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Daun tembelekan yang selalu hijau menunjukkan bahwa tembelekan memiliki daya tahan terhadap penyakit. Mekanisme penangkal penyakit yang dimiliki oleh tembe-lekan diduga terkait dengan cara hidupnya bersimbiosis mutualisme dengan fungi endofit. Letak fungi endofit dalam jaringan tanaman tembelekan dapat dipelajari berdasarkan kajian histologik melalui pengamatan mikroskopik selain itu hasil identifikasi spesies fungi endofit akan mengungkapkan berbagai spesies fungi endofit yang hidup pada jaringan daun tembelekan. Fungi endofit yang bersimbiosis dengan tembelekan diperkira-kan dapat menghasilkan senyawa bioaktif yang bersifat antimikroba karena tembelekan memiliki kemampuan untuk melawan mikroba penyebab penyakit. Perlu dilakukan uji daya anti bakteri dari kultur cair masing-masing spesies fungi endofit pada daun tanaman tembelekan agar diketahui dengan jelas potensi yang dimiliki oleh senyawa bioaktif fungi endofit dari tanaman tembelekan.Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengidentifikasi spesies fungi endofit yang diisolasi dari tanaman tembelekan mendeskripsikan letak fungi endofit dalam jaringan tanaman tembelekan berdasarkan hasil observasi histologik menganalisis kandungan senyawa bioaktif dalam kultur cair masing-masing spesies fungi endofit dan menguji pengaruh ekstrak kultur cair beberapa spesies fungi endofit dari tanaman tembelekan terhadap penghambatan pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus dan Bacillus subtilis. Jenis penelitian adalah nbsp penelitian deskriptif dan eksperimental. Pe-nelitian deskriptif meliputi Identifikasi spesies fungi endofit berdasarkan hasil karak-terisasi ciri-ciri morfologi dan mikroskopis observasi histologik untuk menentukan letak hifa fungi endofit dalam jaringan tanaman tembelekan analisis kandungan kelompok senyawa bioaktif. Penelitian eksperimental meliputi uji daya anti bakteri dari kultur cair tiap isolat fungi endofit yang diteliti. Litak hifa fungi endofit dapat diamati pada nbsp dinding sel epidermis atas dinding sel epide

The focus of this short article is the biocontrol agents of the globally-important species - lantana (Lantana camara L.), which was introduced as an ornamental plant during the 18th and 19th Centuries across continents. Lantana is now naturalized in most continents and causing problems in human-modified landscapes and is also spreading fast into conservation areas and forests. Currently, where it needs to be controlled, a variety of methods are available, which include manual, mechanical and chemical control, as well as fire. However, none of these methods, even when applied in combinations (integrated) have been sufficiently effective on a landscape level or can be sustainably applied to control large and dense infestations. It appears that future lantana management must be oriented towards re-investing in biocontrol simply because it is not feasible to control lantana over the long term using conventional methods. Numerous biocontrol agents have shown considerable promise but have not been well utilized in countries that have increased risks of further spread. Efforts to manage lantana in Australia are still continuing, with a well-developed National framework, an integrated approach and investment in additional biocontrol agents. South-Asian countries, especially India and Sri Lanka, can certainly benefit from Australian experiences in lantana management and R&D investments in biological control. This is especially so since research on host specificity and the effectiveness of agents would have already been conducted. This would require that both countries, and also, possibly some African countries, re-appraise the risks of lantana and make an increased effort at biocontrol to manage those risks, especially in natural ecosystems and conservation areas, heavily disturbed by tourism activities.

This article considers the extent to which knowledge development about an invasive species, Lantana camara L. (hereafter lantana), has been hybrid in colonial, postcolonial and contemporary India. In the colonial period, processes of knowledge development about lantana involved colonial forest officials’ consultation of local socioecological peculiarities in India. Because issues concerning invasive alien species were new to both Europe and the colonies, colonial officials had to develop knowledge and practices in line with the ecological conditions of the colonies. In the postcolonial period, however, that focus on local socioecological conditions in knowledge development became undermined as government forest officials began ignoring local knowledge and practices as well as underestimating issues concerning invasive alien species. In response, since the 1980s, a civil society organisation has played an important role in promoting local adaptation to lantana by organising a lantana craft program. In the future, that and other civil society organisations will play important roles in developing and contributing to hybrid knowledge production and practices., International Review of Environmental History, 8(2), pp. 155-170; 2022

