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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder and a major global problem. Coffee contains several bioactive compounds, such as caffeine, chlorogenic acid, trigonelline, cafestol, and kahweol, associated with a reduced risk of type 2 DM. This study aimed to assess the relationship between coffee consumption habits and blood glucose levels of farmers in Jenggawah Village, Jenggawah Subdistrict, Jember Regency. We used a cross-sectional study design. The sample of this study was 137 farmers who were taken by purposive sampling. Assessment of coffee consumption habits was conducted using a questionnaire. At the same time, data on random blood glucose levels were obtained from medical records of the Bakti Sosial Akbar dan Pengobatan Gratis Agromedis activities in Jenggawah Village in June 2022. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskall-Wallis test, and multivariate analysis using linear regression. The results showed that there was no statistically significant difference in random blood glucose levels between groups based on the variable type of coffee consumed (p=0.212), the level of coffee consumption (p=0.211), and the amount of sugar added to the coffee (p=0.086). However, the linear regression test results showed that the amount of added sugar in coffee had the greatest relationship with blood glucose levels compared to other independent variables (p=0.031). In conclusion, there was no relationship between coffee consumption habits and random blood glucose levels of farmers in Jenggawah Village. Further research is needed to confirm these findings.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder and a major global problem. Coffee contains several bioactive compounds, such as caffeine, chlorogenic acid, trigonelline, cafestol, and kahweol, associated with a reduced risk of type 2 DM. This study aimed to assess the relationship between coffee consumption habits and blood glucose levels of farmers in Jenggawah Village, Jenggawah Subdistrict, Jember Regency. We used a cross-sectional study design. The sample of this study was 137 farmers who were taken by purposive sampling. Assessment of coffee consumption habits was conducted using a questionnaire. At the same time, data on random blood glucose levels were obtained from medical records of the Bakti Sosial Akbar dan Pengobatan Gratis Agromedis activities in Jenggawah Village in June 2022. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskall-Wallis test, and multivariate analysis using linear regression. The results showed that there was no statistically significant difference in random blood glucose levels between groups based on the variable type of coffee consumed (p=0.212), the level of coffee consumption (p=0.211), and the amount of sugar added to the coffee (p=0.086). However, the linear regression test results showed that the amount of added sugar in coffee had the greatest relationship with blood glucose levels compared to other independent variables (p=0.031). In conclusion, there was no relationship between coffee consumption habits and random blood glucose levels of farmers in Jenggawah Village. Further research is needed to confirm these findings.

The increasing prevalence of adult obesity in Indonesia from 14,8 to 21,8% in 2013-2018 impacts in a higher incidence of various non-communicable diseases. Lifestyle changes such as sleeping habits, breakfast, exercise, and coffee consumption can escalate the risk of obesity. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between breakfast habits, coffee consumption, and sleep duration with the incidence of obesity among Ahmad Dahlan University students. This study was an observational study with a cross-sectional design with a purposive sampling method. The subjects are 459 students of Universitas Ahmad Dahlan. The research instrument used was a self-administrated online questionnaire that asked about the habits of breakfast, sleep, and coffee consumption. Anthropometric data were obtained from the results of the latest anthropometric measurements of each research subject. The research data were processed using statistical applications using the chi-square test with a significance value of p <0.05. Results: Breakfast habits, frequency, sources, timing, and the menu was not related to nutritional status (p> 0.05). Other health habits such as sports habits and sleep duration also did not found any significant relationship with nutritional status (p> 0.05). However, coffee consumption was related to nutritional status (p = 0.001). This relationship was found in female subjects (p = 0.014). The conclusion of this study is that breakfast habits and sleep duration are not related to the nutritional status of students, while coffee drinking habits have a relationship with the nutritional status of students, especially female students.

