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Statistics represent the processes of collecting information, storing, and presenting data. Hence, this discipline's knowledge is necessary for developing and improving numerous industrial, economic, social, and political processes and life in general. This paper highlights the elements of statistics, from the basic principles and concepts to their applications in scientific research in accounting, which is a profession that contributes to the financial processes of individuals and nations and which, therefore, requires appropriate data processing for reporting and accounting processes, that is currently an area of relevance in the national economy. The main results of this research show that statistics are essential for applying accounting processes and that scientific research in accounting areas is still developing. Still, the use of statistics can mean a profitable path for it., La estadística representa los procesos de recolección de información, almacenaje y presentación de datos. De ahí que resulte tan necesario el conocimiento de esta disciplina para el desarrollo y mejora de numerosos procesos industriales, económicos, sociales, políticos y la vida en general. En este trabajo se destacan los elementos de la estadística, desde los principios básicos y conceptos hasta sus aplicaciones en la investigación científica en contaduría, que es una profesión que aporta a los procesos financieros de las personas y las naciones, y que, por tanto, requiere un tratamiento de datos apropiado para la generación de informes y procesos contables, que son actualmente un área de relevancia en la economía nacional. Los principales resultados de esta investigación muestran que la estadística es fundamental para la aplicación de los procesos contables y que la investigación científica en áreas de contabilidad aun es incipiente pero el uso de la estadística puede significar un camino provechoso para ello.

This thesis aims to study if descriptive representation, i.e. the social likeness between representatives and population, is considered important and if it changes when a national parliament is prevented from convening in full-format during a crisis. A maintained descriptive representation is important as it reflects that representatives have equal opportunities to execute their representational duties during a crisis (fairness argument), and because the interests of underrepresented groups otherwise risk being represented to a lesser degree (interest argument). By adopting a mixed-methods approach, semi-structured interviews are used to study how representatives were selected to participate in the reduced voting procedures in the Swedish parliament during the COVID-19 pandemic, and if descriptive representation (gender, age, geographical) was considered in this process. Results show that while descriptive representation was considered by five out of eight party groups – most prominently gender representation motivated by the fairness argument – it was not as influential as other more practical factors in the selection process, such as proximity to parliament or the need of being present for other reasons. Furthermore, changes in the descriptive representation in the Swedish parliament are studied by voting data using descriptive statistics and regression analysis. Results show that the share of women increased slightly during votes during the pandemic, contrary to developments in many other parliaments. Representatives over 65 years old decreased, as did representatives from constituencies far from parliament. Significant differences in average voting participation rate arose for the different age and geographical groups, indicating unequal opportunities to execute their representational duties during the crisis.

The objective of this methodological study is to define and develop a qualitative peakedness measure and to test its validity. One hundred twenty qualitative distributions were generated from binomial distributions. The percentile kurtosis and the average of five judges when visually assessing the degree of peakedness were used as validity criteria. Peakedness was defined as the standout of the peak between the shoulders. From the frequencies of the nominal categories, it was specified how to chart a bar diagram and measure the distance from the peak to the shoulders. The statistic showed a behavior adjusted to expectations. Its correlation with average inter-judge peakedness was .87 and with percentile kurtosis −.38. It is concluded that a concept of qualitative peakedness can be defined and measured reliably, L'objectif de cette étude méthodologique est de définir et de développer une mesure de l'acuité qualitative et d'en vérifier la validité. 120 distributions qualitatives ont été générées à partir de distributions binomiales. La kurtosis percentile et la moyenne de cinq juges lors de l'évaluation visuelle du degré d’acuité ont été utilisées comme critères de validité. L’acuité était définie comme la saillie du pic entre les épaules. A partir des fréquences des catégories nominales, il a été précisé comment tracer un diagramme à barres et mesurer la distance du pic aux épaules. La statistique a montré un comportement ajusté aux attentes. Sa corrélation avec l’acuité moyen inter-juges était de .87 et avec la kurtosis percentile de −.38. Il est conclu qu'un concept d’acuité qualitative peut être défini et mesuré de manière fiable., O objetivo deste estudo metodológico é definir e desenvolver uma medida de afilamento qualitativo e verificar sua validade. 120 distribuições qualitativas foram geradas a partir de distribuições binomiais. A curtose percentil e a média de cinco juízes na avaliação visual do grau de afilamento foram utilizadas como critérios de validade. Afilamento foi definida como a saliência do pico entre os ombros. A partir das frequências das categorias nominais, foi especificado como traçar um diagrama de barras e medir a distância do pico aos ombros. A estatística mostrou um comportamento ajustado às expectativas. Sua correlação com afilamento médio entre juízes foi de .87 e com curtose percentil −.38. Conclui-se que um conceito de afilamento qualitativo pode ser definido e mensurado de forma confiável., El objetivo de este estudio metodológico es definir y desarrollar una medida de apuntamiento cualitativo y comprobar su validez. Se generaron 120 distribuciones cualitativas desde distribuciones binomiales. La curtosis percentílica y el promedio de cinco jueces al evaluar visualmente grado de apuntamiento se usaron como criterios de validez. Se definió apuntamiento como la saliencia del pico entre los hombros. Desde las frecuencias de las categorías nominales, se precisó cómo trazar un diagrama de barras y medir la distancia del pico a los hombros. La estadística mostró un comportamiento ajustado a las expectativas. Su correlación con apuntamiento promedio interjuez fue de .87 y con curtosis percentílica −.38. Se concluye que un concepto de apuntamiento cualitativo se puede definir y medir confiablemente

Statistics represent the processes of collecting information, storing, and presenting data. Hence, this discipline's knowledge is necessary for developing and improving numerous industrial, economic, social, and political processes and life in general. This paper highlights the elements of statistics, from the basic principles and concepts to their applications in scientific research in accounting, which is a profession that contributes to the financial processes of individuals and nations and which, therefore, requires appropriate data processing for reporting and accounting processes, that is currently an area of relevance in the national economy. The main results of this research show that statistics are essential for applying accounting processes and that scientific research in accounting areas is still developing. Still, the use of statistics can mean a profitable path for it., La estadística representa los procesos de recolección de información, almacenaje y presentación de datos. De ahí que resulte tan necesario el conocimiento de esta disciplina para el desarrollo y mejora de numerosos procesos industriales, económicos, sociales, políticos y la vida en general. En este trabajo se destacan los elementos de la estadística, desde los principios básicos y conceptos hasta sus aplicaciones en la investigación científica en contaduría, que es una profesión que aporta a los procesos financieros de las personas y las naciones, y que, por tanto, requiere un tratamiento de datos apropiado para la generación de informes y procesos contables, que son actualmente un área de relevancia en la economía nacional. Los principales resultados de esta investigación muestran que la estadística es fundamental para la aplicación de los procesos contables y que la investigación científica en áreas de contabilidad aun es incipiente pero el uso de la estadística puede significar un camino provechoso para ello.

Statistics represent the processes of collecting information, storing, and presenting data. Hence, this discipline's knowledge is necessary for developing and improving numerous industrial, economic, social, and political processes and life in general. This paper highlights the elements of statistics, from the basic principles and concepts to their applications in scientific research in accounting, which is a profession that contributes to the financial processes of individuals and nations and which, therefore, requires appropriate data processing for reporting and accounting processes, that is currently an area of relevance in the national economy. The main results of this research show that statistics are essential for applying accounting processes and that scientific research in accounting areas is still developing. Still, the use of statistics can mean a profitable path for it., La estadística representa los procesos de recolección de información, almacenaje y presentación de datos. De ahí que resulte tan necesario el conocimiento de esta disciplina para el desarrollo y mejora de numerosos procesos industriales, económicos, sociales, políticos y la vida en general. En este trabajo se destacan los elementos de la estadística, desde los principios básicos y conceptos hasta sus aplicaciones en la investigación científica en contaduría, que es una profesión que aporta a los procesos financieros de las personas y las naciones, y que, por tanto, requiere un tratamiento de datos apropiado para la generación de informes y procesos contables, que son actualmente un área de relevancia en la economía nacional. Los principales resultados de esta investigación muestran que la estadística es fundamental para la aplicación de los procesos contables y que la investigación científica en áreas de contabilidad aun es incipiente pero el uso de la estadística puede significar un camino provechoso para ello.

