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Inclusive Innovation (II) and Frugal Innovation (FI) have been trending concepts in the theoretical field as organizations put more focus on sustainability, equality, and inclusion in their strategies and cultures. However, the discourse among researchers in the domain has been deeply focused on the conceptualization of the ideas, leaving the practical implications aside. In this paper, we aim to understand how companies develop inclusive and frugal innovations, together with identifying key success factors along the way. For this, we assembled an analytical framework based on literature review, with the aim of applying the theoretical tools into three practical case studies. In these, the level of innovation, degree of frugality, and design problems are examined for each of the presented companies, and later compared in a cross-case analysis. The results ofthe paper show that the context and affordability of the products are essential in ensuring a high degree of inclusion of the solutions developed specifically for the low income end users.

This work proposes to analyze, in an introductory way, the use of quotes and allusions in the book of the prophet Jonah. By contrasting, classifying, and analyzing the intertexts in Jonah's book, the study found the strong presence of OT texts. The methodology used was the historical-grammatical, in addition to bibliographical research, and queries to relevant sources on the subject. At first, introductory questions about the origin of intertextuality, intertextuality and the Old Testament were addressed, then the concepts of quotation and allusion were defined, and finally, their uses in the book of the prophet Jonah were studied, noting whether the prophet respects the initial context of the quoted or alluded text by integrating it into his argument, inserting it into a new reality., Este artículo pretende analizar, de forma introductoria, el uso de citas y alusiones en el libro del profeta Jonás. En el libro de Jonás hay una marcada presencia de intertextos (textos anteriores que influyeron en él y sirvieron de referencia en su composición). La metodología empleada ha sido histórico-gramatical, así como la investigación bibliográfica y la consulta de fuentes relevantes. En primer lugar, se abordaron cuestiones introductorias sobre la intertextualidad y su importancia para el estudio del Antiguo Testamento, después se definieron los conceptos de cita y alusión y, por último, se estudiaron sus usos en el libro del profeta Jonás, observando si el profeta respeta el contexto inicial del texto citado o aludido integrándolo en su argumentación, insertándolo en una nueva realidad., Este trabalho propõe-se analisar, de maneira introdutória, o uso de citações e alusões no livro do profeta Jonas. No livro de Jonas, verificou-se a presença marcante de intertextos (textos anteriores que o influenciaram e foram usados como referência na sua composição). A metodologia utilizada foi a histórico-gramatical, além de pesquisa bibliográfica, e consultas a fontes pertinentes ao assunto. Em um primeiro momento, abordou-se questões introdutórias sobre intertextualidade e sua importância para o estudo do Antigo Testamento, em seguida, definiu-se os conceitos de citação e alusão, e por fim, estudou-se seus usos no livro do profeta Jonas, notando se o profeta respeita o contexto inicial do texto citado ou aludido ao integrá-lo em seu argumento, inserindo-o a uma nova realidade.

Inclusive Innovation (II) and Frugal Innovation (FI) have been trending concepts in the theoretical field as organizations put more focus on sustainability, equality, and inclusion in their strategies and cultures. However, the discourse among researchers in the domain has been deeply focused on the conceptualization of the ideas, leaving the practical implications aside. In this paper, we aim to understand how companies develop inclusive and frugal innovations, together with identifying key success factors along the way. For this, we assembled an analytical framework based on literature review, with the aim of applying the theoretical tools into three practical case studies. In these, the level of innovation, degree of frugality, and design problems are examined for each of the presented companies, and later compared in a cross-case analysis. The results ofthe paper show that the context and affordability of the products are essential in ensuring a high degree of inclusion of the solutions developed specifically for the low income end users.

[ES] Desde octubre pasado, Chile, se ha visto envuelto en una serie de hechos históricos con características de estallido social. El descontento es asociado a una permanente injusticia en la convivencia nacional, basada en constantes abusos de la clase gobernante, que no ha sido capaz de dar estabilidad a un país regido por un modelo económico violento en sus aspiraciones de desarrollo. A partir de lo anterior, y fuera de mi país, intento comprender la urgencia y finalidad de la pintura propia y contemporánea. Mi intención es realizar una serie de pinturas que aporten a la reflexión sobre el rol del artista como testigo de su tiempo, como cronista de su contexto. Para esto, en primer lugar, plantearé una visión general de la situación política chilena según algunos teóricos de ámbitos como la Historia y sociología. Además, presentaré ejemplos de obras claves de la Historia del Arte y de artistas contemporáneos, para avanzar en mi propia conciencia sobre las maneras de ver situaciones semejantes. Finalmente, haré un análisis de mi pintura tanto formal como conceptual, en la que consideraré, por ejemplo, la necesidad del trabajo de fotorreporteros como observadores presenciales de la crisis actual. El motor de la reflexión de este trabajo ha sido la obligación de comprender el cambio estructural de mi país, desde la lejanía., [EN] Since October, Chile has witnessed a sequence of historical events marked by an increasing social uprising. Such discomfort is related to the constant injustice noticed in the national sphere and based on the ceaseless abuses from the governors. They have not managed to ensure the country's financial stability due to an economic model whose development aspirations were quite aggressive. Thenceforth and far from my country, I now try to understand both the urgency and finality of the contemporary and my own painting. My intention is to create a series of paintings which provide different points of view to the debate of the artist as a witness of his own times, a chronicler of his context. To this effect, I will introduce a first outline of Chile's political situation according to several historians and sociologists. Furthermore, I will mention some important works in Art History, as well as contemporary artists, in order to deepen my own consciousness of acknowledging similar events. Finally, I will analyse my paintings from formal and conceptual perspectives. This analysis will consider, for instance, the essential role of reporters and photographers as the main spectators of this current crisis. The original reason of this project was the necessity to understand, in the distance, such structural changes in my country.

