native fish. Aquatic plants are considered important nutritional sources for herbivorous-omnivorous fish. However, the use of plant-derived materials as fish feed ingredient is limited by the presence of wide variety of antinutrients that affect the normal fish growth negatively; so that plants should be processed to reduce the effects of these compounds. Considering these aspects, this study assessed the nutritional potential of aquatic plants available in rural Colombia treated by sun drying and by fermentation and the effect of their use as fish feed on the growth performance of common cultured tropical fish (Piaractus brachypomus and Oreochromis niloticus) fed low fishmeal diets (3%) and until 25% of aquatic plants. The results of this study showed that a feeding exclusively based on aquatic plants is not recommendable; but to combine them with other locally available by-products of agriculture or even with commercial diets might considerably reduce feeding cost and provide to the small-scale farmers the opportunity to compete in local markets.
- Published
- 2016
4. Study on the locally available aquatic macrophytes as fish feed for rural aquaculture purposes in South America
- Author
-
Schulz, Carsten, Kijora, Claudia, Baena, Jaime Palacio, Velásquez, Yorcelis Carmelina Cruz, Schulz, Carsten, Kijora, Claudia, Baena, Jaime Palacio, and Velásquez, Yorcelis Carmelina Cruz
- Abstract
Zur Sicherung der Fischbestände muss die Aquakultur ihren Beitrag zur Weltfischversorgung weiter steigern. Solange jedoch die Fischfutter Produktion stark von der Gewinnung von Fischmehl abhängig ist, bestehen für die Aquakultur natürliche Begrenzungen und die Gefahr der Überfischung der Fischbestände bleibt erhalten. Wenn das Wachstumspotenzial der Aquakultur ausgeschöpft werden soll, müssen beträchtliche Mengen von Nährstoffeinträgen in Form von vollständigen Aquakultur-Mischfuttermitteln auf einer nachhaltigen Basis verfügbar sein. Aufgrund des gestiegenen Preises von kommerziellem Fischfutter sind Kleinproduzenten nicht in der Lage dieses zu erwerben. Daher ist es notwendig, ihnen alternatives Fischfutter zur Verfügung zu stellen. Wasserpflanzen können eine bedeutende Nahrungsquelle für herbivore- und omnivore Fische sein. Dennoch ist die Nutzung dieser Pflanzen als Zusatz für Fischfutter durch eine Reihe antinutritiver Substanzen, welche das normale Fischwachstum negativ beeinträchtigen, begrenzt. Unterschiedliche Behandlungen der Pflanzen können den Anteil an antinutritiven Substanzen reduzieren. Das Ziel dieser Dissertation war es, das nutritive Potential von Wasserpflanzen zu bestimmen. Die Wirkung der Behandlungen wie Sonnentrocknung oder Fermentierung zu bewerten und den Effekt ihrer Nutzung als Fischfutter auf das Wachstum von kultivierten Fischen zu erfassen. Dazu wurden Rationen mit einem geringen Gehalt an Fischmehl (3%) und bis zu 25% der Wasserpflanzen an die Fischspezies P. brachypomus und O. niloticus verfüttert. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung zeigen dass, eine ausschließlich auf aquatischen Makrophyten basierende Fütterung nicht empfehlenswert ist. Indem sie jedoch mit anderen lokal verfügbaren Agrar-Nebenerzeugnissen oder sogar mit kommerziellen Futtermitteln kombiniert werden, könnten die Futterkosten erheblich reduziert werden und bäuerlichen Kleinbetrieben eine Möglichkeit zum Wettbewerb auf den lokalen Märkten eröffnen., It is commonly known that aquaculture needs to increase further its net contribution to the total world fish supplies. However, at present almost all farming operations, based on the use of fish feed, are highly dependent on available fishery resources for the production of fish meal, becoming a reducing activity rather than an activity suppling fishery resources. If the aquaculture growth potential is to be maintained, then considerable quantities of nutrient inputs in the form of aquafeeds will have to be available on a sustainable basis. On a long-term the small producers will be unable to depend on commercial aquafeeds based traditionally on fish meal, due to its increased price. Small-scale farmers need an alternative fish feed wherever possible based on the use of non-food grade locally feed resources, which is available in rural areas, is low-cost and is suitable for the proper growth and maintenance of native fish. Aquatic plants are considered important nutritional sources for herbivorous-omnivorous fish. However, the use of plant-derived materials as fish feed ingredient is limited by the presence of wide variety of antinutrients that affect the normal fish growth negatively; so that plants should be processed to reduce the effects of these compounds. Considering these aspects, this study assessed the nutritional potential of aquatic plants available in rural Colombia treated by sun drying and by fermentation and the effect of their use as fish feed on the growth performance of common cultured tropical fish (Piaractus brachypomus and Oreochromis niloticus) fed low fishmeal diets (3%) and until 25% of aquatic plants. The results of this study showed that a feeding exclusively based on aquatic plants is not recommendable; but to combine them with other locally available by-products of agriculture or even with commercial diets might considerably reduce feeding cost and provide to the small-scale farmers the opportunity to compete in local markets.
