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The apparently regular and favourable climate that characterizes the Holocene as an interglacial period shows, however, important climatic instability well documented in the Northern Hemisphere. These fluctuations from colder to warmer or wetter to drier affected both biodiversity and human societies in the last 12,000 years, although the impact in Southern America is still poorly known. We are here investigating the biodiversity of small mammal faunas, more sensitive to climatic changes than large mammals, combining taphonomic and palaeoecological data in the Argentine Pampas to better understand the global nature and effect of these Holocene climatic fluctuations. This paper is pioneering applying in this region palaeoecological methodologies practised in European sites, such as the chorotype classification and biomes overlap analyses. The Pampean Region is an ecotone with a confluence of three climatic regions where any change in climatic conditions should be easily detected. Our results, based on the palaeoecological requirements of small mammals, do not indicate severe changes, and most of the sites show climatic stability except for one of them, in which a possible trend towards present conditions (temperate/humid) can be inferred., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Complutense de Madrid/Banco de Santander, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Secretaría General de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Banco Santander, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

The apparently regular and favourable climate that characterizes the Holocene as an interglacial period shows, however, important climatic instability well documented in the Northern Hemisphere. These fluctuations from colder to warmer or wetter to drier affected both biodiversity and human societies in the last 12,000 years, although the impact in Southern America is still poorly known. We are here investigating the biodiversity of small mammal faunas, more sensitive to climatic changes than large mammals, combining taphonomic and palaeoecological data in the Argentine Pampas to better understand the global nature and effect of these Holocene climatic fluctuations. This paper is pioneering applying in this region palaeoecological methodologies practised in European sites, such as the chorotype classification and biomes overlap analyses. The Pampean Region is an ecotone with a confluence of three climatic regions where any change in climatic conditions should be easily detected. Our results, based on the palaeoecological requirements of small mammals, do not indicate severe changes, and most of the sites show climatic stability except for one of them, in which a possible trend towards present conditions (temperate/humid) can be inferred.

We describe a new toxodontid species, Nesodon taweretus sp. nov., from the Aisol Formation in Mendoza Province, central-west Argentina. Nesodon is a frequently found Toxodontidae, member of the Notoungulata, an extinct endemic group of Cenozoic South American mammals that are ecologically similar to current hoofed ungulates. The holotype of N. taweretus sp. nov. is a skull, and we tentatively assign some mandibular fragments and postcranial bones. N. taweretus sp. nov. differs from the other Nesodon species in several cranial and dental features, and close comparisons were made with the Patagonian Nesodon imbricatus, common in the Santa Cruz Formation (Santacrucian Age, Early Miocene). The material is of a similar size to N. imbricatus, with a body mass estimation of about 550kg. The phylogenetic analysis groups N. taweretus sp. nov. with other species of Nesodon. The absolute age of the Aisol Formation has been established at ca 19.480±0.025Ma (Burdigalian; Early Miocene) by means of U-Pb zircon dating. The vertebrate association is encompassed by the Santacrucian Age. Latitudinal separation between Mendoza and Patagonia in the south would have favored taxonomic differences, as reflected in the species of Nesodon.

[EN] Stephanorhinus etruscus is one of the most abundantly recorded and better known Eurasian Early Pleistocene rhinoceroses. Nevertheless, the first and last appearances of this species, as well as its paleogeographic distribution, are controversial and debated in literature. S. etruscus is documented since the latest Pliocene in Spain (Las Higueruelas), Italy (Montopoli and Castelnuovo di Barardenga), France (Perrier–Les Étouaires) and Romania (Iarăș–Cariera Veche). During the Early Pleistocene, S. etruscus occurred in several Spanish, French and Italian localities, as well as in The Netherlands (e.g., Tegelen), Germany (e.g., Thiede), Greece (e.g., Aivaliki) and Israel (e.g., Ubeidiya). The last appearance of S. etruscus in Eurasia is debatable. Etruscan rhino populations survived till the Jaramillo subchrone (around 1.1 Ma) in France (Bois-de-Riquet), Romania (Betfia XII) and Hungary (Osztramos 2 and 8), and close to the early–middle Pleistocene transition in Spain (Cueva Victoria, Huéscar 1, Atapuerca TD4, TD6 and TD8), and Italy (Monte delle Piche)., [FR] Stephanorhinus etruscus est une espèce de rhinocéros du Pléistocène inférieur d’Eurasie parmi les plus fréquemment rencontrées et les mieux connues. Néanmoins, la première et la dernière occurrence de cette espèce, tout comme sa répartition paléogéographique, sont controversées et débattues dans les références. S. etruscus est documentée à partir de la partie terminale du Pliocène en Espagne (Las Higueruelas), en Italie (Montopoli et Castelnuovo di Barardenga), en France (Perrier–Les Étouaires) et en Roumanie (Iarăș–Cariera Veche). Pendant le Pléistocène inférieur, S. etruscus apparaît dans de nombreuses localités d’Espagne, de France et d’Italie et aussi aux Pays-Bas (e.g., Tegelen), en Allemagne (e.g., Thiede), en Grèce (e.g., Aivaliki) et en Israël (e.g., Ubeidiya). La dernière présence de S. etruscus en Eurasie fait l’objet de discussions. Les populations de rhinocéros étrusque ont survécu jusqu’au subchrone Jaramillo (environ 1,1 Ma) en France (Bois-de-Riquet), en Roumanie (Betfia XII) et en Hongrie (Osztramos 2 et 8), et à la transition Pléistocène inférieur/moyen en Espagne (Cueva Victoria, Huéscar 1, Atapuerca TD4, TD6 et TD8) et en Italie (Monte delle Piche).