Statistics represent the processes of collecting information, storing, and presenting data. Hence, this discipline's knowledge is necessary for developing and improving numerous industrial, economic, social, and political processes and life in general. This paper highlights the elements of statistics, from the basic principles and concepts to their applications in scientific research in accounting, which is a profession that contributes to the financial processes of individuals and nations and which, therefore, requires appropriate data processing for reporting and accounting processes, that is currently an area of relevance in the national economy. The main results of this research show that statistics are essential for applying accounting processes and that scientific research in accounting areas is still developing. Still, the use of statistics can mean a profitable path for it., La estadística representa los procesos de recolección de información, almacenaje y presentación de datos. De ahí que resulte tan necesario el conocimiento de esta disciplina para el desarrollo y mejora de numerosos procesos industriales, económicos, sociales, políticos y la vida en general. En este trabajo se destacan los elementos de la estadística, desde los principios básicos y conceptos hasta sus aplicaciones en la investigación científica en contaduría, que es una profesión que aporta a los procesos financieros de las personas y las naciones, y que, por tanto, requiere un tratamiento de datos apropiado para la generación de informes y procesos contables, que son actualmente un área de relevancia en la economía nacional. Los principales resultados de esta investigación muestran que la estadística es fundamental para la aplicación de los procesos contables y que la investigación científica en áreas de contabilidad aun es incipiente pero el uso de la estadística puede significar un camino provechoso para ello.

Tato práce se zabývá analýzou vývoje počtu podniků pod zahraniční kontrolou dle země vrcholového vlastníka. Cílem práce je zpracovat a porovnat získaná data. Na datech dostupných od roku 2017 do roku 2020 bude za využití metod deskriptivní statistiky tento vývoj analyzován., The thesis deals with the analysis of the development of number of companies in foreign control by the country of the top proprietor. The objective of the thesis is to process and compare gathered data. On the data gathered from 2017 to 2020, this development will be analyzed utilizing the methods of descriptive statistics., Fakulta ekonomicko-správní, Student přednesl téma své BP. Vývoj počtu podniků pod zahraniční kontrolou dle země vrcholového vlastníka Otázky vedoucího BP: 1. Je možné alespoň přibližně říct, jaké typy podniků z hlediska ekonomické činnosti jsou v ČR nejčastěji pod kontrolou zahraničních vlastníků? Otázky komise: 1. Jaké jsou klíčové dopady pro ČR za jednotlivé roky? 2. Zkoumal jste příčiny příchodů a odchodů zahraničních firem na trh? Jaké to představuje důsledky pro daný trh? Student na otázky reagoval., Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobou

Der vorliegende Beitrag thematisiert die Bürgerbeteiligung in der Landeshauptstadt Erfurt, deren Untersuchung ein Teilziel der Wohnungs- und Haushaltsbefragung 2020 war. Dabei wurden die bisher genutzten sowie die in Frage kommenden Beteiligungsformen erfragt und im Hinblick auf soziodemografische, strukturspezifische und räumliche Merkmale ausgewertet. Es zeigt sich, dass es überwiegend die älteren, schon länger in Erfurt wohnenden Personen sind, die über ein gutes Einkommen verfügen, ein hohes Qualifikationsniveau besitzen und keinen Migrationshintergrund aufweisen, die sich beteiligen und zukünftig beteiligen wollen. Diese Personen sind zudem häufiger in der Innenstadt oder im dörflichen Bereich wohnhaft und fühlen sich stark an ihr Wohngebiet gebunden. Vor dem Hintergrund dieser Erkenntnis wird anschließend ein kurzer Exkurs unternommen, in welchem Ansätze für eine bessere Partizipation gegeben werden. Im Besonderen wird dabei auf das Format der Bürgerbefragung eingegangen, da diese bei der Berücksichtigung von benachteiligten Merkmalsgruppen als sehr adaptiv gelten kann.

Eine repräsentative Befragung in Norderstedt zeigt ein großes Interesse an sehr kleinen Wohnungen. 12 % der Befragten würden dort gerne sofort einziehen, 32 % sind aktuell an derartigen Angeboten interessiert, für 54 % kann das Thema in Zukunft interessant werden. Eine Definition von Kleinstwohnungen wurde nicht vorgegeben, sondern über zwei Fragen gesucht: 23 % der Befragten wollen oder können nicht mehr als 525 € monatlich für Wohnen ausgeben. Bei einer Warmmiete von 15 €/m² für neue Wohnungen würden sich 13 % für maximal 35 m² Wohnfläche entscheiden. Ein solches Angebot ist in Norderstedt derzeit nicht zu finden. Das erhebliche Interesse an solchen Wohnangeboten ergibt sich aber keineswegs nur aus finanziellen Nöten. Noch stärker ist die Motivation, Nachhaltigkeit auch bei der eigenen Wohnung praktizieren zu können. Dazu passt der starke Wunsch, ohne eigenes Auto leben zu können.

Background: Agile projects are statistically more likely to succeed then waterfall projects. The overall aim of this study was to explore the nursing staffs’ experiences with an agile development process, from its initial requirements to the deployment of its outcome of ICT solutions aimed at supporting discharge planning. Methods: An explorative design with quantitative and qualitative methods was used. Qualitative data was collected through seven focus group interviews. Quantitative data was collected via an ICT-system, and with an evaluation form submitted by fourteen registered nurses and nine district nurses. Results: Qualitative result of the experiences with the agile development process and its outcome resulted in one theme, four categories, and ten subcategories. The theme was found to be about time and timing, namely the amount of time for the different activities and the timing of activities within and between organisations. The agile development process increased the participants’ readiness for change by offering time to learn, practice, engage and reflect, and then adopt the ICT as a support to daily practice. Quantitative results showed a variated adoption of the ICT. Conclusion: There is a need for time to prepare, understand and adopt new tools, services and procedures and a need for additional time to prepare, understand and adopt the new among individuals, collectives, organizations, and sometimes even between different collectives or organizations. The agile development process offered the end-users involvement through the development process, which gave them time to change it both individually and collectively. However, there is a need for close collaboration between the development project team and management to reach an organizational change that is timely for both the individual and the collective change. When time or timing fails in the development or implementation process, there is a huge risk of non-adoption of new tools, services, or proc

Background: Agile projects are statistically more likely to succeed then waterfall projects. The overall aim of this study was to explore the nursing staffs’ experiences with an agile development process, from its initial requirements to the deployment of its outcome of ICT solutions aimed at supporting discharge planning. Methods: An explorative design with quantitative and qualitative methods was used. Qualitative data was collected through seven focus group interviews. Quantitative data was collected via an ICT-system, and with an evaluation form submitted by fourteen registered nurses and nine district nurses. Results: Qualitative result of the experiences with the agile development process and its outcome resulted in one theme, four categories, and ten subcategories. The theme was found to be about time and timing, namely the amount of time for the different activities and the timing of activities within and between organisations. The agile development process increased the participants’ readiness for change by offering time to learn, practice, engage and reflect, and then adopt the ICT as a support to daily practice. Quantitative results showed a variated adoption of the ICT. Conclusion: There is a need for time to prepare, understand and adopt new tools, services and procedures and a need for additional time to prepare, understand and adopt the new among individuals, collectives, organizations, and sometimes even between different collectives or organizations. The agile development process offered the end-users involvement through the development process, which gave them time to change it both individually and collectively. However, there is a need for close collaboration between the development project team and management to reach an organizational change that is timely for both the individual and the collective change. When time or timing fails in the development or implementation process, there is a huge risk of non-adoption of new tools, services, or proc

Background: Agile projects are statistically more likely to succeed then waterfall projects. The overall aim of this study was to explore the nursing staffs’ experiences with an agile development process, from its initial requirements to the deployment of its outcome of ICT solutions aimed at supporting discharge planning. Methods: An explorative design with quantitative and qualitative methods was used. Qualitative data was collected through seven focus group interviews. Quantitative data was collected via an ICT-system, and with an evaluation form submitted by fourteen registered nurses and nine district nurses. Results: Qualitative result of the experiences with the agile development process and its outcome resulted in one theme, four categories, and ten subcategories. The theme was found to be about time and timing, namely the amount of time for the different activities and the timing of activities within and between organisations. The agile development process increased the participants’ readiness for change by offering time to learn, practice, engage and reflect, and then adopt the ICT as a support to daily practice. Quantitative results showed a variated adoption of the ICT. Conclusion: There is a need for time to prepare, understand and adopt new tools, services and procedures and a need for additional time to prepare, understand and adopt the new among individuals, collectives, organizations, and sometimes even between different collectives or organizations. The agile development process offered the end-users involvement through the development process, which gave them time to change it both individually and collectively. However, there is a need for close collaboration between the development project team and management to reach an organizational change that is timely for both the individual and the collective change. When time or timing fails in the development or implementation process, there is a huge risk of non-adoption of new tools, services, or proc

