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2022 International Conference on Numerical Simulation of Optoelectronic Devices, NUSOD 2022 -- 12 September 2022 through 16 September 2022 -- -- 182933, Directed Infrared Counter Measure (DIRCM) laser laboratory setups are used to mimic the real life DIRCM system and IR heat-seeking missile engagement scenarios in isolated laboratory environments. Typically, the output beam of a mid-infrared (Mid-IR) laser source is modulated in time using an acousto-optic (AO) modulator (AOM). Following the AOM in the optical path, within a distance of few meters, the laser beam is expanded and collimated, using traditional methods to have almost a uniform intensity profile at the target aperture [1, 2]. The whole process results in the simulation of the engagement of a countermeasure laser with an IR heat-seeking missile on an optical table. AO devices, besides their common usage of modulation, can also be used to transform a given laser beam profile into various other beam profiles [3]. By applying an RF signal consisting of multiple frequency components to an AO device, diffraction occurs into multiple orders. By this way, various beam profiles can be obtained along the optical path. In this study, we analyze the usage of an AO device in order to have an expanded beam profile with a uniform intensity distribution at few meters away from the laser source that is enough to cover an IR seeker's aperture. With the use of an AO device for beam shaping, we aim to alleviate the need of costly and complex optical setups. The analysis is made in two dimensions using a numerical simulation software, which employs the finite element method with appropriate boundary conditions. © 2022 IEEE.

In the past decades, the size of the internet and digital world has grown enormously. Today's businesses are operating entirely online and thus bringing with them all of their costumers' personal details. Digital profiling is a practice that immerse from different necessities such a criminal profiling for proactively identifying malicious actions but also for users profiling for marketing campaigns. In this research we tackling the different digital profiling techniques and methodologies in order to analyze and propose potential counter measures which may aspect the success rate of identifying and profiling an individual. Based on that, we are analyzing OSINT tools, past research papers and existing methodologies in an attempt to aggregate the techniques used and comment on possible ways that might make the profiling phase a step more difficult. Finally, we also propose potential improvements that can be applied in the future that will assist the scope of this research.

The article is devoted to the study of the conditions for the use of countermeasures in the contemporary international law. The application of countermeasures is not sufficiently regulated by the written norms of international law and is predominantly non-codified in a customary manner. The type and size of the countermeasures must be proportional to the offense committed, and the use countermeasures may be recognized as lawful only if the injured State or an international organization puts the offender in a position to comply with its obligations and notify of possible countermeasures. The basic principles of the application of countermeasures are the following: countermeasures should apply only to the State which has committed an internationally wrongful act; the unlawful nature of the act must be determined solely on the basis of the norms of international law; the purpose of applying countermeasures is to restore legitimate rights and interests of the victim only; countermeasures should ensure the return to the previous state that existed prior to the commission of an international offense and should not cause irreparable damage; the application of countermeasures is temporary only. The use of countermeasures is permissible only in case of exhaustion by the victim of other parties not connected with the use of means of protection of their rights and should be terminated when the violated right will be restored. Certain international obligations cannot be terminated in the order of application of countermeasures against the offender. These include, in particular, the obligation to refrain from using force or threat of force, an obligation to protect fundamental human rights, humanitarian obligations and other obligations arising from imperative norms of general international law., Исследуются условия и принципы применения контрмер в современном международном праве. Установлено, что порядок применения контрмер недостаточно урегулирован нормами международного права и носит преимущественно некодифицированный обычно-правовой характер. Также обосновывается, что право применять контрмеры может быть реализовано не только потерпевшим государством, но и третьими государствами или международными организациями. Характер и размер контрмер должны быть пропорциональным совершенному правонарушению, а именно применение контрмер всегда носит ограниченный характер и осуществляется с целью побуждения выполнения правонарушителем своих обязанностей. Приводятся критерии правомерности применения контрмер., Досліджено умови застосування контрзаходів у сучасному міжнародному праві. Доведено, що порядок застосування контрзаходів недостатньо врегульований нормами міжнародного права і носить переважно некодифікований звичаєвий характер. Проаналізовано принципи застосування контрзаходів в сучасних умовах; обґрунтовано, що право застосовувати контрзаходи може бути реалізовано не тільки потерпілою державою, а й третіми державами чи міжнародними організаціями. Характер і розмір контрзаходів мають бути пропорційними вчиненому правопорушенню, а саме застосування контрзаходів завжди носить обмежений характер і здійснюється з метою спонукання виконання правопорушником своїх обов’язків. Окреслено критерії правомірності застосування контрзаходів.