We describe a new toxodontid species, Nesodon taweretus sp. nov., from the Aisol Formation in Mendoza Province, central-west Argentina. Nesodon is a frequently found Toxodontidae, member of the Notoungulata, an extinct endemic group of Cenozoic South American mammals that are ecologically similar to current hoofed ungulates. The holotype of N. taweretus sp. nov. is a skull, and we tentatively assign some mandibular fragments and postcranial bones. N. taweretus sp. nov. differs from the other Nesodon species in several cranial and dental features, and close comparisons were made with the Patagonian Nesodon imbricatus, common in the Santa Cruz Formation (Santacrucian Age, Early Miocene). The material is of a similar size to N. imbricatus, with a body mass estimation of about 550 kg. The phylogenetic analysis groups N. taweretus sp. nov. with other species of Nesodon. The absolute age of the Aisol Formation has been established at ca 19.480 ± 0.025 Ma (Burdigalian; Early Miocene) by means of U–Pb zircon dating. The vertebrate association is encompassed by the Santacrucian Age. Latitudinal separation between Mendoza and Patagonia in the south would have favored taxonomic differences, as reflected in the species of Nesodon. = Wir beschreiben eine neue Art der Toxodontiden, Nesodon taweretus sp. nov., aus der Aisol-Formation in der Provinz Mendoza, im Zentralwesten von Argentinien. Nesodon ist ein häufig vorkommendes Taxon der Toxodontidae, die zu den Notoungulaten, einer ausgestorbenen Gruppe von endemischen Säugetieren des Känozoikums in Südamerika, gehören und den rezenten gehuften Ungulata ökologisch ähnlich waren. Der Holotyp von N. taweretus sp. nov. ist ein Schädel, dem wir vorläufig einige Unterkieferfragmente und postkraniale Knochen zuweisen. N. taweretus sp. nov. unterscheidet sich von den anderen Nesodon-Arten in mehreren Merkmalen des Schädels und der Bezahnung. Enge Vergleiche wurden mit dem aus Patagonien stammenden und in der Santa-Cruz-Formation (Santacru

This paper presents a brief review on the studies of the Order Perissodactyla from the Spanish Neogene. References begin with the first records during the XIX century, and continue until present, summarizing the progress and knowledge of this conspicuous group of mammals in Spain. The paper focuses mainly on families Equidae and Rhinocerotidae, whose remains are very abundant and have a large temporal distribution, giving place to a huge amount of documentation. More scarce references concern families Tapiridae and Chalicotheriidae, owing to their more restricted records., En el presente trabajo, se realiza una breve historia del estudio de los Perisodáctilos del Neógeno de España. Abarca las distintas vicisitudes de estos estudios desde las primeras citas de su presencia en suelo español durante el siglo XIX hasta nuestros días. Se enfoca principalmente en los representantes de las familias Equidae y Rhinocerothidae, que están ampliamente representadas a lo largo y ancho de la Península y sobre los que hay abundante documentación. Más brevemente, se trata la Familia Tapiridae, cuyo registro es mucho más restringido, y se hace mención de la Familia Chalicotheriidae que, aunque muy escasa, también está presente en la Península Ibérica.

