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ERDC/CRREL TR-19-1 Engineering for Polar Operations, Logistics, and Research (EPOLAR) Microstructural Characterization of Snow Compaction Related to Snow Pavements Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory Zoe R. Courville, Ross M. Lieblappen, Terry D. Melendy, and Andrew P. Bernier January 2019 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. The U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) solves the nation’s toughest engineering and environmental challenges. ERDC develops innovative solutions in civil and military engineering, geospatial sciences, water resources, and environmental sciences for the Army, the Department of Defense, civilian agencies, and our nation’s public good. Find out more at www.erdc.usace.army.mil. To search for other technical reports published by ERDC, visit the ERDC online library at http://acwc.sdp.sirsi.net/client/default. Engineering for Polar Operations, Logistics, and Research (EPOLAR) ERDC/CRREL TR-19-1 January 2019 Microstructural Characterization of Snow Compaction Related to Snow Pavements Zoe R. Courville, Ross M. Lieblappen, Terry D. Melendy, and Andrew P. Bernier U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) 72 Lyme Road Hanover, NH 03755-1290 Final Report Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Prepared for National Science Foundation, Office of Polar Programs 2415 Eisenhower Avenue Alexandria, VA 22314 Under Engineering for Polar Operations, Logistics, and Research (EPOLAR) EP-ANT-16-34, “Evolution of the Strength of Compacted Snow” ERDC/CRREL TR-19-1 ii Abstract A first-of-its-kind snow runway for wheeled aircraft operation at McMurdo Station, Antarctica, demonstrated that robust structures can be made of snow that push the limit of what is known about snow strength and how to parameterize it. We conducted a series of laboratory tests to determine the links between snow density and snow compressive strength for ve

ERDC/CRREL TR-18-17 Army 6.2 Applied Sciences Research Program Snow Strategic Science Plan Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory Carrie M. Vuyovich, Elias J. Deeb, Christopher Polashenski, Zoe R. Courville, Christopher A. Hiemstra, Anna M. Wagner, John B. Eylander, and Robert E. Davis September 2018 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. The U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) solves the nation’s toughest engineering and environmental challenges. ERDC develops innovative solutions in civil and military engineering, geospatial sciences, water resources, and environmental sciences for the Army, the Department of Defense, civilian agencies, and our nation’s public good. Find out more at www.erdc.usace.army.mil. To search for other technical reports published by ERDC, visit the ERDC online library at http://acwc.sdp.sirsi.net/client/default. Cover photos: Clockwise from upper right, (a) U.S. Soldiers hook up 155mm Howitzer to a CH-47 Chinook helicopter (photo by John Pennell)1, (b) Explosive impacts in snow-covered terrain (photo uncredited)2, (c) U.S. Army Stryker Brigade Combat Team prepares for training aimed at Arctic operations (photo by Alejandro Pena).3 1 https://www.dvidshub.net/image/4204597/arctic-artillery-goes-flying 2 http://www.jber.jb.mil/News/Photos/igphoto/2000071566/ 3 http://www.jber.jb.mil/News/Photos/igphoto/2001879711/ Army 6.2 Applied Sciences Research Program ERDC/CRREL TR-18-17 September 2018 Snow Strategic Science Plan Carrie M. Vuyovich, Elias J. Deeb, Christopher Polashenski, Zoe R. Courville, Christopher A. Hiemstra, Anna M. Wagner, John B. Eylander, and Robert E. Davis Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center 72 Lyme Road Hanover, NH 03755 Final report Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Washington, DC 20314-1000 Under Army Program Element 0603734A, “Military Engineering A

