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The incorporation of pigments and natural polyphenols into inorganic matrices, resulting in a hybrid material that improves the resistance and chemical stability of the pigments and the antioxidant capacity of the materials, has been of great interest to the pharmaceutical, chemical and food industries. The aim of this work was to prepare and characterize a bifunctional pigment–antioxidant nanomaterial-based carminic acid-decorated solid core-mesoporous shell silica nanoparticles, evaluating its properties as a pigment, its antioxidant capacity and its properties as a chemical stabilizer of emulsions. The chemical stability of oil-in-water (O/W) Pickering emulsions was evaluated determining the stability of vitamin E solubilized in the oil phase. Carminic acid was attached through the action of coupling ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC)/N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) agents, and the resulting spherical and homogeneous nanoparticles showed a diameter close to 175 nm. A notorious change of emulsion color was observed by the addition of the nanomaterial. Emulsions showed an attractive pink color, and when the pH was adjusted to pH 3 and pH 9, a change in color was observed, analogous to carminic acid in solution. The nanomaterial incorporation also improved chemical stability, decreasing vitamin E consumption to 9.26% of the initial value, demonstrating an important antioxidant effect of the developed nanomaterial., Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), Chilean CONICYT, Universidad de Chile, Depto. de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria, Fac. de Farmacia, TRUE, pub

The chemical composition of the scale insect Dactylopius coccus was analyzed with the aim to discover new possible intermediates in the biosynthesis of carminic acid. UPLC-DAD/HRMS analyses of fresh and dried insects resulted in the identification of three novel carminic acid analogues and the verification of several previously described intermediates. Structural elucidation revealed that the three novel compounds were desoxyerythrolaccin-O-glucosyl (DE-O-Glcp), 5,6-didehydroxyerythrolaccin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (DDE-3-O-Glcp), and flavokermesic acid anthrone (FKA). The finding of FKA in D. coccus provides solid evidence of a polyketide, rather than a shikimate, origin of coccid pigments. Based on the newly identified compounds, we present a detailed biosynthetic scheme that accounts for the formation of carminic acid (CA) in D. coccus and all described coccid pigments which share a flavokermesic acid (FK) core. Detection of coccid pigment intermediates in members of the Planococcus (mealybugs) and Pseudaulacaspis genera shows that the ability to form these pigments is taxonomically more widely spread than previously documented. The shared core-FK-biosynthetic pathway and wider taxonomic distribution suggests a common evolutionary origin for the trait in all coccid dye producing insect species.

Carminic acid, a natural hydrophilic dye extensively used in the food and cosmetic industries, is converted in hydrophobic dyes by acetylation or pivaloylation. These derivatives are successfully used as biocolourants for rubber objects. In this paper, spectroscopic properties of the carminic acid derivatives in dimethyl sulfoxide and in polybutylacrylate are studied by means of photoluminescence and time-resolved photoluminescence decays, revealing a hypsochromic effect due to the presence of bulky substituents as the acetyl or pivaloyl groups. Molecular mechanics and density functional theory calculations confirm the disruption of planarity between the sugar ring and the anthraquinoid system determined by the esterification

Carminic acid, a natural hydrophilic dye extensively used in the food and cosmetic industries, is converted in hydrophobic dyes by acetylation or pivaloylation. These derivatives are successfully used as biocolourants for rubber objects. In this paper, spectroscopic properties of the carminic acid derivatives in dimethyl sulfoxide and in polybutylacrylate are studied by means of photoluminescence and time-resolved photoluminescence decays, revealing a hypsochromic effect due to the presence of bulky substituents as the acetyl or pivaloyl groups. Molecular mechanics and density functional theory calculations confirm the disruption of planarity between the sugar ring and the anthraquinoid system determined by the esterification