Background Inflammatory Bowel Diseases are chronic diseases often with complex treatment. The treatment is lifelong and complex and may include several different pharmaceutical groups and sometimes surgery. Not rarely is treatment resistance developed and the treatment may come with different degrees of side effects. Earlier research has shown insufficient to medication adherence and a lower degree of health-related quality of life in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. The aim is to describe the relationship between medication adherence and health-related quality of life in a Swedish population diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease. Additional research questions are if any risk factors of low medication adherence can be identified from the collected variables. Methods This cross-sectional study included N=206 patients from three different regions in Sweden. The questionnaires MMAS-8 and Short Health Scale were used combined with a questionnaire regarding patient characteristics. The data and patient characteristics were described and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Ethical approval has been received from the Regional Ethical Review Board, Linköping, Sweden (no.: 2015/369-31). Results The majority of patients had Ulcerative Colitis (62.6%) There were no significant differences between the different groups of Inflammatory Bowel Disease regarding patient characteristics apart from having gone through surgical procedures, which were more common in patients with Crohn’s disease. A small correlation was shown between medication adherence and the health-related quality of life dimension social function (rho = -0.146; p <0.05). Medication adherence showed no significant correlations to the remaining health-related quality of life dimensions: disease related worry, symptom burden and sense of general well-being. Possible risk factors identified for low medication adherence were age between 30 and 50, working at high occupational level, and higher educati

Background: Agile projects are statistically more likely to succeed then waterfall projects. The overall aim of this study was to explore the nursing staffs’ experiences with an agile development process, from its initial requirements to the deployment of its outcome of ICT solutions aimed at supporting discharge planning. Methods: An explorative design with quantitative and qualitative methods was used. Qualitative data was collected through seven focus group interviews. Quantitative data was collected via an ICT-system, and with an evaluation form submitted by fourteen registered nurses and nine district nurses. Results: Qualitative result of the experiences with the agile development process and its outcome resulted in one theme, four categories, and ten subcategories. The theme was found to be about time and timing, namely the amount of time for the different activities and the timing of activities within and between organisations. The agile development process increased the participants’ readiness for change by offering time to learn, practice, engage and reflect, and then adopt the ICT as a support to daily practice. Quantitative results showed a variated adoption of the ICT. Conclusion: There is a need for time to prepare, understand and adopt new tools, services and procedures and a need for additional time to prepare, understand and adopt the new among individuals, collectives, organizations, and sometimes even between different collectives or organizations. The agile development process offered the end-users involvement through the development process, which gave them time to change it both individually and collectively. However, there is a need for close collaboration between the development project team and management to reach an organizational change that is timely for both the individual and the collective change. When time or timing fails in the development or implementation process, there is a huge risk of non-adoption of new tools, services, or proc

Background: Agile projects are statistically more likely to succeed then waterfall projects. The overall aim of this study was to explore the nursing staffs’ experiences with an agile development process, from its initial requirements to the deployment of its outcome of ICT solutions aimed at supporting discharge planning. Methods: An explorative design with quantitative and qualitative methods was used. Qualitative data was collected through seven focus group interviews. Quantitative data was collected via an ICT-system, and with an evaluation form submitted by fourteen registered nurses and nine district nurses. Results: Qualitative result of the experiences with the agile development process and its outcome resulted in one theme, four categories, and ten subcategories. The theme was found to be about time and timing, namely the amount of time for the different activities and the timing of activities within and between organisations. The agile development process increased the participants’ readiness for change by offering time to learn, practice, engage and reflect, and then adopt the ICT as a support to daily practice. Quantitative results showed a variated adoption of the ICT. Conclusion: There is a need for time to prepare, understand and adopt new tools, services and procedures and a need for additional time to prepare, understand and adopt the new among individuals, collectives, organizations, and sometimes even between different collectives or organizations. The agile development process offered the end-users involvement through the development process, which gave them time to change it both individually and collectively. However, there is a need for close collaboration between the development project team and management to reach an organizational change that is timely for both the individual and the collective change. When time or timing fails in the development or implementation process, there is a huge risk of non-adoption of new tools, services, or proc

This paper compares the partnership arrangements of Turkish and Ethnic German immigrants (i.e., return migrants from Ethnic German communities from predominantly Eastern European countries), the two largest migrant groups in Germany, and native Germans. Most existing analyses of migrants' partnerships focus on intermarriage, marriage formation, or union dissolution. We know only a little, however, about the prevalence of non-marital living arrangements. Given that single person households and cohabitation are widespread phenomena mainly in post-materialist societies, analyzing whether immigrants engage in these behaviors sheds light on potential adaptation processes. The analyses are based on the German Microcensus of the years 2009 and 2013, with a focus on adults in the 18–40 age group. First, we present descriptive findings on the prevalence of partnership arrangements of immigrants and native Germans. Second, we estimate cross-sectional regressions with the partnership arrangement as the outcome variable in order to control for compositional differences between immigrant groups with respect to education. Our results show that while the vast majority of first-generation immigrants are married, the share of married natives is considerably smaller. Living in an independent household without a partner and cohabitation are rare phenomena among immigrants. By contrast, about one in seven natives is cohabiting and more than one quarter is living in an independent household without a partner. The most prevalent partnership living arrangement of the Turkish second generation is living in the parental household without a partner. These results are robust after controlling for education, age, and year in the multiple regression analysis.

This study explores whether the diffusion of gender-equitable attitudes towards female employment is associated with fertility. We argue that any positive effect on fertility requires not only high levels of gender-equitable attitudes overall, but also attitude convergence between men and women. We analyse 27 countries using data from the World Values Surveys and European Values Studies. We find support for a U-shaped relationship between changes in gender role attitudes and fertility: an initial drop in fertility is observed as countries move from a traditional to a more gender-symmetric model. Beyond a certain threshold, additional increases in gender egalitarianism become positively associated with fertility. This curvi-linear relationship is moderated by the difference in attitudes between men and women: when there is more agreement, changes are more rapid and the effect of gender egalitarian attitudes on fertility strengthens.

We use 2012 data on economically developed countries from the International Social Survey Program to examine variation in “cultural norms” (at the world region and country levels) and “attitudes” (at the individual level) regarding the appropriate roles of family members and formal providers in both the provision and financing of assistance with daily activities at home. Our analysis has two parts: (1) a descriptive analysis of differences in cultural norms by world region and country (N = 25 countries) and (2) a multilevel multinomial logistic regression analysis of the importance of country-level factors in explaining individuals’ elder support attitudes (N = 21 countries). In the descriptive analysis, we find substantial variation in cultural norms both between world regions and between countries within all world regions except for the Nordic countries. The multilevel regression analysis points to the importance of two sets of country-level factors—“macrostructural factors” and “cultural–contextual factors”—in explaining individuals’ elder support attitudes. With regard to macrostructural factors, we find, consistent with our hypotheses, greater support for “publicly financed formal assistance” (i.e., the financing of formal assistance is supported by public funds) in countries with higher spending on services. The effects of the cultural–contextual factors are mostly consistent with our hypotheses and suggest the importance of taking into account the wider religious and political context in explaining individuals’ elder support attitudes. We conclude with a discussion of the social scientific and social policy implications of our findings.

Comparing employment rates of mothers and childless women over the life course across the birth cohorts from 1940 to 1979 in Austria, we address the question of whether the parenthood effect on employment has declined. By following synthetic cohorts of mothers and childless women up to retirement age, we can study both the short-term and long-term consequences of having a child. We consider employment participation as well as working time and also perform analyses by educational level. Our study is based on the Austrian microcensus, conducted between 1986 and 2016, and uses descriptive methods, logistic regression models, and decomposition analysis. The results show that the increase in the proportion of part-time work has led to a declining work volume of mothers with young children, despite employment rates of mothers having increased across cohorts. Return to the workplace is progressively concentrated when the child is 3-5 years old, but the parenthood effect has become weaker only from the time children enter school. Part-time employment is primarily adopted (at least with younger children) by highly educated mothers and often remains a long-term arrangement.