ERDC/CRREL TR-17-2 Engineering for Polar Operations, Logistics, and Research (EPOLAR) Geophysical Survey of McMurdo Ice Shelf to Determine Infrastructure Stability and for Future Planning Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory Seth Campbell, Zoe Courville, Samantha Sinclair, and Joel Wilner January 2017 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. The U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) solves the nation’s toughest engineering and environmental challenges. ERDC develops innovative solutions in civil and military engineering, geospatial sciences, water resources, and environmental sciences for the Army, the Department of Defense, civilian agencies, and our nation’s public good. Find out more at www.erdc.usace.army.mil. To search for other technical reports published by ERDC, visit the ERDC online library at http://acwc.sdp.sirsi.net/client/default.Engineering for Polar Operations, Logistics, and Research (EPOLAR) ERDC/CRREL TR-17-2 January 2017 Geophysical Survey of McMurdo Ice Shelf to Determine Infrastructure Stability and for Future Planning Seth Campbell, Zoe Courville, and Samantha Sinclair U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) 72 Lyme Road Hanover, NH 03755-1290 Joel Wilner Department of Geology McCardell Bicentennial Hall 276 Bicentennial Way Middlebury College Middlebury, VT 05753 Final Report Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Prepared for National Science Foundation, Office of Polar Programs, Antarctic Infrastructure and Logistics Arlington, VA 22230 Under Engineering for Polar Operations, Logistics, and Research (EPOLAR) EP-ANT-15-36, “Geophysical Survey of McMurdo Ice Shelf to Determine Cur-rent Infrastructure Stability and for Future Planning” ERDC/CRREL TR-17-2 ii Abstract Recent surface melting and Antarctic ice-shelf retreat have led to concerns about McMurdo Ice Shelf (MIS) instability, which could threaten rese

ERDC/CRREL TR-16-8 Engineering for Polar Operations, Logistics, and Research (EPOLAR) Robotic Ground-Penetrating-Radar (GPR) Surveys to Support the 2014 Greenland Inland Traverse Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory James H. Lever, Zoe R. Courville, and Douglas A. Punt June 2016 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. The U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) solves the nation’s toughest engineering and environmental challenges. ERDC develops innovative solutions in civil and military engineering, geospatial sciences, water resources, and environmental sciences for the Army, the Department of Defense, civilian agencies, and our nation’s public good. Find out more at www.erdc.usace.army.mil. To search for other technical reports published by ERDC, visit the ERDC online library at http://acwc.sdp.sirsi.net/client/default.Engineering for Polar Operations, Logistics, and Research (EPOLAR) ERDC/CRREL TR-16-8 June 2016 Robotic Ground-Penetrating-Radar (GPR) Surveys to Support the 2014 Greenland Inland Traverse James H. Lever, Zoe R. Courville, and Douglas A. Punt U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) 72 Lyme Road Hanover, NH 03755-1290 Final Report Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Prepared for National Science Foundation, Division of Polar Programs Arctic Research Support and Logistics 4201 Wilson Boulevard Arlington, VA 22230 Under Engineering for Polar Operations, Logistics, and Research (EPOLAR) EP-ARC-14-12, “Support for GrIT” ERDC/CRREL TR-16-8 ii Abstract The National Science Foundation operates the Greenland Inland Traverse (GrIT) to resupply Summit Station, which is situated at the peak of the Greenland ice cap. Prior to its springtime departure from Thule Air Base in northwest Greenland, GrIT’s Strategic Crevasse Avoidance Team (SCAT) conducts ground-penetrating-radar (GPR) surveys along the first 100 km of the route

