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Food fraud has been and still is a problem in the food industry. It is detectable by several approaches, such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), chemometric assays, or DNA-based techniques, each with its own drawbacks. This work addresses one major drawback of DNA-based methods, in particular their sensitivity to inhibitors contained in particular matrices from which DNA is isolated. We tested five commercial kits and one in-house method characterized by different ways of sample homogenization and DNA capture and purification. Using these methods, DNA was isolated from 10 different fruit species commonly used in plant-based foodstuffs. The quality of the DNA was evaluated by UV-VIS spectrophotometry. Two types of qPCR assays were used for DNA quality testing: (i) Method specific for plant ITS2 region, (ii) methods specific for individual fruit species. Based mainly on the results of real-time PCR assays, we were able to find two column-based kits and one magnetic carrier-based kit, which consistently provided fruit DNA isolates of sufficient quality for PCR-based assays useful for routine analysis and identification of individual fruit species in food products.

Food fraud has been and still is a problem in the food industry. It is detectable by several approaches, such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), chemometric assays, or DNA-based techniques, each with its own drawbacks. This work addresses one major drawback of DNA-based methods, in particular their sensitivity to inhibitors contained in particular matrices from which DNA is isolated. We tested five commercial kits and one in-house method characterized by different ways of sample homogenization and DNA capture and purification. Using these methods, DNA was isolated from 10 different fruit species commonly used in plant-based foodstuffs. The quality of the DNA was evaluated by UV-VIS spectrophotometry. Two types of qPCR assays were used for DNA quality testing: (i) Method specific for plant ITS2 region, (ii) methods specific for individual fruit species. Based mainly on the results of real-time PCR assays, we were able to find two column-based kits and one magnetic carrier-based kit, which consistently provided fruit DNA isolates of sufficient quality for PCR-based assays useful for routine analysis and identification of individual fruit species in food products.

Food fraud has been and still is a problem in the food industry. It is detectable by several approaches, such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), chemometric assays, or DNA-based techniques, each with its own drawbacks. This work addresses one major drawback of DNA-based methods, in particular their sensitivity to inhibitors contained in particular matrices from which DNA is isolated. We tested five commercial kits and one in-house method characterized by different ways of sample homogenization and DNA capture and purification. Using these methods, DNA was isolated from 10 different fruit species commonly used in plant-based foodstuffs. The quality of the DNA was evaluated by UV-VIS spectrophotometry. Two types of qPCR assays were used for DNA quality testing: (i) Method specific for plant ITS2 region, (ii) methods specific for individual fruit species. Based mainly on the results of real-time PCR assays, we were able to find two column-based kits and one magnetic carrier-based kit, which consistently provided fruit DNA isolates of sufficient quality for PCR-based assays useful for routine analysis and identification of individual fruit species in food products.

Food fraud has been and still is a problem in the food industry. It is detectable by several approaches, such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), chemometric assays, or DNA-based techniques, each with its own drawbacks. This work addresses one major drawback of DNA-based methods, in particular their sensitivity to inhibitors contained in particular matrices from which DNA is isolated. We tested five commercial kits and one in-house method characterized by different ways of sample homogenization and DNA capture and purification. Using these methods, DNA was isolated from 10 different fruit species commonly used in plant-based foodstuffs. The quality of the DNA was evaluated by UV-VIS spectrophotometry. Two types of qPCR assays were used for DNA quality testing: (i) Method specific for plant ITS2 region, (ii) methods specific for individual fruit species. Based mainly on the results of real-time PCR assays, we were able to find two column-based kits and one magnetic carrier-based kit, which consistently provided fruit DNA isolates of sufficient quality for PCR-based assays useful for routine analysis and identification of individual fruit species in food products.