The increasing prevalence of adult obesity in Indonesia from 14,8 to 21,8% in 2013-2018 impacts in a higher incidence of various non-communicable diseases. Lifestyle changes such as sleeping habits, breakfast, exercise, and coffee consumption can escalate the risk of obesity. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between breakfast habits, coffee consumption, and sleep duration with the incidence of obesity among Ahmad Dahlan University students. This study was an observational study with a cross-sectional design with a purposive sampling method. The subjects are 459 students of Universitas Ahmad Dahlan. The research instrument used was a self-administrated online questionnaire that asked about the habits of breakfast, sleep, and coffee consumption. Anthropometric data were obtained from the results of the latest anthropometric measurements of each research subject. The research data were processed using statistical applications using the chi-square test with a significance value of p <0.05. Results: Breakfast habits, frequency, sources, timing, and the menu was not related to nutritional status (p> 0.05). Other health habits such as sports habits and sleep duration also did not found any significant relationship with nutritional status (p> 0.05). However, coffee consumption was related to nutritional status (p = 0.001). This relationship was found in female subjects (p = 0.014). The conclusion of this study is that breakfast habits and sleep duration are not related to the nutritional status of students, while coffee drinking habits have a relationship with the nutritional status of students, especially female students.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 8 week a selected home based exercise program by consuming coffee on blood lipid profile of inactive middle-aged men in pandemic COVID-19 condition. The present study is a semi-experimental methodology and 44 middle-aged men with fatty liver were randomly divided into four groups of 11 cases: home-based exercise, coffee, home-based exercise + coffee, control. Blood test was used to measure blood lipid profile. The combined home-based exercise intervention was performed for 8 weeks, three sessions and 60 minutes per session. Coffee intervention consumed 10 grams of coffee per every other day. The results showed that weight, body mass index, LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol and triglyceride decreased significantly after eight weeks of training in all three experimental groups and HDL cholesterol increased significantly (p < .05). It seems that performed combined home- based exercise and in combination with coffee consumption can be effective in improving the blood lipid profile of inactive middle-aged men in quarantine and paired COVID-19 conditions and prevent liver damage.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 8 week a selected home based exercise program by consuming coffee on blood lipid profile of inactive middle-aged men in pandemic COVID-19 condition. The present study is a semi-experimental methodology and 44 middle-aged men with fatty liver were randomly divided into four groups of 11 cases: home-based exercise, coffee, home-based exercise + coffee, control. Blood test was used to measure blood lipid profile. The combined home-based exercise intervention was performed for 8 weeks, three sessions and 60 minutes per session. Coffee intervention consumed 10 grams of coffee per every other day. The results showed that weight, body mass index, LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol and triglyceride decreased significantly after eight weeks of training in all three experimental groups and HDL cholesterol increased significantly (p < .05). It seems that performed combined home- based exercise and in combination with coffee consumption can be effective in improving the blood lipid profile of inactive middle-aged men in quarantine and paired COVID-19 conditions and prevent liver damage.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate and quantify the relationship between coffee and gastric cancer using a uniquely large dataset from an international consortium of observational studies on gastric cancer, including data from 18 studies, for a total of 8198 cases and 21 419 controls. Methods: A two-stage approach was used to obtain the pooled odds ratios (ORs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for coffee drinkers versus never or rare drinkers. A one-stage logistic mixed-effects model with a random intercept for each study was used to estimate the dose-response relationship. Estimates were adjusted for sex, age and the main recognized risk factors for gastric cancer. Results: Compared to never or rare coffee drinkers, the estimated pooled OR for coffee drinkers was 1.03 (95% CI, 0.94-1.13). When the amount of coffee intake was considered, the pooled ORs were 0.91 (95% CI, 0.81-1.03) for drinkers of 1-2 cups per day, 0.95 (95% CI, 0.82-1.10) for 3-4 cups, and 0.95 (95% CI, 0.79-1.15) for five or more cups. An OR of 1.20 (95% CI, 0.91-1.58) was found for heavy coffee drinkers (seven or more cups of caffeinated coffee per day). A positive association emerged for high coffee intake (five or more cups per day) for gastric cardia cancer only. Conclusions: These findings better quantify the previously available evidence of the absence of a relevant association between coffee consumption and gastric cancer.

Recent epidemiological studies have shown varying associations between coffee consumption and bladder cancer (BC). This research aims to elucidate the association between coffee consumption and BC risk by bringing together worldwide cohort studies on this topic. Coffee consumption in relation to BC risk was examined by pooling individual data from 12 cohort studies, comprising of 2601 cases out of 501,604 participants. Pooled multivariate hazard ratios (HRs), with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs), were obtained using multilevel Weibull regression models. Furthermore, dose-response relationships were examined using generalized least squares regression models. The association between coffee consumption and BC risk showed interaction with sex (P-interaction <0.001) and smoking (P-interaction = 0.001). Therefore, analyses were stratified by sex and smoking. After adjustment for potential confounders, an increased BC risk was shown for high (> 500 ml/day, equivalent to > 4 cups/day) coffee consumption compared to never consumers among male smokers (current smokers: HR = 1.75, 95% CI 1.27-2.42,P-trend = 0.002; former smokers: HR = 1.44, 95% CI 1.12-1.85,P-trend = 0.001). In addition, dose-response analyses, in male smokers also showed an increased BC risk for coffee consumption of more than 500 ml/day (4 cups/day), with the risk of one cup (125 ml) increment as 1.07 (95% CI 1.06-1.08). This research suggests that positive associations between coffee consumption and BC among male smokers but not never smokers and females. The inconsistent results between sexes and the absence of an association in never smokers indicate that the associations found among male smokers is unlikely to be causal and is possibly caused by residual confounding of smoking.

