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Augmented reality (AR) is the newest technology that can be applied to computer vision, audio, video and other sensor-based input projects into 3D vision. It is the backbone for all specialisation of science, medical and engineering concepts. Currently, the reading and learning method through AR-based approaches are quite highly intensive than the existing methods such as papers, books and magazines. This strategy is more expensive but it is more interactive to the user in understanding the root concepts in an effective manner. This paper explores the experiment on solar system revolution pattern along with 3D audio effect in spatial dimension. This novel idea inculcates more vibrancy in the current generation of students to understand the concepts with the clear illustrations and demonstrations. © 2020 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

Activated persulfate (PS) oxidation is promising for contaminant removal but a lack of controllable activation can lead to a loss of reagents and thus low contamination degradation. Herein, we have proposed and investigated an innovative method to control PS activation by introducing ion exchange membrane into electrochemically activated PS. This electrochemical membrane reactor (EMR) could precisely control PS activation by adjusting electrical current for slow release of Fe²⁺, and also avoid direct contact between PS and a sacrificial anode electrode (iron electrode)/an alkaline cathode solution. It was found that the PS decomposition rate constant was linearly increased by increasing the applied current (R²=0.988). The rate of the released Fe²⁺ also exhibited a linear relationship with the applied current (R²=0.995). Compared to one-time dosage of Fe²⁺, the EMR-based slow-release process had higher contamination degradation and better PS utilization (molar ratio of the decomposed PS to the migrated Fe, 1.04 ± 0.01:1), thereby minimizing the waste of both reaction reagents and generated radicals. The EMR was also employed to degrade a representative dye contaminant in a controllable manner and achieved 95.7 ± 0.7% removal percentage with PS dosage of 3.0 g L⁻¹ within 20 min. This study is among the earliest to explore effective approaches for precisely controlling PS activation and subsequent oxidation of contaminants.

Activated persulfate (PS) oxidation is promising for contaminant removal but a lack of controllable activation can lead to a loss of reagents and thus low contamination degradation. Herein, we have proposed and investigated an innovative method to control PS activation by introducing ion exchange membrane into electrochemically activated PS. This electrochemical membrane reactor (EMR) could precisely control PS activation by adjusting electrical current for slow release of Fe²⁺, and also avoid direct contact between PS and a sacrificial anode electrode (iron electrode)/an alkaline cathode solution. It was found that the PS decomposition rate constant was linearly increased by increasing the applied current (R²=0.988). The rate of the released Fe²⁺ also exhibited a linear relationship with the applied current (R²=0.995). Compared to one-time dosage of Fe²⁺, the EMR-based slow-release process had higher contamination degradation and better PS utilization (molar ratio of the decomposed PS to the migrated Fe, 1.04 ± 0.01:1), thereby minimizing the waste of both reaction reagents and generated radicals. The EMR was also employed to degrade a representative dye contaminant in a controllable manner and achieved 95.7 ± 0.7% removal percentage with PS dosage of 3.0 g L⁻¹ within 20 min. This study is among the earliest to explore effective approaches for precisely controlling PS activation and subsequent oxidation of contaminants.

Mechanisms of current generation in edge localized mode (ELM) filaments are discussed. It is shown that dipole type currents should flow in the filaments and that these currents are short-circuited through the ambient plasma of the scrape-off layer. The steady-state monopole currents in the filaments cannot be closed through the ambient plasma and oscillatory currents with Alfven frequency should emerge instead. The dipole type currents in the filaments are sufficient to produce magnetic field perturbations which create a stochastic layer inside the edge transport barrier (ETB) region. The dynamic of penetration of the magnetic field perturbations is analyzed and it is shown that the corresponding time is comparable with the life time of the filaments. At the stage when the ETB region is stochastized by the currents of the filaments the radial electric field becomes less negative or even positive inside the ETB and the onset of outward convective flux takes place. It is shown that this outward flux could lead to the significant pump-out effect - the density decrease in the pedestal region., QC 20160212

In this study a simple, fast and effective surface modification method for enhanced biofilm formation, increased electron transfer rate and higher current density generation from microbial fuel cell (MFC) has been demonstrated. This method consists of partial oxidation of carbon felt material by UV/O3 treatment. Results from the electrochemical studies performed suggest that Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 biofilm formation is favored on UV/O3 treated carbon felt electrodes when subjected to an applied potential of −0.3 V vs. Ag/AgCl. Carbon electrodes exposed to 45 min of UV/O3 treatment provided the best electrochemical results and richer bacterial cell attachment. Ozone exposure above 45 min presented decreased MFC performance and current generation. Visual confirmation via SEM images indicated a link between the current generation and the presence of biomass attached to the working electrodes. In addition, we have shown enrichment of the electrode surface with flavin, which correlates with the increased anodic performance.

This study investigated a novel treatment process for human urine in membraneless single-chamber microbial fuel cells (SCMFCs). The performances of SCMFCs with Pt-based or Pt-free cathode were tested for over 1000 hours of operation. The pH of the anodic solution increased from 5.4-6.4 to 9.0 due to the urea hydrolysis, which consequently decreased the anodic performance even though the cathode was not affected, indicating that the MFCs were anode-limited. The solution conductivity increased up to 3 times the initial value. The initial current generated by the Pt-free cathodes SCMFCs was 0.13-0.15 mA, and stabilized at 0.1 mA. The Pt-based cathode SCMFC decreased from 0.18-0.23 mA to 0.13 mA. This study showed that high pH caused by urea hydrolysis lowered the anodic reactions and the SCMFCs overall performance. The Pt-free cathode performance was comparable to that of Pt-based cathodes, thus offering a cost effective alternative for future developments.