Human noroviruses (NoVs) are the most common viruses causing acute gastroenteritis in humans. Performance characteristics of two commercial quantitative NoV RT-PCR assays, the Norovirus real-time RT-PCR Kit (AnDiaTec) and the Type I and Type II kits (Generon), and the international assay as selected by the CEN/TC/WG6/TAG4 group were evaluated for the specific detection and quantitation of 59 NoV samples, including different subtypes of NoV genogroup I and II. The results showed that the method proposed by the CEN/TC/WG6/TAG4 group was 100% specific since it was able to detect all samples tested. The commercialized kits evaluated failed to detect a vast majority of NoV GI strains. Additionally the Generon kit did not succeed to detect strains from GII.3, GII.5, GII.6, GII.7, GII.8, GII.12 and GII.17. In addition, the detection limit using the most prevalent strain, NoV GII.4, was 2.5 PCRU per reaction using both commercial kits. Despite this good sensitivity for NoV GII.4 detection it is concluded that both commercial assays are not suitable for the detection and quantitation of most NOV subtypes. Therefore the method proposed by the CEN/TC/WG6/TAG4 group is recommended for epidemiological studies and outbreaks investigations. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Human noroviruses (NoVs) are the most common viruses causing acute gastroenteritis in humans. Performance characteristics of two commercial quantitative NoV RT-PCR assays, the Norovirus real-time RT-PCR Kit (AnDiaTec) and the Type I and Type II kits (Generon), and the international assay as selected by the CEN/TC/WG6/TAG4 group were evaluated for the specific detection and quantitation of 59 NoV samples, including different subtypes of NoV genogroup I and II. The results showed that the method proposed by the CEN/TC/WG6/TAG4 group was 100% specific since it was able to detect all samples tested. The commercialized kits evaluated failed to detect a vast majority of NoV GI strains. Additionally the Generon kit did not succeed to detect strains from GII.3, GII.5, GII.6, GII.7, GII.8, GII.12 and GII.17. In addition, the detection limit using the most prevalent strain, NoV GII.4, was 2.5 PCRU per reaction using both commercial kits. Despite this good sensitivity for NoV GII.4 detection it is concluded that both commercial assays are not suitable for the detection and quantitation of most NOV subtypes. Therefore the method proposed by the CEN/TC/WG6/TAG4 group is recommended for epidemiological studies and outbreaks investigations. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Human noroviruses (NoVs) are the most common viruses causing acute gastroenteritis in humans. Performance characteristics of two commercial quantitative NoV RT-PCR assays, the Norovirus real-time RT-PCR Kit (AnDiaTec) and the Type I and Type II kits (Generon), and the international assay as selected by the CEN/TC/WG6/TAG4 group were evaluated for the specific detection and quantitation of 59 NoV samples, including different subtypes of NoV genogroup I and II. The results showed that the method proposed by the CEN/TC/WG6/TAG4 group was 100% specific since it was able to detect all samples tested. The commercialized kits evaluated failed to detect a vast majority of NoV GI strains. Additionally the Generon kit did not succeed to detect strains from GII.3, GII.5, GII.6, GII.7, GII.8, GII.12 and GII.17. In addition, the detection limit using the most prevalent strain, NoV GII.4, was 2.5 PCRU per reaction using both commercial kits. Despite this good sensitivity for NoV GII.4 detection it is concluded that both commercial assays are not suitable for the detection and quantitation of most NOV subtypes. Therefore the method proposed by the CEN/TC/WG6/TAG4 group is recommended for epidemiological studies and outbreaks investigations. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Předkládaná práce se zabývá probiotickými bakteriemi, izolací DNA z těchto baterií třemi různými metodami a vlivu izolace na identifikaci DNA pomocí molekulárně biologických metod. Probiotické bakterie jsou důležitou součástí trávícího traktu člověka. Mají důležitou roli pro funkci imunitního systému, a to díky adhezi na sliznici trávícího traktu, kde vytváří nehostinné prostředí pro patogeny. Probiotické baterie přijímáme běžně v potravě, ať už v mléčných výrobních nebo pomocí doplňků stravy. Díky nadužívání antibiotik ovšem hrozí riziko předání vnitřní rezistence, kterou probiotické bakterie mají kvůli udržení přirozené homeostáze trávícího traktu, patogenním bakteriím. Je tedy důležité efektivně identifikovat rizikové probiotické bakterie, které mají schopnost rezistenci přenášet a eliminovat tak jejich přítomnost v potravinách a potravinových doplňcích. V experimentální části byly zkoumány tři metody izolace DNA, metoda fenolové extrakce, izolace magnetickými částicemi a izolace komerčním kitem. DNA byla izolovaná ze tří doplňků stravy a to Biopron 9 premium, Linex forte a GS Laktobacily forte 