Key performance indicators play an important role in drilling operations since they facilitate the evaluation of their performance between wells with similar characteristics. Using the information from the wells drilled between 2015 and 2019 in eastern Ecuador, a methodology has been established to estimate key performance indicators by collecting qualitative and quantitative data from the final drilling reports. The present work compiles the information from the final drilling reports of 275 of the 699 wells drilled during the mentioned time interval, to establish standard data and behavior patterns during drilling operations in order to optimize future projects; To apply the methodology, the R Studio program was used, which has the necessary tools for statistical analysis and exploratory data analysis, without the volume of data being a limitation, facilitating the graphic interpretation of the behavior and variability of the data. The results of this research can be used as a reference in the planning of new wells with similar characteristics, as well as in the construction of new key performance indicators., Los indicadores claves de rendimiento cumplen un papel importante en las operaciones de perforación, ya que facilitan la evaluación del desempeño de estas entre pozos de similares características. Utilizando la información de los pozos perforados entre el año 2015 y 2019 en el oriente ecuatoriano, se estableció una metodología que permite estimar indicadores claves de rendimiento mediante la recolección de datos cualitativos y cuantitativos de los reportes finales de perforación. El trabajo recopila la información de los informes finales de perforación de 275 pozos de los 699 perforados durante el intervalo de tiempo mencionado, para establecer datos estándares y patrones de comportamiento en las operaciones de perforación con el fin de optimizar proyectos futuros; para aplicar la metodología se utilizó el programa R Studio, que cuenta con las herramientas necesarias para el análisis estadístico y análisis exploratorio de datos, sin que el volumen de datos sea un limitante, facilitando la interpretación gráfica del comportamiento y variabilidad de los datos. Los resultados de la investigación pueden ser utilizados como referencia en la planificación de nuevos pozos de similares características, así como en la construcción de nuevos indicadores claves de rendimiento.

This paper attempts to explore the informal source of fundraising for the wholesale and retail traders in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Furthermore, it examine a cost benefit analysis of joining Rotating Saving and Credit Association (ROSCA) from the society point of view. Primary data is collected by filling closed ended personally administered questionnaires from 250 respondents, garnered through the snowball method and selected through purposive sampling. Descriptive statistics, percentage method, is used for data analysis. An empirical example is also used to show cost benefit analysis of the participants of the ROSCA. The study find that 68 percent of respondents in the study area asserted that ROSCA is the only source of fundraising for them. Cost benefit analysis shows that the first 8 participants, out of a total of 12 participants, are better off in joining ROSCA and the last 4 participants are worse off. The study concluded that in the milieu where formal markets reluctant to cater to the needs of the small scale businesses, ROSCA plays an important role in fundraising for wholesale and retailers in the target area; and that society as a whole better off in joining ROSCA; rather than without it.

This paper attempts to explore the informal source of fundraising for the wholesale and retail traders in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Furthermore, it examine a cost benefit analysis of joining Rotating Saving and Credit Association (ROSCA) from the society point of view. Primary data is collected by filling closed ended personally administered questionnaires from 250 respondents, garnered through the snowball method and selected through purposive sampling. Descriptive statistics, percentage method, is used for data analysis. An empirical example is also used to show cost benefit analysis of the participants of the ROSCA. The study find that 68 percent of respondents in the study area asserted that ROSCA is the only source of fundraising for them. Cost benefit analysis shows that the first 8 participants, out of a total of 12 participants, are better off in joining ROSCA and the last 4 participants are worse off. The study concluded that in the milieu where formal markets reluctant to cater to the needs of the small scale businesses, ROSCA plays an important role in fundraising for wholesale and retailers in the target area; and that society as a whole better off in joining ROSCA; rather than without it.

This study examined Entrepreneurship Education teachers’ classroom practices in relation to the preparation of learners for the world of work. The study adopted the mixed methods sequential explanatory approach, where data was collected from both quantitative and qualitative ways but consolidated at the discussion stage. Individual interviews and questionnaires were used to collect data. It was then analysed using t-tests, ANOVA and thematic analysis. The findings of this research revealed that scope and nature of Entrepreneurship Education is relevant to the preparation of learners for the job market. This is seen its aims that it equips them with employability skills needed in the labour market. On the other hand, results showed that the teaching methods and strategies that have been adapted by Entrepreneurship Education teachers do not match with its aims. This is because they do not allow learners to take responsibility of their own learning because all activities are done by teachers for their learners. The results further showed that teachers lack pedagogical content knowledge because they are not able to effectively select the appropriate teaching and strategies to teach Entrepreneurship education. There are other challenges that teachers face in order to prepare learners to acquire the skills needed in the labour market. The standard examinations that are taken by learners are decisive because they only assess the cognitive skills only and they drive the curriculum. The background of learners also becomes an obstacle in that learners who do not pre-requisite knowledge about Entrepreneurship Education. Teacher education also prevent learners to acquire employability skills as teachers themselves are not adequately trained. Thirdly, it was also revealed that not all Entrepreneurship Education teachers received training to teach it and that result in them being incompetent to put the changes in practice for they are not even offered teacher professional develop, Hierdie studie ondersoek Entrepreneurship Education -onderwysers se klaskamerpraktyke in verband met die voorbereiding van leerders op die werkswêreld. Die studie het die opeenvolgende verduidelikende benadering van gemengde metodes aangeneem, waar data op kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe maniere versamel is, maar in die besprekingsfase gekonsolideer is. Individuele onderhoude en vraelyste is gebruik om data in te samel. Dit is daarna geanaliseer met behulp van t-toetse, ANOVA en tematiese analise. Die bevindinge van hierdie navorsing het aan die lig gebring dat die omvang en aard van entrepreneurskapsopvoeding relevant is vir die voorbereiding van leerders op die arbeidsmark. Die doel hiervan is dat dit hulle toerus met vaardighede wat hulle op die arbeidsmark benodig. Aan die ander kant het die resultate getoon dat die onderrigmetodes en -strategieë wat deur onderwysers in entrepreneurskapsopvoeding aangepas is, nie ooreenstem met die doelwitte daarvan nie. Dit is omdat hulle nie toelaat dat leerders verantwoordelikheid neem vir hul eie leer nie, omdat alle aktiwiteite deur onderwysers vir hul leerders gedoen word. Die resultate het verder getoon dat onderwysers 'n gebrek aan kennis van pedagogiese inhoud het omdat hulle nie die toepaslike onderrig en strategieë vir die onderrig van entrepreneurskap effektief kan kies nie. Daar is ander uitdagings waarmee onderwysers te staan kom om leerders voor te berei om die vaardighede wat hulle op die arbeidsmark benodig, aan te leer. Die standaardeksamens wat deur leerders afgelê word, is deurslaggewend omdat hulle slegs die kognitiewe vaardighede beoordeel en die kurrikulum bestuur. Die agtergrond van leerders word ook 'n struikelblok deurdat leerders wat nie kennis oor entrepreneurskapsopvoeding benodig nie. Onderwysersopleiding verhoed ook dat leerders vaardighede in diensbaarheid verwerf, aangesien onderwysers self nie voldoende opgelei is nie. Ten derde is dit ook onthul dat nie alle onderwysers in entrepreneurskapsopleid