- Published
- 2016
5. Characterisation of circadian rhythms of various duckweeds.
- Author
-
30324396, Muranaka, T, Okada, M, Yomo, J, Kubota, S, Oyama, T, 30324396, Muranaka, T, Okada, M, Yomo, J, Kubota, S, and Oyama, T
- Abstract
The plant circadian clock controls various physiological phenomena that are important for adaptation to natural day-night cycles. Many components of the circadian clock have been identified in Arabidopsis thaliana, the model plant for molecular genetic studies. Recent studies revealed evolutionary conservation of clock components in green plants. Homologues of clock-related genes have been isolated from Lemna gibba and Lemna aequinoctialis, and it has been demonstrated that these homologues function in the clock system in a manner similar to their functioning in Arabidopsis. While clock components are widely conserved, circadian phenomena display diversity even within the Lemna genus. In order to survey the full extent of diversity in circadian rhythms among duckweed plants, we characterised the circadian rhythms of duckweed by employing a semi-transient bioluminescent reporter system. Using a particle bombardment method, circadian bioluminescent reporters were introduced into nine strains representing five duckweed species: Spirodela polyrhiza, Landoltia punctata, Lemna gibba, L. aequinoctialis and Wolffia columbiana. We then monitored luciferase (luc+) reporter activities driven by AtCCA1, ZmUBQ1 or CaMV35S promoters under entrainment and free-running conditions. Under entrainment, AtCCA1::luc+ showed similar diurnal rhythms in all strains. This suggests that the mechanism of biological timing under day-night cycles is conserved throughout the evolution of duckweeds. Under free-running conditions, we observed circadian rhythms of AtCCA1::luc+, ZmUBQ1::luc+ and CaMV35S::luc+. These circadian rhythms showed diversity in period length and sustainability, suggesting that circadian clock mechanisms are somewhat diversified among duckweeds.