Cryptographic devices are vulnerable to so-called Side Channel Attacks. As attackers become smarter, hardware designers and chip manufacturers need to keep up with the security demands against these Side Channel Attacks. Side Channel Attacks such as timing analysis, power consumption analysis or electromagnetic analysis, are based upon the principle that the attacker observes the behavior of the side channel (power, electromagnetic emission etc.) while a cryptographic device is performing its operations. The side channel reveals the attacker valuable information about the secret key which ultimately enables the attacker to derive the secret key. There are several counter measures that minimize the side channel information. This thesis analyzes the influence of using asynchronous logic as a practical countermeasure against Power Analysis attacks by implementing the AES Rijndael cryptographic algorithm in a FPGA device. A Power Analysis attack is a form of a Side Channel Attack where the attacker observes the behavior of the the power consumption during a cryptographic operation. A feasible asynchronous logic design style is chosen and implemented in a FPGA. In order to compare its effectiveness, a synchronous (clocked) hardware design is made in the same design structure of the AES algorithm. Power Analysis attacks are performed on both designs, and the results are compared., Computer Engineering, Circuits and Systems, Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science

Cryptographic devices are vulnerable to so-called Side Channel Attacks. As attackers become smarter, hardware designers and chip manufacturers need to keep up with the security demands against these Side Channel Attacks. Side Channel Attacks such as timing analysis, power consumption analysis or electromagnetic analysis, are based upon the principle that the attacker observes the behavior of the side channel (power, electromagnetic emission etc.) while a cryptographic device is performing its operations. The side channel reveals the attacker valuable information about the secret key which ultimately enables the attacker to derive the secret key. There are several counter measures that minimize the side channel information. This thesis analyzes the influence of using asynchronous logic as a practical countermeasure against Power Analysis attacks by implementing the AES Rijndael cryptographic algorithm in a FPGA device. A Power Analysis attack is a form of a Side Channel Attack where the attacker observes the behavior of the the power consumption during a cryptographic operation. A feasible asynchronous logic design style is chosen and implemented in a FPGA. In order to compare its effectiveness, a synchronous (clocked) hardware design is made in the same design structure of the AES algorithm. Power Analysis attacks are performed on both designs, and the results are compared., Computer Engineering, Circuits and Systems, Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science

The paper describes the results of an experimental study on the behaviour of a submerged rock berm in liquefied backfill soil. The soil is liquefied by waves, and the rock berm is subject to the orbital motion of the liquefied soil. The soil used in the experiments was silt with d50=0.075mm. Various berm materials were used, stones of size 0.74–2.5cm, plastic balls of size 3.6cm, brass of size 2.5cm and steel of size 1.0cm. The experiments show that rock berms that are stable under very large waves can be unstable when they are exposed to the motion of liquefied soil. The limited data obtained in the study were plotted as a function of the mobility number versus the Keulegan–Carpenter number for the range of the Reynolds number of the tests. The critical mobility number corresponding to the incipient motion of the berm stones is determined. Recommendations are made as to how the present findings can be implemented in practice.

Background—To minimise injury risk and maximise gymnastics performance, coaches, parents, and health professionals working with young gymnasts need to understand and practise safe gymnastics. Aims—To (a) identify the various injury counter measures specific to gymnastics, (b) critically review the literature describing each injury prevention measure, and (c) assess, using available risk factor and injury data, the weight of evidence to support each of these counter measures. Specific recommendations for further research and implementation strategies to prevent injury and improve safety are also given. Methods—The relevant literature was identified through the use of Medline (1966 to May 1998) and SPORT Discus (1975 to May 1998) searches, hand searching of journals and reference lists, and discussions with key Australian gymnastics organisations. Results—The key gymnastics injury counter measures identified in this review include coaching (physical preparation, education, spotting, and performance technique), equipment, and the health support system (medical screening, treatment, and rehabilitation). Categorisation of the type of evidence for the effectiveness of each of these counter measures in preventing injury showed that most of it is based on informal opinion/anecdotal evidence, uncontrolled data based studies, and several prospective epidemiological studies. There is no evidence from formally controlled trials or specific evaluation studies of counter measures for gymnastics. Conclusions—Although gymnastics is a sport associated with young participants and frequent high volume, high impact training, there is a paucity of information on injury risk factors and the effectiveness of injury practices. Further controlled trials are needed to examine the extent to which injury prevention counter measures can prevent or reduce the occurrence of injury and re-i