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Climate change and violent conflict present two of the most substantial barriers to reaching the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. Many of the countries bearing the greatest impacts of a changing climate also grapple with protracted armed conflict. Despite this, we still have limited knowledge about how political and environmental insecurities affect trust in the institutions that are responsible for disaster management, security and conflict resolution. In this paper we explore whether being exposed to violent armed conflict is associated with low levels of political trust, and whether this can be mitigated by state action. Relying on a household survey covering some 2000 rural households in Pakistan, we investigate how state disaster response shaped trust in conflict-affected contexts in the years following the severe flooding of 2010. Our study suggest that negative implications of violence exposure on political trust can be offset by disaster relief efforts by the state, but only in instances when the government is not involved in the violent activities. Our findings contribute to our understanding of the joint impact of conflict and disasters on political trust, and importantly shows that in some instances, government interventions in a different political domain can reduce negative consequences of armed conflict on trust. Understanding the interplay of compound risks in contexts where multiple risks are occurring simultaneously is crucial because without adequate, coordinated government action, it will be impossible to protect the lives, health and livelihoods of affected people in Pakistan and beyond.

Climate change and violent conflict present two of the most substantial barriers to reaching the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. Many of the countries bearing the greatest impacts of a changing climate also grapple with protracted armed conflict. Despite this, we still have limited knowledge about how political and environmental insecurities affect trust in the institutions that are responsible for disaster management, security and conflict resolution. In this paper we explore whether being exposed to violent armed conflict is associated with low levels of political trust, and whether this can be mitigated by state action. Relying on a household survey covering some 2000 rural households in Pakistan, we investigate how state disaster response shaped trust in conflict-affected contexts in the years following the severe flooding of 2010. Our study suggest that negative implications of violence exposure on political trust can be offset by disaster relief efforts by the state, but only in instances when the government is not involved in the violent activities. Our findings contribute to our understanding of the joint impact of conflict and disasters on political trust, and importantly shows that in some instances, government interventions in a different political domain can reduce negative consequences of armed conflict on trust. Understanding the interplay of compound risks in contexts where multiple risks are occurring simultaneously is crucial because without adequate, coordinated government action, it will be impossible to protect the lives, health and livelihoods of affected people in Pakistan and beyond.

Humanitarian logistics in response to large scale disasters entails decisions that must be taken urgently and under high uncertainty. In addition, the scarcity of available resources sometimes causes the involved organizations to suffer assaults while transporting the humanitarian aid. This paper addresses the last mile distribution problem that arises in such an insecure environment, in which vehicles are often forced to travel together forming convoys for security reasons. We develop an elaborated methodology based on Ant Colony Optimization that is applied to two case studies built from real disasters, namely the 2010 Haiti earthquake and the 2005 Niger famine. There are very few works in the literature dealing with problems in this context, and that is the research gap this paper tries to fill. Furthermore, the consideration of multiple criteria such as cost, time, equity, reliability, security or priority, is also an important contribution to the literature, in addition to the use of specialized ants and effective pheromones that are novel elements of the algorithm which could be exported to other similar problems. Computational results illustrate the efficiency of the new methodology, confirming it could be a good basis for a decision support tool for real operations., Unión Europea. Horizonte 2020, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), Comunidad de Madrid, Depto. de Estadística e Investigación Operativa, Fac. de Ciencias Matemáticas, TRUE, pub

Horse health record. The Utah Community Animal Response Program has developed planning guidance for counties and cities. The goal of the Utah Community Animal Response Program is to educate animal owners and governmental and non-governmental agencies about the importance of disaster preparedness, register Community Animal Response Teams, and provide guidance to government agencies in the development of emergency operation plans and standard operating procedures for responding to animal issues during a disaster.

Dog health record. The Utah Community Animal Response Program has developed planning guidance for counties and cities. The goal of the Utah Community Animal Response Program is to educate animal owners and governmental and non-governmental agencies about the importance of disaster preparedness, register Community Animal Response Teams, and provide guidance to government agencies in the development of emergency operation plans and standard operating procedures for responding to animal issues during a disaster.