Epidemiological studies show a convincing long-term and dose-dependent protection of coffee and decaffeinated coffee against developing type 2 diabetes. The mechanisms of this effect are still not understood even though several have been proposed, including a potential effect on blood glucose by chlorogenic acids. However, there is minimal effect of decaffeinated coffee on postprandial blood glucose and insulin when consumed with carbohydrates, although there may be effects on incretin hormones, but these have been measured in only a few studies. Although chlorogenic acids do not affect carbohydrate digestion directly, they may affect glucose absorption and subsequent utilisation, the latter through metabolites derived from endogenous pathways or action of the gut microbiota. To advance understanding of the protective effect of coffee chlorogenic acids, more chronic intervention studies are needed on decaffeinated coffee, coupled with mechanistic studies in vitro using more realistic concentrations of the relevant chlorogenic acid metabolites.

Epidemiological studies show a convincing long-term and dose-dependent protection of coffee and decaffeinated coffee against developing type 2 diabetes. The mechanisms of this effect are still not understood even though several have been proposed, including a potential effect on blood glucose by chlorogenic acids. However, there is minimal effect of decaffeinated coffee on postprandial blood glucose and insulin when consumed with carbohydrates, although there may be effects on incretin hormones, but these have been measured in only a few studies. Although chlorogenic acids do not affect carbohydrate digestion directly, they may affect glucose absorption and subsequent utilisation, the latter through metabolites derived from endogenous pathways or action of the gut microbiota. To advance understanding of the protective effect of coffee chlorogenic acids, more chronic intervention studies are needed on decaffeinated coffee, coupled with mechanistic studies in vitro using more realistic concentrations of the relevant chlorogenic acid metabolites.

Background: De novo lipogenesis (DNL) is the primary metabolic pathway synthesizing fatty acids from carbohydrates, protein, or alcohol. Our aim was to examine associations of in vivo levels of selected fatty acids (16:0, 16:1n7, 18:0, 18:1n9) in DNL with incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods and findings: Seventeen cohorts from 12 countries (7 from Europe, 7 from the United States, 1 from Australia, 1 from Taiwan; baseline years = 1970–1973 to 2006–2010) conducted harmonized individual-level analyses of associations of DNL-related fatty acids with incident T2D. In total, we evaluated 65,225 participants (mean ages = 52.3–75.5 years; % women = 20.4%–62.3% in 12 cohorts recruiting both sexes) and 15,383 incident cases of T2D over the 9-year follow-up on average. Cohort-specific association of each of 16:0, 16:1n7, 18:0, and 18:1n9 with incident T2D was estimated, adjusted for demographic factors, socioeconomic characteristics, alcohol, smoking, physical activity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, menopausal status, and adiposity. Cohort-specific associations were meta-analyzed with an inverse-variance-weighted approach. Each of the 4 fatty acids positively related to incident T2D. Relative risks (RRs) per cohort-specific range between midpoints of the top and bottom quintiles of fatty acid concentrations were 1.53 (1.41–1.66; p < 0.001) for 16:0, 1.40 (1.33–1.48; p < 0.001) for 16:1n-7, 1.14 (1.05–1.22; p = 0.001) for 18:0, and 1.16 (1.07–1.25; p < 0.001) for 18:1n9. Heterogeneity was seen across cohorts (I2 = 51.1%–73.1% for each fatty acid) but not explained by lipid fractions and global geographical regions. Further adjusted for triglycerides (and 16:0 when appropriate) to evaluate associations independent of overall DNL, the associations remained significant for 16:0, 16:1n7, and 18:0 but were attenuated for 18:1n9 (RR = 1.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.94–1.13). These findings had limitations in potential reverse causation and res

BackgroundInconsistent results for coffee consumption and bladder cancer (BC) risk have been shown in epidemiological studies. This research aims to increase the understanding of the association between coffee consumption and BC risk by bringing together worldwide case-control studies on this topic.MethodsData were collected from 13 case-control comprising of 5,911 cases and 16,172 controls. Pooled multivariate odds ratios (ORs), with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs), were obtained using multilevel logistic regression models. Furthermore, linear dose-response relationships were examined using fractional polynomial models.ResultsNo association of BC risk was observed with coffee consumption among smokers. However, after adjustment for age, gender, and smoking, the risk was significantly increased for never smokers (ever vs. never coffee consumers: ORmodel2 1.30, 95% CI 1.06-1.59; heavy (> 4 cups/day) coffee consumers vs. never coffee consumers: ORmodel2 1.52, 95% CI 1.18-1.97, p trend = 0.23). In addition, dose-response analyses, in both the overall population and among never smokers, also showed a significant increased BC risk for coffee consumption of more than four cups per day. Among smokers, a significant increased BC risk was shown only after consumption of more than six cups per day.ConclusionThis research suggests that positive associations between coffee consumption and BC among never smokers but not smokers.

