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It has remained that the search of economic efficiency in contractual relations has long been one of the issues that has generated the greatest challenges for economic analysts of the theory of contracts. In 2016, the Nobel Prize in Economic Science was awared to the American Oliver Hart and the Finn Bengt Holmström, for their contributions to contract theory, for the development of new theoretical models for de creation of more effective contractual agreements. The winners focused their research from the perspective of effectiveness of the contractual models, based on the balance of risks and incentives of the parties, and the reduction of profitable behavior that some of these can obtain through the contractual agreement. It has been believed that the work developed by these two researchers is framed only in the postulates of the economic theory of contracts, moving away from the legal perspective on the matter, added to the consideration that this net economic perception is not right. Therefore, it is proposed as a liminal idea, the fact that the legal and economic approach of this topic, is not entirely contradictory or diverse, but rather, the two forms of analysis are complementary and vigorous, in the light of the fundamental rights and interpretative legislative efficiency., De vieja data, la búsqueda de la eficiencia económica en las relaciones contractuales es uno de los temas que han suscitado los más grandes retos para los analistas de la teoría económica de los contratos. En 2016, el premio Nobel de Economía fue otorgado al estadounidense Oliver Hart y al finlandés Bengt Holmström, por sus aportes en el campo de la “teoría de los contratos”, debido al desarrollo de nuevos modelos teóricos para la creación de acuerdos contractuales más eficientes económicamente hablando. Los galardonados centraron su investigación con la perspectiva de la efectividad de los modelos contractuales, basada en el equilibrio de los riesgos y los incentivos de las partes, y en la disminución de la conducta provechosa que alguna de estas puede obtener a través del acuerdo contractual. Se ha creído que el trabajo desarrollado por estos dos investigadores se enmarca únicamente dentro de los postulados de la teoría económica de los contratos, y se aleja, por ello, de la perspectiva jurídica sobre la materia, sumado ello a la consideración de que esa percepción, netamente económica, no es acertada. Por tanto, se propone, como idea liminar, el hecho de que el abordaje tanto jurídico como económico del tema no resulta del todo contradictorio o diverso, sino que las dos formas de análisis resultan complementarias y vigorosas, a la luz de los derechos fundamentales y de la eficiencia legislativa interpretativa. Palabras clave: Teoría económica del contrato, teoría jurídica del contrato, estímulo económico, optimización económica del contrato

We propose a formal model for distributed systems, where each participant advertises its requirements and obligations as behavioural contracts, and where multiparty sessions are started when a set of contracts allows to synthesise a choreography. Our framework is based on the CO2 calculus for contract-oriented computing, and borrows concepts and results from the session type literature. It supports sessions where the number of participants is not determined beforehand, and keeps CO2's ability to rule out participants that are culpable if contracts are not fulfilled at runtime. We show that we have progress and session fidelity in CO2, as a result of the honesty of participants - i.e., their ability to always adhere to their contracts., Comment: In Proceedings ICE 2013, arXiv:1310.4019

El presente articulo, ofrece un estudio terminológico dentro del campo especializado de la traducción jurídico-económica en la combinación lingüística inglés-español. Se realiza un análisis de la organización del conocimiento que ofrecen los tesauros de los organismos institucionales para los términos contract, agreementy treaty para concluir en una propuesta de traducción de los términos específicos y topes que se relacionan con los términos en cuestión.

United Auto Workers Locals No. 218 and No. 317 at Bell Helicopter approved a new contract with the company, several months before their previous contract expired.

Bangelan is one of the villages which proclaim as a tourism village in Malang Regency. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted tourist visits, causing considerable losses to tourism economic activityr. This study aims to determine the structure of community adaptation in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, which is associated with social capital and collective actions to restore socioeconomic conditions. Assessment of social capital used three variables: trust, social norms, and social networks, each of which identifies its relationship with collective action. This study used descriptive analysis and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and the data were obtained from the questionnaire. The study results explain that the norm variable in social capital wasthe most influential for the community to make decisions in taking collective action to restore the socioeconomic conditions. The norms were based on compliance with applicable norms and social sanctions against those who violate. Social norms affected almost every aspect of people's lives and became development pillars. The success of development efforts depended on conforming to or contradicting the development with pre-existing norms. In addition, the role of the community as hosts was the most important element in tourism development where they lived. Furthermore, norms could prevent outsiders from taking the opportunities that often dominate the development of local tourism destinations.JEL Classification I32; R23; R51