- Published
- 2015
6. On-farm evaluation of Cachama blanca and Nile tilapia fed fermented aquatic plants in a polyculture
- Author
-
Cruz, Yorcelis, Kijora, Claudia, Vergara Hernández, Wensy, Schulz, Carsten, Cruz, Yorcelis, Kijora, Claudia, Vergara Hernández, Wensy, and Schulz, Carsten
- Abstract
Juveniles of Cachama blanca and Nile tilapia averaging 86.7 g and 39.6 g, respectively, were co-stocked in 12 experimental units (18m² in area) at a total density of three fish m-².The species mixture consisted of 25% Cachama blanca and 75% tilapia. The fish were fed with a commercial aquafeed (24% crude protein) as control diet. Fermented duckweeds (DW), Lemna minor and Spirodela polyrhiza, and fermented water fern (WF), Azolla filiculoides, at 15% substitution level of the commercial aqua feed were offered as experimental diets for a total of three treatments with four replicates per treatment. The experiment was carried out during a period of 120 days of rearing. Growth performance and productive parameters were evaluated. Results on Cachama blanca showed that no significant differences were found for FCR (from 2.7 to 3.0), total Biomass (5536 to 6444 g) and yield (from 3076 to 3580 kg/ha) among treatments. Mean final weight (from 423 to 494 g), weight gain and specific growth ratio (SGR) were higher for Cachama blanca fed on control and DW diets than for those fed on WF diets. Similar results were observed for Nile tilapia. Mean final weight, weight gain and SGR of Nile tilapia fed on DW do not differed significantly from the control diet, but for those fed on WF, which performance was significantly lower. Yield for Nile tilapia varied from 3124 to 3829 kg ha-1 and did not differ between the treatments. Average FCR was calculated for Nile tilapia between 2.1 and 2.5 and was better than for Cachama blanca. Results indicated that fermented duckweeds (Lemna minor and Spirodela polyrhiza) can effectively replace commercial aqua feed at a 15% level for rearing juveniles of Cachama blanca and Nile tilapia in a traditional polyculture., Juvenis de Pirapitinga e Tilápia do Nilo com uma média de 86.7 e 39.6 g, respectivamente, foram cultivadas em 12 unidades experimentais (18m²) com uma densidade global de três peixesm². A mistura de espécies consistiu de 25% de Pirapitinga e 75% Tilápia do Nilo. Os peixes foram alimentados com uma ração comercial (24% de proteína bruta) como dieta de controle. As lentilhas da água fermentada (duckweeds: DW), Lemna minor e Spirodela polyrhiza, e Azolla fermentada (water fern: WF), Azolla filiculoides, foram oferecidas como dietas experimentais a 15% de nível de substituição para um total três tratamentos com quatro repetições por tratamento. O experimento foi realizado durante um período de 120 dias. Foram avaliados os parâmetros de crescimento e de produção. Resultados para a Pirapitinga não mostraram diferenças significativas para o FCR (2.7-3.0), a biomassa total (5536-6444 g) e rendimento (3.076-3.580 kg/ha) entre os tratamentos. O peso final (423-494 g), ganho de peso e taxa de crescimento específico (TCE) foram maiores para a Pirapitinga alimentada com a dieta controle e dieta DW do que para aqueles alimentados com a dieta WF. Resultados similares foram observados para a Tilápia do Nilo. O peso médio final, ganho de peso e taxa de crescimento específico (TCE) da Tilápia do Nilo alimentada com a dieta DW não diferiu significativamente da dieta controle, mas, sim, daqueles peixes alimentados com dieta WF, que mostraram significativamente menos desenvolvimento. O desempenho da Tilápia do Nilo variou de 3124-3829 kg/ha e não houve diferenças entre os tratamentos. A FCR média calculada para a Tilápia do Nilo foi dentre 2.1 e 2.5 e foi melhor do que para a Pirapitinga. Os resultados indicaram que a lentilha de água fermentada (Lemna minor e Spirodela polyrhiza) pode efetivamente substituir até 15% do alimento comercial em uma policultura tradicional de Tilápia do Nilo e Pirapitinga., Juveniles de Cachama blanca y Tilapia del Nilo con un promedio de 86.7 y 39.6 g, respectivamente, fueron cultivados en 12 unidades