[ES] Desde octubre pasado, Chile, se ha visto envuelto en una serie de hechos históricos con características de estallido social. El descontento es asociado a una permanente injusticia en la convivencia nacional, basada en constantes abusos de la clase gobernante, que no ha sido capaz de dar estabilidad a un país regido por un modelo económico violento en sus aspiraciones de desarrollo. A partir de lo anterior, y fuera de mi país, intento comprender la urgencia y finalidad de la pintura propia y contemporánea. Mi intención es realizar una serie de pinturas que aporten a la reflexión sobre el rol del artista como testigo de su tiempo, como cronista de su contexto. Para esto, en primer lugar, plantearé una visión general de la situación política chilena según algunos teóricos de ámbitos como la Historia y sociología. Además, presentaré ejemplos de obras claves de la Historia del Arte y de artistas contemporáneos, para avanzar en mi propia conciencia sobre las maneras de ver situaciones semejantes. Finalmente, haré un análisis de mi pintura tanto formal como conceptual, en la que consideraré, por ejemplo, la necesidad del trabajo de fotorreporteros como observadores presenciales de la crisis actual. El motor de la reflexión de este trabajo ha sido la obligación de comprender el cambio estructural de mi país, desde la lejanía., [EN] Since October, Chile has witnessed a sequence of historical events marked by an increasing social uprising. Such discomfort is related to the constant injustice noticed in the national sphere and based on the ceaseless abuses from the governors. They have not managed to ensure the country's financial stability due to an economic model whose development aspirations were quite aggressive. Thenceforth and far from my country, I now try to understand both the urgency and finality of the contemporary and my own painting. My intention is to create a series of paintings which provide different points of view to the debate of the artist as a witness of his own times, a chronicler of his context. To this effect, I will introduce a first outline of Chile's political situation according to several historians and sociologists. Furthermore, I will mention some important works in Art History, as well as contemporary artists, in order to deepen my own consciousness of acknowledging similar events. Finally, I will analyse my paintings from formal and conceptual perspectives. This analysis will consider, for instance, the essential role of reporters and photographers as the main spectators of this current crisis. The original reason of this project was the necessity to understand, in the distance, such structural changes in my country.

[ES] Desde octubre pasado, Chile, se ha visto envuelto en una serie de hechos históricos con características de estallido social. El descontento es asociado a una permanente injusticia en la convivencia nacional, basada en constantes abusos de la clase gobernante, que no ha sido capaz de dar estabilidad a un país regido por un modelo económico violento en sus aspiraciones de desarrollo. A partir de lo anterior, y fuera de mi país, intento comprender la urgencia y finalidad de la pintura propia y contemporánea. Mi intención es realizar una serie de pinturas que aporten a la reflexión sobre el rol del artista como testigo de su tiempo, como cronista de su contexto. Para esto, en primer lugar, plantearé una visión general de la situación política chilena según algunos teóricos de ámbitos como la Historia y sociología. Además, presentaré ejemplos de obras claves de la Historia del Arte y de artistas contemporáneos, para avanzar en mi propia conciencia sobre las maneras de ver situaciones semejantes. Finalmente, haré un análisis de mi pintura tanto formal como conceptual, en la que consideraré, por ejemplo, la necesidad del trabajo de fotorreporteros como observadores presenciales de la crisis actual. El motor de la reflexión de este trabajo ha sido la obligación de comprender el cambio estructural de mi país, desde la lejanía., [EN] Since October, Chile has witnessed a sequence of historical events marked by an increasing social uprising. Such discomfort is related to the constant injustice noticed in the national sphere and based on the ceaseless abuses from the governors. They have not managed to ensure the country's financial stability due to an economic model whose development aspirations were quite aggressive. Thenceforth and far from my country, I now try to understand both the urgency and finality of the contemporary and my own painting. My intention is to create a series of paintings which provide different points of view to the debate of the artist as a witness of his own times, a chronicler of his context. To this effect, I will introduce a first outline of Chile's political situation according to several historians and sociologists. Furthermore, I will mention some important works in Art History, as well as contemporary artists, in order to deepen my own consciousness of acknowledging similar events. Finally, I will analyse my paintings from formal and conceptual perspectives. This analysis will consider, for instance, the essential role of reporters and photographers as the main spectators of this current crisis. The original reason of this project was the necessity to understand, in the distance, such structural changes in my country.