To meet the needs of fitness users, it is essential to know its characteristics and your preferences in relation to services and activities. The gyms that adopt these practices are more successful and survive longer on the market. The aim of the present study was to characterize the importance that users attribute to fitness trainer, comparing it according to gender and age range. A translated, adapted and validated version of the questionnaire «Importance attributed to physical fitness (IAF)» was applied to 200 users, from 18 to 74 years old, 132 women and 68 men. Characterization were used with descriptive statistics and comparison with t test, for a significance level of 5%. The range of average response values (characterization) from 6.88 (e.g., Image) to 6.98 (e.g., Ethics), allows verifying that the importance assigned to the 25 quality indicators listed is very high [response scale: 1 (not important at all) to 7 (totally important)]. Comparisons between groups, have allowed verify that women give greater importance to the musical domain [t (84) = 2,998; p = .004; d = .546; moderate effect dimension] and users over 30 give more priority to dedication shown by the trainer [t (84) = -2,213; p = .030; d = .386; moderate effect dimension]. These data will allow the technicians to provide the services (the trainers) to design and improve their intervention considering the characteristics and preferences of the target audience, improving satisfaction and increasing loyalty., Para satisfacer las necesidades de usuarios fitness, es determinante conocer sus características y sus preferencias en relacióna los servicios y actividades. Los gimnasios que adoptan estas prácticas, tienen más éxito y sobreviven más tiempo en el mercado. Elobjetivo es caracterizar la importancia que los usuarios atribuyen al entrenador fitness, y compararla según sexo y rango de edad. Se aplicóuna versión traducida, adaptada y validada del cuestionario «Importancia atribuida a la aptitud física (IAF)» a 200 usuarios, de 18 a 74años, 132 mujeres y 68 hombres. Para la caracterización, se utilizaron estadísticas descriptivas y para la comparación entre grupos el testt, para un nivel de significación del 5%. El rango de valores promedio de respuesta (caracterización) desde 6.88 (ej., Imagen) a 6.98 (ej.,Ética), ha permitido verificar que la importancia asignada a los 25 indicadores de calidad enumerados, es muy alta [escala de respuesta: 1(nada importante) a 7 (totalmente importante)]. Las comparaciones entre grupos, han permitido verificar que las mujeres dan mayorimportancia al dominio musical [t (84) = 2,998; p = .004; d = .546; dimensión del efecto moderado] y que los usuarios mayores de 30 añosdan más prioridad a la dedicación mostrada por el entrenador [t (84) = -2.213; p = .030; d = .386; dimensión de efecto moderado]. Estosdatos permitirán a los gestores y entrenadores/técnicos, proporcionar los servicios, diseñar y mejorar su intervención, teniendo en cuentalas características y preferencias del público objetivo, mejorando la satisfacción y aumentando la fidelización

The following study aimed at determining the correlation between body composition and physical condition in sixth grade students from the high school Institución Educativa Moderna in Tuluá, Colombia. It was carried as a non-experimental, descriptive, and correlational study. The assessment of body composition was carried out using the body mass index and the fat percentage based on Slaughter and Lohmann formula. Physical condition was determined by using the Fitnessgram battery. The sample consisted of 193 boys and girls, around eight and 12 years old. The results were determined by means of descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation. These results showed r = -0.52 and -0.72 for boys and girls respectively, after correlating the percentage of fat and cardiovascular capacity. The correlation of their body mass index and their body weight, towards the percentage of fat were: r = 0.59 girl, 0.76 boy and r = 0.46 girl and 0.67 boy respectively, indicating that, the higher the body mass the higher the increase of fat. The correlation between fat mass and the fixed bar test was inverse, but not high: r = -0.23 and -0.24. However, when this test was correlated with the body mass index, that correlation was higher: r = -0.57 and -0.78, reflecting that the body mass affected the resistance at the bar. Flexibility and agility were not altered by fat mass: r <0.20. In conclusion, it is evidenced that fat mass can decrease cardiovascular capacity and resistance to strength, however, flexibility and speed-agility may not be altered., El siguiente estudio, tuvo como finalidad, determinar la correlación entre la composición corporal y la condición física en niños de sexto grado de la Institución Educativa de Tuluá, Colombia. El estudio fue no experimental, descriptivo y de alcance correlacional. La valoración de la composición corporal, se realizó mediante el índice de masa corporal y el porcentaje de grasa (fórmula de Slaughter y Lohmann). La condición física, se determinó por medio de la batería Fitnessgram. La muestra fue de 193 niños y niñas, entre ocho y 12 años. Los resultados se determinaron, por medio de estadísticos descriptivos y correlación de Pearson. Estos resultados, evidenciaron una r=-0,52 y -0,72 para niño y niña respectivamente, entre el porcentaje de grasa y la capacidad cardiovascular. Las correlaciones entre el índice de masa corporal y peso corporal, con el porcentaje de grasa fueron, r=0,59 niña 0,76 y niño y r=0,46 niña y 0,67 niño respectivamente, indicando que, a mayor masa corporal mayor grasa. La correlación entre masa grasa y el test de barra fija fue inversa, pero no alta, r=-0,23 y -0,24, sin embaro, cuando este test se correlacionó con el índice de masa corporal, dicha correlación fue mayor, r=- 0,57 y -0,78, reflejando que, la masa corporal, afectó la resistencia en la barra. La flexibilidad y agilidad, no se alteraron por la masa grasa, r < 0,20. Como conclusión, se evidencia que, la masa grasa puede disminuir la capacidad cardiovascular y resistencia a la fuerza, sin embargo, la flexibilidad y la velocidad-agilidad pueden no alterarse.

This data article describes the original data, the sample selection process and the variables used in Andreoli and Fusco (Andreoli and Fusco, 2019) to estimate gap curves for a sample of European countries. Raw data are from 2011 roaster of EU-SILC, cross-sectional sample of module “intergenerational transmission of disadvantage”. This article reports descriptive statistics of the using sample. It also discusses the algorithm adopted to estimate the main effects and details the content of additional Stata files stored on the online repository. These additional files contain raw estimates from bootstrapped samples, which form the basis for estimating gap curves and their variance-covariance matrices. The data article also reports representations of gap curves for all 16 selected countries.

The aim of this paper is to estimate the mass concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as benzene (B), toluene (T), ethylbenzene (E) and m-, p-, o-xylenes (X) inside of the driver-compartment of motor vehicles. The results were compared with the Czech limits for indoor environments and the external concentrations. The experiments were carried out on various routes with different methods of ventilation. The volatile emissions detected inside the vehicle were investigated in the city of Brno, Czech Republic. Cabin air was collected using desorption tubes and the samples were analysed by thermal desorption gas chromatography with a flame ionisation detector coupled with a mass detector. VOC concentrations detected in the cabin of the vehicle ranged from 2.93 mu g.m(-3) to 7.96 mu g.m(-3) for benzene, 1.42 mu s.m(-3) to 4.38 mu g.m(-3). for toluene, 44.06 mu g.m(-3) to 152.00 mu g.m(-3) for ethylbenzene and 63.07 mu g.m(-3) to 479.62 mu g.m(-3) for xylenes. The indoor limit value for benzene, according to the Czech standard, is 7 mu g.m(-3). Levels of toluene were consistently below the Czech hourly standard, whose value according to the Czech standard is 300 mu g.m(-3). According to our findings, various methods of ventilation are an important factor influencing the BTEX pollution levels within the interior of the vehicle. In addition, this paper presents the influence results of benzene on the health of passengers inside the cabin of the vehicle. The results show that all age categories, especially children under the age of two, are exposed to increased health risks., Cílem příspěvku je prezentovat odhad hmotnostní koncentrace těkavých organických sloučenin (VOC) jako je benzen (B), toluen (T), ethylbenzen (E) a m-, p- a o- xyleny uvnitř prostoru pro řidiče motorového vozidla. Naměřené výsledky byly porovnány s českými limity pro vnitřní a vnější prostředí. Měření probíhalo v Brně na různých trasách s různými režimy ventilace vozidla.

This paper attempts to explore the informal source of fundraising for the wholesale and retail traders in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Furthermore, it examine a cost benefit analysis of joining Rotating Saving and Credit Association (ROSCA) from the society point of view. Primary data is collected by filling closed ended personally administered questionnaires from 250 respondents, garnered through the snowball method and selected through purposive sampling. Descriptive statistics, percentage method, is used for data analysis. An empirical example is also used to show cost benefit analysis of the participants of the ROSCA. The study find that 68 percent of respondents in the study area asserted that ROSCA is the only source of fundraising for them. Cost benefit analysis shows that the first 8 participants, out of a total of 12 participants, are better off in joining ROSCA and the last 4 participants are worse off. The study concluded that in the milieu where formal markets reluctant to cater to the needs of the small scale businesses, ROSCA plays an important role in fundraising for wholesale and retailers in the target area; and that society as a whole better off in joining ROSCA; rather than without it.

This paper attempts to explore the informal source of fundraising for the wholesale and retail traders in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Furthermore, it examine a cost benefit analysis of joining Rotating Saving and Credit Association (ROSCA) from the society point of view. Primary data is collected by filling closed ended personally administered questionnaires from 250 respondents, garnered through the snowball method and selected through purposive sampling. Descriptive statistics, percentage method, is used for data analysis. An empirical example is also used to show cost benefit analysis of the participants of the ROSCA. The study find that 68 percent of respondents in the study area asserted that ROSCA is the only source of fundraising for them. Cost benefit analysis shows that the first 8 participants, out of a total of 12 participants, are better off in joining ROSCA and the last 4 participants are worse off. The study concluded that in the milieu where formal markets reluctant to cater to the needs of the small scale businesses, ROSCA plays an important role in fundraising for wholesale and retailers in the target area; and that society as a whole better off in joining ROSCA; rather than without it.