ERDC/CRREL TR-15-9 Engineering for Polar Operations, Logistics, and Research (EPOLAR) Remediation of Old South Pole Station Phase I: Ground-Penetrating-Radar Surveys Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory Lynette Barna, Zoe Courville, John Rand, and Allan Delaney July 2015 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. The U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) solves the nation’s toughest engineering and environmental challenges. ERDC develops innovative solutions in civil and military engineering, geospatial sciences, water resources, and environmental sciences for the Army, the Department of Defense, civilian agencies, and our nation’s public good. Find out more at www.erdc.usace.army.mil. To search for other technical reports published by ERDC, visit the ERDC online library at http://acwc.sdp.sirsi.net/client/default.Engineering for Polar Operations, Logistics, and Research (EPOLAR) ERDC/CRREL TR-15-9 July 2015 Remediation of Old South Pole Station Phase I: Ground-Penetrating-Radar Surveys Lynette Barna and Zoe Courville Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) 72 Lyme Road Hanover, NH 03755-1290 John Rand Contractor Cornish Flat, NH 03746 Allan Delaney Contractor Alpine, TX 79831 Final Report Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Prepared for National Science Foundation, Division of Polar Programs, Antarctic Infrastructure and Logistics Arlington, VA 22230 Under Engineering for Polar Operations, Logistics, and Research (EPOLAR) EP-ANT-11-41, “USAP Operations Engineering Support and Guidance” ERDC/CRREL TR-15-9 ii Abstract Old South Pole Station was built between 1956 and 1957 to support the In-ternational Geophysical Year (IGY). At the time, the buildings composing the main station complex were built on the snow surface, but the increas-ing depth of snow overcame the structures. In an effort to displace the deepening snow and resulti

Increased interest and ship traffic in ice-covered Arctic waters necessitates the determination of the range of conditions in which current, small non-ice-hardened vessels can operate and the best operating procedures in ice-covered conditions. A series of tests in varying brash ice thickness conditions were conducted at a range of speeds in the CRREL test basin using a model craft with shrouded and open propellers as well as an intake pumping propulsion system. Results from the testing indicate that boats operating in brash ice fields should operate at slow speeds (5 knots) to prevent increased strain on the outboard motors and possible damage to the propulsion system. Waterjet impellers appear to have greater protection from brash ice than an outboard propulsion system. It was thought that the shrouds would protect the propellers from ice impacts, which they may have done, but a secondary effect was that the brash ice caught inside the shroud area could not be forced away by the propellers as could be done in the open-propeller tests. This could mean that shrouds may still offer protection to the propellers but in a different configuration than the one tested., The original document contains color images.

ERDC TR-14-1 Interaction between Brash Ice and Boat Propulsion Systems Engineer Research and Development Center Kevin L. Haskins, Zoe R. Courville, Devinder Singh Sodhi, Jesse M. Stanley, Leonard J. Zabilansky, and Jason M. Story February 2014 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. The US Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) solves the nation’s toughest engineering and environmental challenges. ERDC develops innovative solutions in civil and military engineering, geospatial sciences, water resources, and environmental sciences for the Army, the Department of Defense, civilian agencies, and our nation’s public good. Find out more at www.erdc.usace.army.mil. To search for other technical reports published by ERDC, visit the ERDC online library at http://acwc.sdp.sirsi.net/client/default.ERDC TR-14-1 February 2014 Interaction between Brash Ice and Boat Propulsion Systems Leonard J. Zabilansky, Devinder Singh Sodhi, Jesse M. Stanley, and Zoe R. Courville Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory US Army Engineer Research and Development Center 72 Lyme Road Hanover, NH 03755 Kevin L. Haskins Geotechnical and Structural Laboratory US Army Engineer Research and Development Center 3909 Halls Ferry Road Vicksburg, MS 39180 Jason M. Story US Coast Guard Research and Development Center 1 Chelsea Street New London, CT 06320 Final report Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Prepared for US Coast Guard Research and Development Center New London, CT 06320 Under Project 6204, Arctic Craft Project Monitored by Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory US Army Engineer Research and Development Center 72 Lyme Road, Hanover, NH 03755 ERDC TR-14-1 ii Abstract Increased interest and ship traffic in ice-covered Arctic waters necessitates the determination of the range of conditions in which current, small non-ice-hardened vessels can operate and the best operating procedures in ice-covered conditions. A series of tests in v