[ES] Este proyecto consiste en la realización del diseño y la maquetación completa de un libro teórico, en el que se incluye un estudio contextual a través de los cambios fisionómicos del ideal de belleza. En la obra, titulada Rostros de época, un recorrido por la historia de la belleza, se trata el contexto histórico, social y artístico desde la Baja Edad Media hasta el año 1960; incluyendo a los máximos exponentes que mejor reflejan estos cánones. Este trabajo ha sido realizado de manera grupal, en el cual se han dividido de manera clara las partes a desarrollar, teniendo como nexo el concepto de `la idealización¿ del rostro y sus transformaciones a lo largo del tiempo, para sí unificarlas y lograr el resultado deseado., [EN] This project consists of the design and complete layout of a theoretical book, which includes a contextual study through the physiognomic changes of the ideal of beauty. The book, entitled Rostros de época, un recorrido por la historia de la belleza, deals with the historical, social and artistic context from the late Middle Ages to the year 1960; including the maximum exponents that best reflect these canons. This work has been made in a group way, in which the parts to be developed have been clearly divided, having as a link the concept of "the idealization" of the face and its transformations throughout time, in order to unify them and achieve the desired result.

[ES] Desde octubre pasado, Chile, se ha visto envuelto en una serie de hechos históricos con características de estallido social. El descontento es asociado a una permanente injusticia en la convivencia nacional, basada en constantes abusos de la clase gobernante, que no ha sido capaz de dar estabilidad a un país regido por un modelo económico violento en sus aspiraciones de desarrollo. A partir de lo anterior, y fuera de mi país, intento comprender la urgencia y finalidad de la pintura propia y contemporánea. Mi intención es realizar una serie de pinturas que aporten a la reflexión sobre el rol del artista como testigo de su tiempo, como cronista de su contexto. Para esto, en primer lugar, plantearé una visión general de la situación política chilena según algunos teóricos de ámbitos como la Historia y sociología. Además, presentaré ejemplos de obras claves de la Historia del Arte y de artistas contemporáneos, para avanzar en mi propia conciencia sobre las maneras de ver situaciones semejantes. Finalmente, haré un análisis de mi pintura tanto formal como conceptual, en la que consideraré, por ejemplo, la necesidad del trabajo de fotorreporteros como observadores presenciales de la crisis actual. El motor de la reflexión de este trabajo ha sido la obligación de comprender el cambio estructural de mi país, desde la lejanía., [EN] Since October, Chile has witnessed a sequence of historical events marked by an increasing social uprising. Such discomfort is related to the constant injustice noticed in the national sphere and based on the ceaseless abuses from the governors. They have not managed to ensure the country's financial stability due to an economic model whose development aspirations were quite aggressive. Thenceforth and far from my country, I now try to understand both the urgency and finality of the contemporary and my own painting. My intention is to create a series of paintings which provide different points of view to the debate of the artist as a witness of his own times, a chronicler of his context. To this effect, I will introduce a first outline of Chile's political situation according to several historians and sociologists. Furthermore, I will mention some important works in Art History, as well as contemporary artists, in order to deepen my own consciousness of acknowledging similar events. Finally, I will analyse my paintings from formal and conceptual perspectives. This analysis will consider, for instance, the essential role of reporters and photographers as the main spectators of this current crisis. The original reason of this project was the necessity to understand, in the distance, such structural changes in my country.

[ES] Este proyecto consiste en la realización del diseño y la maquetación completa de un libro teórico, en el que se incluye un estudio contextual a través de los cambios fisionómicos del ideal de belleza. En la obra, titulada Rostros de época, un recorrido por la historia de la belleza, se trata el contexto histórico, social y artístico desde la Baja Edad Media hasta el año 1960; incluyendo a los máximos exponentes que mejor reflejan estos cánones. Este trabajo ha sido realizado de manera grupal, en el cual se han dividido de manera clara las partes a desarrollar, teniendo como nexo el concepto de `la idealización¿ del rostro y sus transformaciones a lo largo del tiempo, para sí unificarlas y lograr el resultado deseado., [EN] This project consists of the design and complete layout of a theoretical book, which includes a contextual study through the physiognomic changes of the ideal of beauty. The book, entitled Rostros de época, un recorrido por la historia de la belleza, deals with the historical, social and artistic context from the late Middle Ages to the year 1960; including the maximum exponents that best reflect these canons. This work has been made in a group way, in which the parts to be developed have been clearly divided, having as a link the concept of "the idealization" of the face and its transformations throughout time, in order to unify them and achieve the desired result.

