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BACKGROUND: Molecular diagnostics are considered the most promising route to achieving rapid, universal drug susceptibility testing for Mycobacterium tuberculosiscomplex (MTBC). We aimed to generate a WHO endorsed catalogue of mutations to serve as a global standard for interpreting molecular information for drug resistance prediction. METHODS: A candidate gene approach was used to identify mutations as associated with resistance, or consistent with susceptibility, for 13 WHO endorsed anti-tuberculosis drugs. 38,215 MTBC isolates with paired whole-genome sequencing and phenotypic drug susceptibility testing data were amassed from 45 countries. For each mutation, a contingency table of binary phenotypes and presence or absence of the mutation computed positive predictive value, and Fisher's exact tests generated odds ratios and Benjamini-Hochberg corrected p-values. Mutations were graded as Associated with Resistance if present in at least 5 isolates, if the odds ratio was >1 with a statistically significant corrected p-value, and if the lower bound of the 95% confidence interval on the positive predictive value for phenotypic resistance was >25%. A series of expert rules were applied for final confidence grading of each mutation. FINDINGS: 15,667 associations were computed for 13,211 unique mutations linked to one or more drugs. 1,149/15,667 (7·3%) mutations were classified as associated with phenotypic resistance and 107/15,667 (0·7%) were deemed consistent with susceptibility. For rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol, fluoroquinolones, and streptomycin, the mutations' pooled sensitivity was >80%. Specificity was over 95% for all drugs except ethionamide (91·4%), moxifloxacin (91·6%) and ethambutol (93·3%). Only two resistance mutations were classified for bedaquiline, delamanid, clofazimine, and linezolid as prevalence of phenotypic resistance was low for these drugs. INTERPRETATION: This first WHO endorsed catalogue of molecular targets for MTBC drug susceptibility

En el present treball, es descriuen dues noves espècies del gènere Parvospeonomus Bellés & Escolà, 1977, que han restat confoses amb Parvospeonomus urgellesi (Español, 1965): Parvospeonomus garrigai n. sp. i Parvospeonomus cruillensis n. sp., per la similitud de la seva morfologia dels habitus. Són mostrades imatges, de les diferències morfològiques entra les tres espècies estudiades., In the present work, two new species of the genus Parvospeonomus Bellés & Escolà, 1977 are described, which have been confused with Parvospeonomus urgellesi (Español, 1965): Parvospeonomus garrigai n. sp. and Parvospeonomus cruillensis n. sp., by the similarity of their morphology of habits. Images are shown, of the morphological differences between the three species studied.

Es descriu un nou gènere i una i nova espècie hipogea de la subtribu Molopina (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Pterostichini). Speleopidius joanivivesi n. gen. & n. sp., procedent de l'Avenc de la Cabana d'en Garraba, Pont de Bar (L'Alt Urgell, Lleida, Espanya). Es compara la relació del nou gènere i nova espècie amb d'altres Molopina hipogeus de la mediterrània occidental., It is described a new genus and a new hypogean species of the subtribe Molopina, tribe Pterostichini (Coleoptera, Carabidae), namely Speleopidius joanivivesi n. gen. & n. sp., from the Avenc de la Cabana d'en Garraba, Pont de Bar (L'Alt Urgell), Lleida, Spain. The relationships of the new taxa with other hypogean Molopina of the Western Mediterranean are discussed.