The effect of artificial light on the cycle of life and the concentration of carminic acid cochineal, Dactylopius coccus Costa (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae) was studied under controlled conditions. Assays were performed in the laboratories of the Faculty of Natural Resources of the Universidad Arturo Prat (Chile) under conditions of 27.5 ± 2.5 °C temperature, 50 ± 10% relative humidity andphotoperiod of0:24, 4:20, 8:16, 12:12, 16:8 and 20:4 h L:D (light:dark). The results indicate that from the point of view of production the best results are obtained by subjecting the insect to a daily regimen of 16 hours of artificial light in the range of visible light (450-700 nm) thus obtaining a concentration of 23.6% of carminic acid within 94 days. These results indicate that the effect of artificial light is favorable to increase the concentration of carminic acid in cochineal raised in controlled conditions. D. coccus was unable to complete its life cycle with a photoperiod of 20 hours of light in the visible range., Se estudió el efecto de la luz artificial sobre la duración del ciclo de vida y la concentración de ácido carrnínico de la grana cochinilla, Dactylopius coccus Costa (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae) en condiciones controladas. Los ensayos se realizaron en los laboratorios de la Facultad de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Universidad Arturo Prat (Chile) bajo condiciones de 27,5±2,5 °C de temperatura, 50±10% de humedad relativa y fotoperiodos de 0:24, 4:20, 8:16, 12:12, 16:8 y 20:4 h L:O (luz:oscuridad). Los resultados indican que desde el punto de vista productivo los mejores resultados se obtienen al someter al insecto a un régimen diario de 16 horas de luz artificial en el rango de luz visible (450-700 nanómetros) obteniendo así una concentración de ácido carmínico de 23,6% en un lapso de 94 días. Estos resultados nos indican que el efecto de la luz artificial es favorable cuando lo que se desea es aumentar la concentración de ácido carmínico en la grana cochinilla criada en cautiverio. D. coccus fue incapaz de completar su ciclo de vida con un fotoperiodo de 20 horas diarias de luz dentro del rango visible.

The effect of artificial light on the cycle of life and the concentration of carminic acid cochineal, Dactylopius coccus Costa (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae) was studied under controlled conditions. Assays were performed in the laboratories of the Faculty of Natural Resources of the Universidad Arturo Prat (Chile) under conditions of 27.5 ± 2.5 °C temperature, 50 ± 10% relative humidity andphotoperiod of0:24, 4:20, 8:16, 12:12, 16:8 and 20:4 h L:D (light:dark). The results indicate that from the point of view of production the best results are obtained by subjecting the insect to a daily regimen of 16 hours of artificial light in the range of visible light (450-700 nm) thus obtaining a concentration of 23.6% of carminic acid within 94 days. These results indicate that the effect of artificial light is favorable to increase the concentration of carminic acid in cochineal raised in controlled conditions. D. coccus was unable to complete its life cycle with a photoperiod of 20 hours of light in the visible range., Se estudió el efecto de la luz artificial sobre la duración del ciclo de vida y la concentración de ácido carrnínico de la grana cochinilla, Dactylopius coccus Costa (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae) en condiciones controladas. Los ensayos se realizaron en los laboratorios de la Facultad de Recursos Naturales Renovables de la Universidad Arturo Prat (Chile) bajo condiciones de 27,5±2,5 °C de temperatura, 50±10% de humedad relativa y fotoperiodos de 0:24, 4:20, 8:16, 12:12, 16:8 y 20:4 h L:O (luz:oscuridad). Los resultados indican que desde el punto de vista productivo los mejores resultados se obtienen al someter al insecto a un régimen diario de 16 horas de luz artificial en el rango de luz visible (450-700 nanómetros) obteniendo así una concentración de ácido carmínico de 23,6% en un lapso de 94 días. Estos resultados nos indican que el efecto de la luz artificial es favorable cuando lo que se desea es aumentar la concentración de ácido carmínico en la grana cochinilla criada en cautiverio. D. coccus fue incapaz de completar su ciclo de vida con un fotoperiodo de 20 horas diarias de luz dentro del rango visible.