[ES] Este proyecto consiste en la realización del diseño y la maquetación completa de un libro teórico, en el que se incluye un estudio contextual a través de los cambios fisionómicos del ideal de belleza. En la obra, titulada Rostros de época, un recorrido por la historia de la belleza, se trata el contexto histórico, social y artístico desde la Baja Edad Media hasta el año 1960; incluyendo a los máximos exponentes que mejor reflejan estos cánones. Este trabajo ha sido realizado de manera grupal, en el cual se han dividido de manera clara las partes a desarrollar, teniendo como nexo el concepto de `la idealización¿ del rostro y sus transformaciones a lo largo del tiempo, para sí unificarlas y lograr el resultado deseado., [EN] This project consists of the design and complete layout of a theoretical book, which includes a contextual study through the physiognomic changes of the ideal of beauty. The book, entitled Rostros de época, un recorrido por la historia de la belleza, deals with the historical, social and artistic context from the late Middle Ages to the year 1960; including the maximum exponents that best reflect these canons. This work has been made in a group way, in which the parts to be developed have been clearly divided, having as a link the concept of "the idealization" of the face and its transformations throughout time, in order to unify them and achieve the desired result.

The subject for this thesis stems from the recent world events, were Sweden has received its largest number of refugees and asylum seekers since World War II. At the same time integration policies all over Europe are getting stricter. People are concerned about the increasingly normalizing racist discourse in public debate. A cornerstone in an open and democratic society like Sweden is equal treatment and how we talk about each other effects how we treat each other. Hence great importance lies in the portrayal of all social groups, such as refugees. Using discourse as a unit - both as a theory and a method this thesis examine and analyze how refugees are represented in the Swedish newspaper Dagens Nyheter (DN). The thesis focuses on eight articles from the time period between January-April before the parliamentary elections in September 2014 and 2018. Questions were asked about how refugees are portrayed in DN and what differences and similarities could be identified between the time periods. With the help from theories concerning representation and agenda-setting the empirical analysis indicate similarities between the time periods regarding the representation of refugees. Differences was found in the portrayal of people from different places and how they were put in contradiction to each other. To deepen the analysis of the empirical material and to understand the textual discourses in the articles the thesis uses previous research, both international and national concerning the coverage of refugees.

The subject for this thesis stems from the recent world events, were Sweden has received its largest number of refugees and asylum seekers since World War II. At the same time integration policies all over Europe are getting stricter. People are concerned about the increasingly normalizing racist discourse in public debate. A cornerstone in an open and democratic society like Sweden is equal treatment and how we talk about each other effects how we treat each other. Hence great importance lies in the portrayal of all social groups, such as refugees. Using discourse as a unit - both as a theory and a method this thesis examine and analyze how refugees are represented in the Swedish newspaper Dagens Nyheter (DN). The thesis focuses on eight articles from the time period between January-April before the parliamentary elections in September 2014 and 2018. Questions were asked about how refugees are portrayed in DN and what differences and similarities could be identified between the time periods. With the help from theories concerning representation and agenda-setting the empirical analysis indicate similarities between the time periods regarding the representation of refugees. Differences was found in the portrayal of people from different places and how they were put in contradiction to each other. To deepen the analysis of the empirical material and to understand the textual discourses in the articles the thesis uses previous research, both international and national concerning the coverage of refugees.

This thesis analyses criminal justice discourse as it relates to offensive language crimes in Australia. Across Australia, and elsewhere, it is a crime to use offensive, indecent or obscene language in or near a public place. These crimes are governed by broadly drafted provisions that allow police and judicial officers significant discretion in determining offensiveness. Although offensive language crimes can theoretically target a multitude of words and phrases, in practice, the laws are used to police and punish a small selection of swear words. Provisions that circumscribe offensive speech have a linguistic dimension. This dimension has been under-theorised in previous scholarship on the topic. Accordingly, my thesis places language at the centre of offensive language crimes, by interrogating how such crimes are represented and legitimised as a particular discursive formation within the criminal justice system. My thesis asks two questions: Firstly, how is offensive language represented in criminal justice discourse? Secondly, how are offensive language crimes legitimised in criminal justice discourse? I employ a distinct approach to these questions by employing critical discourse analysis (‘CDA’) as my primary methodological tool. CDA is not strictly a ‘method’, but rather, a loosely grouped body of work that views language as both shaping and shaped by society. Analysts works from the premise that we cannot neutrally represent reality. Instead, we construct (and reconstruct) reality, including social identities, subject positions, social relationships and systems of knowledge and belief, through language. I use the phrase ‘criminal justice discourse’ to describe socially constructed ways of signifying reality, through language, in the criminal justice system. My thesis situates its linguistic analysis of offensive language crimes in broader social, political and historical contexts. I draw into the frame linguistic research on swearing, and literature relating

