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This study examined land reallocation challenges between landowners and the OTC to make recommendations for improving land reallocation process. This was accomplished by assessing how land is reallocated within the OTC and how it affects community members. Understanding land reallocation dispute is critical to ensure inclusivity of every Namibian and fair participation in land reallocation process. The study was conducted through a qualitative research design. Primary data was collected through interview guides. The interviews were administered to (8) staff members of the OTC, and fifteen (15) community members affected by land reallocation. The respondents were selected through purposive sampling, which is a non-probability sampling technique. Data was analysed using content analysis. The study found that, community members understand land reallocation process. The findings provide reasons to why land reallocation conflict exists between OTC and community members. The conflict is mainly because of inadequate compensation, unfair treatment of landowners by OTC employees, unclear land reallocation procedures and lack of cooperation and information sharing to residents whose land was earmarked for development. The study concludes that, land reallocation is very beneficial to OTC because of generated income that leads to urbanisation. The study recommends for revision of current compensation policy and guidelines to ensure fair compensation through a model. There is a need to capacitate implementing agencies, community members and compensation guidelines and policy. This means embarking on education and communication programmes to maximise effective communication between OTC and community members

This study examined land reallocation challenges between landowners and the OTC to make recommendations for improving land reallocation process. This was accomplished by assessing how land is reallocated within the OTC and how it affects community members. Understanding land reallocation dispute is critical to ensure inclusivity of every Namibian and fair participation in land reallocation process. The study was conducted through a qualitative research design. Primary data was collected through interview guides. The interviews were administered to (8) staff members of the OTC, and fifteen (15) community members affected by land reallocation. The respondents were selected through purposive sampling, which is a non-probability sampling technique. Data was analysed using content analysis. The study found that, community members understand land reallocation process. The findings provide reasons to why land reallocation conflict exists between OTC and community members. The conflict is mainly because of inadequate compensation, unfair treatment of landowners by OTC employees, unclear land reallocation procedures and lack of cooperation and information sharing to residents whose land was earmarked for development. The study concludes that, land reallocation is very beneficial to OTC because of generated income that leads to urbanisation. The study recommends for revision of current compensation policy and guidelines to ensure fair compensation through a model. There is a need to capacitate implementing agencies, community members and compensation guidelines and policy. This means embarking on education and communication programmes to maximise effective communication between OTC and community members

This study examined land reallocation challenges between landowners and the OTC to make recommendations for improving land reallocation process. This was accomplished by assessing how land is reallocated within the OTC and how it affects community members. Understanding land reallocation dispute is critical to ensure inclusivity of every Namibian and fair participation in land reallocation process. The study was conducted through a qualitative research design. Primary data was collected through interview guides. The interviews were administered to (8) staff members of the OTC, and fifteen (15) community members affected by land reallocation. The respondents were selected through purposive sampling, which is a non-probability sampling technique. Data was analysed using content analysis. The study found that, community members understand land reallocation process. The findings provide reasons to why land reallocation conflict exists between OTC and community members. The conflict is mainly because of inadequate compensation, unfair treatment of landowners by OTC employees, unclear land reallocation procedures and lack of cooperation and information sharing to residents whose land was earmarked for development. The study concludes that, land reallocation is very beneficial to OTC because of generated income that leads to urbanisation. The study recommends for revision of current compensation policy and guidelines to ensure fair compensation through a model. There is a need to capacitate implementing agencies, community members and compensation guidelines and policy. This means embarking on education and communication programmes to maximise effective communication between OTC and community members

This study examined land reallocation challenges between landowners and the OTC to make recommendations for improving land reallocation process. This was accomplished by assessing how land is reallocated within the OTC and how it affects community members. Understanding land reallocation dispute is critical to ensure inclusivity of every Namibian and fair participation in land reallocation process. The study was conducted through a qualitative research design. Primary data was collected through interview guides. The interviews were administered to (8) staff members of the OTC, and fifteen (15) community members affected by land reallocation. The respondents were selected through purposive sampling, which is a non-probability sampling technique. Data was analysed using content analysis. The study found that, community members understand land reallocation process. The findings provide reasons to why land reallocation conflict exists between OTC and community members. The conflict is mainly because of inadequate compensation, unfair treatment of landowners by OTC employees, unclear land reallocation procedures and lack of cooperation and information sharing to residents whose land was earmarked for development. The study concludes that, land reallocation is very beneficial to OTC because of generated income that leads to urbanisation. The study recommends for revision of current compensation policy and guidelines to ensure fair compensation through a model. There is a need to capacitate implementing agencies, community members and compensation guidelines and policy. This means embarking on education and communication programmes to maximise effective communication between OTC and community members