Junya Sado, Tetsuhisa Kitamura, Yuri Kitamura, Rong Liu, Emiko Ando, Tomotaka Sobue, Yumi Sugawara, Keitaro Matsuo, Tomio Nakayama, Ichiro Tsuji, Hidemi Ito, Takaichiro Suzuki, Kota Katanoda, Suketami Tominaga, Coffee Consumption and All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality ― Three-Prefecture Cohort in Japan ―, Circulation Journal, 2019, Volume 83, Issue 4, Pages 757-766, Released March 25, 2019, [Advance publication] Released March 08, 2019, Online ISSN 1347-4820, Print ISSN 1346-9843, https://doi.org/10.1253/circj.CJ-18-0618, https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/circj/83/4/83_CJ-18-0618/_article/-char/en

Background and aims: Some observational studies have found that habitual coffee and caffeine consumption might reduce the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF). We conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization study to explore the potential association between coffee consumption and AF. Methods and results: This study was based on summary-level data from the Atrial Fibrillation Consortium, including 588 190 individuals (65 446 cases and 522 744 non-cases). Nine single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with coffee consumption at significance level of P < 5 x 10(-8) were used as instrumental variables and were obtained from a genome-wide association study that included up to 375 833 individuals. The odds ratio of AF per genetically-predicted 50% increase of coffee consumption was 0.98 (95% confidence interval, 0.88, 1.10; P = 0.80) in the standard inverse-variance weighted analysis. Results were consistent in sensitivity analyses using the weighted median and MR-Egger methods, and no directional pleiotropy (P = 0.37) was observed. Moreover, complementary analyses that separated the coffee-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms based on their association with blood levels of caffeine metabolites (lower, higher, unrelated or unknown association) revealed no association with AF. Conclusions: This study does not support a causal association between habitual coffee consumption and risk of AF.

Aim: Metabolomics provides information on pathogenetic mechanisms and targets for interventions, and may improve risk stratification. During the last decade, metabolomics studies were used to gain deeper insight into the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. However, longitudinal metabolomics studies of possible subclinical states of disturbed glucose metabolism are limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the associations between baseline urinary metabolites and 5-year changes in continuous markers of glucose homoeostasis, including fasting glucose, HbA1c and homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index values. Methods: Urine metabolites in 3986 participants at both baseline and 5-year follow-up of the population-based Inter99 study were analyzed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Linear regression and analyses of covariance models were used to detect associations between urine metabolites and 5-year changes in markers of glucose homoeostasis. Results: Higher baseline levels of urinary alanine, betaine, N,N-dimethylglycine (DMG), creatinine and trimethylamine were associated with an increase in HbA1c from baseline to follow-up. In contrast, formic acid and trigonelline levels were associated with a decrease in HbA1c over time. Analyses of 5-year changes in fasting glucose and HOMA-IR index showed similar findings, with high baseline levels of lactic acid, beta-d-glucose, creatinine, alanine and 1-methylnicotinamide associated with increases in both parameters. Conclusion: Several urine metabolites were found to be associated with detrimental longitudinal changes in biomarkers of glucose homoeostasis. The identified metabolites point to mechanisms involving betaine and coffee metabolism as well as the possible influence of the gut microbiome.

AIM: Coffee consumption is inversely related to risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). In contrast, an increased risk of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) has been reported in heavy coffee consumers, primarily in a subgroup with stronger autoimmune characteristics. Our study aimed to investigate whether coffee consumption interacts with HLA genotypes in relation to risk of LADA. METHODS: This population-based study comprised incident cases of LADA (n=484) and T2D (n=1609), and also 885 healthy controls. Information on coffee consumption was collected by food frequency questionnaire. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs of diabetes were calculated and adjusted for age, gender, BMI, education level, smoking and alcohol intake. Potential interactions between coffee consumption and high-risk HLA genotypes were calculated by attributable proportion (AP) due to interaction. RESULTS: Coffee intake was positively associated with LADA in carriers of high-risk HLA genotypes (OR: 1.14 per cup/day, 95% CI: 1.02-1.28), whereas no association was observed in non-carriers (OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 0.93-1.17). Subjects with both heavy coffee consumption (≥4 cups/day) and high-risk HLA genotypes had an OR of 5.74 (95% CI: 3.34-9.88) with an estimated AP of 0.36 (95% CI: 0.01-0.71; P=0.04370). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that coffee consumption interacts with HLA to promote LADA.