This thesis analyses criminal justice discourse as it relates to offensive language crimes in Australia. Across Australia, and elsewhere, it is a crime to use offensive, indecent or obscene language in or near a public place. These crimes are governed by broadly drafted provisions that allow police and judicial officers significant discretion in determining offensiveness. Although offensive language crimes can theoretically target a multitude of words and phrases, in practice, the laws are used to police and punish a small selection of swear words. Provisions that circumscribe offensive speech have a linguistic dimension. This dimension has been under-theorised in previous scholarship on the topic. Accordingly, my thesis places language at the centre of offensive language crimes, by interrogating how such crimes are represented and legitimised as a particular discursive formation within the criminal justice system. My thesis asks two questions: Firstly, how is offensive language represented in criminal justice discourse? Secondly, how are offensive language crimes legitimised in criminal justice discourse? I employ a distinct approach to these questions by employing critical discourse analysis (‘CDA’) as my primary methodological tool. CDA is not strictly a ‘method’, but rather, a loosely grouped body of work that views language as both shaping and shaped by society. Analysts works from the premise that we cannot neutrally represent reality. Instead, we construct (and reconstruct) reality, including social identities, subject positions, social relationships and systems of knowledge and belief, through language. I use the phrase ‘criminal justice discourse’ to describe socially constructed ways of signifying reality, through language, in the criminal justice system. My thesis situates its linguistic analysis of offensive language crimes in broader social, political and historical contexts. I draw into the frame linguistic research on swearing, and literature relating

This paper aims to examine the attributive matter of Naturalmente chere ogni amadore, one of the three responsive sonnets to the Vita nova. The bi-partite textual tradition doesn’t allow an attributive certainty, and in this study the author recovers the different essays dedicated to the sequence of events, suggesting a few considerations on the literary context and on the connections among Dante, Cino da Pistoia, Terino da Castelfiorentino and the other corrispondents of A ciascun’alma presa., In questo contributo si prende in esame la questione attributiva di Naturalmente chere ogni amadore, sonetto responsivo alla Vita nova. La tradizione testuale, adiafora, non permette una certezza attributiva, e in questo studio, l’autore, recuperando i vari saggi dedicati alla vicenda, propone alcune riflessioni sul contesto letterario e sui legami tra Dante, Cino da Pistoia, Terino da Castelfiorentino e gli altri corrispondenti di A ciascun’alma presa.

This article aims to review the concepts that are commonly used for the contextual ascription of a poetic work. In this case, it is studied the appropriateness of locating Eduardo Milán (Rivera, Uruguay, 1952) within the different geographical and political limits and the necessity of finding new categories which may account for their alteration. Similarly, it seems indispensable the rethinking of the elements which decide his situation within the literary scene., El presente artículo se propone una revisión de los conceptos que habitualmente se utilizan para la adscripción contextual de una obra poética. En este caso, se estudia la pertinencia de ubicar a Eduardo Milán (Rivera, Uruguay, 1952) dentro de los diferentes límites geográficos y políticos y la necesidad de buscar nuevas categorías que permitan dar cuenta de la alteración de los mismos. Análogamente, se hace indispensable repensar los elementos que determinan su situación dentro del panorama literario.

This article aims to review the concepts that are commonly used for the contextual ascription of a poetic work. In this case, it is studied the appropriateness of locating Eduardo Milán (Rivera, Uruguay, 1952) within the different geographical and political limits and the necessity of finding new categories which may account for their alteration. Similarly, it seems indispensable the rethinking of the elements which decide his situation within the literary scene., El presente artículo se propone una revisión de los conceptos que habitualmente se utilizan para la adscripción contextual de una obra poética. En este caso, se estudia la pertinencia de ubicar a Eduardo Milán (Rivera, Uruguay, 1952) dentro de los diferentes límites geográficos y políticos y la necesidad de buscar nuevas categorías que permitan dar cuenta de la alteración de los mismos. Análogamente, se hace indispensable repensar los elementos que determinan su situación dentro del panorama literario.