This study was conducted to explore the perceptions of community members on contributing factors of rape in the selected Mankweng communities, namely: Mentz, Ga-Makanye and Ga-Thoka, following a qualitative research approach, with an exploratory research design. The non-probability sampling: Purposive sampling was adopted to sample 30 participants. Three Focus Groups Discussions (FGDs), consisting of 10 individuals formed part of this study and the Thematic Content Analysis (TCA) was used for analysis. The consulted seminal studies were reviewed and coupled with the Differential Risk Model as the adopted theoretical framework, in order to identify different categories that would explain the contributing factors of rape in the selected study locations. From the studies on this subject and information gathered from the selected participants; four (04) major contributing factors to rape in the Mankweng selected areas emerged, demarcated as follows; 1) Structural factors which include men that are raised in families with strong patriarchal structures which are more likely to become violent and force themselves on women because they feel superior to women, 2) Socio-cultural factors which entail the societies that normalise women being violated and rape because they believe that women are inferior to men and should be submissive, 3) Psychological factors consist of all the effects that both the victims and the community endure due to the crime committed; and lastly, 4) Economic factors explain how women are exposed to chances of being raped because of material gains in exchange for sexual favors. This study recommends that youth in the selected communities should be trained to become peer educators to learn more about rape, understand the associated effects/ impacts on society and potential victims, and programmes should be hosted within these communities to alert residents about the scourge of rape. The study further recommends that the police officials change their atti

The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between modern racism and rape victim and perpetrator blame, and rape perception. Participants from both a community population (n = 211) and a student population (n = 200) read a rape vignette and provided their judgements of blame towards a victim and perpetrator, their perception of the event as rape, and later answered the modern racism scale. Results showed a significant positive relationship between modern racism and rape victim blame (r = .35, R2 ×× 100 = 12.1%), while modern racism had a significant negative relationship with perpetrator blame (r = −.27, R2 ×× 100 = 7.5%) and rape perception (r = −.29, R2 ×× 100 = 8.7%). Implications for the criminal justice system as well as suggestions for future research were discussed.

The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between modern racism and rape victim and perpetrator blame, and rape perception. Participants from both a community population (n = 211) and a student population (n = 200) read a rape vignette and provided their judgements of blame towards a victim and perpetrator, their perception of the event as rape, and later answered the modern racism scale. Results showed a significant positive relationship between modern racism and rape victim blame (r = .35, R2 ×× 100 = 12.1%), while modern racism had a significant negative relationship with perpetrator blame (r = −.27, R2 ×× 100 = 7.5%) and rape perception (r = −.29, R2 ×× 100 = 8.7%). Implications for the criminal justice system as well as suggestions for future research were discussed.

The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between modern racism and rape victim and perpetrator blame, and rape perception. Participants from both a community population (n = 211) and a student population (n = 200) read a rape vignette and provided their judgements of blame towards a victim and perpetrator, their perception of the event as rape, and later answered the modern racism scale. Results showed a significant positive relationship between modern racism and rape victim blame (r = .35, R2 ×× 100 = 12.1%), while modern racism had a significant negative relationship with perpetrator blame (r = −.27, R2 ×× 100 = 7.5%) and rape perception (r = −.29, R2 ×× 100 = 8.7%). Implications for the criminal justice system as well as suggestions for future research were discussed.

The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between modern racism and rape victim and perpetrator blame, and rape perception. Participants from both a community population (n = 211) and a student population (n = 200) read a rape vignette and provided their judgements of blame towards a victim and perpetrator, their perception of the event as rape, and later answered the modern racism scale. Results showed a significant positive relationship between modern racism and rape victim blame (r = .35, R2 ×× 100 = 12.1%), while modern racism had a significant negative relationship with perpetrator blame (r = −.27, R2 ×× 100 = 7.5%) and rape perception (r = −.29, R2 ×× 100 = 8.7%). Implications for the criminal justice system as well as suggestions for future research were discussed.