Cat health record. The Utah Community Animal Response Program has developed planning guidance for counties and cities. The goal of the Utah Community Animal Response Program is to educate animal owners and governmental and non-governmental agencies about the importance of disaster preparedness, register Community Animal Response Teams, and provide guidance to government agencies in the development of emergency operation plans and standard operating procedures for responding to animal issues during a disaster.

Backyard chickens evacuation kit checklist.

This paper aims to explore the application of small-scale desalination systems to provide clean water in the wake of marine natural disasters. A lack of clean water is a devastating impact of many natural disasters. Desalination technologies, both thermal and membrane, show potential for being scaled down and self-powered by renewable energy. Desalination can transform ocean water and contaminated drinking water with a high salt content into drinkable, usable water. While these techniques are not perfected, and the solution to a need for clean water is multifaceted, desalination shows potential. Through further research and ever-advancing technology, small-scale desalination could develop into a life-saving solution for those in need of clean water.

This study investigated the psychological effects that disaster relief work has on disaster relief volunteers in North America. It provided the necessary framework for research that was conducted to examine if disaster relief volunteers are more vulnerable to developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after they volunteer in disaster relief or if they become more resilient and develop posttraumatic growth (PTG) instead. This quantitative study also provided research questions and hypotheses and is a road map for future research. Disaster relief volunteers provide many irreplaceable services to the field of disaster relief. Understanding how disaster relief volunteers are impacted by the trauma they witness strengthens the research field. It allows for adjustments to be made so that disaster relief volunteers are trained and cared for so that they will have the desire to volunteer for future relief efforts. While other studies have researched similar impacts that disaster relief work has on volunteers, few have focused on volunteers serving in relief efforts in North America. Finally, this dissertation exposed the research gap and explained why this research is relevant to the field and what next steps should be taken.

Dog and cat evacuation kit checklist.

Pre-disaster mitigation or hazard mitigation consists of actions taken to reduce or eliminate the cause, impact and consequences of natural hazards on property and people. Mitigation is one of four phases of emergency management, including preparedness, response, and recovery. This plan focuses on mitigation by identify the potential risk and vulnerabilities caused by natural hazards, and by developing long-term strategies to protect people and property from future hazard events.

The Five County Association of Governments Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan is a local plan, supporting 43 jurisdictions in the Southwest region of Utah. This plan provides each participating jurisdiction with a set of actions specific to the needs observed in their community through data collection and analysis for this plan.

This thesis w attempts to contribute to the identified gap in the disaster-conflict literature and posits the following research question: How does armed conflict affect DRR and disaster response, and what explains within conflict variations? Past research revealed that there is significant variation in types of rebel groups, which has significant consequences for disaster management. More nuanced approaches are needed in studying wartime political orders to scrutinize the dynamics of armed conflict and to assess the feasibility of DRR and relief interventions in different contexts. Studies suggest how militarily strong rebel organizations are less likely to inflict violence on civilians and are more likely to engage in wartime state-building; this thesis builds on that and examines how variations in wartime political orders, conditioned by the level of rebel territorial control, formal, informal institutions and relationships with the civilians and organizations affect the observed outcome, i.e. execution of disaster risk reduction and disaster relief programming. This theory is tested using the structured focused comparison method and takes an in depth look into two regions in Nepal during the 1996-2006 civil war across two distinct periods. Primary and secondary sources are used to collect and analyze data on the selected cases. Findings suggest that WPOs may have a considerable impact on how DRR and relief are delivered during conflict; stronger rebel territorial control is positively correlated with DRR and relief, while lower levels of rebel territorial control were found to be negatively correlated; these findings are limited due to a number of data constraints.

This book taps into discussions about social vulnerability, empowerment, and resistance in relation to disaster relief and recovery. It disentangles tensions and dilemmas within post-disaster empowerment, through a rich ethnographic narrative of the work of Occupy Sandy in Rockaway, New York City, after Hurricane Sandy in 2012. It details both a remarkable collaborative relief phase, in which marginalized communities were empowered to take active part, as well as a phase of conflict and resistance that came about as relief turned to long-term recovery. This volume particularly aims to understand how community empowerment processes can breach pre-disaster marginalization in the aftermath of disasters. It connects with broader emancipatory literature on dilemmas involved in empowerment ‘from the outside’. In a future of potentially harsher climate related disasters and increased social vulnerability for certain communities, this book contributes to a full and nuanced understanding of community empowerment and vulnerability reduction. This book will be of interest to sociologists, anthropologists, geographers, political scientists, and urban studies researchers, as well as undergraduate and postgraduate students interested in disaster management, disaster risk reduction, social vulnerability, community empowerment, development studies, local studies, social work, community-based work, and emancipatory theory.