experimentales (18m²) con una densidad total de tres pecesm². La mezcla de especies consistió en 25% Cachama blanca y el 75% Tilapia. Los peces fueron alimentados con un pienso comercial (proteína bruta 24%) como dieta de control. La lenteja de agua fermentada (Duckweeds: DW), (Lemna minor y Spirodela polyrhiza), y la Azolla fermentada (Water fern: WF), (Azolla filiculoides), fueron ofrecidas como dietas experimentales al 15% de nivel de sustitución para un total de tres tratamientos con cuatro repeticiones por tratamiento. El experimento se llevó a cabo en un período de 120 días. El crecimiento y los parámetros productivos fueron evaluados. Los resultados de Cachama blanca mostraron que no se encontraron diferencias significativas para el FCR (2,7-3,0), la biomasa total (desde 5536 hasta 6444 g) y el rendimiento (3076 a 3580 kg/ha) entre los tratamientos. El peso final (423-494 g), la ganancia de peso y la tasa de crecimiento específico (SGR) fueron mayores para la Cachama blanca alimentada con la dieta control y la dieta DW que para aquellos alimentados con la dieta WF. Resultados similares fueron observados para la Tilapia del Nilo. El peso final medio, la ganancia de peso y la tasa de crecimiento específica (SGR) de la Tilapia del Nilo alimentados con la dieta DW no diferían de manera significativa de la dieta control, pero sí de los peces alimentados con la dieta WF, lo cuales mostraron un desarrollo significativamente menor. El rendimiento de la Tilapia del Nilo varió de 3124 a 3829 kg/ha y no hubo diferencias entre los tratamientos. El FCR promedio calculado para la Tilapia del Nilo fue entre 2.1 y 2.5 y resultó mejor que para la Cachama blanca. Los resultados indicaron que la lenteja de agua fermentada (Lemna minor y Spirodela polyrhiza) puede reemplazar efectivamente hasta un 15% del alimento comercial en un policultivo tradicio
- Published
- 2014
7. Inclusion of fermented aquatic plants as feed resource for Cachama blanca, Piaractus brachypomus, fed low-fish meal diets
- Author
-
Cruz, Yorcelis, Kijora, Claudia, Agudelo Martínez, Vianys, Schulz, Carsten, Cruz, Yorcelis, Kijora, Claudia, Agudelo Martínez, Vianys, and Schulz, Carsten
- Abstract
The production of the Amazonian fish Cachama blanca has been rising continuously and its cultivation has become heavily dependent on the provision of supplementary feed at low cost. Information on the suitability of locally available, cheap feed sources for this fish is required. The locally available duckweeds (Lemna minor and Spirodela polyrhiza) and water fern (Azolla filiculoides) were tested in Cachama blanca evaluating growth performance, feed conversion ratio, and digestibility. A total of five diets, four test diets (35% crude protein) supplemented with fermented duckweeds (DW) and water fern (WF) at 15% and 25% inclusion level and a control diet without aquatic plants, were compared. Ingredients were processed in a micro extruder. Diets were based on a low-fish meal diet. A total of 390 fish (1.6 ± 0.02 g) were randomly selected and stocked into fifteen 250 L plastic tanks providing three replicates per diet. Tanks were arranged in a recirculating system comprising a biofilter and aeration with a turn-over of and a daily water exchange. Fish were fed to apparent satiation twice a day for 60 days. Fish from each tank were weighed collectively every 2 weeks to monitor growth and after 8 weeks final biomass of each tank was recorded. Data from each treatment were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the triplicate groups (n=3). Fish fed on DW15 and WF15 revealed significantly higher (P<0.05) SGR and weight gain than fish fed the other diets. Feed intake did not vary among diets (P>0.05). FCR and PER were also better (P<0.05) for fish fed on DW15 and WF15 than for fish fed on DW25 and WF25 but not significant compared to the control diet. Apparent digestibility coefficients decreased significantly (P<0.05) in DW25 and WF25 diets. Fish feed supplementation with the fermented aquatic macrophytes at 15% inclusion level improved the growth performance of Cachama blanca (P. brachypomus) fed on low-fishmeal-diets., A produção do peixe amazônico Pirapitinga tem crescido continuamente e seu cultivo tornou-se dependente em grande medida da provisão de ração suplementar a baixo custo. Por este motivo se faz relevante a informação acerca de fontes de alimentação locais que sejam mais econômicas para a cultura deste peixe. As lentilhas de água (Lemna minor e Spirodela polyrhiza) e o feto de água (Azolla filiculoides), disponíveis localmente, foram testadas para a Pirapitinga avaliando o desempenho do crescimento, conversão alimentícia e digestibilidade. Um total de cinco dietas: quatro dietas de experimentação com um conteúdo de proteína crua de 35%, suplementadas a 15% e 25% de inclusão com lentilhas de água (DW) feto de água (WF) fermentados, e uma dieta de controle sem plantas aquáticas foram comparadas. Todos os igredientes foram processados numa micro extrusora. Todas as dietas foram baseadas em um conteúdo baixo de farinha de pescado. Um total de 390 peixes (1.6 ± 0.02 g) foram selecionados aleatoriamente e estocados em quinze tanques de plástico de 250 L com três réplicas por dieta. Os tanques foram foram dispostos em um sistema de re-circulação com um bio-filtro e aeração constante, e renovação diária de água. Os peixes foram alimentados até a saciedade aparente duas vezes ao dia durante 60 dias. Os peixes de cada tanque foram pesados coletivamente cada 2 semanas para monitorar o crescimento e depois de 8 semanas foi registrada a biomassa final de cada tanque. Os dados de cada tratamento foram submetidos a uma análise de variância (ANOVA) dos grupos triplicados (n = 3). Os peixes alimentados com as dietas DW15 e WF15 revelaram um crescimento (SGR) e ganho de peso significativamente maiores (P<0.05) ao dos peixes alimentados com as outras dietas. O consumo de alimento não variou entre as dietas (P>0.05). O FCR e PER foram melhores (P<0.05) para os peixes alimentados com DW15 e WF15 que para aqueles alimentados com DW25 and WF25 mas não houve diferença significativa em compara, La producción del pez amazónico Cachama blanca ha ido en continuo aumento y su cultivo se ha vuelto dependiente en gran medida de la disposición de alimento suplementario a bajo costo. Por eso se requiere información sobre la idoneidad de las fuentes de alimentación disponibles a nivel local que sean más económicas para este pez. Las lentejas de agua (Lemna minor y Spirodela polyrhiza) y el helecho de agua (Azolla filiculoides), disponibles localmente, fueron probadas en dietas para Cachama blanca evaluando el desempeño del crecimiento, conversión alimenticia y digestibilidad. Un total de cinco dietas: cuatro dietas de experimentación con un contenido de proteína cruda de 35%, suplementadas al 15% y 25% de inclusión con lentejas de agua (DW) y Azolla (WF) fermentadas, y una dieta control sin plantas acuáticas, fueron comparadas. Todos los ingredientes fueron procesados en una extrusora de micro-tornillo. Todas las dietas fueron basadas en un bajo contenido de harina de pescado. Un total de 390 peces (1,6 ± 0,02 g) fueron seleccionados al azar y distribuidos en quince tanques de plástico de 250 L con tres réplicas por dieta. Los tanques fueron dispuestos en un sistema de recirculación con un biofiltro y aireación constante y un recambio diario de agua. Los peces fueron alimentados hasta aparente saciedad dos veces al día durante 60 días. Los peces de cada tanque fueron pesados colectivamente cada 2 semanas para monitorear el crecimiento y después de 8 semanas se registró la biomasa final en cada tanque. Los datos de cada tratamiento fueron sometieron a un análisis de varianza (ANOVA) de los grupos por triplicado (n = 3). Los peces alimentados con las dietas DW15 y WF15 revelaron un crecimiento (SGR) y ganancia de peso significativamente mayor (p <0,05) al de los peces alimentados con las otras dietas. El consumo de alimento no varió entre las dietas (P> 0,05). El FCR y PER fueron mejores (P <0,05) para los peces alimentados con DW15 y WF15 que para los peces alimenta
- Published
- 2014