This paper aims to examine the attributive matter of Naturalmente chere ogni amadore, one of the three responsive sonnets to the Vita nova. The bi-partite textual tradition doesn’t allow an attributive certainty, and in this study the author recovers the different essays dedicated to the sequence of events, suggesting a few considerations on the literary context and on the connections among Dante, Cino da Pistoia, Terino da Castelfiorentino and the other corrispondents of A ciascun’alma presa., In questo contributo si prende in esame la questione attributiva di Naturalmente chere ogni amadore, sonetto responsivo alla Vita nova. La tradizione testuale, adiafora, non permette una certezza attributiva, e in questo studio, l’autore, recuperando i vari saggi dedicati alla vicenda, propone alcune riflessioni sul contesto letterario e sui legami tra Dante, Cino da Pistoia, Terino da Castelfiorentino e gli altri corrispondenti di A ciascun’alma presa.

This thesis investigates Twitter posting in Greek during the period of the Greek referendum in 2015 and in particular between June 27, when the referendum was announced, and July 6, one day after the referendum was completed, and how the Greek people use various external sources to express themselves (i.e. political thoughts, actions, inquires). The main research question is “What is the role of intertextuality in the Twitter discussion on the Greek referendum in Greek during the period of June 27 until July 6?”. This is answered with the help of three more specific questions: firstly, “What is the content of the tweets containing intertextuality during the referendum?”, secondly “What are the contextualized interpretations of the tweets?” and thirdly “Which intertextual relations can be discerned in the tweets and how do the tweets connect to history, proverbs, music, literature?” 50 tweets (with the hashtag categories #referendum, #yes or #no) from every day from June 27 until July 6 2015 were collected and studied (500 tweets in total). Categories were constructed based on the most repeated features concerning intertextuality in the tweets. At least one tweet from each category of intertextuality was analyzed, one from each of the three hashtags (#greekreferendum, #yes, #no) (16 tweets in total). The analysis is based predominantly on Gee’s (2014) methodology of discourse analysis. The categories of intertextuality are the following: intertextuality with historical events, proverbs, poetry, songs, and political slogans. This means that Greek people are familiar with these and either refer to them directly and indirectly or create wordplays with them to express their opinion about what to vote in the Greek referendum. There were also cases, in which the intertextual relations were ambiguous (a different kind of or a more inexplicit intertextuality).

This thesis reports about Laotian students’ understanding of the concepts of mechanics, and students’ activities when solving physics problems in groups. Totally, more than 1,000 first year university students from three universities in Laos have been tested using two versions of the Force Concept Inventory (FCI) over a period of three years. The Force Concept Inventory was developed in the USA to test students’ understanding of mechanics concepts. The contexts of some questions were unfamiliar for Laotian students and therefore another Laotian version was constructed. We found that Lao students obtained a low score on the FCI. The average scores of the post-test ranged from 21% to 26% over the three years. The introduction of the Laotian version resulted in just a small improvement of the score but it helped the students to read and understand the questions more quickly. It was difficult to perceive from the answers to the FCI if the students used alternative conceptions however, in video recordings it could be seen that some students did use well-known alternative conceptions. In many cases, students seemed to use their everyday life experiences to find the answers to the FCI questions instead of referring to physics concepts. Group discussions were introduced in tutorial sessions for first year students. There were two types of group discussions. In the first type 29 groups solved end-of-chapter problems and three groups were recorded. One group described the physics theory of the problem before they selected equations and successfully solved the problem. Students in this group were not afraid to raise disagreements; they asked questions and took turns answering them which resulted in a fruitful discussion. The other two groups made the major mistake of not considering that the object moved with constant speed. Students suggested equations to use without giving any arguments based on physics theory. Both groups got stuck and needed help from the teacher. It was f

This thesis reports about Laotian students’ understanding of the concepts of mechanics, and students’ activities when solving physics problems in groups. Totally, more than 1,000 first year university students from three universities in Laos have been tested using two versions of the Force Concept Inventory (FCI) over a period of three years. The Force Concept Inventory was developed in the USA to test students’ understanding of mechanics concepts. The contexts of some questions were unfamiliar for Laotian students and therefore another Laotian version was constructed. We found that Lao students obtained a low score on the FCI. The average scores of the post-test ranged from 21% to 26% over the three years. The introduction of the Laotian version resulted in just a small improvement of the score but it helped the students to read and understand the questions more quickly. It was difficult to perceive from the answers to the FCI if the students used alternative conceptions however, in video recordings it could be seen that some students did use well-known alternative conceptions. In many cases, students seemed to use their everyday life experiences to find the answers to the FCI questions instead of referring to physics concepts. Group discussions were introduced in tutorial sessions for first year students. There were two types of group discussions. In the first type 29 groups solved end-of-chapter problems and three groups were recorded. One group described the physics theory of the problem before they selected equations and successfully solved the problem. Students in this group were not afraid to raise disagreements; they asked questions and took turns answering them which resulted in a fruitful discussion. The other two groups made the major mistake of not considering that the object moved with constant speed. Students suggested equations to use without giving any arguments based on physics theory. Both groups got stuck and needed help from the teacher. It was f