The Five County Association of Governments Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan is a local plan, supporting 43 jurisdictions in the Southwest region of Utah. This plan provides each participating jurisdiction with a set of actions specific to the needs observed in their community through data collection and analysis for this plan.

Pre-disaster mitigation or hazard mitigation consists of actions taken to reduce or eliminate the cause, impact and consequences of natural hazards on property and people. Mitigation is one of four phases of emergency management, including preparedness, response, and recovery. This plan focuses on mitigation by identify the potential risk and vulnerabilities caused by natural hazards, and by developing long-term strategies to protect people and property from future hazard events.

In Tanzania, half the population lives below the poverty line and suffers from food insecurity. Of the population, women and children primarily suffer from malnutrition due to food insecurity. For Tanzania, the problem is so severe that some women do not name their newborns for weeks or months due to their unlikely survival. This problem worsens for those who have a significant reliance on agriculture and live in the nation’s rural areas. These rural communities face more traumatic burdens when floods and droughts destroy crops, fields, and tools and ruin livelihoods. A solution has not been implemented thus far due to lack of funding, government priorities, and unavailable resources and education. However, the scope of this thesis identifies a solution to reduce food insecurity by establishing more available crops for food despite natural disasters. In creating a solution for this ongoing problem in Tanzania, this thesis aims to bridge the gap between food insecurity and disaster relief and provide a policy-based solution that supports the rural populations of Tanzania. The research derived from this thesis would suggest that there are multiple potential factors and solutions to food insecurity, if Tanzania establishes policy-based solutions to prepare their crops for floods and droughts, they can mitigate the damages caused by these disasters, resulting in more available crops for food which will yield positive results towards food security for generations to come.

This thesis w attempts to contribute to the identified gap in the disaster-conflict literature and posits the following research question: How does armed conflict affect DRR and disaster response, and what explains within conflict variations? Past research revealed that there is significant variation in types of rebel groups, which has significant consequences for disaster management. More nuanced approaches are needed in studying wartime political orders to scrutinize the dynamics of armed conflict and to assess the feasibility of DRR and relief interventions in different contexts. Studies suggest how militarily strong rebel organizations are less likely to inflict violence on civilians and are more likely to engage in wartime state-building; this thesis builds on that and examines how variations in wartime political orders, conditioned by the level of rebel territorial control, formal, informal institutions and relationships with the civilians and organizations affect the observed outcome, i.e. execution of disaster risk reduction and disaster relief programming. This theory is tested using the structured focused comparison method and takes an in depth look into two regions in Nepal during the 1996-2006 civil war across two distinct periods. Primary and secondary sources are used to collect and analyze data on the selected cases. Findings suggest that WPOs may have a considerable impact on how DRR and relief are delivered during conflict; stronger rebel territorial control is positively correlated with DRR and relief, while lower levels of rebel territorial control were found to be negatively correlated; these findings are limited due to a number of data constraints.

In Tanzania, half the population lives below the poverty line and suffers from food insecurity. Of the population, women and children primarily suffer from malnutrition due to food insecurity. For Tanzania, the problem is so severe that some women do not name their newborns for weeks or months due to their unlikely survival. This problem worsens for those who have a significant reliance on agriculture and live in the nation’s rural areas. These rural communities face more traumatic burdens when floods and droughts destroy crops, fields, and tools and ruin livelihoods. A solution has not been implemented thus far due to lack of funding, government priorities, and unavailable resources and education. However, the scope of this thesis identifies a solution to reduce food insecurity by establishing more available crops for food despite natural disasters. In creating a solution for this ongoing problem in Tanzania, this thesis aims to bridge the gap between food insecurity and disaster relief and provide a policy-based solution that supports the rural populations of Tanzania. The research derived from this thesis would suggest that there are multiple potential factors and solutions to food insecurity, if Tanzania establishes policy-based solutions to prepare their crops for floods and droughts, they can mitigate the damages caused by these disasters, resulting in more available crops for food which will yield positive results towards food security for generations to come.