Numerical analyses are presented for two generations of a floating heaving point absorber wave energy converter (WEC) installed with different farm array layouts. The wave farm configurations are based on WECs developed by Waves4Power. The numerical models are developed in the DNV software package, Sesam. Parametric studies of the isolated WEC configurations and farm array layouts are conducted under typical environmental conditions and various incident wave directions to understand the hydrodynamic power performance and the levelised cost of energy (LCoE). Hexagonal layouts are proposed for deploying the WEC units and compared with a 10-unit layout termed StarBuoy, which has been reported in previous work. The results of the present study confirm that the interactions between arrayed units in a farm can have either positive or negative effects on the LCoE, which is dependent on the array layout and environmental conditions. The hexagonal array layouts lead to lower LCoE owing to constructive interaction effects., This work was performed within the project entitled ‘Control of wave energy converters based on wave measurements, for optimal energy absorption,’ funded by the Swedish Energy Agency through contract agreement no. 50197-1, and ‘INTERACT – Analysis of array systems of wave energy converters with regard to interaction effects in the LCoE and fatigue analyses,’ funded by the Swedish Energy Agency through contract agreement no. 50148-1. This study alsoreceived funding from the Chalmers University of Technology Foundation forthe strategic research project ‘Hydro- and aerodynamics’.

Notes: Philadelphia Orchestra contract proposals, Proposed by-laws governing orchestra members and committees; American Federation of Musicians Phonograph Record Labor Agreement and Special Payments Fund Agreement; Proposals for new contract for orchestra musicians; Tour and festival services; National Symphony Strike Settlment Report; Draft of new trade agreement; Provisions of 1964 Contract Agreement

TANGGUNG JAWAB KONTRAKTOR AKIBAT TERJADINYA KETERLAMBATAN DALAM PELAKSANAAN PERJANJIAN KONSTRUKSI (Analisis Putusan Nomor 27/Pdt. G/ 2018/PN. Bdg) Oleh SHEILA ANDAMARI PRIHANDINI E1A017013 ABSTRAK Penelitian ini membahas mengenai tanggung jawab kontraktor akibat terjadinya keterlambatan dalam pelaksanaan perjanjian kontruksi (Analisis Putusan Nomor 27/Pdt. G/2018/PN. Bdg). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis konstruksi hukum antara CV. Horeb Karunia Persada dengan PT Sutera Sejahtera menurut perjanjian konstruksi berjudul Lump Sum Contract Agreement nomor 001/SSRSC-LOA/IX/2015 dan menganalisis pertanggungjawaban CV Horeb Karunia Persada sebagai kontraktor terhadap akibat hukum keterlambatan penyelesaian pembangunan Seres Springs Hotel & Spa menurut perjanjian Lump Sum Contract Agreement nomor 001/SSRSC- LOA/IX/2015 Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pendekatan yuridis normatif dan menggunakan data sekunder dengan menggunakan bahan hukum primer, bahan hukum sekunder dan bahan hukum tersier. Analisis data dilakukan secara normatif kualitatif Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan, diperoleh hasil bahwa hubungan hukum antara CV. Horeb Karunia Persada dengan PT. Sutera Sejahtera merupakan hubungan hukum dengan menggunakan perjanjian pemborongan kerja yang merupakan salah satu jenis perjanjian untuk melakukan pekerjaan yang diatur dalam BAB VII A KUH Perdata. Bentuk tanggung jawab hukum CV. Horeb Karunia Persada sebagai Penyedia Jasa Konstruksi terhadap keterlambatan penyelesaian pembangunan yaitu membayar ganti rugi, pembatalan perjanjian, membayar biaya perkara dan hak retensi sebesar 10% dari nilai kontrak. Sesuai dengan ketentuan Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata (KUH Perdata), Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2017 Tentang Jasa Konstruksi. Kata Kunci: Konstruksi, Perjanjian, Wanprestasi