[Background and purpose] B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) are well‐known surrogates of atrial fibrillation (AF) detection but studies usually present data on either BNP or NT‐proBNP. The aim was to determine and directly compare the validity of the two biomarkers as a tool to predict AF and guide prolonged cardiac monitoring in cryptogenic stroke patients., [Methods] Non‐lacunar acute ischaemic stroke (<72 h) patients over 55 years of age with cryptogenic stroke after standard evaluation were included in the Crypto‐AF study and blood was collected. BNP and NT‐proBNP levels were determined by automated immunoassays. AF was assessed by 28 days’ monitoring. Highest (optimizing specificity) and lowest (optimizing sensitivity) quartiles were used as biomarker cut‐offs to build predictive models adjusted by sex and age. The integrated discrimination improvement index (IDI) and DeLong test were used to compare the performance of the two biomarkers., [Results] From 320 patients evaluated, 218 were included in the analysis. AF was detected in 50 patients (22.9%). NT‐proBNP (P < 0.001) and BNP (P < 0.001) levels were higher in subjects with AF and their levels correlated (r = 0.495, P < 0.001). BNP showed an increased area under the curve (0.720 vs. 0.669; P = 0.0218) and a better predictive capacity (IDI = 3.63%, 95% confidence interval 1.36%–5.91%) compared to NT‐proBNP. BNP performed better than NT‐proBNP in a specific model (IDI = 3.7%, 95% confidence interval 0.87%–6.5%), whilst both biomarkers performed similarly in the case of a sensitive model., [Conclusions] Both BNP and NT‐proBNP were increased in cryptogenic stroke patients with AF detection. Interestingly, BNP outperforms NT‐proBNP, especially in terms of specificity.

The dN/dS ratio provides evidence of adaptation or functional constraint in protein-coding genes by quantifying the relative excess or deficit of amino acid-replacing versus silent nucleotide variation. Inexpensive sequencing promises a better understanding of parameters such as dN/dS, but analysing very large datasets poses a major statistical challenge. Here I introduce genomegaMap for estimating within-species genome-wide variation in dN/dS, and I apply it to 3,979 genes across 10,209 tuberculosis genomes to characterize the selection pressures shaping this global pathogen. GenomegaMap is a phylogeny-free method that addresses two major problems with existing approaches: (i) it is fast no matter how large the sample size and (ii) it is robust to recombination, which causes phylogenetic methods to report artefactual signals of adaptation. GenomegaMap uses population genetics theory to approximate the distribution of allele frequencies under general, parent-dependent mutation models. Coalescent simulations show that substitution parameters are well-estimated even when genomegaMap’s simplifying assumption of independence among sites is violated. I demonstrate the ability of genomegaMap to detect genuine signatures of selection at antimicrobial resistance-conferring substitutions in M. tuberculosis and describe a novel signature of selection in the cold-shock DEAD-box protein A gene deaD/csdA. The genomegaMap approach helps accelerate the exploitation of big data for gaining new insights into evolution within species.

Motivation: Timely identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) resistance to existing drugs is vital to decrease mortality and prevent the amplification of existing antibiotic resistance. Machine learning methods have been widely applied for timely predicting resistance of MTB given a specific drug and identifying resistance markers. However, they have been not validated on a large cohort of MTB samples from multi-centers across the world in terms of resistance prediction and resistance marker identification. Several machine learning classifiers and linear dimension reduction techniques were developed and compared for a cohort of 13 402 isolates collected from 16 countries across 6 continents and tested 11 drugs. Results: Compared to conventional molecular diagnostic test, area under curve of the best machine learning classifier increased for all drugs especially by 23.11%, 15.22% and 10.14% for pyrazinamide, ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin, respectively (P < 0.01). Logistic regression and gradient tree boosting found to perform better than other techniques. Moreover, logistic regression/gradient tree boosting with a sparse principal component analysis/non-negative matrix factorization step compared with the classifier alone enhanced the best performance in terms of F1-score by 12.54%, 4.61%, 7.45% and 9.58% for amikacin, moxifloxacin, ofloxacin and capreomycin, respectively, as well increasing area under curve for amikacin and capreomycin. Results provided a comprehensive comparison of various techniques and confirmed the application of machine learning for better prediction of the large diverse tuberculosis data. Furthermore, mutation ranking showed the possibility of finding new resistance/susceptible markers.