21. Čistota a koncentrace izolované DNA byla zjištěna spektrofotometricky. Přítomnost jednotlivých kmenů DNA v potravinových doplňcích byla potvrzena metodou polymerázové řetězové reakce v reálném čase. Jako nejlepší metoda izolace, co se týče čistoty a koncentrace izolované DNA byla na základě RT–PCR a spektrofotometrie vyhodnocena metoda izolace komerčním kitem., This thesis focused on the probiotic bacteria, DNA isolated from these bacteria by three different methods and the effect of isolation on DNA identification using molecular biological methods. Probiotic bacteria are an important part of human intestinal tract. They have an important role in the function of the immune system due to adhesion to the mucosa of the intestinal flora. They create a inhostile environment for pathogens. Probiotic bacteria are commonly taken in the food like dairy products or food supplements. However, overuse of antibiotics is at risk of passing on the intrinsic resistance that probiotic bacteria have to the pathogenic bacteria. The intrinsic resistence they have to maintain the natural homeostasis of the intestinal tract. It is important to effectively identify risky probiotic bacteria that have the ability to transmit resistance to eliminate their presence in food and dietary supplements. Three methods of DNA isolation like phenol extraction method, magnetic particle isolation and commercial kit isolation were used in the experimental part. DNA was isolated from three dietary supplements, namely Biopron 9 premium, Linex forte and GS Lactobacily forte 21. The purity and concentration of the isolated DNA was detected spectrophotometrically. The presence of individual DNA strains in dietary supplements was confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The best method of isolation in terms of purity and concentration of isolated DNA was evaluated by RT-PCR and spectrophotometry using a commercial kit isolation method.

Předkládaná práce se zabývá probiotickými bakteriemi, izolací DNA z těchto baterií třemi různými metodami a vlivu izolace na identifikaci DNA pomocí molekulárně biologických metod. Probiotické bakterie jsou důležitou součástí trávícího traktu člověka. Mají důležitou roli pro funkci imunitního systému, a to díky adhezi na sliznici trávícího traktu, kde vytváří nehostinné prostředí pro patogeny. Probiotické baterie přijímáme běžně v potravě, ať už v mléčných výrobních nebo pomocí doplňků stravy. Díky nadužívání antibiotik ovšem hrozí riziko předání vnitřní rezistence, kterou probiotické bakterie mají kvůli udržení přirozené homeostáze trávícího traktu, patogenním bakteriím. Je tedy důležité efektivně identifikovat rizikové probiotické bakterie, které mají schopnost rezistenci přenášet a eliminovat tak jejich přítomnost v potravinách a potravinových doplňcích. V experimentální části byly zkoumány tři metody izolace DNA, metoda fenolové extrakce, izolace magnetickými částicemi a izolace komerčním kitem. DNA byla izolovaná ze tří doplňků stravy a to Biopron 9 premium, Linex forte a GS Laktobacily forte 21. Čistota a koncentrace izolované DNA byla zjištěna spektrofotometricky. Přítomnost jednotlivých kmenů DNA v potravinových doplňcích byla potvrzena metodou polymerázové řetězové reakce v reálném čase. Jako nejlepší metoda izolace, co se týče čistoty a koncentrace izolované DNA byla na základě RT–PCR a spektrofotometrie vyhodnocena metoda izolace komerčním kitem., This thesis focused on the probiotic bacteria, DNA isolated from these bacteria by three different methods and the effect of isolation on DNA identification using molecular biological methods. Probiotic bacteria are an important part of human intestinal tract. They have an important role in the function of the immune system due to adhesion to the mucosa of the intestinal flora. They create a inhostile environment for pathogens. Probiotic bacteria are commonly taken in the food like dairy products or food supplements. However, overuse of antibiotics is at risk of passing on the intrinsic resistance that probiotic bacteria have to the pathogenic bacteria. The intrinsic resistence they have to maintain the natural homeostasis of the intestinal tract. It is important to effectively identify risky probiotic bacteria that have the ability to transmit resistance to eliminate their presence in food and dietary supplements. Three methods of DNA isolation like phenol extraction method, magnetic particle isolation and commercial kit isolation were used in the experimental part. DNA was isolated from three dietary supplements, namely Biopron 9 premium, Linex forte and GS Lactobacily forte 21. The purity and concentration of the isolated DNA was detected spectrophotometrically. The presence of individual DNA strains in dietary supplements was confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The best method of isolation in terms of purity and concentration of isolated DNA was evaluated by RT-PCR and spectrophotometry using a commercial kit isolation method.