Daun tembelekan yang selalu hijau menunjukkan bahwa tembelekan memiliki daya tahan terhadap penyakit. Mekanisme penangkal penyakit yang dimiliki oleh tembe-lekan diduga terkait dengan cara hidupnya bersimbiosis mutualisme dengan fungi endofit. Letak fungi endofit dalam jaringan tanaman tembelekan dapat dipelajari berdasarkan kajian histologik melalui pengamatan mikroskopik selain itu hasil identifikasi spesies fungi endofit akan mengungkapkan berbagai spesies fungi endofit yang hidup pada jaringan daun tembelekan. Fungi endofit yang bersimbiosis dengan tembelekan diperkira-kan dapat menghasilkan senyawa bioaktif yang bersifat antimikroba karena tembelekan memiliki kemampuan untuk melawan mikroba penyebab penyakit. Perlu dilakukan uji daya anti bakteri dari kultur cair masing-masing spesies fungi endofit pada daun tanaman tembelekan agar diketahui dengan jelas potensi yang dimiliki oleh senyawa bioaktif fungi endofit dari tanaman tembelekan.Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengidentifikasi spesies fungi endofit yang diisolasi dari tanaman tembelekan mendeskripsikan letak fungi endofit dalam jaringan tanaman tembelekan berdasarkan hasil observasi histologik menganalisis kandungan senyawa bioaktif dalam kultur cair masing-masing spesies fungi endofit dan menguji pengaruh ekstrak kultur cair beberapa spesies fungi endofit dari tanaman tembelekan terhadap penghambatan pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus dan Bacillus subtilis. Jenis penelitian adalah penelitian deskriptif dan eksperimental. Pe-nelitian deskriptif meliputi Identifikasi spesies fungi endofit berdasarkan hasil karak-terisasi ciri-ciri morfologi dan mikroskopis observasi histologik untuk menentukan letak hifa fungi endofit dalam jaringan tanaman tembelekan analisis kandungan kelompok senyawa bioaktif. Penelitian eksperimental meliputi uji daya anti bakteri dari kultur cair tiap isolat fungi endofit yang diteliti. Litak hifa fungi endofit dapat diamati pada dinding sel epidermis atas dinding sel epidermis bawah di

Extensive morphological diversity in the invasive L. camara species complex has resisted clear taxonomic characterisation, yet molecular studies to date have revealed minimal genetic structure. Analysis of thousands of genome-wide markers successfully detects differentiation among sub-lineages within the complex, revealing that two of the morphological variants in Australia comprise multiple, distinct lineages. The common pinkflowering morphotype appears to be monophyletic, whereas the pink-edged red flowering morphotype does not. Pending further investigation and expanded sampling, these findings hold promise for improving weed management through a deeper understanding of the systematics of the L. camara complex (e.g., by enabling selection of biological control agents that are best matched with target host populations).

Tumbuhan Lantana camara L termasuk dalam familly Verbenaceae merupakan semak berbulu yang mudah ditemukan di indonesia. Beberapa bagian dari tumbuhan ini telah digunakan untuk mengobati penyakit seperti rematik, luka, asma, tumor dan demam. Penelitian sebelumnya telah melaporkan adanya steroid, terpenoid, dan flavonoid dari tumbuhan ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan mengkarakterisasi senyawa metabolit sekunder dari ekstrak heksana daun Lantana camara L. Daun Lantana camara L diekstraksi dengan metoda maserasi dan ekstrak daun Lantana camara Linn di isolasi dengan metode kromatografi kolom gravitasi. Senyawa yang didapatkan dimurnikan dengan cara triturasi. Senyawa hasil isolasi didapatkan dalam bentuk padatan bewarna putih dengan nilai titik lelehnya 137ºC-138ºC. Dari karakterisasi UV didapatkan panjang gelombang maksimum 251nm dan tidak memiliki ikatan rangkap yang berkonjugasi. Dari hasil karakterisasi IR menunjukan adanya gugus OH, C=C, C-O dan geminal dimetil yang menunjukan senyawa hasil isolasi merupakan golongan triterpenoid. Senyawa triterpenoid dari hasil isolasi menunjukan aktif sebagai toksik pada larva udang Artemia salina Leach dengan nilai LC50 168,62 mg/L