The development of the industrial sector has recently grown very rapidly, especially companies that manage palm oil. Along with the increase in oil palm plantations, it will increase the amount of palm oil production so that the capacity of palm oil processing increases. This can cause problems, namely the palm oil mill activities produce a liquid waste which if the liquid waste is not managed properly and correctly will cause environmental pollution. This study takes the main problem, namely how the liquid waste treatment contract agreement between PT. Perkebunan Nusantara III Sei Meranti with PT. Nusantara V Tanah Putih Plantation? And what are the negative impacts arising from an ineffective contract between PT. Perkebunan Nusantara III PKS Sei Meranti and PT. Nusantara V Tanah Putih Plantation? The research method used in this study is observational research by means of a descriptive survey in which the authors conduct directly in the field in order to obtain the concrete data needed by applying interview data collection tools. The results of this study indicate that the liquid waste treatment contract agreement at PT. Perkebunan Nusantara III Sei Meranti with PT. The Nusantara V Tanah Putih plantation has been going well. Negative impacts arising from ineffective contracts between PT. Perkebunan Nusantara III PKS Sei Meranti and PT. Perkebunan Nusantara V Tanah Putih, of course, waste management is also not effective, as a result if the factory is in the ineffective management process, the smell of waste will spread to community settlements because the factory is very close to residential areas. And the validity of the agreement is determined by the conditions for the validity of the agreement as specified in Article 1320 of the Civil Code. If the consequences are not fulfilling the legal requirements of the agreement, then the agreement or contract is invalid and the agreement or contract can be canceled or null and void by law.

Wedding Organizer is a service business that takes care of wedding events from start to finish. Many people need this service business because it is more efficient and practical, suitable for people who do not have time to take care of a wedding. So that it doesn't interfere with time and work. This study discusses aspects of the cooperation contract agreement between Duta Indah Wedding. Organizer and clients. In this research, what will be examined is the implementation of the cooperation contract agreement between Duta Indah Wedding Organizer and the client, as well as the inhibiting factors that arise in the implementation of the agreement. The research method used was observational which was conducted by means of a survey. Furthermore, data obtained from interview as well as questionnaires with Owner Duta Indah and Clients Duta Indah. The data obtained will be analyzed then the result of the analysis are compiled and presented systematically and clearly in the from of a thesis. Based on the results of the research by the author, the efforts that Duta Indah Wedding Organizer are doing in improving the quality and quality of wedding services to clients are improving the administration and communication system so that there is no misunderstanding between Duta Indah and the client, and emphasize the payment method so that clients make payments on time.

The development of the franchise business in Indonesia takes place very rapidly. If in the 1990s foreign franchises dominated, marked by the proliferation of fast food franchises, now local franchises are mushrooming. Franchise products are also increasingly varied. In the future, Hanifah's Turkish Kebab has opened a partnership or investment with a franchise system. The owner of the Turkish Kebab Hanifah said that the Turkish Kebab Hanifah franchise was only a contract agreement, and had not been registered. Based on the system of Government Regulation Number 42 of 2007 in articles 5, 10, 11, 12 and 13 it is explained that the recipient and the franchisor must register the agreement. And the Turkish Kebab Hanifah in Pekanbaru is still in the contract agreement system. The main problem in this research is how the implementation of the Turkish hanifah kebab franchise in Government Regulation no. 42 of 2007 concerning Franchising, and how is the position of the Turkish hanifah kebab franchise agreement based on Government Regulation no. 42 of 2007 concerning Franchising and what are the inhibiting factors in the implementation of the Turkish Hanifah kebab franchise agreement. This study uses empirical legal research methods that are qualitative in nature with descriptive analysis. While the data collection tool in this study is through interviews. From the research, it is known that a franchise system based on Government Regulation no. 42 of 2007 concerning franchises in Panam-Pekanbaru. Through several stages including the implementation of the agreement which has the concept of a cooperation agreement and the implementation of the Turkish Hanifah kebab franchise agreement based on the franchise system and the next stages, the position in the franchise agreement based on Government Regulation no. 42 of 2007 which begins with the franchisee and the franchisor who have a franchise and franchisor financial reporting system along with an explanation of the parties' finan

The lack of a well-stated risk mitigation strategy has caused several challenges within the South African Public Health sector. Additionally, setting a risk mitigation strategy around mitigation preferences can be challenging for procurement personnel. As such, risk mitigation penalty clauses in the case of failure of the selected supplier are not agreed upon from the onset of the contract agreement. This research proposes risk-sharing versus risk-shifting contracts as risk mitigation/reduction strategies within the supplier relationship of the public health sector. We evaluate the effect of risk shifting and sharing mitigation preference on supplier commitment and supplier performance in the public health industry in South Africa using structural equation modelling. The results show that there is a significant relationship between supplier selection and risk sharing, risk sharing and supplier commitment, risk shifting and supplier commitment, and risk sharing and procurement performance. However, there was no significant relationship between supplier selection and risk shifting and risk shifting and procurement performance. These results imply that to build a win-win supply chain, public health sector procurement managers should balance risk sharing and shifting mitigation strategy in procurement instances where appropriate to improve on a higher level of procurement performance.