The study investigates the sunlight photodegradation process of carminic acid, a natural red colourant used in beverages. For this purpose, both carminic acid aqueous standard solutions and sixteen different commercial beverages, ten containing carminic acid and six containing E120 dye, were subjected to photoirradiation. The results show different patterns of degradation, not only between the standard solutions and the beverages, but also from beverage to beverage. Due to the different beverage recipes, unpredictable reactions take place between the dye and the other ingredients. To identify the dye degradation products in a very complex scenario, a methodology was used, based on the combined use of principal component analysis with discriminant analysis and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem high resolution mass spectrometry. The methodology is unaffected by beverage composition and allows the degradation products of carminic acid dye to be identified for each beverage. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

This paper describes the use of cochineal natural dye in old cotton textiles. Cochineal-dyed cotton samples were prepared in the laboratory with the use of old materials and formulas. Firstly, the characterization of samples through chemical and mechanical tests helped establish standards for comparisons with current textiles. The identification of carminic acid and mordant agents was performed by spectrophotometric, microscopic and chromatographic techniques. Secondly, tensile tests were run in a weft direction. Stress-strained curves helped determine the stiffness and flexibility of each sample as well as their elongation and their probability of tearing under specific environmental conditions. The objective of this research is to determine the effects of dyeing and mordanting on the mechanical properties of cotton fabrics. Cochineal was used to represent natural dyes for experimental testing purposes. The mordants selected included Tin(IV) chloride, Copper sulphate, Potassium dichromate, Ferrous sulphate and Alum., La presente investigación detalla el empleo de la cochinilla como tinte natural de tejidos de algodón en piezas textiles de valor histórico. A partir del volcado y optimización de recetarios y fórmulas tradicionales son elaboradas muestras de referencia mediante procesos de tinción directa y con mordientes. La fibra de algodón, el ácido carmínico presente en la cochinilla así como los mordientes son caracterizados mediante técnicas espectroscópicas (Espectrofotometría UV-Vis), cromatográficas (HPLC-DAD) y microscópicas (MO y SEM/EDX). Así mismo, han sido desarrollados ensayos de tracción en sentido trama para cada una de las muestras. A partir de las curvas esfuerzo deformación obtenidas, el estudio plantea la comparación entre el comportamiento de cada una de las muestras atendiendo a cuestiones tales como la flexibilidad y rigidez así como su capacidad de elongación y resistencia máxima en determinadas condiciones de temperatura y humedad. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que los diversos procesos de tinción provocan diferente respuesta en las propiedades mecánicas y dimensionales del tejido tratado, observándose una gradación de comportamiento dependiendo del agente de mordentado empleado.

This paper describes the use of cochineal natural dye in old cotton textiles. Cochineal-dyed cotton samples were prepared in the laboratory with the use of old materials and formulas. Firstly, the characterization of samples through chemical and mechanical tests helped establish standards for comparisons with current textiles. The identification of carminic acid and mordant agents was performed by spectrophotometric, microscopic and chromatographic techniques. Secondly, tensile tests were run in a weft direction. Stress-strained curves helped determine the stiffness and flexibility of each sample as well as their elongation and their probability of tearing under specific environmental conditions. The objective of this research is to determine the effects of dyeing and mordanting on the mechanical properties of cotton fabrics. Cochineal was used to represent natural dyes for experimental testing purposes. The mordants selected included Tin(IV) chloride, Copper sulphate, Potassium dichromate, Ferrous sulphate and Alum., La presente investigación detalla el empleo de la cochinilla como tinte natural de tejidos de algodón en piezas textiles de valor histórico. A partir del volcado y optimización de recetarios y fórmulas tradicionales son elaboradas muestras de referencia mediante procesos de tinción directa y con mordientes. La fibra de algodón, el ácido carmínico presente en la cochinilla así como los mordientes son caracterizados mediante técnicas espectroscópicas (Espectrofotometría UV-Vis), cromatográficas (HPLC-DAD) y microscópicas (MO y SEM/EDX). Así mismo, han sido desarrollados ensayos de tracción en sentido trama para cada una de las muestras. A partir de las curvas esfuerzo deformación obtenidas, el estudio plantea la comparación entre el comportamiento de cada una de las muestras atendiendo a cuestiones tales como la flexibilidad y rigidez así como su capacidad de elongación y resistencia máxima en determinadas condiciones de temperatura y humedad. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que los diversos procesos de tinción provocan diferente respuesta en las propiedades mecánicas y dimensionales del tejido tratado, observándose una gradación de comportamiento dependiendo del agente de mordentado empleado.