No matter the circumstances, Utahns have always supported each other in times of disaster. Now, it’s time to join Governor Spencer J. Cox and the rest of our state as we work together for the greater good.

The Community Animal Response Team is a community-based disaster response team integrated with local government emergency response and composed of trained and vetted volunteers who will save human and animal lives by assisting animal control and the public before, during, and after natural or man-made disasters.

Pre-disaster mitigation or hazard mitigation is the actions taken to reduce or eliminate the cause, impact and consequences of natural hazards on property and people. Mitigation is one of four phases of emergency management, including preparedness, response, and recovery. This plan focuses on mitigation by identify the potential risk and vulnerabilities caused by natural hazards, and by developing long-term strategies to protect people and property from future hazard events.

Pre-disaster mitigation or hazard mitigation consists of actions taken to reduce or eliminate the cause, impact and consequences of natural hazards on property and people. Mitigation is one of four phases of emergency management, including preparedness, response, and recovery. This plan focuses on mitigation by identify the potential risk and vulnerabilities caused by natural hazards, and by developing long-term strategies to protect people and property from future hazard events.

Davis County developed this PDM Plan in partnership with the jurisdictions it serves to substantially and permanently reduce the County's vulnerability to natural hazards. The Plan is intended to promote sound public policy and protect or reduce the vulnerability of the citizens, critical facilities, infrastructure, private property and the natural environment within the County. This can be achieved by increasing public awareness, documenting resources for risk reduction and loss‐prevention and identifying activities to guide the development of a less vulnerable and more sustainable community. This Plan represents an update of the PDM Plan that was approved by the cities, county, the State and by FEMA in 2016. All of the demographic data, maps, vulnerability assessments and mitigation strategies have been revised to reflect the constant growth throughout Davis County. Development pressures in hazard areas will continue to increase the risk to residents. The entire plan was reviewed and analyzed by the planning team throughout the planning process and again at the final draft stage before submission to the state and FEMA.

The Great Appalachian Flood of 1977 was a historic flood that killed over 100 people, damaged nearly 1,500 homes, and displaced almost 30,000 Appalachian residents. The flood lasted from April 2nd to April 5th, 1977 affecting southwestern Virginia, eastern Kentucky, southern West Virginia, and eastern Tennessee. This project focuses on the disaster relief efforts by the incarcerated population of Wise County Correctional Facility, commonly known as Unit 18, in Wise, Virginia. This project utilized locally produced primary sources known as the Mountain Community Television interviews. These interviews were archived online through the Appalshop Archives in Whitesburg, Kentucky. The Mountain Community Television interviews used for this project were recorded three to four weeks following the early April flood in Wise by media activists and volunteers. The reporters interviewed incarcerated men from Unit 18, the administrative staff and correctional officers at Unit 18, local business owners, and residential community members of Wise. This article examines how the community of Wise, Virginia reacted to the disaster relief efforts in the community. The disaster relief work performed by Unit 18 inmates in the aftermath of the 1977 flood exemplifies a growing reliance on prison laborers in central Appalachia specifically, and rural America more generally. The majority of residential community members in Wise expressed NIMBY (Not in My Backyard) attitudes toward the prison facility and incarcerated population at Unit 18. On the other hand, local business owners who directly benefited from disaster relief work and prison labor changed their opinions about Unit 18 inmates. This project details how the April flood influenced local business owners to move from "Not In My Backyard" to an expanding reliance on incarcerated labor. Most of the Wise community retained NIMBY perceptions about Unit 18 and the incarcerated population after the April flood relief efforts excluding local

Pre-disaster mitigation or hazard mitigation is the actions taken to reduce or eliminate the cause, impact and consequences of natural hazards on property and people. Mitigation is one of four phases of emergency management, including preparedness, response, and recovery. This plan focuses on mitigation by identify the potential risk and vulnerabilities caused by natural hazards, and by developing long-term strategies to protect people and property from future hazard events.