Resistance co-occurrence within first-line anti-tuberculosis (TB) drugs is a common phenomenon. Existing methods based on genetic data analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) have been able to predict resistance of MTB to individual drugs, but have not considered the resistance co-occurrence and cannot capture latent structure of genomic data that corresponds to lineages. Results: We used a large cohort of TB patients from 16 countries across six continents where whole-genome sequences for each isolate and associated phenotype to anti-TB drugs were obtained using drug susceptibility testing recommended by the World Health Organization. We then proposed an end-to-end multi-task model with deep denoising auto-encoder (DeepAMR) for multiple drug classification and developed DeepAMR-cluster, a clustering variant based on DeepAMR, for learning clusters in latent space of the data. The results showed that DeepAMR outperformed baseline model and four machine learning models with mean AUROC from 94.4% to 98.7% for predicting resistance to four first-line drugs [i.e. isoniazid (INH), ethambutol (EMB), rifampicin (RIF), pyrazinamide (PZA)], multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB) and pan-susceptible TB (PANS-TB: MTB that is susceptible to all four first-line anti-TB drugs). In the case of INH, EMB, PZA and MDR-TB, DeepAMR achieved its best mean sensitivity of 94.3%, 91.5%, 87.3% and 96.3%, respectively. While in the case of RIF and PANS-TB, it generated 94.2% and 92.2% sensitivity, which were lower than baseline model by 0.7% and 1.9%, respectively. t-SNE visualization shows that DeepAMR-cluster captures lineage-related clusters in the latent space. Availability and implementation: The details of source code are provided at http://www.robots.ox.ac.uk/∼davidc/code.php. Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Two billion people are infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, leading to 10 million new cases of active tuberculosis and 1.5 million deaths annually. Universal access to drug susceptibility testing (DST) has become a World Health Organization priority. We previously developed a software tool, Mykrobe predictor, which provided offline species identification and drug resistance predictions for M. tuberculosis from whole genome sequencing (WGS) data. Performance was insufficient to support the use of WGS as an alternative to conventional phenotype-based DST, due to mutation catalogue limitations. Here we present a new tool, Mykrobe, which provides the same functionality based on a new software implementation. Improvements include i) an updated mutation catalogue giving greater sensitivity to detect pyrazinamide resistance, ii) support for user-defined resistance catalogues, iii) improved identification of non-tuberculous mycobacterial species, and iv) an updated statistical model for Oxford Nanopore Technologies sequencing data. Mykrobe is released under MIT license at https://github.com/mykrobe-tools/mykrobe. We incorporate mutation catalogues from the CRyPTIC consortium et al. (2018) and from Walker et al. (2015), and make improvements based on performance on an initial set of 3206 and an independent set of 5845 M. tuberculosis Illumina sequences. To give estimates of error rates, we use a prospectively collected dataset of 4362 M. tuberculosis isolates. Using culture based DST as the reference, we estimate Mykrobe to be 100%, 95%, 82%, 99% sensitive and 99%, 100%, 99%, 99% specific for rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol resistance prediction respectively. We benchmark against four other tools on 10207 (=5845+4362) samples, and also show that Mykrobe gives concordant results with nanopore data. We measure the ability of Mykrobe-based DST to guide personalized therapeutic regimen design in the context of complex drug susceptibility profiles, showi

Este artículo evalúa la utilidad de la teoría de la desobediencia civil para legitimar la e-filtración, esto es, la revelación ética de información confidencial mediante las TIC. Primero, se repasan las principales definiciones de desobediencia civil offline, conectándola con la democracia deliberativa. Segundo, se perfilan las principales dificultades de las luchas sociales en Internet, como la ausencia de ciberderechos. Finalmente, se analiza si WikiLeaks cumple los requisitos clásicos de la acción desobediente: simbólica, pacífica, pública, responsable, etc. Y se puede concluir afirmativamente si se adecua la desobediencia civil al ciberespacio transnacional, mediante su despenalización y la aceptación del anonimato como método válido para publicar secretos, obviando, This paper evaluates the utility of civil disobedience theory to legitimate the e-leaking, i.e. ethical disclosure of confidential information through ICTs. First, the main definitions of offline civil disobedience are reviewed, connecting it with deliberative democracy. Second, the main difficulties of social struggles on the Internet are outlined, as the absence of cyber-rights. Finally, we analyse whether WikiLeaks meets classical requirements of disobedient action: symbolic, peaceful, public, responsible, etc. And it can be concluded affirmatively if civil disobedience is adapted to transnational cyberspace, by means of its decriminalization and the acceptance of anonymity as a valid method to publish secrets, obviating the pressing question of its legality.