8. Inclusion of fermented aquatic plants as feed resource for Cachama blanca, Piaractus brachypomus, fed low-fish meal diets
- Author
-
Cruz, Yorcelis, Kijora, Claudia, Agudelo Martínez, Vianys, Schulz, Carsten, Cruz, Yorcelis, Kijora, Claudia, Agudelo Martínez, Vianys, and Schulz, Carsten
- Abstract
The production of the Amazonian fish Cachama blanca has been rising continuously and its cultivation has become heavily dependent on the provision of supplementary feed at low cost. Information on the suitability of locally available, cheap feed sources for this fish is required. The locally available duckweeds (Lemna minor and Spirodela polyrhiza) and water fern (Azolla filiculoides) were tested in Cachama blanca evaluating growth performance, feed conversion ratio, and digestibility. A total of five diets, four test diets (35% crude protein) supplemented with fermented duckweeds (DW) and water fern (WF) at 15% and 25% inclusion level and a control diet without aquatic plants, were compared. Ingredients were processed in a micro extruder. Diets were based on a low-fish meal diet. A total of 390 fish (1.6 ± 0.02 g) were randomly selected and stocked into fifteen 250 L plastic tanks providing three replicates per diet. Tanks were arranged in a recirculating system comprising a biofilter and aeration with a turn-over of and a daily water exchange. Fish were fed to apparent satiation twice a day for 60 days. Fish from each tank were weighed collectively every 2 weeks to monitor growth and after 8 weeks final biomass of each tank was recorded. Data from each treatment were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the triplicate groups (n=3). Fish fed on DW15 and WF15 revealed significantly higher (P<0.05) SGR and weight gain than fish fed the other diets. Feed intake did not vary among diets (P>0.05). FCR and PER were also better (P<0.05) for fish fed on DW15 and WF15 than for fish fed on DW25 and WF25 but not significant compared to the control diet. Apparent digestibility coefficients decreased significantly (P<0.05) in DW25 and WF25 diets. Fish feed supplementation with the fermented aquatic macrophytes at 15% inclusion level improved the growth performance of Cachama blanca (P. brachypomus) fed on low-fishmeal-diets., A produção do peixe amazônico Pirapitinga tem crescido continuamente e seu cultivo tornou-se dependente em grande medida da provisão de ração suplementar a baixo custo. Por este motivo se faz relevante a informação acerca de fontes de alimentação locais que sejam mais econômicas para a cultura deste peixe. As lentilhas de água (Lemna minor e Spirodela polyrhiza) e o feto de água (Azolla filiculoides), disponíveis localmente, foram testadas para a Pirapitinga avaliando o desempenho do crescimento, conversão alimentícia e digestibilidade. Um total de cinco dietas: quatro dietas de experimentação com um conteúdo de proteína crua de 35%, suplementadas a 15% e 25% de inclusão com lentilhas de água (DW) feto de água (WF) fermentados, e uma dieta de controle sem plantas aquáticas foram comparadas. Todos os igredientes foram processados numa micro extrusora. Todas as dietas foram baseadas em um conteúdo baixo de farinha de pescado. Um total de 390 peixes (1.6 ± 0.02 g) foram selecionados aleatoriamente e estocados em quinze tanques de plástico de 250 L com três réplicas por dieta. Os tanques foram foram dispostos em um sistema de re-circulação com um bio-filtro e aeração constante, e renovação diária de água. Os peixes foram alimentados até a saciedade aparente duas vezes ao dia durante 60 dias. Os peixes de cada tanque foram pesados coletivamente cada 2 semanas para monitorar o crescimento e depois de 8 semanas foi registrada a biomassa final de cada tanque. Os dados de cada tratamento foram submetidos a uma análise de variância (ANOVA) dos grupos triplicados (n = 3). Os peixes alimentados com as dietas DW15 e WF15 revelaram um crescimento (SGR) e ganho de peso significativamente maiores (P<0.05) ao dos peixes alimentados com as outras dietas. O consumo de alimento não variou entre as dietas (P>0.05). O FCR e PER foram melhores (P<0.05) para os peixes alimentados