Pre-disaster mitigation or hazard mitigation consists of actions taken to reduce or eliminate the cause, impact and consequences of natural hazards on property and people. Mitigation is one of four phases of emergency management, including preparedness, response, and recovery. This plan focuses on mitigation by identify the potential risk and vulnerabilities caused by natural hazards, and by developing long-term strategies to protect people and property from future hazard events.

Davis County developed this PDM Plan in partnership with the jurisdictions it serves to substantially and permanently reduce the County's vulnerability to natural hazards. The Plan is intended to promote sound public policy and protect or reduce the vulnerability of the citizens, critical facilities, infrastructure, private property and the natural environment within the County. This can be achieved by increasing public awareness, documenting resources for risk reduction and loss‐prevention and identifying activities to guide the development of a less vulnerable and more sustainable community. This Plan represents an update of the PDM Plan that was approved by the cities, county, the State and by FEMA in 2016. All of the demographic data, maps, vulnerability assessments and mitigation strategies have been revised to reflect the constant growth throughout Davis County. Development pressures in hazard areas will continue to increase the risk to residents. The entire plan was reviewed and analyzed by the planning team throughout the planning process and again at the final draft stage before submission to the state and FEMA.

No matter the circumstances, Utahns have always supported each other in times of disaster. Now, it’s time to join Governor Spencer J. Cox and the rest of our state as we work together for the greater good.

Natural disasters often result in large-scale power outages. Real-time tracking of the extent, distribution, and timelines of electrical service loss and recovery can play an important role in minimizing disaster impacts. Using NASA's Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Day/Night Band (DNB), the extent and duration of disrupted electric utility infrastructure in the Florida Panhandle following Hurricane Michael were estimated. The percent loss of electrical service was downscaled to a neighborhood level using the 2013-2017 American Community Survey (ACS) data at the block group level. Two ordinary least square models were estimated to examine the association between socioeconomic characteristics and the extent and duration of the power outages as well as recovery rates. The study found that block groups with higher percent minorities, multi-family housing units, rural areas, and a higher percentage of households receiving public assistance were experiencing slower power restoration rates than urban and more affluent neighborhoods. The findings have implications for disaster preparedness and recovery planning., 2021, Includes bibliography., Degree granted: Thesis (MURP)--Florida Atlantic University, 2021., Collection: FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Humanitarian logistics is an emerging phenomenon which have been increasingly recognized due to the increase of disasters, where little is still known about the role of companies operating in the private sector for this phenomenon. Furthermore, it is assumed that both natural and man-made disasters will increase in both the occurrence and the effect in the future, which enforces the need for practices and theories to deal with them more effectively. There were 1438 epidemic outbreaks between 2010-2018 according to the World Health Organization. During the COVID-19 pandemic shortages in the medical sector were evident, which had disastrous effects. During these difficult times companies from the private sector implemented drastic production changes to supply the disinfectant, hand sanitizers, and protective personal equipment that was missing. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how Swedish firms have implemented/ enabled drastic production change in case of humanitarian logistics during COVID-19, for the previously mentioned product types. Sweden was chosen as the empirical setting, as many contributions could be seen amongst the Swedish private companies, where the data collection was done with eight respondents in eight different companies being in multiple industries. By using a qualitative grounded theory approach, the findings suggest that the drastic production change for the private companies in terms of humanitarian logistics is influenced by five different factors. Firstly, its dependent on developing a social motive, with and without economic benefits. Secondly, was coordinating between external and internal stakeholders. Thirdly, was coordinating amongst existing and acquired resources and capabilities. Fourthly, was coordinating product change to legal requirements. Finally, was coordinating and reacting to disruptions through alternative production. This study contributes to humanitarian logistics in several theoretical ways. Initially, it brin