Only one previous study has examined the association between coffee consumption and risk of acute pancreatitis, and it found a reduced risk for alcohol-related episodes among high consumers of coffee. Therefore, we examined (1) the association between coffee consumption and risk of non-gallstone-related acute pancreatitis and (2) whether this association was modified by alcohol intake. Data were obtained from two prospective cohorts, the Cohort of Swedish Men and the Swedish Mammography Cohort, including 76 731 men and women (born 1914-1952). Coffee consumption was assessed at baseline with a FFQ, and the cohorts were followed up between 1998 and 2012 via linkage to national health registries. Hazard ratios were estimated using Cox models, with adjustment for potential confounding factors. During 1 035 881 person-years of total follow-up, 383 cases (246 in men and 137 in women) of incident non-gallstone-related acute pancreatitis were identified. Overall, and irrespective of whether a categorical or a continuous exposure model was used, we observed no association between coffee consumption and risk of non-gallstone-related acute pancreatitis (e.g. the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio for each 1 cup/d increase in coffee consumption was 0.97; 95% CI 0.92, 1.03). There was no evidence of effect modification by alcohol intake (P-interaction = 0.77). In conclusion, coffee consumption was not associated with risk of non-gallstone-related acute pancreatitis in this large prospective cohort study. Because of the limited number of epidemiological studies and their conflicting results, further research is needed to elucidate this potential association.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide, although the mortality rates have decreased in the last decades. Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, and treatment resistance is a significant clinical problem in spite of the overall high survival rates. Improved screening programs, novel surgical techniques, and adjuvant treatments have contributed to the improved survival, but more extensive detection of breast cancer and subsequent treatment also imply higher rates of overtreatment. Therefore, it is vitally important to identify new tumor markers or host factors for patients who are at risk of recurrence, as well as patients who would benefit from less treatment. This approach would lead to more personalized breast cancer treatment. The aim of this thesis is to elucidate whether combining host factors, including genetic constitution and lifestyle factors, with tumor characteristics could yield a more comprehensive understanding than either factor alone for the prognosis of breast cancer. In paper I, moderate to high coffee consumption was associated with higher frequency of ER-negative tumors but a lower risk of early breast cancer events among tamoxifen-treated patients with ER-positive tumors. Furthermore, the combinations of low coffee consumption with the germline CYP1A2 rs762551 C-allele and CYP2C8*3, respectively, were associated with a significantly increased risk of early breast cancer events, indicating that integrating genotype and lifestyle factors may impact the prognosis of breast cancer. In paper II, any preoperative or postoperative alcohol consumption was weakly associated with a lower risk of early breast cancer events. This association was modified by axillary lymph node status, in that any alcohol consumption was associated with a significantly lower risk of early breast cancer events among patients with axillary lymph node involvement but not in patients without axillary lymph node involvement. The results do not support rec

Background: Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages worldwide and has been of considerable interest in research on cognition and dementia. Objective: To investigate the effect of coffee on preclinical brain MRI markers of dementia and cognitive performance. Methods: In 2,914 participants from the population-based Rotterdam Study (mean age: 59.3±7.2 years, 55 females), we assessed coffee consumption, performed brain MRI, and assessed cognition at baseline. To study cognitive change, cognitive assessment was repeated after 5 years of follow-up. Coffee consumption was analyzed continuously (per cup increase) and in categories (0-1,>1-3,>3 cups/day). Using logistic and linear regression, associations of coffee consumption with lacunar infarcts and brain tissue volumes on MRI, and cognitive performance (cross-sectional and longitudinal) were investigated, adjusting for relevant confounders. Results: We found that higher coffee consumption was associated with a lower prevalence of lacunar infarcts [odds ratio per cup increase: 0.88 (95 CI:0.79;0.98)], and smaller hippocampal volume [difference: -0.01 (95 CI:-0.02;0.00)]. Also, we found that the highest category of coffee consumption was associated with better performance on the Letter Digit Substitution Task [difference: 1.13(95 CI:0.39;1.88)], Word Fluency test [0.74(95 CI:0.04,1.45)], Stroop interference task [1.82(95 CI:0.23;3.41)], and worse performance on the 15-Word Learning test delayed recall [-0.38(95 CI:-0.74;-0.02)]. These associations were not found when cognition was analyzed longitudinally. Conclusion: We found complex associations between coffee consumption, brain structure, and cognition. Higher coffee consumption was cross-sectionally associated with a lower occurrence of lacunar infarcts and better executive function, but also with smaller hippocampal volume and worse memory function.

There are a lot of people drinking coffee in Sweden, a hot beverage with a special, bitter taste. When people first start drinking coffee, it is not unusual they force themself to consume this beverage and we came to discuss this phenomenon in words of personal identity. The purpose of this qualitative essay is to study the relationship between the personal identity and the consuming coffee behaviour. To collect our empirical material we used both qualitative netnograpghy and personal interviews as method. Our conclusion of analyzing the empirical data is that that the consumption acts as a communicative tool when the individual creates his or her personal identity. This is a process permeated by complexity and it can appear in a consciously as well as unconsciously way.

There are a lot of people drinking coffee in Sweden, a hot beverage with a special, bitter taste. When people first start drinking coffee, it is not unusual they force themself to consume this beverage and we came to discuss this phenomenon in words of personal identity. The purpose of this qualitative essay is to study the relationship between the personal identity and the consuming coffee behaviour. To collect our empirical material we used both qualitative netnograpghy and personal interviews as method. Our conclusion of analyzing the empirical data is that that the consumption acts as a communicative tool when the individual creates his or her personal identity. This is a process permeated by complexity and it can appear in a consciously as well as unconsciously way.