[ES]En este trabajo, se ha realizado la recopilación de los restos fósiles de mamíferos procedentes de los yacimientos pleistocenos de la cornisa cantábrica que se encuentran depositados en las colecciones del MNCN de Madrid. Se han revisado ejemplares de 57 localidades de Asturias, Cantabria y País Vasco, actualizando las listas faunísticas. Se incluyen breves comentarios sobre los yacimientos con restos más numerosos y una pequeña indicación acerca del posible origen de los distintos depósitos., [EN]This paper deals with the Pleistocene mammal remains from the Cantabrian Range (North Spain) stored in the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN), Madrid. Revised specimens come from 57 different sites in Asturias, Cantabria and País Vasco. Faunal lists have been updated, and brief comments on the sites and the possible origin of the deposits are included., [BAQ] Aztarna horiek Madrileko MNCN bildumetan daude. Guztira Asturias, Kantabria eta Euskadiko 57 hezur ale ikertu dira, fauna-zerrendak eguneratuz. Iruzkin labur batzuk ere eskaintzen dira aztarna gehien dituzten aztarnategiei buruz, hala nola metaketa horien guztien ustezko jatorriari buruz.

The Spanish material of Alicornops simorrense constitutes the best representation of the species in Western Europe. It provides interesting data on the metrical and morphological intraspecific variation of A. simorrense and its evolutionary trends from late Middle Miocene to the early Late Miocene. From late Aragonian to early Vallesian, a slight increase in size is observed, but without clear limits among series. During the late Vallesian, A. simorrense evolved in central Spanish basins into a second species, A. alfambrense , greater in size and with more robust proportions. In the Vallés-Penedés basin, A. simorrense shows a noticeable increase in size, while maintaining its proportions, during the Vallesian. A. simorrense was a very abundant species, an open woodland dweller, with gregarious behaviour, whose extinction was probably linked to the climatic change that took place at the end of the Vallesian and the beginning of the Turolian.

[ES] El yacimiento de El Rincón-l situado a techo de la serie continental de Casas del Rincón (Albacete, cuenca del Júcar), cuenta con una diversidad faunística de 13 especies de micro y macromamíferos. Sus características tafonómicas indican que el proceso de acumulación de los restos de mamíferos fósiles debió de ser un proceso catastrófico relativamente rápido de muerte y enterramiento. Los micromamíferos Mimomys cf. medasensis y Castillomys crusafonti crusafonti permiten situar el yacimiento en el Villafranquiense inferior. El caballo, Equus livenzovensis, sería uno de los más antiguos registrados en Europa Occidental, anterior al límite Gauss-Matuyama (2,48 Ma, recalibrado en 2,6 y 2,58 Ma). La aparición del caballo se sitúa por tanto en la parte más reciente de esta edad de mamíferos, como se había definido clásicamente., [EN] The El Rincón-l locality is located at the top of the Casas del Rincón series (Albacete, Júcar basin) with 13 micro- and macromammal species. The taphonomical features indicate a relatively rapid accumulation process of death and burial of the mammal remains, interpreted as a catastrophic evento The micromammals, Mimomys cf. medasensis and Castillomys crusafonti crusafonti, permit us to assign this locality to the Early Villafranchian. The horse, Equus livenzovensis, would be among the oldest ones recorded from Western Europe before the Gauss-Matuyama paleomagnetic boundary (2.48 Ma, revised calibration as 2.6 and 2.58 Ma). Therefore, the horse appears in the most recent part of this mammal age, as it was classically defined.

[ES] El yacimiento del Pleistoceno Superior de Cueva Millán (Burgos, España) ha sido objeto de diversas campañas de excavación, desde 1980. Esta cueva ha proporcionado numerosos restos arqueológicos musterienses, correspondientes al Paleolítico Medio y con una edad absoluta de 37.600 ± 700 años. Esta industria aparece junto a una variada asociación faunística. Durante la última excavación, en 1986, se obtuvo la muestra de macromamíferos más abundante, sobre la cual se ha realizado el análisis faunístico que se presenta en este trabajo., [EN] Different field seasons have been carried out at the Upper Pleistocene site of Cueva Millán (Burgos, Spain) from 1980. This cave has provided Mousterian archaeological remains corresponding to the Middle Paleolithic, with an absolute age of 37.000 ± 700 years. This industry appears together with a varied faunal association. During the last digging in 1986 the most abundant macromammal assemblage was recovered, and this is the subject of the faunal analysis presented in this paper.