Este artículo evalúa la utilidad de la teoría de la desobediencia civil para legitimar la e-filtración, esto es, la revelación ética de información confidencial mediante las TIC. Primero, se repasan las principales definiciones de desobediencia civil offline, conectándola con la democracia deliberativa. Segundo, se perfilan las principales dificultades de las luchas sociales en Internet, como la ausencia de ciberderechos. Finalmente, se analiza si WikiLeaks cumple los requisitos clásicos de la acción desobediente: simbólica, pacífica, pública, responsable, etc. Y se puede concluir afirmativamente si se adecua la desobediencia civil al ciberespacio transnacional, mediante su despenalización y la aceptación del anonimato como método válido para publicar secretos, obviando, This paper evaluates the utility of civil disobedience theory to legitimate the e-leaking, i.e. ethical disclosure of confidential information through ICTs. First, the main definitions of offline civil disobedience are reviewed, connecting it with deliberative democracy. Second, the main difficulties of social struggles on the Internet are outlined, as the absence of cyber-rights. Finally, we analyse whether WikiLeaks meets classical requirements of disobedient action: symbolic, peaceful, public, responsible, etc. And it can be concluded affirmatively if civil disobedience is adapted to transnational cyberspace, by means of its decriminalization and the acceptance of anonymity as a valid method to publish secrets, obviating the pressing question of its legality.

Este artículo evalúa la utilidad de la teoría de la desobediencia civil para legitimar la e-filtración, esto es, la revelación ética de información confidencial mediante las TIC. Primero, se repasan las principales definiciones de desobediencia civil offline, conectándola con la democracia deliberativa. Segundo, se perfilan las principales dificultades de las luchas sociales en Internet, como la ausencia de ciberderechos. Finalmente, se analiza si WikiLeaks cumple los requisitos clásicos de la acción desobediente: simbólica, pacífica, pública, responsable, etc. Y se puede concluir afirmativamente si se adecua la desobediencia civil al ciberespacio transnacional, mediante su despenalización y la aceptación del anonimato como método válido para publicar secretos, obviando, This paper evaluates the utility of civil disobedience theory to legitimate the e-leaking, i.e. ethical disclosure of confidential information through ICTs. First, the main definitions of offline civil disobedience are reviewed, connecting it with deliberative democracy. Second, the main difficulties of social struggles on the Internet are outlined, as the absence of cyber-rights. Finally, we analyse whether WikiLeaks meets classical requirements of disobedient action: symbolic, peaceful, public, responsible, etc. And it can be concluded affirmatively if civil disobedience is adapted to transnational cyberspace, by means of its decriminalization and the acceptance of anonymity as a valid method to publish secrets, obviating the pressing question of its legality.

Este artículo evalúa la utilidad de la teoría de la desobediencia civil para legitimar la e-filtración, esto es, la revelación ética de información confidencial mediante las TIC. Primero, se repasan las principales definiciones de desobediencia civil offline, conectándola con la democracia deliberativa. Segundo, se perfilan las principales dificultades de las luchas sociales en Internet, como la ausencia de ciberderechos. Finalmente, se analiza si WikiLeaks cumple los requisitos clásicos de la acción desobediente: simbólica, pacífica, pública, responsable, etc. Y se puede concluir afirmativamente si se adecua la desobediencia civil al ciberespacio transnacional, mediante su despenalización y la aceptación del anonimato como método válido para publicar secretos, obviando, This paper evaluates the utility of civil disobedience theory to legitimate the e-leaking, i.e. ethical disclosure of confidential information through ICTs. First, the main definitions of offline civil disobedience are reviewed, connecting it with deliberative democracy. Second, the main difficulties of social struggles on the Internet are outlined, as the absence of cyber-rights. Finally, we analyse whether WikiLeaks meets classical requirements of disobedient action: symbolic, peaceful, public, responsible, etc. And it can be concluded affirmatively if civil disobedience is adapted to transnational cyberspace, by means of its decriminalization and the acceptance of anonymity as a valid method to publish secrets, obviating the pressing question of its legality.