Předkládaná práce se zabývá probiotickými bakteriemi, izolací DNA z těchto baterií třemi různými metodami a vlivu izolace na identifikaci DNA pomocí molekulárně biologických metod. Probiotické bakterie jsou důležitou součástí trávícího traktu člověka. Mají důležitou roli pro funkci imunitního systému, a to díky adhezi na sliznici trávícího traktu, kde vytváří nehostinné prostředí pro patogeny. Probiotické baterie přijímáme běžně v potravě, ať už v mléčných výrobních nebo pomocí doplňků stravy. Díky nadužívání antibiotik ovšem hrozí riziko předání vnitřní rezistence, kterou probiotické bakterie mají kvůli udržení přirozené homeostáze trávícího traktu, patogenním bakteriím. Je tedy důležité efektivně identifikovat rizikové probiotické bakterie, které mají schopnost rezistenci přenášet a eliminovat tak jejich přítomnost v potravinách a potravinových doplňcích. V experimentální části byly zkoumány tři metody izolace DNA, metoda fenolové extrakce, izolace magnetickými částicemi a izolace komerčním kitem. DNA byla izolovaná ze tří doplňků stravy a to Biopron 9 premium, Linex forte a GS Laktobacily forte 21. Čistota a koncentrace izolované DNA byla zjištěna spektrofotometricky. Přítomnost jednotlivých kmenů DNA v potravinových doplňcích byla potvrzena metodou polymerázové řetězové reakce v reálném čase. Jako nejlepší metoda izolace, co se týče čistoty a koncentrace izolované DNA byla na základě RT–PCR a spektrofotometrie vyhodnocena metoda izolace komerčním kitem., This thesis focused on the probiotic bacteria, DNA isolated from these bacteria by three different methods and the effect of isolation on DNA identification using molecular biological methods. Probiotic bacteria are an important part of human intestinal tract. They have an important role in the function of the immune system due to adhesion to the mucosa of the intestinal flora. They create a inhostile environment for pathogens. Probiotic bacteria are commonly taken in the food like dairy products or food supplements. However, overuse of antibiotics is at risk of passing on the intrinsic resistance that probiotic bacteria have to the pathogenic bacteria. The intrinsic resistence they have to maintain the natural homeostasis of the intestinal tract. It is important to effectively identify risky probiotic bacteria that have the ability to transmit resistance to eliminate their presence in food and dietary supplements. Three methods of DNA isolation like phenol extraction method, magnetic particle isolation and commercial kit isolation were used in the experimental part. DNA was isolated from three dietary supplements, namely Biopron 9 premium, Linex forte and GS Lactobacily forte 21. The purity and concentration of the isolated DNA was detected spectrophotometrically. The presence of individual DNA strains in dietary supplements was confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The best method of isolation in terms of purity and concentration of isolated DNA was evaluated by RT-PCR and spectrophotometry using a commercial kit isolation method.