This paper describes the use of cochineal natural dye in old cotton textiles. Cochineal-dyed cotton samples were prepared in the laboratory with the use of old materials and formulas. Firstly, the characterization of samples through chemical and mechanical tests helped establish standards for comparisons with current textiles. The identification of carminic acid and mordant agents was performed by spectrophotometric, microscopic and chromatographic techniques. Secondly, tensile tests were run in a weft direction. Stress-strained curves helped determine the stiffness and flexibility of each sample as well as their elongation and their probability of tearing under specific environmental conditions. The objective of this research is to determine the effects of dyeing and mordanting on the mechanical properties of cotton fabrics. Cochineal was used to represent natural dyes for experimental testing purposes. The mordants selected included Tin(IV) chloride, Copper sulphate, Potassium dichromate, Ferrous sulphate and Alum., La presente investigación detalla el empleo de la cochinilla como tinte natural de tejidos de algodón en piezas textiles de valor histórico. A partir del volcado y optimización de recetarios y fórmulas tradicionales son elaboradas muestras de referencia mediante procesos de tinción directa y con mordientes. La fibra de algodón, el ácido carmínico presente en la cochinilla así como los mordientes son caracterizados mediante técnicas espectroscópicas (Espectrofotometría UV-Vis), cromatográficas (HPLC-DAD) y microscópicas (MO y SEM/EDX). Así mismo, han sido desarrollados ensayos de tracción en sentido trama para cada una de las muestras. A partir de las curvas esfuerzo deformación obtenidas, el estudio plantea la comparación entre el comportamiento de cada una de las muestras atendiendo a cuestiones tales como la flexibilidad y rigidez así como su capacidad de elongación y resistencia máxima en determinadas condiciones de temperatura y humedad. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que los diversos procesos de tinción provocan diferente respuesta en las propiedades mecánicas y dimensionales del tejido tratado, observándose una gradación de comportamiento dependiendo del agente de mordentado empleado.

This paper describes the use of cochineal natural dye in old cotton textiles. Cochineal-dyed cotton samples were prepared in the laboratory with the use of old materials and formulas. Firstly, the characterization of samples through chemical and mechanical tests helped establish standards for comparisons with current textiles. The identification of carminic acid and mordant agents was performed by spectrophotometric, microscopic and chromatographic techniques. Secondly, tensile tests were run in a weft direction. Stress-strained curves helped determine the stiffness and flexibility of each sample as well as their elongation and their probability of tearing under specific environmental conditions. The objective of this research is to determine the effects of dyeing and mordanting on the mechanical properties of cotton fabrics. Cochineal was used to represent natural dyes for experimental testing purposes. The mordants selected included Tin(IV) chloride, Copper sulphate, Potassium dichromate, Ferrous sulphate and Alum., La presente investigación detalla el empleo de la cochinilla como tinte natural de tejidos de algodón en piezas textiles de valor histórico. A partir del volcado y optimización de recetarios y fórmulas tradicionales son elaboradas muestras de referencia mediante procesos de tinción directa y con mordientes. La fibra de algodón, el ácido carmínico presente en la cochinilla así como los mordientes son caracterizados mediante técnicas espectroscópicas (Espectrofotometría UV-Vis), cromatográficas (HPLC-DAD) y microscópicas (MO y SEM/EDX). Así mismo, han sido desarrollados ensayos de tracción en sentido trama para cada una de las muestras. A partir de las curvas esfuerzo deformación obtenidas, el estudio plantea la comparación entre el comportamiento de cada una de las muestras atendiendo a cuestiones tales como la flexibilidad y rigidez así como su capacidad de elongación y resistencia máxima en determinadas condiciones de temperatura y humedad. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que los diversos procesos de tinción provocan diferente respuesta en las propiedades mecánicas y dimensionales del tejido tratado, observándose una gradación de comportamiento dependiendo del agente de mordentado empleado.