Over the last several decades, there has been an increase in U.S. naval involvement in supporting humanitarian assistance, disaster relief (HA/DR) operations. Cruiser and destroyer (CRUDES) platforms, two of the most heavily employed platforms in the United States Navy, are frequently tasked outside of their primary mission sets as a result of HA/DR events, both natural and man-made. This has placed enormous pressure upon these units, their crews, and fleet commanders, specifically in how to best prioritize their use for maximum mission accomplishment. Our analysis provides side-by-side comparisons of the cost and capabilities of the LCS and T-EPF platforms to CRUDES assets, and describes their ability to effectively support HA/DR operations. This analysis gives senior leadership and mission planners objective information regarding viable alternatives that could allow CRUDES assets to maintain focus on their primary mission objectives while maintaining the necessary flexibility to support HA/DR operations., Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy, Lieutenant, United States Navy, Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy, Approved for public release. distribution is unlimited

Humanitarian logistics is an emerging phenomenon which have been increasingly recognized due to the increase of disasters, where little is still known about the role of companies operating in the private sector for this phenomenon. Furthermore, it is assumed that both natural and man-made disasters will increase in both the occurrence and the effect in the future, which enforces the need for practices and theories to deal with them more effectively. There were 1438 epidemic outbreaks between 2010-2018 according to the World Health Organization. During the COVID-19 pandemic shortages in the medical sector were evident, which had disastrous effects. During these difficult times companies from the private sector implemented drastic production changes to supply the disinfectant, hand sanitizers, and protective personal equipment that was missing. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how Swedish firms have implemented/ enabled drastic production change in case of humanitarian logistics during COVID-19, for the previously mentioned product types. Sweden was chosen as the empirical setting, as many contributions could be seen amongst the Swedish private companies, where the data collection was done with eight respondents in eight different companies being in multiple industries. By using a qualitative grounded theory approach, the findings suggest that the drastic production change for the private companies in terms of humanitarian logistics is influenced by five different factors. Firstly, its dependent on developing a social motive, with and without economic benefits. Secondly, was coordinating between external and internal stakeholders. Thirdly, was coordinating amongst existing and acquired resources and capabilities. Fourthly, was coordinating product change to legal requirements. Finally, was coordinating and reacting to disruptions through alternative production. This study contributes to humanitarian logistics in several theoretical ways. Initially, it brin

In a disaster, the most important function of emergency services is to save human lives. So why should you use precious and limited resources to evacuate and shelter animals in a disaster? Why spend time planning for animal issues? There are two main reasons: first, emergency managers have a legal requirement to have a plan for managing household pets and service animals during a disaster. Second, saving animals saves human lives. We know that people will risk their own lives (and those of responders) to save the lives of their own pets or other animals, and loose animals and animal carcasses present a public health risk that can delay recovery efforts.

Pre-disaster mitigation or hazard mitigation is the actions taken to reduce or eliminate the cause, impact and consequences of natural hazards on property and people. Mitigation is one of four phases of emergency management, including preparedness, response, and recovery. This plan focuses on mitigation by identify the potential risk and vulnerabilities caused by natural hazards, and by developing long-term strategies to protect people and property from future hazard events.

Pre-disaster mitigation or hazard mitigation is the actions taken to reduce or eliminate the cause, impact and consequences of natural hazards on property and people. Mitigation is one of four phases of emergency management, including preparedness, response, and recovery. This plan focuses on mitigation by identify the potential risk and vulnerabilities caused by natural hazards, and by developing long-term strategies to protect people and property from future hazard events.

This plan serves as the FEMA-approved natural hazard mitigation plan for Box Elder, Cache, and Rich counties, and the 39 incorporated municipalities in extreme northern Utah. The site provides information on local and regional natural hazards, risk assessments for each community, community mitigation strategies, historical hazards information, and other natural hazards planning and mitigation processes.

The Castle Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan is a localized plan that details the several natural and man-made hazards that are specific to Castle Valley and the Town of Castle Valley municipality, located in Grand County in the State of Utah. The Castle Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan is designed to evaluate and identify local hazards that would negatively affect Castle Valley. The plan outlines mitigation strategies for each hazard with an assessment to the potential benefit, the financial viability and community acceptance /political viability. The plan will be an important step in outlining and recommending government roles, public participation, regulations and emergency systems to create a safer environment for citizens and efficient emergency response.

Pre-disaster mitigation or hazard mitigation is the actions taken to reduce or eliminate the cause, impact and consequences of natural hazards on property and people. Mitigation is one of four phases of emergency management, including preparedness, response, and recovery. This plan focuses on mitigation by identify the potential risk and vulnerabilities caused by natural hazards, and by developing long-term strategies to protect people and property from future hazard events.