Background: Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages worldwide and the effect on cognition appears to be task specific and vary by age. Method: In cohort of 14,563 public service workers (35–74 years old) we assessed coffee consumption habits and examined cognitive function using standardized neuropsychological test battery. By linear regression and generalize linear regression with logarithmic link and gamma distribution we investigated the relation of coffee consumption (never/almost never, ≤1 cup/day, 2–3 cups/day, ≥3 cups/day) in the last 12 months to performance on specific domains of cognition for adults and elderly separately. Results: Among elderly, after adjustments, coffee consumption was associated only with an increase in the mean words remembered on learning, recall, and word recognition tests when comparing the 2–3 cups/day to never/almost never category (arithmetic mean ratio (AMR): 1.03; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.00 to 1.07), and to an increase in the mean words pronounced in semantic verbal fluency test when comparing the ≥3 cups/day to never/almost never category (difference of the mean: 1.23; 95% CI: 0.16 to 2.29). However, coffee consumption was not associated with any cognitive function tests in adults and also was not associated with the phonemic verbal fluency test and trail-making test B in elderly. Conclusions: Results suggest that coffee consumption might be slightly beneficial to memory in elderly but lacks a dose response relationship. Longitudinal analyses are needed to investigate possible, even if subtle, positive effects of coffee drinking on specific cognitive domains in elderly.

During the second half of the 19th century, industrialization in Germany and subsequent changes in Hanseatic investment strategies aimed at Latin American coffee-producing countries had a considerable impact on German coffee consumption habits. Using a transnational perspective this article explains how, responding to greater commercial risks in the market, Hanseatic coffee merchants developed differentiated market policies and encouraged consumption patterns that would not only help counterbalance their own commercial risks but also satisfy the dissimilar needs of the industrial sector and the growing German middle and upper classes. German investment strategies in Guatemalan coffee production were to play a key role in this scheme., Durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, la industrialización alemana y el consiguiente cambio en las estrategias de inversión del comercio anseático en los países latinoamericanos productores de café cambió marcadamente las preferencias del consumo de este producto entre la población alemana. Partiendo de una perspectiva transnacional, este artículo explica cómo comerciantes anseáticos de café, en respuesta a mayores riesgos comerciales desarrollaron estrategias diferenciadas de mercadeo y apuntalaron prácticas de consumo que iban a equilibrar no sólo sus riesgos comerciales, sino a satisfacer las necesidades diversas del sector industrial, como las de las emergentes clases media y alta de Alemania. Su inversión en la producción cafetalera de Guatemala estaba destinada a desempeñar una parte clave en este esquema.

During the second half of the 19th century, industrialization in Germany and subsequent changes in Hanseatic investment strategies aimed at Latin American coffee-producing countries had a considerable impact on German coffee consumption habits. Using a transnational perspective this article explains how, responding to greater commercial risks in the market, Hanseatic coffee merchants developed differentiated market policies and encouraged consumption patterns that would not only help counterbalance their own commercial risks but also satisfy the dissimilar needs of the industrial sector and the growing German middle and upper classes. German investment strategies in Guatemalan coffee production were to play a key role in this scheme., Durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, la industrialización alemana y el consiguiente cambio en las estrategias de inversión del comercio anseático en los países latinoamericanos productores de café cambió marcadamente las preferencias del consumo de este producto entre la población alemana. Partiendo de una perspectiva transnacional, este artículo explica cómo comerciantes anseáticos de café, en respuesta a mayores riesgos comerciales desarrollaron estrategias diferenciadas de mercadeo y apuntalaron prácticas de consumo que iban a equilibrar no sólo sus riesgos comerciales, sino a satisfacer las necesidades diversas del sector industrial, como las de las emergentes clases media y alta de Alemania. Su inversión en la producción cafetalera de Guatemala estaba destinada a desempeñar una parte clave en este esquema.

Objectives. Increasing numbers of people reach old age. We wanted to identify variables of importance for reaching 90 years old and determine how the predictive ability of these variables might change over time. Setting and subjects. All men in the city of Gothenburg born in 1913 on dates divisible by 3, which is on the 3rd, 6th, 9th etc., were included in the study. Thus, 973 men were invited, and 855 were examined in 1963 at age 50. Further examinations were made at age 54, 60 and 67. Anthropometric data, lifestyle and parental factors, blood pressure, lung function, X-ray of heart and lungs and maximum work performance were recorded. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was used to analyse the predictive capacity of a variable. Results. A total of 111 men (13%) reached 90 years of age, men who reached 90 years were more likely at age 50 to be nonsmokers, consume less coffee, have higher socio-economic status and have low serum cholesterol levels than those who did not reach this age; however, at age 50 or 62, parents' survival was of no prognostic importance. Variables of greatest importance at higher ages were low blood pressure and measures related to good cardiorespiratory function. In multivariable analysis, including all examinations, being a nonsmoker, consuming small amounts of coffee, having high housing costs at age 50, good maximum working capacity and low serum cholesterol were related to a better chance of survival to age 90. Conclusions. Low levels of cardiovascular risk factors, high socio-economic status and good functional capacity, irrespective of parents' survival, characterize men destined to reach the age of 90.