This paper describes the use of cochineal natural dye in old cotton textiles. Cochineal-dyed cotton samples were prepared in the laboratory with the use of old materials and formulas. Firstly, the characterization of samples through chemical and mechanical tests helped establish standards for comparisons with current textiles. The identification of carminic acid and mordant agents was performed by spectrophotometric, microscopic and chromatographic techniques. Secondly, tensile tests were run in a weft direction. Stress-strained curves helped determine the stiffness and flexibility of each sample as well as their elongation and their probability of tearing under specific environmental conditions. The objective of this research is to determine the effects of dyeing and mordanting on the mechanical properties of cotton fabrics. Cochineal was used to represent natural dyes for experimental testing purposes. The mordants selected included Tin(IV) chloride, Copper sulphate, Potassium dichromate, Ferrous sulphate and Alum., La presente investigación detalla el empleo de la cochinilla como tinte natural de tejidos de algodón en piezas textiles de valor histórico. A partir del volcado y optimización de recetarios y fórmulas tradicionales son elaboradas muestras de referencia mediante procesos de tinción directa y con mordientes. La fibra de algodón, el ácido carmínico presente en la cochinilla así como los mordientes son caracterizados mediante técnicas espectroscópicas (Espectrofotometría UV-Vis), cromatográficas (HPLC-DAD) y microscópicas (MO y SEM/EDX). Así mismo, han sido desarrollados ensayos de tracción en sentido trama para cada una de las muestras. A partir de las curvas esfuerzo deformación obtenidas, el estudio plantea la comparación entre el comportamiento de cada una de las muestras atendiendo a cuestiones tales como la flexibilidad y rigidez así como su capacidad de elongación y resistencia máxima en determinadas condiciones de temperatura y humedad. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que los diversos procesos de tinción provocan diferente respuesta en las propiedades mecánicas y dimensionales del tejido tratado, observándose una gradación de comportamiento dependiendo del agente de mordentado empleado.

While searching for early examples of interactions of organic chromophores with minerals in the context of a systematic study of the process of dyeing crystals, we came across Robert Boyle's description of an experiment that may have been evidence of the enantioselective adsorption of a natural product, carminic acid (7-b-D-glucopyranosyl-9,10-dihydro-3,5,6,8-tetrahydroxy-1-methyl-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenecarboxylic acid), to the chiral surfaces of a-quartz, three centuries before such interactions became the subject of active chemical investigations. In order to determine whether Boyle did indeed observe enantioselective adsorption--albeit unbeknownst to him--we attempted to dye quartz with carminic acid according to his recipe. Quartz adsorbs carminic acid only because on heating it develops a network of microfissures that adsorb dye. This process depends on capillarity, not on specific non-covalent interactions;there is no evidence of enantioselectivity adsorption to heated crystals or enantioselective epitaxy to unheated crystals. These failures changed the focus of our inquiry: Why have almost all attempts to demonstrate the enantioselective adsorption of additives to quartz crystal surfaces been generally confounding and equivocal? In order to answer this question, we complement our experimental historical re-investigation with contemporary computational techniques for modeling crystal surface structure and the adsorption of additives. Minimizations of the energies associated with the adsorption of carminic acid to relaxed, hydrated d-and l-quartz {1010} surfaces are analyzed in light of quartz's abysmal record as an enantioselective stationary phase.