The primary objective of the project is to not only manifest the gigantic challenges of recovering after hurricane Irma which took place in 2017 but also to point out the socioeconomic disarray in the island before the hurricane itself. Irma clearly had a tremendous influence on numerous issues. However, the island had been struggling with many problems far beforehand. Consequently, the recovery program is still extremely difficult as the rebuilding/construction issue is not the only problem calling for resolution. Destroyed buildings and people struggling with rebuilding their houses are only the tip of the iceberg. Sint Maarten’s history is strongly interconnected with natural disasters and - simultaneously - lack of proper governance and preparedness plans against more and more frequent hurricanes in the region. The above context triggered my interest in disaster relief methods and post-disaster projects which, later on, formed the base of my design. Researching into the best possible contemporary disaster relief frameworks, showed effective ways of tackling natural disaster related problems. This also helped with designing a solution that results in effective community based relief. Thus the outcome of my research is directly translated into the design by creating ‘a building learning centre’, an institution which promotes hurricane-proof building knowledge among communities on Sint Maarten. The centre helps to create an optimised and self-sufficient disaster relief on the island and - hopefully - even beyond. The long-term goal is to enable gaining knowledge around building methods which would be held by skilled construction workers. These people would gradually improve building environment over the years. This will eventually contribute to minimising damages with every hurricane to come. The school's program and specific knowledge of 'hurricane-proof craftsmanship' could help in creating communities that actively participate in strengthening and speed, Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences

Pre-disaster mitigation or hazard mitigation is the actions taken to reduce or eliminate the cause, impact and consequences of natural hazards on property and people. Mitigation is one of four phases of emergency management, including preparedness, response, and recovery. This plan focuses on mitigation by identify the potential risk and vulnerabilities caused by natural hazards, and by developing long-term strategies to protect people and property from future hazard events.

This plan serves as the FEMA-approved natural hazard mitigation plan for Box Elder, Cache, and Rich counties, and the 39 incorporated municipalities in extreme northern Utah. The site provides information on local and regional natural hazards, risk assessments for each community, community mitigation strategies, historical hazards information, and other natural hazards planning and mitigation processes.

The Castle Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan is a localized plan that details the several natural and man-made hazards that are specific to Castle Valley and the Town of Castle Valley municipality, located in Grand County in the State of Utah. The Castle Valley Hazard Mitigation Plan is designed to evaluate and identify local hazards that would negatively affect Castle Valley. The plan outlines mitigation strategies for each hazard with an assessment to the potential benefit, the financial viability and community acceptance /political viability. The plan will be an important step in outlining and recommending government roles, public participation, regulations and emergency systems to create a safer environment for citizens and efficient emergency response.

This dissertation explores the social and political consequences of natural disasters. My first chapter looks at a flood event in Pakistan and provides causal estimates of the impact on mental health. I then shift focus towards the political economy surrounding natural disasters. For this purpose, I switch attention to the United States of America. The politics and policy environment in the United States of America provide a well-developed setting to explore the complex political terrain of national disaster management agencies.Th first chapter investigates the impact of flooding on mental health. Applying a Differences-in-Differences strategy to a dataset of 4001 rural households in Pakistan, I find that the 2013 flash flood resulted in notably higher mental stress for people living in inundated areas. The Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6) stress index for individuals in flooded areas was thirty-six percentage points higher than those who were not impacted by the flood. Left untreated, poor mental health can have far-reaching and detrimental effects on economic productivity and quality of life. This empirical evidence will hopefully encourage better designs for disaster management and health programs by alerting policy makers to hidden costs of disasters, such as the issue of mental health.In the second chapter, joint with Daniel Szmurlo, we explore the extent to which political and objectives influencethe operations of bureaucracies that administer disaster relief. We ask, ``Do House of Representative elections influence the allocation of post disaster relief?'' Billions of dollars are transferred to homeowners through the Federal Emergency Management Agency's Individual Assistance Program to help recover from natural disasters. Much of the decision-making in the allocation of relief grants is left to the discretionary authority of the President, who may use the allocation to further political and electoral objectives. We investigate the use of Individual