[EN] This paper synthesizes the Spanish data on Stephanorhinus hemitoechus. lt is widely distributed in middle and upper Pleistocene sites, whose geographic distribution is presented here. The best representation of the species corresponds to upper Pleistocene levels with Mousterian lithic industry. The morphological and the biometrical study of this species is carried out. Dental remains show a greater homogeneity than the postcranial material, which presents a great variation, mainly referred to the size. The Spanish S. hemitoechus seems to be smal1er sized than other European remains of the species. The Spanish reports of S. mercki, species frequently confused with S. hemitoechus, have been only confirmed in two sites, Cova Negra and Lezetxiki., [ES] Se han recopilado todos los datos referentes a la especie Stephanorhinus hemitoechus en España. Se presenta su amplia distribución geográfica en yacimientos del Pleistoceno medio y superior. La mejor representación de la especie corresponde a niveles del Pleistoceno superior con industria lítica musteriense. Se ha realizado un estudio morfológico y biométrico del material. Se observa mayor homogeneidad en la dentición que en los restos postcraneales, los cuales presentan gran variación referida, sobre todo, a la talla. En conjunto, se comprueba que los restos españoles de S. hemitoechus son más pequeños que los de otros yacimientos europeos. Las citas en España de S. mercki, especie frecuentemente confundida con S. hemitoechus, sólo han sido confirmadas en los yacimientos de Cova Negra y Lezetxiki.

RESUMEN: Se exponen de forma abreviada los rasgos en cuanto a metodología y conclusiones del Estudio geológico a escala 1/25000 realizado en el Municipio de Madrid en los años 1982/83. Las diferentes unidades expresadas en la cartografía se describen en función de las pautas mayores observables en los materiales que forman cada una de ellas. analizándose sus relaciones estratigráficas. El Proyecto «Estudio Geológico a escala 1/25000 del Término Municipal de Madrid ha sido llevado a cabo a lo largo de los años 1982-83 'como resultado de la colaboración científica entre diversos organismos de la Administración (Facultad de CC. Geológicas-Universidad Complutense, Instituto Geológico y Minero, Ayuntamiento de Madrid, Instituto de Geología de Madrid-CSIC. y otros). Constituye una de las áreas de actuación definidas dentro del "Convenio de Colaboración Técnica y Cultural para el conocimiento de las Características del Suelo y Subsuelo de Madrid", propiciado y patrocinado por el Excmo. Ayuntamiento. La financiación del proyecto específico de Geología ha sido realizada íntegramente por el IGME, organismo encargado además de su supervisión. El desarrollo del Proyecto tiene un marcado carácter interdisciplinar, fruto del trasvase de información entre los distintos grupos que abarca el Convenio general (aparte de los ya referidos, el SGOP, COPLACO, Laboratorio “José Luis Escario”… ), siendo precisamente uno de los objetivos del trabajo el servir de apoyo a las restantes áreas de investigación. Los estudios geológicos realizados se plasman en un total de siete mapas a escala 1/25000 elaborados según la normativa Magna de cartografía geológica, mapas que toman como referencia, aunque en algunos casos no las completan y en otros adosan porciones de hojas adyacentes, las hojas 1/25000 de Madrid. Alcorcón. El Pardo. San Fernando de Henares. Pozuelo de Alarcón. Alcobendas y Castillo de Viñuelas.

The analysis of micro - and macromammal faunas from the Guadix-Baza Basin allow us to establish an almost continuous biostratigraphical sequence. The age of the faunal sequence ranges from the Early Ruscinian (MN 14) to the Middle-Late Pleistocene. The sequence is correlated to other Spanish and European localities., Resumen: El análisis de las faunas de micro - y macromamíferos de la cuenca Guadix-Baza nos permite establecer una secuencia bioestratigráfica casi continua. La edad de la secuencia está comprendida entre el Rusciniense inferior (MN 14) hasta el Pleistoceno Medio avanzado. La secuencia se correlaciona con otras localidades españolas y europeas.