Předkládaná práce se zabývá probiotickými bakteriemi, izolací DNA z těchto baterií třemi různými metodami a vlivu izolace na identifikaci DNA pomocí molekulárně biologických metod. Probiotické bakterie jsou důležitou součástí trávícího traktu člověka. Mají důležitou roli pro funkci imunitního systému, a to díky adhezi na sliznici trávícího traktu, kde vytváří nehostinné prostředí pro patogeny. Probiotické baterie přijímáme běžně v potravě, ať už v mléčných výrobních nebo pomocí doplňků stravy. Díky nadužívání antibiotik ovšem hrozí riziko předání vnitřní rezistence, kterou probiotické bakterie mají kvůli udržení přirozené homeostáze trávícího traktu, patogenním bakteriím. Je tedy důležité efektivně identifikovat rizikové probiotické bakterie, které mají schopnost rezistenci přenášet a eliminovat tak jejich přítomnost v potravinách a potravinových doplňcích. V experimentální části byly zkoumány tři metody izolace DNA, metoda fenolové extrakce, izolace magnetickými částicemi a izolace komerčním kitem. DNA byla izolovaná ze tří doplňků stravy a to Biopron 9 premium, Linex forte a GS Laktobacily forte 21. Čistota a koncentrace izolované DNA byla zjištěna spektrofotometricky. Přítomnost jednotlivých kmenů DNA v potravinových doplňcích byla potvrzena metodou polymerázové řetězové reakce v reálném čase. Jako nejlepší metoda izolace, co se týče čistoty a koncentrace izolované DNA byla na základě RT–PCR a spektrofotometrie vyhodnocena metoda izolace komerčním kitem., This thesis focused on the probiotic bacteria, DNA isolated from these bacteria by three different methods and the effect of isolation on DNA identification using molecular biological methods. Probiotic bacteria are an important part of human intestinal tract. They have an important role in the function of the immune system due to adhesion to the mucosa of the intestinal flora. They create a inhostile environment for pathogens. Probiotic bacteria are commonly taken in the food like dairy products or food supplements. However, overuse of antibiotics is at risk of passing on the intrinsic resistance that probiotic bacteria have to the pathogenic bacteria. The intrinsic resistence they have to maintain the natural homeostasis of the intestinal tract. It is important to effectively identify risky probiotic bacteria that have the ability to transmit resistance to eliminate their presence in food and dietary supplements. Three methods of DNA isolation like phenol extraction method, magnetic particle isolation and commercial kit isolation were used in the experimental part. DNA was isolated from three dietary supplements, namely Biopron 9 premium, Linex forte and GS Lactobacily forte 21. The purity and concentration of the isolated DNA was detected spectrophotometrically. The presence of individual DNA strains in dietary supplements was confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The best method of isolation in terms of purity and concentration of isolated DNA was evaluated by RT-PCR and spectrophotometry using a commercial kit isolation method.

Předkládaná práce se zabývá probiotickými bakteriemi, izolací DNA z těchto baterií třemi různými metodami a vlivu izolace na identifikaci DNA pomocí molekulárně biologických metod. Probiotické bakterie jsou důležitou součástí trávícího traktu člověka. Mají důležitou roli pro funkci imunitního systému, a to díky adhezi na sliznici trávícího traktu, kde vytváří nehostinné prostředí pro patogeny. Probiotické baterie přijímáme běžně v potravě, ať už v mléčných výrobních nebo pomocí doplňků stravy. Díky nadužívání antibiotik ovšem hrozí riziko předání vnitřní rezistence, kterou probiotické bakterie mají kvůli udržení přirozené homeostáze trávícího traktu, patogenním bakteriím. Je tedy důležité efektivně identifikovat rizikové probiotické bakterie, které mají schopnost rezistenci přenášet a eliminovat tak jejich přítomnost v potravinách a potravinových doplňcích. V experimentální části byly zkoumány tři metody izolace DNA, metoda fenolové extrakce, izolace magnetickými částicemi a izolace komerčním kitem. DNA byla izolovaná ze tří doplňků stravy a to Biopron 9 premium, Linex forte a GS Laktobacily forte 21. Čistota a koncentrace izolované DNA byla zjištěna spektrofotometricky. Přítomnost jednotlivých kmenů DNA v potravinových doplňcích byla potvrzena metodou polymerázové řetězové reakce v reálném čase. Jako nejlepší metoda izolace, co se týče čistoty a koncentrace izolované DNA byla na základě RT–PCR a spektrofotometrie vyhodnocena metoda izolace komerčním kitem., This thesis focused on the probiotic bacteria, DNA isolated from these bacteria by three different methods and the effect of isolation on DNA identification using molecular biological methods. Probiotic bacteria are an important part of human intestinal tract. They have an important role in the function of the immune system due to adhesion to the mucosa of the intestinal flora. They create a inhostile environment for pathogens. Probiotic bacteria are commonly taken in the food like dairy products or food supplements. However, overuse of antibiotics is at risk of passing on the intrinsic resistance that probiotic bacteria have to the pathogenic bacteria. The intrinsic resistence they have to maintain the natural homeostasis of the intestinal tract. It is important to effectively identify risky probiotic bacteria that have the ability to transmit resistance to eliminate their presence in food and dietary supplements. Three methods of DNA isolation like phenol extraction method, magnetic particle isolation and commercial kit isolation were used in the experimental part. DNA was isolated from three dietary supplements, namely Biopron 9 premium, Linex forte and GS Lactobacily forte 21. The purity and concentration of the isolated DNA was detected spectrophotometrically. The presence of individual DNA strains in dietary supplements was confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The best method of isolation in terms of purity and concentration of isolated DNA was evaluated by RT-PCR and spectrophotometry using a commercial kit isolation method.