Este artículo evalúa la utilidad de la teoría de la desobediencia civil para legitimar la e-filtración, esto es, la revelación ética de información confidencial mediante las TIC. Primero, se repasan las principales definiciones de desobediencia civil offline, conectándola con la democracia deliberativa. Segundo, se perfilan las principales dificultades de las luchas sociales en Internet, como la ausencia de ciberderechos. Finalmente, se analiza si WikiLeaks cumple los requisitos clásicos de la acción desobediente: simbólica, pacífica, pública, responsable, etc. Y se puede concluir afirmativamente si se adecua la desobediencia civil al ciberespacio transnacional, mediante su despenalización y la aceptación del anonimato como método válido para publicar secretos, obviando, This paper evaluates the utility of civil disobedience theory to legitimate the e-leaking, i.e. ethical disclosure of confidential information through ICTs. First, the main definitions of offline civil disobedience are reviewed, connecting it with deliberative democracy. Second, the main difficulties of social struggles on the Internet are outlined, as the absence of cyber-rights. Finally, we analyse whether WikiLeaks meets classical requirements of disobedient action: symbolic, peaceful, public, responsible, etc. And it can be concluded affirmatively if civil disobedience is adapted to transnational cyberspace, by means of its decriminalization and the acceptance of anonymity as a valid method to publish secrets, obviating the pressing question of its legality.

Este artículo evalúa la utilidad de la teoría de la desobediencia civil para legitimar la e-filtración, esto es, la revelación ética de información confidencial mediante las TIC. Primero, se repasan las principales definiciones de desobediencia civil offline, conectándola con la democracia deliberativa. Segundo, se perfilan las principales dificultades de las luchas sociales en Internet, como la ausencia de ciberderechos. Finalmente, se analiza si WikiLeaks cumple los requisitos clásicos de la acción desobediente: simbólica, pacífica, pública, responsable, etc. Y se puede concluir afirmativamente si se adecua la desobediencia civil al ciberespacio transnacional, mediante su despenalización y la aceptación del anonimato como método válido para publicar secretos, obviando, This paper evaluates the utility of civil disobedience theory to legitimate the e-leaking, i.e. ethical disclosure of confidential information through ICTs. First, the main definitions of offline civil disobedience are reviewed, connecting it with deliberative democracy. Second, the main difficulties of social struggles on the Internet are outlined, as the absence of cyber-rights. Finally, we analyse whether WikiLeaks meets classical requirements of disobedient action: symbolic, peaceful, public, responsible, etc. And it can be concluded affirmatively if civil disobedience is adapted to transnational cyberspace, by means of its decriminalization and the acceptance of anonymity as a valid method to publish secrets, obviating the pressing question of its legality.

Tuberculosis caused 20% of all human deaths in the Western world between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries and remains a cause of high mortality in developing countries. In analogy to other crowd diseases, the origin of human tuberculosis has been associated with the Neolithic Demographic Transition, but recent studies point to a much earlier origin. We analyzed the whole genomes of 259 M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) strains and used this data set to characterize global diversity and to reconstruct the evolutionary history of this pathogen. Coalescent analyses indicate that MTBC emerged about 70,000 years ago, accompanied migrations of anatomically modern humans out of Africa and expanded as a consequence of increases in human population density during the Neolithic period. This long coevolutionary history is consistent with MTBC displaying characteristics indicative of adaptation to both low and high host densities.