com DW15 e WF15 que para aqueles alimentados com DW25 and WF25 mas não houve diferença significativa em compara, La producción del pez amazónico Cachama blanca ha ido en continuo aumento y su cultivo se ha vuelto dependiente en gran medida de la disposición de alimento suplementario a bajo costo. Por eso se requiere información sobre la idoneidad de las fuentes de alimentación disponibles a nivel local que sean más económicas para este pez. Las lentejas de agua (Lemna minor y Spirodela polyrhiza) y el helecho de agua (Azolla filiculoides), disponibles localmente, fueron probadas en dietas para Cachama blanca evaluando el desempeño del crecimiento, conversión alimenticia y digestibilidad. Un total de cinco dietas: cuatro dietas de experimentación con un contenido de proteína cruda de 35%, suplementadas al 15% y 25% de inclusión con lentejas de agua (DW) y Azolla (WF) fermentadas, y una dieta control sin plantas acuáticas, fueron comparadas. Todos los ingredientes fueron procesados en una extrusora de micro-tornillo. Todas las dietas fueron basadas en un bajo contenido de harina de pescado. Un total de 390 peces (1,6 ± 0,02 g) fueron seleccionados al azar y distribuidos en quince tanques de plástico de 250 L con tres réplicas por dieta. Los tanques fueron dispuestos en un sistema de recirculación con un biofiltro y aireación constante y un recambio diario de agua. Los peces fueron alimentados hasta aparente saciedad dos veces al día durante 60 días. Los peces de cada tanque fueron pesados colectivamente cada 2 semanas para monitorear el crecimiento y después de 8 semanas se registró la biomasa final en cada tanque. Los datos de cada tratamiento fueron sometieron a un análisis de varianza (ANOVA) de los grupos por triplicado (n = 3). Los peces alimentados con las dietas DW15 y WF15 revelaron un crecimiento (SGR) y ganancia de peso significativamente mayor (p <0,05) al de los peces alimentados con las otras dietas. El consumo de alimento no varió entre las dietas (P> 0,05). El FCR y PER fueron mejores (P <0,05) para los peces alimentados con DW15 y WF15 que para los peces alimenta
- Published
- 2014
9. On-farm evaluation of Cachama blanca and Nile tilapia fed fermented aquatic plants in a polyculture
- Author
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Cruz, Yorcelis, Kijora, Claudia, Vergara Hernández, Wensy, Schulz, Carsten, Cruz, Yorcelis, Kijora, Claudia, Vergara Hernández, Wensy, and Schulz, Carsten
- Abstract
Juveniles of Cachama blanca and Nile tilapia averaging 86.7 g and 39.6 g, respectively, were co-stocked in 12 experimental units (18m² in area) at a total density of three fish m-².The species mixture consisted of 25% Cachama blanca and 75% tilapia. The fish were fed with a commercial aquafeed (24% crude protein) as control diet. Fermented duckweeds (DW), Lemna minor and Spirodela polyrhiza, and fermented water fern (WF), Azolla filiculoides, at 15% substitution level of the commercial aqua feed were offered as experimental diets for a total of three treatments with four replicates per treatment. The experiment was carried out during a period of 120 days of rearing. Growth performance and productive parameters were evaluated. Results on Cachama blanca showed that no significant differences were found for FCR (from 2.7 to 3.0), total Biomass (5536 to 6444 g) and yield (from 3076 to 3580 kg/ha) among treatments. Mean final weight (from 423 to 494 g), weight gain and specific growth ratio (SGR) were higher for Cachama blanca fed on control and DW diets than for those fed on WF diets. Similar results were observed for Nile tilapia. Mean final weight, weight gain and SGR of Nile tilapia fed on DW do not differed significantly from the control diet, but for those fed on WF, which performance was significantly lower. Yield for Nile tilapia varied from 3124 to 3829 kg ha-1 and did not differ between the treatments. Average FCR was calculated for Nile tilapia between 2.1 and 2.5 and was better than for Cachama blanca. Results indicated that fermented duckweeds (Lemna minor and Spirodela polyrhiza) can effectively replace