The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between modern racism and rape victim and perpetrator blame, and rape perception. Participants from both a community population (n = 211) and a student population (n = 200) read a rape vignette and provided their judgements of blame towards a victim and perpetrator, their perception of the event as rape, and later answered the modern racism scale. Results showed a significant positive relationship between modern racism and rape victim blame (r = .35, R2 ×× 100 = 12.1%), while modern racism had a significant negative relationship with perpetrator blame (r = −.27, R2 ×× 100 = 7.5%) and rape perception (r = −.29, R2 ×× 100 = 8.7%). Implications for the criminal justice system as well as suggestions for future research were discussed.

The purpose of this study was to investigate municipal-citizen communication channels of the Thulamela Local Municipality, and their implications on service delivery. The study adopted a mixed method, qualitative-quantitative sequential approach. Qualitative data was sourced from key-informants comprised of community leaders, Ward Committee members, and a Community Development Workers. Quantitative data was sourced from ordinary community members of Dumasi village. Semi-structured interviews and questionnaires were used as data collection tools for both the qualitative and quantitative phases. Thematic Content Analysis was used to analyse the qualitative data. Data analysis for the quantitative data was conducted using Cronbach’s Alpha, t-test and ANOVA test. The findings from both studies revealed that respondents perceived Thulamela Municipality’s communication channels to be ineffective. Community members’ reluctance to attend community meetings and lack of proper feedback were identified as the main causes. The findings further revealed that ineffectiveness of the communication channels leads to an increase in the number of community service delivery protests. Several suggestions are made resulting from the findings of this study. These include the designing and implementation of context-specific, municipal-citizen communication channels, in consultation with local communities.

There have been reforms in the public sector, from the bureaucratic form of organization to the business community inspired reforms called New Public Management. These reforms have been seen as positive but also negative, especially against downplaying of democratic values. In connection with these changes, even the language being touched. The earlier one named citizen is now called customers. This study was conducted with interviews. This paper examines social citizens' views on the changes in the public sector and their own changing role. The results of the survey show that members of society have experienced improvements in the good competition in point increase freedom of choice, efficiency, service and information in public administration , but their view of their own identity as citizens have remained unchanged, political power remain, and and the consumer concept is - concept is strange and something that the respondents cannot identify with can not identify with.

There have been reforms in the public sector, from the bureaucratic form of organization to the business community inspired reforms called New Public Management. These reforms have been seen as positive but also negative, especially against downplaying of democratic values. In connection with these changes, even the language being touched. The earlier one named citizen is now called customers. This study was conducted with interviews. This paper examines social citizens' views on the changes in the public sector and their own changing role. The results of the survey show that members of society have experienced improvements in the good competition in point increase freedom of choice, efficiency, service and information in public administration , but their view of their own identity as citizens have remained unchanged, political power remain, and and the consumer concept is - concept is strange and something that the respondents cannot identify with can not identify with.

Companies use corporate social responsible investment (CSI) initiatives to contribute to the wellbeing of the society they operate in. South African companies continue to increase their involvement in CSI initiatives in the areas of education and training, capacity building, community development and health care. The impact of these initiatives can be extended, if community members, who are mostly the beneficiaries of these initiatives, are willing to work with companies through volunteering in CSI initiatives. This study used a combination of qualitative and quantitative research designs to assess the attitude of community towards volunteering on a CSI project. Interviews and survey questionnaire were used to collect data from households’ members who benefited from a CSI initiative of re-roofing houses in one of low income areas of South Africa. Qualitative analysis revealed that the CSI project provided skill which opened employment opportunities to community members who worked on the project. However, quantitative results showed that only 30% of participants were willing to volunteer on the CSI project. The majority of those who were not willing to volunteer on the CSI project were unemployed and did not have any skills; implying that volunteering on the CSI project could have provided them with some skills. Based on the investment model of volunteering, findings of this study showed that beneficiaries of the CSI initiative denied an investment opportunity due to their attitude towards volunteering. Hence, it was concluded that CSI initiatives could have a greater impact if community members are encouraged to participate in CSI initiatives as volunteers.

Companies use corporate social responsible investment (CSI) initiatives to contribute to the wellbeing of the society they operate in. South African companies continue to increase their involvement in CSI initiatives in the areas of education and training, capacity building, community development and health care. The impact of these initiatives can be extended, if community members, who are mostly the beneficiaries of these initiatives, are willing to work with companies through volunteering in CSI initiatives. This study used a combination of qualitative and quantitative research designs to assess the attitude of community towards volunteering on a CSI project. Interviews and survey questionnaire were used to collect data from households’ members who benefited from a CSI initiative of re-roofing houses in one of low income areas of South Africa. Qualitative analysis revealed that the CSI project provided skill which opened employment opportunities to community members who worked on the project. However, quantitative results showed that only 30% of participants were willing to volunteer on the CSI project. The majority of those who were not willing to volunteer on the CSI project were unemployed and did not have any skills; implying that volunteering on the CSI project could have provided them with some skills. Based on the investment model of volunteering, findings of this study showed that beneficiaries of the CSI initiative denied an investment opportunity due to their attitude towards volunteering. Hence, it was concluded that CSI initiatives could have a greater impact if community members are encouraged to participate in CSI initiatives as volunteers.