BACKGROUND: The capability of cyanobacteria to convert carbon dioxide into carbohydrates offers a promising carbon-neutral energy solution. Unfortunately, the lifespan of cyanobacteria based photoelectrochemical cells is poor because discharge current drops to zero within days. The primary factor that limits lifespan was believed to be the toxicity of an artificial mediator that extracts electrons from cyanoacteria to electrode. It is critical to experimentally identify the true limiting factor such that we could prolong the lifespan for practical use. RESULTS: Systematic tests on cell physiology and current discharge were performed in autotrophic and heterotrophic conditions. Contrary to previous belief, results for cell viability, chlorophyll content and growth curve of Cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6714 under continuous vitamin K(3)-mediated current discharge did not exhibit any toxic effect. The role of glucose was then investigated. Surprisingly, discharge current dropped to zero although there was significant intracellular glycogen (2.5 x 10(-10) mg cell(-1)). Further tests of current response to the addition of exogenous glucose suggest the regulatory role of glucose on cyanobacterial metabolism that is relevant to current generation. Furthermore, current generation in the light and dark conditions corroborates glucose as energy reserve. CONCLUSION: It is not mediator toxicity but the regulatory effect of glucose on the metabolism of cyanobacteria that limits the lifespan for current generation. Glucose functions in a dual role as energy reserve and regulatory molecule to modulate cyanobacterial metabolism related to current generation. (C) 2010 Society of Chemical Industry

BACKGROUND: The capability of cyanobacteria to convert carbon dioxide into carbohydrates offers a promising carbon-neutral energy solution. Unfortunately, the lifespan of cyanobacteria based photoelectrochemical cells is poor because discharge current drops to zero within days. The primary factor that limits lifespan was believed to be the toxicity of an artificial mediator that extracts electrons from cyanoacteria to electrode. It is critical to experimentally identify the true limiting factor such that we could prolong the lifespan for practical use. RESULTS: Systematic tests on cell physiology and current discharge were performed in autotrophic and heterotrophic conditions. Contrary to previous belief, results for cell viability, chlorophyll content and growth curve of Cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6714 under continuous vitamin K(3)-mediated current discharge did not exhibit any toxic effect. The role of glucose was then investigated. Surprisingly, discharge current dropped to zero although there was significant intracellular glycogen (2.5 x 10(-10) mg cell(-1)). Further tests of current response to the addition of exogenous glucose suggest the regulatory role of glucose on cyanobacterial metabolism that is relevant to current generation. Furthermore, current generation in the light and dark conditions corroborates glucose as energy reserve. CONCLUSION: It is not mediator toxicity but the regulatory effect of glucose on the metabolism of cyanobacteria that limits the lifespan for current generation. Glucose functions in a dual role as energy reserve and regulatory molecule to modulate cyanobacterial metabolism related to current generation. (C) 2010 Society of Chemical Industry

BACKGROUND: The capability of cyanobacteria to convert carbon dioxide into carbohydrates offers a promising carbon-neutral energy solution. Unfortunately, the lifespan of cyanobacteria based photoelectrochemical cells is poor because discharge current drops to zero within days. The primary factor that limits lifespan was believed to be the toxicity of an artificial mediator that extracts electrons from cyanoacteria to electrode. It is critical to experimentally identify the true limiting factor such that we could prolong the lifespan for practical use. RESULTS: Systematic tests on cell physiology and current discharge were performed in autotrophic and heterotrophic conditions. Contrary to previous belief, results for cell viability, chlorophyll content and growth curve of Cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6714 under continuous vitamin K(3)-mediated current discharge did not exhibit any toxic effect. The role of glucose was then investigated. Surprisingly, discharge current dropped to zero although there was significant intracellular glycogen (2.5 x 10(-10) mg cell(-1)). Further tests of current response to the addition of exogenous glucose suggest the regulatory role of glucose on cyanobacterial metabolism that is relevant to current generation. Furthermore, current generation in the light and dark conditions corroborates glucose as energy reserve. CONCLUSION: It is not mediator toxicity but the regulatory effect of glucose on the metabolism of cyanobacteria that limits the lifespan for current generation. Glucose functions in a dual role as energy reserve and regulatory molecule to modulate cyanobacterial metabolism related to current generation. (C) 2010 Society of Chemical Industry

Contains table of contents for Section 2 and reports on four research projects., Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Subcontract 6264005, National Science Foundation Grant ECS 84-13173, National Science Foundation Grant ECS 85-14517, U.S. Air Force - Office of Scientific Research Contract AFOSR 84-0026, U.S. Army - Harry Diamond Laboratories Contract DAAL02-86-C-0050, U.S. Navy - Office of Naval Research Contract N00014-87-K-2001, National Science Foundation Grant ECS 85-15032, National Science Foundation Grant ECS 88-22475, U.S. Department of Energy Contract DE-AC02-ET-51013