This paper attempts to explore the informal source of fundraising for the wholesale and retail traders in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Furthermore, it examine a cost benefit analysis of joining Rotating Saving and Credit Association (ROSCA) from the society point of view. Primary data is collected by filling closed ended personally administered questionnaires from 250 respondents, garnered through the snowball method and selected through purposive sampling. Descriptive statistics, percentage method, is used for data analysis. An empirical example is also used to show cost benefit analysis of the participants of the ROSCA. The study find that 68 percent of respondents in the study area asserted that ROSCA is the only source of fundraising for them. Cost benefit analysis shows that the first 8 participants, out of a total of 12 participants, are better off in joining ROSCA and the last 4 participants are worse off. The study concluded that in the milieu where formal markets reluctant to cater to the needs of the small scale businesses, ROSCA plays an important role in fundraising for wholesale and retailers in the target area; and that society as a whole better off in joining ROSCA; rather than without it.

This paper attempts to explore the informal source of fundraising for the wholesale and retail traders in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Furthermore, it examine a cost benefit analysis of joining Rotating Saving and Credit Association (ROSCA) from the society point of view. Primary data is collected by filling closed ended personally administered questionnaires from 250 respondents, garnered through the snowball method and selected through purposive sampling. Descriptive statistics, percentage method, is used for data analysis. An empirical example is also used to show cost benefit analysis of the participants of the ROSCA. The study find that 68 percent of respondents in the study area asserted that ROSCA is the only source of fundraising for them. Cost benefit analysis shows that the first 8 participants, out of a total of 12 participants, are better off in joining ROSCA and the last 4 participants are worse off. The study concluded that in the milieu where formal markets reluctant to cater to the needs of the small scale businesses, ROSCA plays an important role in fundraising for wholesale and retailers in the target area; and that society as a whole better off in joining ROSCA; rather than without it.

This study examined Entrepreneurship Education teachers’ classroom practices in relation to the preparation of learners for the world of work. The study adopted the mixed methods sequential explanatory approach, where data was collected from both quantitative and qualitative ways but consolidated at the discussion stage. Individual interviews and questionnaires were used to collect data. It was then analysed using t-tests, ANOVA and thematic analysis. The findings of this research revealed that scope and nature of Entrepreneurship Education is relevant to the preparation of learners for the job market. This is seen its aims that it equips them with employability skills needed in the labour market. On the other hand, results showed that the teaching methods and strategies that have been adapted by Entrepreneurship Education teachers do not match with its aims. This is because they do not allow learners to take responsibility of their own learning because all activities are done by teachers for their learners. The results further showed that teachers lack pedagogical content knowledge because they are not able to effectively select the appropriate teaching and strategies to teach Entrepreneurship education. There are other challenges that teachers face in order to prepare learners to acquire the skills needed in the labour market. The standard examinations that are taken by learners are decisive because they only assess the cognitive skills only and they drive the curriculum. The background of learners also becomes an obstacle in that learners who do not pre-requisite knowledge about Entrepreneurship Education. Teacher education also prevent learners to acquire employability skills as teachers themselves are not adequately trained. Thirdly, it was also revealed that not all Entrepreneurship Education teachers received training to teach it and that result in them being incompetent to put the changes in practice for they are not even offered teacher professional develop, Hierdie studie ondersoek Entrepreneurship Education -onderwysers se klaskamerpraktyke in verband met die voorbereiding van leerders op die werkswêreld. Die studie het die opeenvolgende verduidelikende benadering van gemengde metodes aangeneem, waar data op kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe maniere versamel is, maar in die besprekingsfase gekonsolideer is. Individuele onderhoude en vraelyste is gebruik om data in te samel. Dit is daarna geanaliseer met behulp van t-toetse, ANOVA en tematiese analise. Die bevindinge van hierdie navorsing het aan die lig gebring dat die omvang en aard van entrepreneurskapsopvoeding relevant is vir die voorbereiding van leerders op die arbeidsmark. Die doel hiervan is dat dit hulle toerus met vaardighede wat hulle op die arbeidsmark benodig. Aan die ander kant het die resultate getoon dat die onderrigmetodes en -strategieë wat deur onderwysers in entrepreneurskapsopvoeding aangepas is, nie ooreenstem met die doelwitte daarvan nie. Dit is omdat hulle nie toelaat dat leerders verantwoordelikheid neem vir hul eie leer nie, omdat alle aktiwiteite deur onderwysers vir hul leerders gedoen word. Die resultate het verder getoon dat onderwysers 'n gebrek aan kennis van pedagogiese inhoud het omdat hulle nie die toepaslike onderrig en strategieë vir die onderrig van entrepreneurskap effektief kan kies nie. Daar is ander uitdagings waarmee onderwysers te staan kom om leerders voor te berei om die vaardighede wat hulle op die arbeidsmark benodig, aan te leer. Die standaardeksamens wat deur leerders afgelê word, is deurslaggewend omdat hulle slegs die kognitiewe vaardighede beoordeel en die kurrikulum bestuur. Die agtergrond van leerders word ook 'n struikelblok deurdat leerders wat nie kennis oor entrepreneurskapsopvoeding benodig nie. Onderwysersopleiding verhoed ook dat leerders vaardighede in diensbaarheid verwerf, aangesien onderwysers self nie voldoende opgelei is nie. Ten derde is dit ook onthul dat nie alle onderwysers in entrepreneurskapsopleid

Aquest article se centra en el problema freqüent de l’anàlisi i la interpretació de resultats per a la detecció de patògens en les indústries alimentàries, posant coma exemple Listeria monocytogenes, com un model que pot ser extrapolat a altres microorganismes. Amb aquest objectiu s’explica la situació actual amb relació a la seguretat alimentària, tot centrant-se en la contaminació de les superfícies, un problema de primer ordre, especialment després d’avaluar el brot ocorregut a Sevilla l’estiu de 2019, relacionat amb L. monocytogenes, com a exemple d’altres casos que es poden estar donant avui en dia al nostre país. Per abordar el problema de l’anàlisi i la interpretació dels resultats analítics a les empreses alimentàries, el mostreig es considera la base de la interpretació, i es diferencia entre mesures quantitatives i qualitatives. En tot moment es pretén donar un estudi estadístic senzill, aportant exemples que permetin ajudar en la presa de decisions d’una empresa alimentària preocupada per la seguretat dels productes que elabora i que vulgui obtenir un bon rendiment dels costos analítics. Es tracten conceptes com mostreig i estadística descriptiva, la diferència de concepte entre mesures independents i mesures repetides, així com la importància de l’objectiu de seguretat alimentària (FSO, de l’anglès food safety objective) i la interpretació de la freqüència en què es presenta un patogen, en funció de la mida de la mostra i l’històric de resultats. Amb aquesta informació és d’esperar que es pugui ajudar la indústria i que es faciliti la presa de decisions.PARAULES CLAU: Listeria monocytogenes, control de microorganismes, interpretaci&, This paper focuses on the frequent problem of analysis and interpretation of results in the detection of pathogens in the food industries, using the case of Listeria monocytogenes as a model that can be extrapolated to other microorganisms. To this end, we deal with the current situation of food safety, discussing surface contamination, which represents a first-rate problem in the food industry. Specifically, the outbreak of infection in Seville in the summer of 2019, caused by L. monocytogenes contamination, may be taken as an example of similar situations that may be happening in our country today. Sampling is considered the basis of interpretation, differentiating between quantitative and qualitative measures. At all times it is sought to establish a simple statistical approach, providing examples that may contribute to the understanding of the situation. This is of help in the decision-making process of any food-processing company which is concerned about the safety of its products, and which seeks to obtain a good yield from its analytical costs. We cover concepts such as sampling, descriptive statistics, the difference in concept between isolated and repeated measures, as well as the importance of the food safety objective (FSO) and the interpretation of the frequency of occurrence of a pathogen, depending on the sample size and the record of results. With this information, it is hoped that industry may be assisted and that the decision-making process may be facilitated.KEYWORDS: Listeria monocytogenes, microorganism control, interpretation of results, descriptive statistics, pathogens, food safety.