GPR Applications in Cold Climates Samantha Sinclair1*, Seth Campbell1, Zoe Courville1, and Steve Arcone1 Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL), Hanover, NH *POC, email: samantha.n.sinclair@erdc.dren.mil Glacier and Ice Sheet Research A: 100 MHz profile from the McMurdo Shear Zone to the ice shelf terminus near Scott Base. The inset figure in (A) shows meteoric ice over marine ice. B) Zoom in of the meteoric ice bottom in a 200 MHz profile along the same transect shown in (A), that shows multiple subglacial fractures. Top: Aerial photo showing the Transition Zone located near Scott Base, Antarctica with major features labeled including approximate ice flow directions (arrows). Note the location of the bottom panel denoted by a and a’. Bottom: 100 MHz GPR profile showing folds near the transition zone which are cross cut by the brine horizon. References Barna L, Lever J, Delaney, A. 2015. Remediation of Old Pole Station Using Autonomous Data Collection and Remote Assessment of Ground-Penetrating Radar. ERDC/CRREL TR-15-10, Hanover, NH: U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center. Campbell S, Affleck R, Sinclair S. 2018. Ground-Penetrating Radar Studies of Permafrost, Periglacial, and Near-Surface Geology at McMurdo Station, Antarctica. Cold Regions Science & Technology, (148), 38-49. Campbell S, Courville Z, Sinclair S, Wilner J. 2017. Brine, Englacial structure, and basal properties near the terminus of McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica. Annals of Glaciology, 1-11. DOI: 10.1017/aog.2017.26. Campbell S, Briggs M, Douglas T, Saari S. Ground-penetrating radar observations of permafrost distribution relative to terrain and vegetation at 12-Mile Lake, Alaska Permafrost & Periglacial Processes, Submitted. Sinclair S, Campbell S, Arcone, S, Affleck R. 2018. Using Ground-Penetrating Radar to Delineate Regions of Massive Ice at McMurdo Station, Antarctica. ERDC/CRREL TR-18-4, Hanover, NH: U.S. Ar

GPR Applications in Cold Climates Samantha Sinclair1*, Seth Campbell1, Zoe Courville1, and Steve Arcone1 Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL), Hanover, NH *POC, email: samantha.n.sinclair@erdc.dren.mil Glacier and Ice Sheet Research A: 100 MHz profile from the McMurdo Shear Zone to the ice shelf terminus near Scott Base. The inset figure in (A) shows meteoric ice over marine ice. B) Zoom in of the meteoric ice bottom in a 200 MHz profile along the same transect shown in (A), that shows multiple subglacial fractures. Top: Aerial photo showing the Transition Zone located near Scott Base, Antarctica with major features labeled including approximate ice flow directions (arrows). Note the location of the bottom panel denoted by a and a’. Bottom: 100 MHz GPR profile showing folds near the transition zone which are cross cut by the brine horizon. References Barna L, Lever J, Delaney, A. 2015. Remediation of Old Pole Station Using Autonomous Data Collection and Remote Assessment of Ground-Penetrating Radar. ERDC/CRREL TR-15-10, Hanover, NH: U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center. Campbell S, Affleck R, Sinclair S. 2018. Ground-Penetrating Radar Studies of Permafrost, Periglacial, and Near-Surface Geology at McMurdo Station, Antarctica. Cold Regions Science & Technology, (148), 38-49. Campbell S, Courville Z, Sinclair S, Wilner J. 2017. Brine, Englacial structure, and basal properties near the terminus of McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica. Annals of Glaciology, 1-11. DOI: 10.1017/aog.2017.26. Campbell S, Briggs M, Douglas T, Saari S. Ground-penetrating radar observations of permafrost distribution relative to terrain and vegetation at 12-Mile Lake, Alaska Permafrost & Periglacial Processes, Submitted. Sinclair S, Campbell S, Arcone, S, Affleck R. 2018. Using Ground-Penetrating Radar to Delineate Regions of Massive Ice at McMurdo Station, Antarctica. ERDC/CRREL TR-18-4, Hanover, NH: U.S. Ar