Uns dels elements més importants en una turbina Francis són els àleps directrius, un conjunt de pales d’acer que regulen el cabal de l’aigua que circula a través de la turbina per generar energia cinètica. Aquests àleps pateixen un desgast superficial degut a l’abrasió amb la sorra i altres partícules sòlides que conté l’aigua, provocant una disminució de rendiment a la turbina. L’objecte d’aquest projecte és l’estudi i comparació de possibles solucions per evitar el desgast superficial mitjançant noves tecnologies com per exemple, la projecció tèrmica per alta velocitat (High Velocity Oxigen Fuel). Concretament es fa una comparació entre dos equips de projecció tèrmica per HVOF: Un refrigerat per aigua i l’altre refrigerat per aire. El procediment és el mateix però les condicions en les què es diposita el recobriment són diferents. La pols utilitzada en la projecció conté majoritàriament carburs de tungstè, un 10% de cobalt i un 4% de crom. La memòria del projecte que es presenta està estructurada en una primera part en la que es defineix i es descriu què és una turbina Francis i com funciona així com es resumeix els principis en el què es basa la projecció tèrmica i les seves principals tècniques i aplicacions. Seguidament es mostra el procés experimental que s’ha seguit tan per l’obtenció del material a estudiar com per la seva caracterització microestructural i mecànica. En la tercera part, s’exposen els resultats provinents de l’aplicació de tècniques de microscòpia i de la realització d’assaigs que tenen com a finalitat avaluar l’adherència del recobriment i la seva resistència al desgast per abrasió. L’anàlisi dels resultats s’ha dut a terme comparant els dos equips de projecció tèrmica entre sí i considerant l’efecte del recobriment envers provetes sense cap tractament superficial. Finalment el darrer capítol està dedicat a les conclusions obtingudes de l’estudi.

RNA sequencing provides a new perspective on the genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by revealing an extensive presence of non-coding RNA, including long 5' and 3' untranslated regions, antisense transcripts, and intergenic small RNA (sRNA) molecules. More than a quarter of all sequence reads mapping outside of ribosomal RNA genes represent non-coding RNA, and the density of reads mapping to intergenic regions was more than two-fold higher than that mapping to annotated coding sequences. Selected sRNAs were found at increased abundance in stationary phase cultures and accumulated to remarkably high levels in the lungs of chronically infected mice, indicating a potential contribution to pathogenesis. The ability of tubercle bacilli to adapt to changing environments within the host is critical to their ability to cause disease and to persist during drug treatment; it is likely that novel post-transcriptional regulatory networks will play an important role in these adaptive responses.

L’objecte d’aquest projecte és el disseny, la descripció i la valoració de les obres necessàries per urbanitzar els sectors definits pel Pla d’Ordenació Urbanística Municipal com a S.U.D.3 i P.A.2 al municipi de Cunit (comarca del Baix Penedès) regint-se sempre per l’especificat al document citat i el Pla Parcial que el desenvolupa. El present projecte d’urbanització és cenyeix a tot allò descrit al POUM de 2006, que preveu l’obertura d’aquest sector al mar planificant la prolongació del vial del Mar fins a la façana marítima i obrint un nou vial, que s’ha anomenat, per al disseny, Vial A i que rebrà el nom que decideixi l’Ajuntament de Cunit. Per a la distribució del sector es planifica també la prolongació de l’avinguda Vilanova i la Geltrú.

Es proposa ampliar els espais públics d'una ciutat amb una densitat demogràfica molt alta com és Viladecans. El projecte contempla un sistema d'espais lliures enllaçats al voltant d'una riera aprofitant la seva orografia hidrogràfica.

Proposem un seguit de paràmetres: — % M.O. — Relació C/N — Grau de Descomposició — Concentració en Acids Fúlvics — Concentració en Acids Húmics, per caracteritzar el procés de maduració d'un adob orgànic, en aquest cas fern de vaca. Veiem corn efectivament aquests paràmetres responen d'una forma coherent a mesura que augmenta la qualitat d'aquest producte durant la seva fermentació, concretament: — el % de M.O. disminueix — la relació C/N augmenta — el Grau de Descomposició augmenta — la concentració en Acids Fúlvics disminueix — la concentració en Acids Húmics augmenta cap a formes més evolucionades., Parameters as —% M.O. (organic matter) —C/N rate —Descomposition Degree —Fulvic Acid concentration —Humic Acid concentration, are introduced to characterize cattle manure during its fermentation. All parameters responded in a consistent way, particularly: —% M.O. decreases —C/N rate increases —Descomposition Degres increases —Fulvic acid concentration decreases —Humic acid concentration increases to more developed forms., Se proponen un conjunto de parámetros, —% de M.O. —Relación C/N —Grado de Descomposición —Concentración en Acidos Fúlvicos —Concentración en Acidos Húmicos —Concentración en Acidos Húmicos, para caracterizar un abono orgánico, estiércol de vaca en esta ocasión. Se puede observar como estos parámetros responden de una forma coherente a medida que aumenta la calidad de este producto durante su fermentación, así: —el % de M.O. disminuye —la relación GIN aumenta —el Grado de Descomposición aumenta —la concentración en Acidos Fúlvicos disminuye —la concentración en Acidos Húmicos aumenta hacia formas más evolucionadas.