La tecnología siempre ha estado presente en la vida humana como una facilitadora y optimizadora de procesos dentro de los cuales se han incluido los negocios jurídicos. Desde la creación del Bitcoin en el año 2009 y la consecuente implementación de la Blockchain como una tecnología emergente basada en aprobaciones en cadena se han derivado múltiples usos de esta, ya sea para la creación de aplicaciones, eficiencia en modelos o procesos de las empresas, realización de pagos electrónicos, o la celebración contratos inteligentes. No obstante, estos últimos han sido objeto de análisis por la especial importancia y la trascendencia que pueden llegar a tener en la forma en la que son concebidas y ejecutadas las negociaciones, acuerdos, pactos, o, en general, cualquier tipo de relación que derive en la celebración de un contrato. En este sentido, desde el derecho se han establecido múltiples retos en cuanto a la regulación y adopción de los contratos inteligentes. Hasta el momento, este tema continúa carente de normatividad debido a la dificultad de la aplicación de la actual teoría de los negocios jurídicos en relación con los Smart Contracts. En la presente investigación se realizará un recuento histórico de algunas figuras y/o elementos que dieron lugar a la creación de los Smarts Contracts. Por lo tanto, se hará una definición específica de conceptos como Bitcoin, Blockchain, Ethereum, entre otros; para así poder entender el surgimiento de los contratos inteligentes y cómo funcionan. Asimismo, se precisará el concepto Smart Contract y se determinará cuál es su utilidad y aplicación práctica. Se realizará un estudio comparativo entre estos y los negocios jurídicos tradicionales con el fin de observar, con base en su naturaleza jurídica, si estos cumplen o no con los requisitos mínimos que se han establecido para que un contrato exista jurídicamente. Por otro lado, se realizará un estudio de la normatividad extranjera vigente en materia de Smart Contracts, con el fin de, Technology has always been present in human life as a facilitator and optimizer of processes, including legal business. Since the creation of Bitcoin in 2009 and the consequent implementation of the Blockchain as an emerging technology based on chain approvals, multiple uses have been derived from it, whether for the creation of applications, efficiency in business models or processes, electronic payments, or the conclusion of smart contracts. However, the latter has been the object of analysis due to their particular importance and transcendence in how negotiations, agreements, pacts, or any relationship derive in a contract's conclusion. In this sense, from a legal perspective multiple challenges have been established regarding the regulation and adoption of smart contracts. So far, this topic continues to lack normativity due to the difficulty of the application of the current theory of legal business in relation to Smart Contracts. In the present investigation, a historical recount of some figures and/or elements that gave rise to the creation of the Smarts Contracts will be carried out. Therefore, a specific definition of concepts such as Bitcoin, Blockchain, and Ethereum, among others, will be made to understand the emergence of smart contracts and how they work. Likewise, the Smart Contract concept will be specified, and its usefulness and practical application will be determined. Additionally, a comparative study between these and traditional legal businesses will be carried out to observe, based on their legal nature, whether or not they meet the minimum requirements for a contract agreement to exist legally. On the other hand, this paper shall conduct a study of the current foreign regulations on Smart Contracts, in order to determine how they have been implemented within foreign legal systems. Likewise, the advantages and disadvantages that the implementation of this new contracting modality may bring will be identified. Finally, together with a comparati