Předkládaná práce se zabývá probiotickými bakteriemi, izolací DNA z těchto baterií třemi různými metodami a vlivu izolace na identifikaci DNA pomocí molekulárně biologických metod. Probiotické bakterie jsou důležitou součástí trávícího traktu člověka. Mají důležitou roli pro funkci imunitního systému, a to díky adhezi na sliznici trávícího traktu, kde vytváří nehostinné prostředí pro patogeny. Probiotické baterie přijímáme běžně v potravě, ať už v mléčných výrobních nebo pomocí doplňků stravy. Díky nadužívání antibiotik ovšem hrozí riziko předání vnitřní rezistence, kterou probiotické bakterie mají kvůli udržení přirozené homeostáze trávícího traktu, patogenním bakteriím. Je tedy důležité efektivně identifikovat rizikové probiotické bakterie, které mají schopnost rezistenci přenášet a eliminovat tak jejich přítomnost v potravinách a potravinových doplňcích. V experimentální části byly zkoumány tři metody izolace DNA, metoda fenolové extrakce, izolace magnetickými částicemi a izolace komerčním kitem. DNA byla izolovaná ze tří doplňků stravy a to Biopron 9 premium, Linex forte a GS Laktobacily forte 21. Čistota a koncentrace izolované DNA byla zjištěna spektrofotometricky. Přítomnost jednotlivých kmenů DNA v potravinových doplňcích byla potvrzena metodou polymerázové řetězové reakce v reálném čase. Jako nejlepší metoda izolace, co se týče čistoty a koncentrace izolované DNA byla na základě RT–PCR a spektrofotometrie vyhodnocena metoda izolace komerčním kitem., This thesis focused on the probiotic bacteria, DNA isolated from these bacteria by three different methods and the effect of isolation on DNA identification using molecular biological methods. Probiotic bacteria are an important part of human intestinal tract. They have an important role in the function of the immune system due to adhesion to the mucosa of the intestinal flora. They create a inhostile environment for pathogens. Probiotic bacteria are commonly taken in the food like dairy products or food supplements. However, overuse of antibiotics is at risk of passing on the intrinsic resistance that probiotic bacteria have to the pathogenic bacteria. The intrinsic resistence they have to maintain the natural homeostasis of the intestinal tract. It is important to effectively identify risky probiotic bacteria that have the ability to transmit resistance to eliminate their presence in food and dietary supplements. Three methods of DNA isolation like phenol extraction method, magnetic particle isolation and commercial kit isolation were used in the experimental part. DNA was isolated from three dietary supplements, namely Biopron 9 premium, Linex forte and GS Lactobacily forte 21. The purity and concentration of the isolated DNA was detected spectrophotometrically. The presence of individual DNA strains in dietary supplements was confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The best method of isolation in terms of purity and concentration of isolated DNA was evaluated by RT-PCR and spectrophotometry using a commercial kit isolation method.