This thesis reports about Laotian students’ understanding of the concepts of mechanics, and students’ activities when solving physics problems in groups. Totally, more than 1,000 first year university students from three universities in Laos have been tested using two versions of the Force Concept Inventory (FCI) over a period of three years. The Force Concept Inventory was developed in the USA to test students’ understanding of mechanics concepts. The contexts of some questions were unfamiliar for Laotian students and therefore another Laotian version was constructed. We found that Lao students obtained a low score on the FCI. The average scores of the post-test ranged from 21% to 26% over the three years. The introduction of the Laotian version resulted in just a small improvement of the score but it helped the students to read and understand the questions more quickly. It was difficult to perceive from the answers to the FCI if the students used alternative conceptions however, in video recordings it could be seen that some students did use well-known alternative conceptions. In many cases, students seemed to use their everyday life experiences to find the answers to the FCI questions instead of referring to physics concepts. Group discussions were introduced in tutorial sessions for first year students. There were two types of group discussions. In the first type 29 groups solved end-of-chapter problems and three groups were recorded. One group described the physics theory of the problem before they selected equations and successfully solved the problem. Students in this group were not afraid to raise disagreements; they asked questions and took turns answering them which resulted in a fruitful discussion. The other two groups made the major mistake of not considering that the object moved with constant speed. Students suggested equations to use without giving any arguments based on physics theory. Both groups got stuck and needed help from the teacher. It was f

This thesis reports about Laotian students’ understanding of the concepts of mechanics, and students’ activities when solving physics problems in groups. Totally, more than 1,000 first year university students from three universities in Laos have been tested using two versions of the Force Concept Inventory (FCI) over a period of three years. The Force Concept Inventory was developed in the USA to test students’ understanding of mechanics concepts. The contexts of some questions were unfamiliar for Laotian students and therefore another Laotian version was constructed. We found that Lao students obtained a low score on the FCI. The average scores of the post-test ranged from 21% to 26% over the three years. The introduction of the Laotian version resulted in just a small improvement of the score but it helped the students to read and understand the questions more quickly. It was difficult to perceive from the answers to the FCI if the students used alternative conceptions however, in video recordings it could be seen that some students did use well-known alternative conceptions. In many cases, students seemed to use their everyday life experiences to find the answers to the FCI questions instead of referring to physics concepts. Group discussions were introduced in tutorial sessions for first year students. There were two types of group discussions. In the first type 29 groups solved end-of-chapter problems and three groups were recorded. One group described the physics theory of the problem before they selected equations and successfully solved the problem. Students in this group were not afraid to raise disagreements; they asked questions and took turns answering them which resulted in a fruitful discussion. The other two groups made the major mistake of not considering that the object moved with constant speed. Students suggested equations to use without giving any arguments based on physics theory. Both groups got stuck and needed help from the teacher. It was f

Human Computer Interaction (HCI) is a broad discipline that studies different concerns regarding interactive systems’ development. One of the major interest points within the discipline is the reasoning behind building specific functionality into computers and the long-term effects that usage of systems will have on humans. Within Human Computer Interaction there are theories and frameworks how to involve a user in the process of developing new systems. In this paper focus is applied to the development process within developing applications for Enterprice Digital Assistants (EDA) and to what extent the end-users are involved in the process. Fazer Bageri AB has been choosen to represent a business corporation that uses handheld computers in their everyday tasks. The method used to gather information for this study has been by performing interviews and observations with key stakeholders at Fazer Bageri AB and MobiOne AB. Fazer Bageri AB is the purchaser, customer and user of the handheld computer applications that MobiOne AB developed. The result shows that the end-users were only involved in the end of the developing process. We found that one of the main reasons for this is that there are not any resources for supporting involvement of the end-users. Within user-centric design there are many aspects to consider, but one of the most prominently is to establish a mutual understanding by all persons involved in the project, from developers to end-users about the importance of involving users throughout the development. We also found that there is no routine established for securing that the information about different updates in the handheld computers reaches the end-users. The development process demonstrates that Fazer Bageri AB uses a traditional system development philosophy rather than a user-centric system development philosophy., Inom ämnet människa datorinteraktion handlar många metoder om hur man involverar användaren i framtagandet av nya system. I denna undersökning ville författarna ta reda på hur verksamhetsprocessen vid framtagande av systemapplikationer för handdatorer kan gå till och om användarna involveras i processen. Verksamhetsprocessen jämfördes sedan mot teorier inom området. Valet föll på att undersöka verksamhetsprocessen hos Fazer Bageri AB då vetskap fanns om att de har 350 chaufförer som använder handdatorer i sitt dagliga arbete. När man utvecklar för så många användare är det viktigt att ta med användaren tidigt i processen. Metoderna som använts i undersökningen har varit strukturerade intervjuer och observationer. Respondenterna har varit nyckelpersoner inom Fazer Bageri AB och MobiOne AB. Fazer Bageri AB är beställare, kund och användare av de mobila applikationerna för handdatorer som MobiOne AB tillhandahåller och är experter på. Resultatet visar att användarna i denna undersökning var involverade endast i slutet av processen, en orsak till detta tycks vara att det saknas resurser för att ersätta ytterligare involvering av användare. Med att ersätta menas i detta fall ekonomisk kompensation till chaufförerna för den extra arbetstid det skulle innebära att involveras i processen. En viktig aspekt inom användarcentrerad design är att säkerställa att samtliga involverade har samma uppfattning om det som skall göras eller vad som åstadkommits. Viktigt är därför att informationsflödet inom företagen fungerar för att samtliga skall ha möjlighet att ta del av arbetet. Informationsflödet mellan handdatoransvarig och slutanvändare hos Fazer Bageri AB kan verka tveksamt då det innefattar flera olika informationsled. Verksamhetsprocessens olika faser som kartlagts skiljer sig delvis ifrån de teorier inom människa datorinteraktion som tagits del av inför denna undersökning. Detta beror till stor del på att Fazer Bageri AB har en traditionell systemutvecklingsfilosofi snarare