A method is proposed for the determination of boron in cobalt and nickel coatings deposited from borane-type baths by electroless techniques. In the method, the deposit is dissolved in hydrochloric acid in the presence of platinum chloride as a catalyst, potassium chloride and mannitol are added, and the solution is evaporated to dryness. Methyl alcohol is then added, the boron is distilled as methyl borate into sodium hydroxide solution, the distillate is evaporated to dryness, and the boron is determined spectrophotometrically using carminic acid. The mannitol prevents loss of boron by volatilization when the solution is evaporated to dryness. The advantage of evaporating the hydrochloric acid solution to dryness is that such treatment eliminates excess acid and water, both of which cause imcomplete recovery of boron in the distillation. The potassium chloride, cobalt chloride, and nickel chloride left after the evaporation to dryness dissolve in the hot methyl alcohol during the distillation and do not interfere. (Author)

En este trabajo se ha realizado la optimización de la mezcla de disolventes para extraer ácido carmínico (E-120) y eritrosina (E-127) en cerezas de cóctel. Los disolventes estudiados como extractantes fueron acetona, agua y etanol. Se realizó un diseño de vértices extremos para ajustar los coeficientes de un modelo cúbico especial que relaciona la concentración de cada colorante extraído con la composición de la mezcla de extracción. Como los espectros de absorción molecular del E-120 y el E-127 están solapados, se utilizaron modelos de calibrado multivariantes para determinar la concentración extraída de cada colorante alimentario. La función de deseabilidad se usó para abordar la optimización simultánea de la extracción de ambos aditivos. Las condiciones óptimas encontradas para la extracción fueron: 37,5% agua, 55,2% acetona y 7,3% etanol. El procedimiento analítico utilizado se validó. Los colorantes E-120 y E-127 se determinaron en diversas muestras comerciales mediante regresión de componentes principales, The optimization of the solvent mixture to extract carminic acid (E-120) and erythrosine (E-127) in cocktail cherries was carried out in this work. The solvents studied as extractants were acetone, water and ethanol. An extreme vertices design was performed to fit the coefficients of a special cubic model which relates the concentration of each food colour with the extracting mixture components. As the molecular absorption spectra of E-120 and E-127 are overlapped, multivariate calibration models were performed to determine the extracted amount of each food colour. The desirability function was used to simultaneously approach the optimization of the extraction of both additives. The optimum conditions found for the extraction were: water 37,5%, acetone 55,2% and ethanol 7,3%. The analytical procedure used was validated. The determination of E-120 and E-127 was carried out in different commercial test samples by means of principal component regression.

La eritrosina (E 127) es un colorante sintético cuyo uso como aditivo alimentario está limitado a cerezas de cóctel, estableciéndose un límite máximo de 200 mg/kg. En este trabajo, la determinación de E 127 en cerezas de cóctel se lleva a cabo por espectrofotometría de absorción molecular UV-visible. Se estudia la extracción sólido-líquido del colorante utilizando diferentes mezclas de etanol-agua mediante un análisis de la varianza (ANOVA). En cerezas que únicamente presentan el colorante E 127, su determinación se lleva a cabo mediante calibración en disolvente y por adición estándar. Sin embargo, si además contienen otros colorantes como el E 120, se aplica calibración multivariante para determinar la concentración de todos los colorantes presentes. Además, se estudia la influencia del pH sobre el espectro de absorción de los colorantes mencionados anteriormente. Y se validan los métodos de análisis desarrollados a través de su veracidad, efecto matriz, límite de decisión y capacidad de detección., Erythrosine (E 127) is a synthetic colour exclusively authorized for use as food additive in cocktail cherries, which is subjected to a limit of 200 mg/kg. In this work, the determination of E 127 in cocktail cherries is performed through UV-Visible molecular absorption spectrophotometry. The extraction of the colour by means of solid-liquid extraction with different water-ethanol mixtures is studied by means of an analysis of variance (ANOVA). A univariate approach is performed for determining E 127 in the absence of other colours; both the usual calibration and the standard addition methods are used. In addition, a multivariate approach is applied to determine E 127 in cocktail cherries that also contain carminic acid (E 120). Also, the dependence of spectrum of the colours with pH is studied. The methods of analysis developed are validated; accuracy, matrix effect, decision limit and capability of detection are established.