Non-wood products (NWP) and their contribution to a community’s income have increasingly captured the interest of scholars and researchers. This study is inscribed within this framework, where the economic value and contribution to family income is calculated, from harvesting pine resin, edible mushrooms, medicinal plants and honeycombs, carried out by inhabitants in the indigenous community of Pichátaro, Michoacán, México. The non-wood product that most contributes to the family income is pine resin, extracted from several species. The net present value per hectare from the four NWP studied was $97.58 USD ha-1, the net annual income per harvester varied between $40 and $792 USD, representing a contribution to the annual family income of between 0.93 and 18.56%. Results from this study underline that NWP marketing contributes a reduced amount to the community family income, due to the decrease in forest cover, their low sale price and the low negotiation ability by harvester community members., Los bienes no maderables (BNM) y su aporte al ingreso comunitario han venido captando cada vez más el interés de académicos e investigadores. En este marco se inscribe este estudio en el que se calcula el valor económico y la aportación al ingreso familiar de la recolección de resina de pino, hongos comestibles, plantas medicinales y panales con miel; realizada por los habitantes de la comunidad indígena de Pichátaro, Michoacán, México. El bien no maderable que más aporta al ingreso familiar es la resina de pino, extraída de varias especies. El valor presente neto por hectárea de los cuatro BNM estudiados fue de USD 97.58 ha-1, el ingreso neto anual por recolector varió entre USD 40 y USD 792, significando una contribución al ingreso familiar anual de entre 0.93 y 18.56%. Los resultados de este estudio subrayan que la comercialización de BNM contribuye con un monto reducido al ingreso familiar comunitario, debido a la disminución de la cubierta forestal, su bajo precio de venta y la poca capacidad de negociación de los comuneros recolectores.

Non-wood products (NWP) and their contribution to a community’s income have increasingly captured the interest of scholars and researchers. This study is inscribed within this framework, where the economic value and contribution to family income is calculated, from harvesting pine resin, edible mushrooms, medicinal plants and honeycombs, carried out by inhabitants in the indigenous community of Pichátaro, Michoacán, México. The non-wood product that most contributes to the family income is pine resin, extracted from several species. The net present value per hectare from the four NWP studied was $97.58 USD ha-1, the net annual income per harvester varied between $40 and $792 USD, representing a contribution to the annual family income of between 0.93 and 18.56%. Results from this study underline that NWP marketing contributes a reduced amount to the community family income, due to the decrease in forest cover, their low sale price and the low negotiation ability by harvester community members., Los bienes no maderables (BNM) y su aporte al ingreso comunitario han venido captando cada vez más el interés de académicos e investigadores. En este marco se inscribe este estudio en el que se calcula el valor económico y la aportación al ingreso familiar de la recolección de resina de pino, hongos comestibles, plantas medicinales y panales con miel; realizada por los habitantes de la comunidad indígena de Pichátaro, Michoacán, México. El bien no maderable que más aporta al ingreso familiar es la resina de pino, extraída de varias especies. El valor presente neto por hectárea de los cuatro BNM estudiados fue de USD 97.58 ha-1, el ingreso neto anual por recolector varió entre USD 40 y USD 792, significando una contribución al ingreso familiar anual de entre 0.93 y 18.56%. Los resultados de este estudio subrayan que la comercialización de BNM contribuye con un monto reducido al ingreso familiar comunitario, debido a la disminución de la cubierta forestal, su bajo precio de venta y la poca capacidad de negociación de los comuneros recolectores.