Introduction: Migrant workers have human rights that must be respected and protected.Purposes of the Research: This paper aims to find out and analyze the regulations on the protection of the human rights of migrant workers in terms of ILO Convention Number 143 of 1975 concerning migrant workers and to find out and analyze the kafala system in Qatar contrary to ILO Convention Number 143 of 1975 concerning migrant workers.Methods of the Research: The method used is a normative juridical research method using a case approach and a statutory approachResults of the Research: The results of the study show that the ILO Convention 143 of 1975 concerning Migrant Workers has guaranteed the respect and protection of the human rights of migrant workers, while the Kafala system is based on the Qatar Constitution which is based on Islamic sharia law where the legal relationship between the employer (insurer) and the worker (insured) must be mutually agreed upon. in the contract (agreement) in the principle of trust (sponsorship) imbued with the spirit of religiosity, but in practice its implementation has been misused by employers and companies for the benefit of their personal gain so that they are no longer trustworthy in carrying out their responsibilities as stipulated in the Kafalah system. The Kafala system needs to be reviewed and evaluated by the Government of Qatar so that in its application it is no longer misused. Meanwhile, the ILO needs to provide a firm response to the occurrence of human rights violations of migrant workers in Qatar so that they do not happen again in the future.

Default is an act of violation of an agreement between two parties. When one party is unable to carry out its obligations in accordance with the existing agreement, then this action can be fully said to be a default. Mudharabah deposits are deposits of funds with a scheme where the owner of the funds (shahibul maal) entrusts his funds to be managed by the bank (mudharib) with the results obtained shared between the owner of the funds and the bank with the ratio agreed upon from the start. This research aims to analyze the factors that cause default of unreturned mudharabah contract deposits in Decision Number 37/Pdt.G/2018/PN Bau and to analyze the settlement of default of unreturned mudharabah contract deposits in Decision Number 37/Pdt.G/2018/PN Bau. The focus of this research covers the settlement of default of mudhrabah contract deposits that are not returned by the bank. This research uses a qualitative normative juridical method through a statutory approach using secondary legal data consisting of primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials. Based on the results of the research, it can be concluded that the factors causing default of mudharabah contract customer deposits that are not returned by KSU Syariah BMT Berlian, namely the first cause of default is the negligence of one of the parties. Second, the parties deliberately violated the contract agreement and violated Article 36 of the Compilation of Sharia Economic Law. The settlement of the default case of mudharabah contract deposits that were not returned by the KSU Syariah BMT Berlian was that the Panel of Judges had decided the case in accordance with statutory regulations, namely Article 1246 of the Civil Code and also contained in Article 38 of the Compilation of Sharia Economic Law.

Poultry marketing is an important tool for economic development and poverty eradication because of its potential for income generation and employment creation. However, broiler farmers in the country are locked out of available lucrative formal broiler markets and this forces them to sell their produce at the farm gate where prices are less lucrative. Therefore, this study examined the socio-economic, market and institutional factors that influence broiler farmers’ market participation and the choice of market outlets in the Leribe district in Lesotho. A two-stage sampling technique was employed to select 114 respondents from five villages. The survey data was collected through a structured questionnaire. Heckman's two-stage model was used to analyse factors influencing farmers' market participation and the intensity of market participation while the MVP model was used to determine factors affecting the choice of market outlets by broiler farmers. The probit selection equation revealed that gender, farmer income, storage access, production experience, extension service, credit access and information access influenced farmers’ market participation decisions and the second outcome equation revealed that gender, household size, off-farm employment and price influenced the intensity of market participation. The MVP model results revealed that gender, vehicle ownership, stock size contract agreement and extension access significantly influenced the choice of market outlets. Therefore, this study recommends interventions that will increase broiler production such as enhancing credit access, contract farming, group membership and institutional support. The study also recommends policies that will facilitate the adoption of quality assurance practices and procedures to improve farmers’ access to the formal markets., National Manpower Development Secretariat

About 30% of all traffic crash fatalities in the United States involve drunk drivers, making the prevention of drunk driving paramount to vehicle safety in the US and other locations which have a high prevalence of driving while under the influence of alcohol. Driving impairment can be monitored through active use of sensors (when drivers are asked to engage in providing breath samples to a vehicle instrument or when pulled over by a police officer), but a more passive and robust mechanism of sensing may allow for wider adoption and benefit of intelligent systems that reduce drunk driving accidents. This could assist in identifying impaired drivers before they drive, or early in the driving process (before a crash or detection by law enforcement). In this research, we introduce a study which adopts a multi-modal ensemble of visual, thermal, audio, and chemical sensors to (1) examine the impact of acute alcohol administration on driving performance in a driving simulator, and (2) identify data-driven methods for detecting driving under the influence of alcohol. We describe computer vision and machine learning models for analyzing the driver's face in thermal imagery, and introduce a pipeline for training models on data collected from drivers with a range of breath-alcohol content levels, including discussion of relevant machine learning phenomena which can help in future experiment design for related studies., Comment: Withdrawn at the request of industry research collaborators, per contract agreement