Práce shrnuje základní specifika marketingu a komunikace na trhu s kávou. Obsahuje základní data o českém trhu s touto komoditou a popisuje aktuální stav marketingového mixu a komunikačního mixu značky Dersut. V projektové části se pokouší navrhnout nové marketingové a komunikační prvky, které by při nízkých nákladech přinesly zvýšení povědomí o značce Dersut i nárůst prodejů kávy této značky., The thesis resumes basic points of marketing and communication on the coffee market. It includes information about the Czech market with this commodity and describes the actual situation of the marketing mix as well as the communication mix of the Dersut company. In the project part it tries to propose some new marketing and communication elements, which would bring better cognizance of the Dersut company and would also increase the sale of coffee of this brand. All of this at the lowest possible costs., Ústav marketingových komunikací, obhájeno

Coffee is a product of high national demand and has been present in the consumer habits, indicating a great search for distinguished and quality coffees. The evaluations of this product are based on descriptive and deductive positions, also on its own information. The perceived characteristics can be intrinsic such as the taste, aroma, color, appearance and consistency or extrinsic which refers to the outer part that surrounds the product such as the environment, packaging, brand and also the country of origin. This study is aimed at examining whether intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics of coffee drink stimulate the consumer to attend coffee shops (specialized environment for consuming coffee). For such, an exploratory survey was made, using field and bibliographical researches whose results were dealt by the content analysis. One of the instruments to collect data was a program of interviews with 87 people, who regularly attend coffee shops. The specific places are located in Sao Paulo (two of them at a mall in the Higienópolis neighborhood and the other one is at an University campus in the center of the city). The results show that the interviewees considered first the coffee taste, and then the coffee aroma as the most significant intrinsic characteristics. Nevertheless, they recognized value in a pleasant, comfortable and refined environment. Both characteristics have been complementary and the quoted factors were Coffee is a product of high national demand and has been present in the consumer habits indicating a great search for distinguished and quality coffees. The evaluations of this product are based on descriptive and deductive positions, also on its own information. The perceived characteristics can be intrinsic such as the taste, aroma, color, appearance and consistency or extrinsic which refers to the outer part that surrounds the product such as the environment, packaging, brand and also the country of origin. This study is aimed at examining whet, O café é um produto de forte apelo nacional e tem estado presente nos hábitos do consumidor deste produto, denotando uma busca por cafés diferenciados e de qualidade. As avaliações do produto se baseiam nas posições descritivas, dedutivas e de informações do mesmo. As características percebidas podem ser intrínsecas como o sabor, o aroma, a cor, a aparência e a consistência e extrínsecas, que referem-se a parte externa e que envolve o produto, tais como o ambiente, a embalagem, a marca e também o país de origem. Este estudo teve por objetivo investigar se as características intrínsecas (sabor, aroma, cor, aparência e consistência) da bebida café e às características extrínsecas associadas ao produto estimulam o consumidor em freqüentar cafeterias (ambiente especializado em café). Para tal foi realizada uma pesquisa de caráter exploratória, com levantamento de campo e bibliográfico cujos resultados foram tratados por meio da análise de conteúdo. Utilizou-se como instrumento de coleta de dados um roteiro de entrevistas e foram entrevistadas 87 pessoas, freqüentadores de cafeterias. As cafeterias pesquisadas estão localizadas na cidade de São Paulo sendo: duas num Shopping Center do bairro de Higienópolis e uma cafeteria em uma universidade no centro da capital. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o sabor, prioritariamente e, depois o aroma do café foram as características intrínsecas consideradas mais relevantes entre os respondentes. Por outro lado, um ambiente agradável, confortável e requintado foram fatores valorizados pelos entrevistados. Ambas características se mostraram complementares e estes fatores citados foram os apontados como aqueles que estimulam o consumidor a freqüentar as cafeterias., El café es un producto de gran predilección nacional y en entre los consumidores de este producto se percibe su interés por cafés diferenciados y de calidad. Las evaluaciones del producto se basan en sus posiciones descriptivas, deductivas e informativas. Las características percibidas pueden ser intrínsecas como, sabor, aroma, color, apariencia y consistencia; y las extrínsecas, que se refieren a la parte externa que rodea el producto, como el ambiente, embalaje, marca y también el país de origen. Este estudio tuvo por finalidad investigar si las características intrínsecas (sabor, aroma, color, apariencia y consistencia) de la bebida café y las características extrínsecas asociadas al producto estimulan al consumidor a frecuentar cafeterías (ambiente especializado en café). Para esto se realizó una investigación de tipo exploratorio, con estudio de campo y bibliográfico y los resultados se trataron por medio del análisis de contenido. Como instrumento de recolección de datos se utilizó un itinerario de entrevistas; se entrevistaron 87 personas frecuentadoras de cafeterías. Las cafeterías investigadas se sitúan en la ciudad de São Paulo: dos se sitúan en un Shopping Center del barrio de Higienópolis y la otra está en una universidad en el centro de la capital. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que en primer lugar el sabor y después el aroma del café fueron las características intrínsecas consideradas más relevantes entre los respondentes. Por otro lado, los entrevistados valoraban también otros factores como el ambiente agradable, acogedor y refinado. Ambas características resultaron complementarias y se consideró que estos factores mencionados son los que estimulan al consumidor a frecuentar cafeterías.