Every year, the federal government provides billions of dollars in disaster assistance to homeowners in the form of subsidized insurance, post-disaster relief, and mitigation grants. Such transfer programs can have negative resource effects if they encourage moral hazard, either for the recipients of the transfers or for the elected officials who work with bureaucracies to oversee their allocation. This dissertation explores how federal disaster programs influence the choices of landowners, as well as how the incentives of elected officials influence the allocation of disaster-related expenditures. In doing so I am interested how policy that intends to decrease the long-term local costs of disasters can hinder adaptation and increase the asset base at risk.The first chapter explores how federal subsidized disaster insurance influences land-use decisions. I use satellite land cover data spanning 1973-2000 and historical flood maps to measure how rate subsidies offered by the National Flood Insurance Program in the 1970s induced land to be converted to developed use, increasing the exposure of capital and households to flood risk. Using ordinary least squares and instrumental variables strategies, I find that a year of subsidy availability in the 1970s had a positive and growing effect on the probability of development for inland floodplains over time, suggesting that induced stocks of housing acted as coordination devices for new development funds in later years. For coastal floodplains, I find that subsidy availability increased development probability in the short-term, but overall development growth rates in the region tempered the overall legacy of the subsidies. Calculations focusing on the Mississippi River Basin reveal an extra year of subsidy eligibility in the early stages of the NFIP increased expected flood costs by approximately $250 million dollars per year for the entire Basin, measured at the year 2000. In the second chapter, joint with Sahaab Bader Sh

Form letter from the Titanic Survivors' Protective Committee to the claimants against the White Star Line for damages arising from the sinking of the Titanic., Stationery, 28 x 21 cm., Title supplied by staff., Herbert Fuller Chaffee, was owner and manager of the Amenia Sharon Land Co. He and his wife Carrie Toogood Chaffee were passengers on the Titanic when it struck an iceberg and sank in 1912. Mr. Chaffee died in the sinking, but Mrs. Chaffee was saved.

Form letter from the Titanic Survivors' Protective Committee to the claimants against the White Star Line for damages arising from the sinking of the Titanic., Stationery, 28 x 21 cm., Title supplied by staff., Herbert Fuller Chaffee, was owner and manager of the Amenia Sharon Land Co. He and his wife Carrie Toogood Chaffee were passengers on the Titanic when it struck an iceberg and sank in 1912. Mr. Chaffee died in the sinking, but Mrs. Chaffee was saved.

Form letter from the Titanic Survivors' committee to the claimants anouncing a settlement with the White Star Line for damages arising from the sinking of the Titanic., Stationery, 28 x 21 cm., Title supplied by staff., Herbert Fuller Chaffee, was owner and manager of the Amenia Sharon Land Co. He and his wife Carrie Toogood Chaffee were passengers on the Titanic when it struck an iceberg and sank in 1912. Mr. Chaffee died in the sinking, but Mrs. Chaffee was saved.

Route restoration is considered to be a task of foremost priority in disaster relief. In this paper, we propose a robust optimization approach for post-disaster route restoration under uncertain restoration times. We present a novel decision rule based on restoration time ordering that yields optimal restoration sequencing and propose conditions for complexity reduction in the model and prove probability bounds on the satisfaction of these conditions. We implement our models in a realistic study of the 2015 Gorkha earthquake in Nepal., System Engineering

This thesis aims to describe how the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) tends to maternal health care in floodings and whether it should be deemed sufficient. Floodings in Pakistan (2010), Bangladesh (2017) and Sudan (2013) are used as units of analysis when conducting a content analysis. The theoretical framework consists of critical success factors for disaster response based in the emergency management literature. A big part of the theoretical framework revolves around the importance of expertise and rationality in disaster response planning and implementation. The three floodings received relief efforts from IFRC which are presented in emergency appeal reports. Lists on essential maternal health care interventions in combination with the theoretical framework create analysis questions that are posed to the appeals. Results are presented in a table naming the prevalence of each intervention in each report. The findings show that maternal health care was seen to and deemed sufficient in only one of the three cases: Pakistan. The conclusion is that the discourse on maternal health care in natural disasters should be developed and that further research on the subject needs to be conducted.