This work is a detailed description of the Rhinocerotid remains found in the karst fillings of Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain). 35 different pieces have been extracted from the site. Most of them come from the postcraneal skeleton and increases the knowledge of the anatomy of the Middle Pleistocene rhinoceroses of Spain. The comparisons of that material with those belonging to different european sites let us determine it as Dicerorhinus hemitoechus (FALCONER, 1868). The rhinoceros from Atapuerca has a smaller general size and more gracile metapodes. It represents a low stage of evolution of this species. The scarce remains of D. etruscus in Spain don't allow us to stablish a clear evolutive line but we can observe more similarities with the villafranchian material than with the post-villafranchian one., Le pr6sent travail est une description d6taill6e des restes de Rhinoc6rotid6s trouv6s darts les remplissages karsfiques d'Atapuerca (Burgos, Espagne). Les diff6- rentes fouilles r6alis6es dans le gisement nous OAt fourni 35 pi~ces dont la plupart appartiennent au squelette post-cr~mien, ce qui permet de compl&er nos connaissances sur l'anatomie des rhinoc6ros du P16istoc6ne moyen de l'Espagne. L'6tude comparative du mat6riel avec celui des diff6rents gisements europ6ens permet de l'attribuer ~t Dicerorhinus hemitoechus (FALCONER, 1868). On observe une taille g6n6rale plus petite et des m6tapodes plus graciles pour le rhinoc6ros d'Atapuerca et on peut consid6rer qu'il s'agit d'un stade peu 6volu6 de l'esp~ce. Du point de vue phyl6tique, on ne peut pas ~tablir une 6volutio'n pr6- cise h cause de la raret6 du mat6riel de D. etruscus villafranchien et post-villafranchien espagnol, mais on observe une plus grande similarit6 avec le premier.

[ES] Se discute la validez taxonómica de la especie Hispanotherium alpani Saraç 1978, definida en el yacimiento de Yeni Eskihisar, del Mioceno medio de Turquía. Se compara morfológica y biométricamente con H. grimmi e H. matritense y se establece su sinonimia con H. grimmi., [EN] The taxonomic validity of the species Hispanotherium alpani Sarac 1978 is questioned. This species, defined in the Yeni Eskihisar site from the Middle Miocene of Turkey, is compared morphological and biometrically with H. grimmi and H. matritense. It is established as synonyme of H. grimmi.

[ES] En este trabajo se resumen algunas características del esqueleto postcraneal de Lartetotherium sansaniensis a partir del estudio comparativo de los restos españoles clasificados como dicha especie y los del yacimiento tipo, Sansan (Francia). Establecemos una evolución en el tiempo que implica una disminución general de la talla, manteniendo las proporciones y la morfología. Reconocemos L. sansaniensis en los yacimientos de Can Mas y Buñol, lo cual aumenta la distribución geográfica y estratigráfica de la especie., [EN] Some characteristics of the postcraneal skeleton of Lartetotherium sansaniensis are summarized in this paper, resulting form the comparative study of the Spanish remains of theis species and those from the type locality, Sansan (France). We have established an evolutive process involving a general decrease of size without changing proportions and morphology. We have recognized L. sansaniensis in Can Mas and Buñol, which increases the stratigraphical and geographical distribution of this species.

The biostratigraphy of vertebrate localities of Guadix-Baza basin studied in the project "El Plio-Pleistoceno de la cuenca de Guadix-Baza y el corredor Huércal-Overa: Evolución faunistica y geodinamica" are analized in this work. The age of these localities range from the Upper Turolian to the Middle Pleistocene.

We describe a new toxodontid species, Nesodon taweretus sp. nov., from the Aisol Formation in Mendoza Province, central-west Argentina. Nesodon is a frequently found Toxodontidae, member of the Notoungulata, an extinct endemic group of Cenozoic South American mammals that are ecologically similar to current hoofed ungulates. The holotype of N. taweretus sp. nov. is a skull, and we tentatively assign some mandibular fragments and postcranial bones. N. taweretus sp. nov. differs from the other Nesodon species in several cranial and dental features, and close comparisons were made with the Patagonian Nesodon imbricatus, common in the Santa Cruz Formation (Santacrucian Age, Early Miocene). The material is of a similar size to N. imbricatus, with a body mass estimation of about 550kg. The phylogenetic analysis groups N. taweretus sp. nov. with other species of Nesodon. The absolute age of the Aisol Formation has been established at ca 19.480±0.025Ma (Burdigalian; Early Miocene) by means of U-Pb zircon dating. The vertebrate association is encompassed by the Santacrucian Age. Latitudinal separation between Mendoza and Patagonia in the south would have favored taxonomic differences, as reflected in the species of Nesodon.