commercial aqua feed at a 15% level for rearing juveniles of Cachama blanca and Nile tilapia in a traditional polyculture., Juvenis de Pirapitinga e Tilápia do Nilo com uma média de 86.7 e 39.6 g, respectivamente, foram cultivadas em 12 unidades experimentais (18m²) com uma densidade global de três peixesm². A mistura de espécies consistiu de 25% de Pirapitinga e 75% Tilápia do Nilo. Os peixes foram alimentados com uma ração comercial (24% de proteína bruta) como dieta de controle. As lentilhas da água fermentada (duckweeds: DW), Lemna minor e Spirodela polyrhiza, e Azolla fermentada (water fern: WF), Azolla filiculoides, foram oferecidas como dietas experimentais a 15% de nível de substituição para um total três tratamentos com quatro repetições por tratamento. O experimento foi realizado durante um período de 120 dias. Foram avaliados os parâmetros de crescimento e de produção. Resultados para a Pirapitinga não mostraram diferenças significativas para o FCR (2.7-3.0), a biomassa total (5536-6444 g) e rendimento (3.076-3.580 kg/ha) entre os tratamentos. O peso final (423-494 g), ganho de peso e taxa de crescimento específico (TCE) foram maiores para a Pirapitinga alimentada com a dieta controle e dieta DW do que para aqueles alimentados com a dieta WF. Resultados similares foram observados para a Tilápia do Nilo. O peso médio final, ganho de peso e taxa de crescimento específico (TCE) da Tilápia do Nilo alimentada com a dieta DW não diferiu significativamente da dieta controle, mas, sim, daqueles peixes alimentados com dieta WF, que mostraram significativamente menos desenvolvimento. O desempenho da Tilápia do Nilo variou de 3124-3829 kg/ha e não houve diferenças entre os tratamentos. A FCR média calculada para a Tilápia do Nilo foi dentre 2.1 e 2.5 e foi melhor do que para a Pirapitinga. Os resultados indicaram que a lentilha de água fermentada (Lemna minor e Spirodela polyrhiza) pode efetivamente substituir até 15% do alimento comercial em uma policultura tradicional de Tilápia do Nilo e Pirapitinga., Juveniles de Cachama blanca y Tilapia del Nilo con un promedio de 86.7 y 39.6 g, respectivamente, fueron cultivados en 12 unidades experimentales (18m²) con una densidad total de tres pecesm². La mezcla de especies consistió en 25% Cachama blanca y el 75% Tilapia. Los peces fueron alimentados con un pienso comercial (proteína bruta 24%) como dieta de control. La lenteja de agua fermentada (Duckweeds: DW), (Lemna minor y Spirodela polyrhiza), y la Azolla fermentada (Water fern: WF), (Azolla filiculoides), fueron ofrecidas como dietas experimentales al 15% de nivel de sustitución para un total de tres tratamientos con cuatro repeticiones por tratamiento. El experimento se llevó a cabo en un período de 120 días. El crecimiento y los parámetros productivos fueron evaluados. Los resultados de Cachama blanca mostraron que no se encontraron diferencias significativas para el FCR (2,7-3,0), la biomasa total (desde 5536 hasta 6444 g) y el rendimiento (3076 a 3580 kg/ha) entre los tratamientos. El peso final (423-494 g), la ganancia de peso y la tasa de crecimiento específico (SGR) fueron mayores para la Cachama blanca alimentada con la dieta control y la dieta DW que para aquellos alimentados con la dieta WF. Resultados similares fueron observados para la Tilapia del Nilo. El peso final medio, la ganancia de peso y la tasa de crecimiento específica (SGR) de la Tilapia del Nilo alimentados con la dieta DW no diferían de manera significativa de la dieta control, pero sí de los peces alimentados con la dieta WF, lo cuales mostraron un desarrollo significativamente menor. El rendimiento de la Tilapia del Nilo varió de 3124 a 3829 kg/ha y no hubo diferencias entre los tratamientos. El FCR promedio calculado para la Tilapia del Nilo fue entre 2.1 y 2.5 y resultó mejor que para la Cachama blanca. Los resultados indicaron que la lenteja de agua fermentada (Lemna minor y Spirodela polyrhiza) puede reemplazar efectivamente hasta un 15% del alimento comercial en un policultivo tradicio
- Published
- 2014
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