Non-wood products (NWP) and their contribution to a community’s income have increasingly captured the interest of scholars and researchers. This study is inscribed within this framework, where the economic value and contribution to family income is calculated, from harvesting pine resin, edible mushrooms, medicinal plants and honeycombs, carried out by inhabitants in the indigenous community of Pichátaro, Michoacán, México. The non-wood product that most contributes to the family income is pine resin, extracted from several species. The net present value per hectare from the four NWP studied was $97.58 USD ha-1, the net annual income per harvester varied between $40 and $792 USD, representing a contribution to the annual family income of between 0.93 and 18.56%. Results from this study underline that NWP marketing contributes a reduced amount to the community family income, due to the decrease in forest cover, their low sale price and the low negotiation ability by harvester community members., Los bienes no maderables (BNM) y su aporte al ingreso comunitario han venido captando cada vez más el interés de académicos e investigadores. En este marco se inscribe este estudio en el que se calcula el valor económico y la aportación al ingreso familiar de la recolección de resina de pino, hongos comestibles, plantas medicinales y panales con miel; realizada por los habitantes de la comunidad indígena de Pichátaro, Michoacán, México. El bien no maderable que más aporta al ingreso familiar es la resina de pino, extraída de varias especies. El valor presente neto por hectárea de los cuatro BNM estudiados fue de USD 97.58 ha-1, el ingreso neto anual por recolector varió entre USD 40 y USD 792, significando una contribución al ingreso familiar anual de entre 0.93 y 18.56%. Los resultados de este estudio subrayan que la comercialización de BNM contribuye con un monto reducido al ingreso familiar comunitario, debido a la disminución de la cubierta forestal, su bajo precio de venta y la poca capacidad de negociación de los comuneros recolectores.

Non-wood products (NWP) and their contribution to a community’s income have increasingly captured the interest of scholars and researchers. This study is inscribed within this framework, where the economic value and contribution to family income is calculated, from harvesting pine resin, edible mushrooms, medicinal plants and honeycombs, carried out by inhabitants in the indigenous community of Pichátaro, Michoacán, México. The non-wood product that most contributes to the family income is pine resin, extracted from several species. The net present value per hectare from the four NWP studied was $97.58 USD ha-1, the net annual income per harvester varied between $40 and $792 USD, representing a contribution to the annual family income of between 0.93 and 18.56%. Results from this study underline that NWP marketing contributes a reduced amount to the community family income, due to the decrease in forest cover, their low sale price and the low negotiation ability by harvester community members., Los bienes no maderables (BNM) y su aporte al ingreso comunitario han venido captando cada vez más el interés de académicos e investigadores. En este marco se inscribe este estudio en el que se calcula el valor económico y la aportación al ingreso familiar de la recolección de resina de pino, hongos comestibles, plantas medicinales y panales con miel; realizada por los habitantes de la comunidad indígena de Pichátaro, Michoacán, México. El bien no maderable que más aporta al ingreso familiar es la resina de pino, extraída de varias especies. El valor presente neto por hectárea de los cuatro BNM estudiados fue de USD 97.58 ha-1, el ingreso neto anual por recolector varió entre USD 40 y USD 792, significando una contribución al ingreso familiar anual de entre 0.93 y 18.56%. Los resultados de este estudio subrayan que la comercialización de BNM contribuye con un monto reducido al ingreso familiar comunitario, debido a la disminución de la cubierta forestal, su bajo precio de venta y la poca capacidad de negociación de los comuneros recolectores.

BACKGROUND: Obstructed labour is still a major cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality in Uganda, where many women give birth at home alone or assisted by non-skilled birth attendants. Little is known of how the community view obstructed labour, and what actions they take in cases where this complication occurs. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to explore community members' understanding of and actions taken in cases of obstructed labour in south-western Uganda. DESIGN: Grounded theory (GT) was used to analyse data from 20 focus group discussions (FGDs), 10 with women and 10 with men, which were conducted in eight rural and two urban communities. RESULTS: A conceptual model based on the community members' understanding of obstructed labour and actions taken in response is presented as a pathway initiated by women's desire to 'protecting own integrity' (core category). The pathway consisted of six other categories closely linked to the core category, namely: (1) 'taking control of own birth process'; (2) 'reaching the limit - failing to give birth' (individual level); (3) 'exhausting traditional options'; (4) 'partner taking charge'; (5) 'facing challenging referral conditions' (community level); and finally (6) 'enduring a non-responsive healthcare system' (healthcare system level). CONCLUSIONS: There is a need to understand and acknowledge women's reluctance to involve others during childbirth. However, the healthcare system should provide acceptable care and a functional referral system closer to the community, thus supporting the community's ability to seek timely care as a response to obstructed labour. Easy access to mobile phones may improve referral systems. Upgrading of infrastructure in the region requires a multi-sectoral approach. Testing of the conceptual model through a quantitative questionnaire is recommended.