Human Computer Interaction (HCI) is a broad discipline that studies different concerns regarding interactive systems’ development. One of the major interest points within the discipline is the reasoning behind building specific functionality into computers and the long-term effects that usage of systems will have on humans. Within Human Computer Interaction there are theories and frameworks how to involve a user in the process of developing new systems. In this paper focus is applied to the development process within developing applications for Enterprice Digital Assistants (EDA) and to what extent the end-users are involved in the process. Fazer Bageri AB has been choosen to represent a business corporation that uses handheld computers in their everyday tasks. The method used to gather information for this study has been by performing interviews and observations with key stakeholders at Fazer Bageri AB and MobiOne AB. Fazer Bageri AB is the purchaser, customer and user of the handheld computer applications that MobiOne AB developed. The result shows that the end-users were only involved in the end of the developing process. We found that one of the main reasons for this is that there are not any resources for supporting involvement of the end-users. Within user-centric design there are many aspects to consider, but one of the most prominently is to establish a mutual understanding by all persons involved in the project, from developers to end-users about the importance of involving users throughout the development. We also found that there is no routine established for securing that the information about different updates in the handheld computers reaches the end-users. The development process demonstrates that Fazer Bageri AB uses a traditional system development philosophy rather than a user-centric system development philosophy., Inom ämnet människa datorinteraktion handlar många metoder om hur man involverar användaren i framtagandet av nya system. I denna undersökning ville författarna ta reda på hur verksamhetsprocessen vid framtagande av systemapplikationer för handdatorer kan gå till och om användarna involveras i processen. Verksamhetsprocessen jämfördes sedan mot teorier inom området. Valet föll på att undersöka verksamhetsprocessen hos Fazer Bageri AB då vetskap fanns om att de har 350 chaufförer som använder handdatorer i sitt dagliga arbete. När man utvecklar för så många användare är det viktigt att ta med användaren tidigt i processen. Metoderna som använts i undersökningen har varit strukturerade intervjuer och observationer. Respondenterna har varit nyckelpersoner inom Fazer Bageri AB och MobiOne AB. Fazer Bageri AB är beställare, kund och användare av de mobila applikationerna för handdatorer som MobiOne AB tillhandahåller och är experter på. Resultatet visar att användarna i denna undersökning var involverade endast i slutet av processen, en orsak till detta tycks vara att det saknas resurser för att ersätta ytterligare involvering av användare. Med att ersätta menas i detta fall ekonomisk kompensation till chaufförerna för den extra arbetstid det skulle innebära att involveras i processen. En viktig aspekt inom användarcentrerad design är att säkerställa att samtliga involverade har samma uppfattning om det som skall göras eller vad som åstadkommits. Viktigt är därför att informationsflödet inom företagen fungerar för att samtliga skall ha möjlighet att ta del av arbetet. Informationsflödet mellan handdatoransvarig och slutanvändare hos Fazer Bageri AB kan verka tveksamt då det innefattar flera olika informationsled. Verksamhetsprocessens olika faser som kartlagts skiljer sig delvis ifrån de teorier inom människa datorinteraktion som tagits del av inför denna undersökning. Detta beror till stor del på att Fazer Bageri AB har en traditionell systemutvecklingsfilosofi snarare