Este volumen pretende mostrar como el uso de la imprenta tuvo un papel principal en la transformación social y política del final del Antiguo Régimen cuando apenas se inicia la sociedad de la comunicación con la cual los impresores tendrán que tomar partido. El debate que genera la redacción de la primera ley de imprenta, pondrá evidencia las rémoras ideológicas que se habían ido acumulando durante siglos de estricto control sobre cualquier texto susceptible de ser imprimido. Los dos periodos constitucionales comprendidos en estos treinta y tres años, ejemplifican las dificultades que se tenían que vencer para lograr nuevos marcos de libertad; la censura, la clandestinidad y las publicaciones ilegales juegan un papel fundamental. El libro se completa con un diccionario alfabético de impresores, las leyes de imprenta y otros documentos vinculados al mundo de los libros.

Este volumen pretende mostrar como el uso de la imprenta tuvo un papel principal en la transformación social y política del final del Antiguo Régimen cuando apenas se inicia la sociedad de la comunicación con la cual los impresores tendrán que tomar partido. El debate que genera la redacción de la primera ley de imprenta, pondrá evidencia las rémoras ideológicas que se habían ido acumulando durante siglos de estricto control sobre cualquier texto susceptible de ser imprimido. Los dos periodos constitucionales comprendidos en estos treinta y tres años, ejemplifican las dificultades que se tenían que vencer para lograr nuevos marcos de libertad; la censura, la clandestinidad y las publicaciones ilegales juegan un papel fundamental. El libro se completa con un diccionario alfabético de impresores, las leyes de imprenta y otros documentos vinculados al mundo de los libros.

Este volumen pretende mostrar como el uso de la imprenta tuvo un papel principal en la transformación social y política del final del Antiguo Régimen cuando apenas se inicia la sociedad de la comunicación con la cual los impresores tendrán que tomar partido. El debate que genera la redacción de la primera ley de imprenta, pondrá evidencia las rémoras ideológicas que se habían ido acumulando durante siglos de estricto control sobre cualquier texto susceptible de ser imprimido. Los dos periodos constitucionales comprendidos en estos treinta y tres años, ejemplifican las dificultades que se tenían que vencer para lograr nuevos marcos de libertad; la censura, la clandestinidad y las publicaciones ilegales juegan un papel fundamental. El libro se completa con un diccionario alfabético de impresores, las leyes de imprenta y otros documentos vinculados al mundo de los libros.

Este volumen pretende mostrar como el uso de la imprenta tuvo un papel principal en la transformación social y política del final del Antiguo Régimen cuando apenas se inicia la sociedad de la comunicación con la cual los impresores tendrán que tomar partido. El debate que genera la redacción de la primera ley de imprenta, pondrá evidencia las rémoras ideológicas que se habían ido acumulando durante siglos de estricto control sobre cualquier texto susceptible de ser imprimido. Los dos periodos constitucionales comprendidos en estos treinta y tres años, ejemplifican las dificultades que se tenían que vencer para lograr nuevos marcos de libertad; la censura, la clandestinidad y las publicaciones ilegales juegan un papel fundamental. El libro se completa con un diccionario alfabético de impresores, las leyes de imprenta y otros documentos vinculados al mundo de los libros.