Aquest article se centra en el problema freqüent de l’anàlisi i la interpretació de resultats per a la detecció de patògens en les indústries alimentàries, posant coma exemple Listeria monocytogenes, com un model que pot ser extrapolat a altres microorganismes. Amb aquest objectiu s’explica la situació actual amb relació a la seguretat alimentària, tot centrant-se en la contaminació de les superfícies, un problema de primer ordre, especialment després d’avaluar el brot ocorregut a Sevilla l’estiu de 2019, relacionat amb L. monocytogenes, com a exemple d’altres casos que es poden estar donant avui en dia al nostre país. Per abordar el problema de l’anàlisi i la interpretació dels resultats analítics a les empreses alimentàries, el mostreig es considera la base de la interpretació, i es diferencia entre mesures quantitatives i qualitatives. En tot moment es pretén donar un estudi estadístic senzill, aportant exemples que permetin ajudar en la presa de decisions d’una empresa alimentària preocupada per la seguretat dels productes que elabora i que vulgui obtenir un bon rendiment dels costos analítics. Es tracten conceptes com mostreig i estadística descriptiva, la diferència de concepte entre mesures independents i mesures repetides, així com la importància de l’objectiu de seguretat alimentària (FSO, de l’anglès food safety objective) i la interpretació de la freqüència en què es presenta un patogen, en funció de la mida de la mostra i l’històric de resultats. Amb aquesta informació és d’esperar que es pugui ajudar la indústria i que es faciliti la presa de decisions.PARAULES CLAU: Listeria monocytogenes, control de microorganismes, interpretaci&, This paper focuses on the frequent problem of analysis and interpretation of results in the detection of pathogens in the food industries, using the case of Listeria monocytogenes as a model that can be extrapolated to other microorganisms. To this end, we deal with the current situation of food safety, discussing surface contamination, which represents a first-rate problem in the food industry. Specifically, the outbreak of infection in Seville in the summer of 2019, caused by L. monocytogenes contamination, may be taken as an example of similar situations that may be happening in our country today. Sampling is considered the basis of interpretation, differentiating between quantitative and qualitative measures. At all times it is sought to establish a simple statistical approach, providing examples that may contribute to the understanding of the situation. This is of help in the decision-making process of any food-processing company which is concerned about the safety of its products, and which seeks to obtain a good yield from its analytical costs. We cover concepts such as sampling, descriptive statistics, the difference in concept between isolated and repeated measures, as well as the importance of the food safety objective (FSO) and the interpretation of the frequency of occurrence of a pathogen, depending on the sample size and the record of results. With this information, it is hoped that industry may be assisted and that the decision-making process may be facilitated.KEYWORDS: Listeria monocytogenes, microorganism control, interpretation of results, descriptive statistics, pathogens, food safety.

The information on downward longwave (LW) radiation is necessary for the design of the passive cooling system of buildings. Because the measured LW radiation data are not available in most locations, few studies have focused on the modeling of LW radiation in China. In this study, empirical models for estimating LW radiation were proposed under all-sky conditions based on the meteorological parameters such as the ambient dry-bulb temperature, water vapor pressure, and relative humidity, which can be classified into four cases: All day, nighttime, and daytimes with and without considering the cloud modification factor. The proposed models performed are well compared with the existing models. The LW radiation datasets for 351 locations of China were developed using the proposed model for all the day based on the typical meteorological year. Moreover, the distribution map of radiative cooling potential in July was created using the proposed model for the nighttime, which can provide a valuable reference for building cooling design., This article may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the author and AIP Publishing. This article appeared in K. Chang and Q. Zhang, Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy. 11, 066501 (2019) and may be found at https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5117319.

The present article is the result of the study carried out in the Health District of Portoviejo with the objective of analyzing the budget execution through the use of descriptive statistics applied in the period from 2017 to 2019, in order to evaluate its evolution and economic performance by programs. The research has a mixed approach, based on documentary information that was deepened with the use of techniques such as interviews, surveys and the use of descriptive statistics. As part of the analysis, the standard deviation, mean, and variance of a factor (ANOVA) is calculated to compare several groups in a quantitative variable. The data from the analysis of one factor variance establishes the 12 budget items of Program 90 Health Services Provision and Delivery as dependent variables and the 3 periods of the budget execution percentage as independent variables. The results show that the period with the greatest dispersion of its data is 2019 with 24. 18%, and it can be corroborated that the analysis of the budget execution and the application of instruments that allow for this purpose contribute to the improvement of economic performance and decision-making by areas of responsibility in the health sector., El presente artículo es el resultado del estudio realizado en el Distrito de Salud de Portoviejo con el objetivo de analizar la ejecución presupuestaria mediante el uso de a estadística descriptiva aplicada en el periodo del 2017 al 2019, con el fin de evaluar su evolución y desempeño económico por programas. La investigación tiene un enfoque de tipo mixto, basada en información documental que fue profundizada con el uso de técnicas como las entrevistas, encuestas y el uso de la estadística descriptiva. Como parte del análisis se calcula la desviación estándar, la media y la varianza de un factor (ANOVA) para comparar varios grupos en una variable cuantitativa. Los datos del análisis de la varianza de un factor establece como variables dependientes los 12 ítems presupuestarios del Programa 90 Provisión y prestación de Servicios de Salud y como variables independientes los 3 periodos del porcentaje de ejecución del presupuesto, los resultados demuestran que el periodo con mayor dispersión de sus datos es el 2019 con un 24,18%, pudiéndose corroborar que el análisis de la ejecución presupuestaria y la aplicación de instrumentos que permitan este fin contribuyen a la mejora del desempeño económico y toma de decisiones por áreas de responsabilidad del sector de salud.

In this work we present the process of construction and pilot implementation of an instrument to evaluate the knowledge about stochastic of prospective mathematics teachers, in relation to descriptive statistics content. The tests were carried out in a sample of 126 prospective mathematics teachers, from Spain and Chile. The results are organized starting with some indicators on the psychometric properties of the items analysed and the overall results of the questionnaire. From here, we jointly study the items that conform each category of knowledge of the content in focus, between common or expanded, looking for differences amongst the sample groups. We conclude that the instrument has acceptable characteristics, as well as the items analysed, and its reformed application is projected into the future., En este trabajo presentamos el proceso de construcción e implementación piloto de un instrumento para evaluar el conocimiento sobre estocástica de futuros profesores de matemática, en lo referido al contenido de estadística descriptiva. Laspruebas se llevaron a cabo en una muestra de 126 futuros profesores de matemática en España y Chile. Los resultados se organizan comenzando por indicadores sobre las propiedades psicométricas de los ítems analizados y de los resultados globales del cuestionario. Posteriormente, estudiamos conjuntamente los ítems que conforman cada categoría del conocimientodel contenido considerada, entre común o ampliado, buscando diferencias entre los grupos dela muestra. Se concluye que el instrumento cuenta con características aceptables, al igual que los reactivos analizados y se proyecta su aplicación reformada en el futuro.

In this work we present the process of construction and pilot implementation of an instrument to evaluate the knowledge about stochastic of prospective mathematics teachers, in relation to descriptive statistics content. The tests were carried out in a sample of 126 prospective mathematics teachers, from Spain and Chile. The results are organized starting with some indicators on the psychometric properties of the items analysed and the overall results of the questionnaire. From here, we jointly study the items that conform each category of knowledge of the content in focus, between common or expanded, looking for differences amongst the sample groups. We conclude that the instrument has acceptable characteristics, as well as the items analysed, and its reformed application is projected into the future., En este trabajo presentamos el proceso de construcción e implementación piloto de un instrumento para evaluar el conocimiento sobre estocástica de futuros profesores de matemática, en lo referido al contenido de estadística descriptiva. Laspruebas se llevaron a cabo en una muestra de 126 futuros profesores de matemática en España y Chile. Los resultados se organizan comenzando por indicadores sobre las propiedades psicométricas de los ítems analizados y de los resultados globales del cuestionario. Posteriormente, estudiamos conjuntamente los ítems que conforman cada categoría del conocimientodel contenido considerada, entre común o ampliado, buscando diferencias entre los grupos dela muestra. Se concluye que el instrumento cuenta con características aceptables, al igual que los reactivos analizados y se proyecta su aplicación reformada en el futuro.