Coffee is a product of high national demand and has been present in the consumer habits, indicating a great search for distinguished and quality coffees. The evaluations of this product are based on descriptive and deductive positions, also on its own information. The perceived characteristics can be intrinsic such as the taste, aroma, color, appearance and consistency or extrinsic which refers to the outer part that surrounds the product such as the environment, packaging, brand and also the country of origin. This study is aimed at examining whether intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics of coffee drink stimulate the consumer to attend coffee shops (specialized environment for consuming coffee). For such, an exploratory survey was made, using field and bibliographical researches whose results were dealt by the content analysis. One of the instruments to collect data was a program of interviews with 87 people, who regularly attend coffee shops. The specific places are located in Sao Paulo (two of them at a mall in the Higienópolis neighborhood and the other one is at an University campus in the center of the city). The results show that the interviewees considered first the coffee taste, and then the coffee aroma as the most significant intrinsic characteristics. Nevertheless, they recognized value in a pleasant, comfortable and refined environment. Both characteristics have been complementary and the quoted factors were Coffee is a product of high national demand and has been present in the consumer habits indicating a great search for distinguished and quality coffees. The evaluations of this product are based on descriptive and deductive positions, also on its own information. The perceived characteristics can be intrinsic such as the taste, aroma, color, appearance and consistency or extrinsic which refers to the outer part that surrounds the product such as the environment, packaging, brand and also the country of origin. This study is aimed at examining whet, O café é um produto de forte apelo nacional e tem estado presente nos hábitos do consumidor deste produto, denotando uma busca por cafés diferenciados e de qualidade. As avaliações do produto se baseiam nas posições descritivas, dedutivas e de informações do mesmo. As características percebidas podem ser intrínsecas como o sabor, o aroma, a cor, a aparência e a consistência e extrínsecas, que referem-se a parte externa e que envolve o produto, tais como o ambiente, a embalagem, a marca e também o país de origem. Este estudo teve por objetivo investigar se as características intrínsecas (sabor, aroma, cor, aparência e consistência) da bebida café e às características extrínsecas associadas ao produto estimulam o consumidor em freqüentar cafeterias (ambiente especializado em café). Para tal foi realizada uma pesquisa de caráter exploratória, com levantamento de campo e bibliográfico cujos resultados foram tratados por meio da análise de conteúdo. Utilizou-se como instrumento de coleta de dados um roteiro de entrevistas e foram entrevistadas 87 pessoas, freqüentadores de cafeterias. As cafeterias pesquisadas estão localizadas na cidade de São Paulo sendo: duas num Shopping Center do bairro de Higienópolis e uma cafeteria em uma universidade no centro da capital. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o sabor, prioritariamente e, depois o aroma do café foram as características intrínsecas consideradas mais relevantes entre os respondentes. Por outro lado, um ambiente agradável, confortável e requintado foram fatores valorizados pelos entrevistados. Ambas características se mostraram complementares e estes fatores citados foram os apontados como aqueles que estimulam o consumidor a freqüentar as cafeterias., El café es un producto de gran predilección nacional y en entre los consumidores de este producto se percibe su interés por cafés diferenciados y de calidad. Las evaluaciones del producto se basan en sus posiciones descriptivas, deductivas e informativas. Las características percibidas pueden ser intrínsecas como, sabor, aroma, color, apariencia y consistencia; y las extrínsecas, que se refieren a la parte externa que rodea el producto, como el ambiente, embalaje, marca y también el país de origen. Este estudio tuvo por finalidad investigar si las características intrínsecas (sabor, aroma, color, apariencia y consistencia) de la bebida café y las características extrínsecas asociadas al producto estimulan al consumidor a frecuentar cafeterías (ambiente especializado en café). Para esto se realizó una investigación de tipo exploratorio, con estudio de campo y bibliográfico y los resultados se trataron por medio del análisis de contenido. Como instrumento de recolección de datos se utilizó un itinerario de entrevistas; se entrevistaron 87 personas frecuentadoras de cafeterías. Las cafeterías investigadas se sitúan en la ciudad de São Paulo: dos se sitúan en un Shopping Center del barrio de Higienópolis y la otra está en una universidad en el centro de la capital. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que en primer lugar el sabor y después el aroma del café fueron las características intrínsecas consideradas más relevantes entre los respondentes. Por otro lado, los entrevistados valoraban también otros factores como el ambiente agradable, acogedor y refinado. Ambas características resultaron complementarias y se consideró que estos factores mencionados son los que estimulan al consumidor a frecuentar cafeterías.