Contracting agreement relating to the implementation of physical activities in a building, in which there is a binding agreement between the two parties that are bound together in the provisions of the legal agreement. The main problem in this research is how the execution of the project agreement for the development of the Padang Panjang market development project between PT. Hutama Karya (Persero) with PT. Mutiara Anugerah Mandiri regarding electrical mechanical work and any constraints on the execution of a loan agreement for the construction of the Padang Panjang market development project between PT. Hutama Karya (Persero) with PT. Mutiara Anugerah Mandiri on electrical mechanical jobs. Judging from the explanation, this research includes Observational Research by survey, which is an interview as a data collection tool. In this study the authors conducted research directly at the research location to obtain materials, data and information related to the study. This research is analytical descriptive, which gives a clear and detailed description of an event about the Implementation of Contracting Agreement for Padang Panjang Central Market Development Project between PT. Hutama Karya (Persero) With PT. Mutiara Anugerah Mandiri. Based on the results of the study, it is known that, the implementation of the contract agreement for the construction of the Padang Panjang central market project between PT. Hutama Karya (Persero) with PT. Mutiara Anugerah Mandiri regarding mechanical electrical work has not been implemented properly according to the contents of the Contract Agreement Number: 10.01PP / HK-WIL.I - MAM / 2016 October 3, 2016 between the two parties. As for the constraints on the implementation of the contract agreement for the Padang Panjang central market development project which is not in accordance with the agreed period of time because the PT. Hutama Karya (Persero) has not paid the overall obligation, PT. Mutiara Anugerah Mandiri carries out neglige

Pawn gold is a financial service product that is an alternative for the public to get funds. For a Muslim, a good gold pawn is sharia-compliant where this is possible in Islamic financial institutions. This study aims to determine the implementation of pawning gold in Islamic Banks and Sharia Pawnshops based on Abu Syuja's perspective as stated in his work, namely Matan Ghayah wa Taqrib (Kitab Fathul Qarib). This study uses a qualitative approach, with field data and literature analysis as supporting data. The primary data used in this study is data that describes the practice of pawning Islamic gold in Islamic banks and Islamic pawnshops. The secondary data used is derived from various theoretical literatures and previous research that is used to support the analysis of this research study. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of the gold pawn in Islamic banks and Islamic pawnshops is based on the rahn contract as one of the foundations of the contract. There has been a match between the implementation of the gold pawn in Islamic banks and the sharia pawnshop with the pillars and conditions of rahn according to Abu Syuja's perspective. In gold pawning, rahin is a customer who pawns his gold to obtain a certain amount of funds. Murtahin is a Sharia Bank or Sharia Pawnshop. Marhun is gold in the form of gold bars, jewelry, and dinar coins. Marhun bih is the amount of funds obtained by rahin from the murtahin. The ijab qabul is a contract agreement that marks the occurrence of a gold pawn transaction between rahin and murtahin. All the pillars of the pawn exist and have been fulfilled in the implementation of the gold pawn in the Islamic Bank and in the Sharia Pawnshop.

Poultry marketing is an important tool for economic development and poverty eradication because of its potential for income generation and employment creation. However, broiler farmers in the country are locked out of available lucrative formal broiler markets and this forces them to sell their produce at the farm gate where prices are less lucrative. Therefore, this study examined the socio-economic, market and institutional factors that influence broiler farmers’ market participation and the choice of market outlets in the Leribe district in Lesotho. A two-stage sampling technique was employed to select 114 respondents from five villages. The survey data was collected through a structured questionnaire. Heckman's two-stage model was used to analyse factors influencing farmers' market participation and the intensity of market participation while the MVP model was used to determine factors affecting the choice of market outlets by broiler farmers. The probit selection equation revealed that gender, farmer income, storage access, production experience, extension service, credit access and information access influenced farmers’ market participation decisions and the second outcome equation revealed that gender, household size, off-farm employment and price influenced the intensity of market participation. The MVP model results revealed that gender, vehicle ownership, stock size contract agreement and extension access significantly influenced the choice of market outlets. Therefore, this study recommends interventions that will increase broiler production such as enhancing credit access, contract farming, group membership and institutional support. The study also recommends policies that will facilitate the adoption of quality assurance practices and procedures to improve farmers’ access to the formal markets.