One of the most important purpose in the context of sports services is to know what the costumer’s future intentions are, so trying to analyze costumer loyalty has become one of the main objectives within the management of sport, specifically sports centers. Therefore, the aim is to know what influence the other management variables and subjective well-being have on this dimension that measures the future intentions of the costumer, such as loyalty. The sample of this work was made up of 303 costumers of the sports centre (164 men, 139 women). For statistical analysis it was used with SPSS v.23. All the variables that formed the model obtained good results in terms of reliability, being the emotional value the one that obtained the highest alpha value of Cronbach. After calculating the descriptive statistics of the different scales of the model, a multiple regression analysis is carried out, and it is observed how this one explains 38% of the variance, showing all the variables significance with the loyalty of the user, excepting the variable that measures the price value. After knowing which variables influence loyalty prediction, providing sports managers with information about which variables to reinforce will help to obtain more loyal costumers and consequently faithful to the service., Una de las finalidades más importantes en el contexto de los servicios deportivos es conocer cuáles son las intenciones futuras del usuario, por ello tratar de analizar la lealtad del usuario, se ha convertido en una de los objetivos principales dentro de la gestión del deporte, en concreto, los centros deportivos. Por ello, el objetivo es conocer qué influencia tienen las demás variables de gestión y el bienestar subjetivo sobre esta dimensión que mide las intenciones futuras del usuario, como es la lealtad. La muestra de este trabajo estaba formada por 303 usuarios de la instalación deportiva (164 hombres, 139 mujeres). Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó con el programa SPSS v.23. Todas las variables que formaban el modelo obtuvieron buenos resultados en cuanto a la fiabilidad, siendo el valor emocional el que mayor valor de alfa de Cronbach obtuvo. Tras calcular los estadísticos descriptivos de las diferentes escalas del modelo, se realiza un análisis de regresión múltiple, y se observa como este explica el 38% de la varianza, mostrando todas las variables significatividad con la lealtad del usuario, menos la variable que mide el valor precio. Tras conocer que variables influyen más en la predicción de la lealtad, ofrecer a los gestores deportivos información acerca de qué variables reforzar, ayudará a obtener usuarios más leales y en consecuencia fieles con el servicio

The present article is the result of the study carried out in the Health District of Portoviejo with the objective of analyzing the budget execution through the use of descriptive statistics applied in the period from 2017 to 2019, in order to evaluate its evolution and economic performance by programs. The research has a mixed approach, based on documentary information that was deepened with the use of techniques such as interviews, surveys and the use of descriptive statistics. As part of the analysis, the standard deviation, mean, and variance of a factor (ANOVA) is calculated to compare several groups in a quantitative variable. The data from the analysis of one factor variance establishes the 12 budget items of Program 90 Health Services Provision and Delivery as dependent variables and the 3 periods of the budget execution percentage as independent variables. The results show that the period with the greatest dispersion of its data is 2019 with 24. 18%, and it can be corroborated that the analysis of the budget execution and the application of instruments that allow for this purpose contribute to the improvement of economic performance and decision-making by areas of responsibility in the health sector., El presente artículo es el resultado del estudio realizado en el Distrito de Salud de Portoviejo con el objetivo de analizar la ejecución presupuestaria mediante el uso de a estadística descriptiva aplicada en el periodo del 2017 al 2019, con el fin de evaluar su evolución y desempeño económico por programas. La investigación tiene un enfoque de tipo mixto, basada en información documental que fue profundizada con el uso de técnicas como las entrevistas, encuestas y el uso de la estadística descriptiva. Como parte del análisis se calcula la desviación estándar, la media y la varianza de un factor (ANOVA) para comparar varios grupos en una variable cuantitativa. Los datos del análisis de la varianza de un factor establece como variables dependientes los 12 ítems presupuestarios del Programa 90 Provisión y prestación de Servicios de Salud y como variables independientes los 3 periodos del porcentaje de ejecución del presupuesto, los resultados demuestran que el periodo con mayor dispersión de sus datos es el 2019 con un 24,18%, pudiéndose corroborar que el análisis de la ejecución presupuestaria y la aplicación de instrumentos que permitan este fin contribuyen a la mejora del desempeño económico y toma de decisiones por áreas de responsabilidad del sector de salud.

In this work we present the process of construction and pilot implementation of an instrument to evaluate the knowledge about stochastic of prospective mathematics teachers, in relation to descriptive statistics content. The tests were carried out in a sample of 126 prospective mathematics teachers, from Spain and Chile. The results are organized starting with some indicators on the psychometric properties of the items analysed and the overall results of the questionnaire. From here, we jointly study the items that conform each category of knowledge of the content in focus, between common or expanded, looking for differences amongst the sample groups. We conclude that the instrument has acceptable characteristics, as well as the items analysed, and its reformed application is projected into the future., En este trabajo presentamos el proceso de construcción e implementación piloto de un instrumento para evaluar el conocimiento sobre estocástica de futuros profesores de matemática, en lo referido al contenido de estadística descriptiva. Laspruebas se llevaron a cabo en una muestra de 126 futuros profesores de matemática en España y Chile. Los resultados se organizan comenzando por indicadores sobre las propiedades psicométricas de los ítems analizados y de los resultados globales del cuestionario. Posteriormente, estudiamos conjuntamente los ítems que conforman cada categoría del conocimientodel contenido considerada, entre común o ampliado, buscando diferencias entre los grupos dela muestra. Se concluye que el instrumento cuenta con características aceptables, al igual que los reactivos analizados y se proyecta su aplicación reformada en el futuro.

The aim of this paper is to estimate the mass concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as benzene (B), toluene (T), ethylbenzene (E) and m-, p-, o-xylenes (X) inside of the driver-compartment of motor vehicles. The results were compared with the Czech limits for indoor environments and the external concentrations. The experiments were carried out on various routes with different methods of ventilation. The volatile emissions detected inside the vehicle were investigated in the city of Brno, Czech Republic. Cabin air was collected using desorption tubes and the samples were analysed by thermal desorption gas chromatography with a flame ionisation detector coupled with a mass detector. VOC concentrations detected in the cabin of the vehicle ranged from 2.93 mu g.m(-3) to 7.96 mu g.m(-3) for benzene, 1.42 mu s.m(-3) to 4.38 mu g.m(-3). for toluene, 44.06 mu g.m(-3) to 152.00 mu g.m(-3) for ethylbenzene and 63.07 mu g.m(-3) to 479.62 mu g.m(-3) for xylenes. The indoor limit value for benzene, according to the Czech standard, is 7 mu g.m(-3). Levels of toluene were consistently below the Czech hourly standard, whose value according to the Czech standard is 300 mu g.m(-3). According to our findings, various methods of ventilation are an important factor influencing the BTEX pollution levels within the interior of the vehicle. In addition, this paper presents the influence results of benzene on the health of passengers inside the cabin of the vehicle. The results show that all age categories, especially children under the age of two, are exposed to increased health risks.

The GDPR aims at strengthening the rights of data subjects and to build trust in the digital single market. This is manifested by the introduction of a new principle of transparency. It is, however, not obvious what this means in practice: What kind of answers can be expected to GDPR requests citing the right to “meaningful information”? This is the question addressed in this article. Seven insurance companies, representing 90–95% of the Swedish home insurance market, were asked by consumers to disclose information about how premiums are set. Results are presented first giving descriptive statistics, then characterizing the pricing information given, and lastly describing the procedural information offered by insurers as part of their answers. Overall, several different approaches to answering the request can be discerned, including different uses of examples, lists, descriptions of logic, legal basis as well as data related to the process of answering the requests. Results are analyzed in light of GDPR requirements. A number of potential improvements are identified—at least three responses are likely to fail the undue delay requirement. The article is concluded with a discussion about future work. © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG., QC 20201202

The aim of this research was to compare consumer expectations of quality of tomatoes based on disclosed price and later estimate the unknown price of tomatoes based on its tasting. One hundred six participants tasted four types of tomatoes with disclosed prices and with unknow prices and fulfilled the questionnaire. We focused on analysing how recognition of prices affects customer behaviour and price estimation of additional products. Using descriptive statistics and machine learning techniques in WEKA software we got results. The findings of this study corroborate that the knowledge of current prices significantly affected participants’ perception of the quality of the tomatoes being tasted; affected 63,21% students’ maximum price limits that they are willing to pay for tomatoes and  make 32,77% of students use known prices and its rounded values to evaluate prices of additional products.