The construction work contract is an agreement between the service user and service provider. In a contract there are approximately thirteen clauses which regulates the employment contract agreement with the expectations of both parties can carry out the agreement in accordance with what has been agreed from each party bound in the agreement by making a contract and signed by both parties so that its legality is recognized. In There are several stages in the process of forming a construction work contract has been regulated in the Construction Services Law No. 2 of 2017 paragraph 2 regarding construction services are construction consulting services and/or work construction whose activities include assessment, planning, design, supervision, and management. This research is a field research descriptive in nature where research is used to find an overview or the result of an event, situation, behavior, subject, or phenomenon in society, so that data is obtained for analysis. The location of this research was conducted at the Department Riau Province Public Works and Spatial Planning, bridge construction site Golopung on the Ujung Batu-Rokan-boundary road section of West Sumatra. Research result show PT. Katialo's realm committed default, namely did not complete work according to the time specified in the employment contract. About efforts to settle defaults, the parties settle by means deliberation and provide an opportunity to complete the work that is unfinished by being given a sanction in the form of a fine of IDR 1,794,869,229.33 (one billion seven hundred ninety four million eight hundred and sixty nine thousand two hundred and twenty nine 33/100 rupiah) of the contract value remaining.

There are facts in the community regarding the Sale and Purchase Contract Agreement (PPJB) as a form of transitional activity, especially in this case discussing the transfer of land or buildings. The PPJB for land or buildings must be accompanied by a Sale and Purchase Deed (AJB) so that it has a strong stipulation in the transfer of ownership rights in a sale and purchase so that it must pay attention to all the terms and provisions in the sale and purchase agreement in making the deed agreed upon by both the PPJB and the AJB. Of course there will be problems, both the losses incurred if the buyer does not receive funds and the selling party fails to transfer the land rights, considering that there were considerations before the sale and purchase deed was drawn up and a dispute could occur. This study aims to determine the rights and obligations of the parties in the PPJB between the seller and the buyer, find out the implementation of the PPJB between the seller and the buyer and find out the problems in implementing the PPJB between the seller and the buyer. The type of research used in this research is Observational Report research with 25 samples consisting of notaries, sellers and buyers. The research results show that the rights and obligations of the parties in the PPJB between the seller and the buyer are basically things that must be fulfilled and carried out by a notary so that the agreement can be carried out properly. The PPJB between the seller and the buyer is carried out by taking into account the legal rights and requirements of an agreement and other matters that support the PPJB. Problems in the implementation of the PPJB between the seller and the buyer at the Pekanbaru City notary office, namely the cancellation of the PPJB due to default, the cancellation of the sale and purchase binding agreement deed for costs incurred before a notary and the validity of the sale and purchase deed.

In muammalah activities, Islam has regulated matters related to muammalah so that this muammalah activity is in accordance with the principles and rules in Islam. One part related to muammalah is Arisan, Arisan whether online or non- online is very closely related to accounts payable, therefore it must be paid according to the contract agreement made by both parties who owe and those who provide the debt. Often with the passage of time, various types of social gathering appear, one of which is the Descending Arisan which is carried out on social media, especially on Instagram. However, this declining arisan practice seems to be contrary to Islamic law as contained in the Qur'an and the Hadith of the Prophet Muhammad S.A.W due to the element of Riba and the element of Gharar in this declining arisan practice. The main problem in this research is how to implement Arisan Descending which is on the Instagram Social Media Account @arisankita_pku. And what is the view of Islamic Law regarding the implementation of the Descending Arisan on the Instagram @arisankita_pku Social Media Account. This study uses a normative-empirical method. And the nature of this research is descriptive analytical. while the data collection tool in this study was through interviews and documentation related to the implementation of the Menurun Arisan on the Instagram Social Media Account @arisankita_pku. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of arisan decreases on the Instagram account @arisankita¬_pku, where the declining arisan system is like saving, but the payment is different from the initial order to the last order and this is what distinguishes it from other arisan arisan, because there are losses and profits are misplaced. one party who is an arisan member where they make a different nominal payment from the first order to the last order and receive the same get as the first and last order when it should be the one who is in the first order who receives the most ar