Cocor Bebek (Kalanchoe pinnata L.) is a medicinal plant that has been used as traditional medicine for long period, used to fight fever, but it empirically leaves of  Tembelekan (Lantana camara L.) are also generally primarily used to treat fever. Research on the effects of the combination of Cocor Bebek’s leaf extract (Kalanchoe pinnata L.) and the leaf extract of tembelekan (Lantana camara L.) Pers on male guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) is induced peptone 5% at a dose of 150 mg / kg body weight. With the aim to determine the effect of the combination and determine the effects of the most effective as an antipyretic. Extracts prepared by maceration method using ethanol 95%. Marmots were divided into 4 groups. Each guinea pig was induced using peptone 5%. The first group was given Na CMC as a negative control group 2nd given a combination of one dose combinations (50 + 720). Group 3 was given a second dose combination (100 + 720). Group-4 were given a 3-dose combination (150 + 720). Temperature measurement is carried out for 2 hours with a 30 minute interval. Data were analyzed temperature measurements were statistically analyzed using ANOVA (Analisys Of Variance). The research result was addressing, that the combination of extracts can reduce fever. The combination is most effective as an antipyretic is cocor duck leaf extract 50 mg and 720 mg tembelekan leaf extract (50 + 720).

The ethyl acetate extract of Lantana camara L. was subjected to investigate its antioxidant properties by DPPH method and IC50 value was found to be 36.18 mg/L with a total phenolic content was 2419.6 GAE. The concentrated ethyl acetate extract of Lantana camara L. was column chromatographed by separation gradien polarity (SGP) method system using silica gel as the stationary phase then n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol as the mobile phases. Seven fractions were obtained, each fractions was subjected to investigate its antioxidant properties and total phenolic content. Thus IC50 value and total phenolic content of each fractions were found to be: Fraction A (132.62 mg/L and 237.8 GAE), Fraction B (113.51 mg/L and 589.4 GAE), Fraction C (85.23 mg/L and 995.5 GAE), Fraction D (81.26 mg/L and 1041 GAE), Fraction E (24.83 mg/L and 3156 GAE), Fraction F (83.50 mg/L and 1037.8 GAE), and Fraksi G (806.71 mg/L). Based on the IC50, extract ethyl acetate and Fraction E are highly active antioxidants, fraction C, D, and F are active antioxidant, fraction A and B moderate antioxidant and fraction G is not aktive antioxidant. Antioxidant activity is influenced by total phenolik with correlation number was 98.14%.

Suatu senyawa yang toksik terhadap larva udang telah diisolasi dari daun Lantana camara L. Berdasarkan elusidasi data spektroskopi (IR, 1H- NMR, 13C-NMR 1D dan 2D), struktur senyawa ini diidentifikasi sebagai asam lantaniliat, C35H52O2. Berdasarkan uji sitotoksik, ekstrak heksana, etil asetat dan metanol serta senyawa hasil isolasi menunjukkan efek toksik (masing-masing dengan nilai LC50 34; 27; 133 dan 24 μg/mL). 12 Keywords: Brine Shrimp Toxicity, daun Lantana camara L., asam lantanilat

Lantana camara L., considered among the world’s worst invaders is in identity crisis and contentiously referred as Lantana camara L. (sensu lato). Taxonomic ambiguity in L. camara L. (sensu lato), a species complex is one of the grim caveats behind incompetence of its management efforts. Recognizing the extent of variability within the complex, we aim to highlight the need to circumscribe its composition to bring effective management and control efforts into practice. There is a need for clear terminology to examine weedy, naturalized and/or invasive complex constituents that have been placed under the contentious umbrella of 'L. camara L. (sensu lato)'. The time is ripe for invasion ecologists, cytogeneticists and conservationists to collaboratively focus on disentangling the complex and integrate their knowledge and expertise into management and control programs.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak daun tembelekan sebagai feed additive terhadap kandungan kolesterol, lemak dan protein daging broiler. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 5 perlakuan dan 4 ulangan. Perlakuan pada penelitian ini adalah : R1 : 0% EDT, pada ayam yang dipelihara dengan ransum yang mengandung antibiotik Zinc Bacitrasin, R2 : 0% EDT, pada ayam yang dipelihara dengan ransum komersil, R3 : 150 mg EDT/kg BB, pada ayam yang dipelihara dengan ransum bebas antibiotik, R4 : 200 mg EDT/kg BB, pada ayam yang dipelihara dengan ransum bebas antibiotik, dan R5 : 250 mg EDT/kg BB, pada ayam yang dipelihara dengan ransum bebas antibiotik. Peubah yang di amati adalah kandungan kolesterol, lemak, dan protein daging broiler. Hasil analisis keragaman menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan pemberian ekstrak daun tembelekan ke dalam air minum memberikan pengaruh yang tidak nyata (P>0,05) terhadap semua parameter yang diamati. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian ekstrak daun tembelekan mencapai dosis 250 mg/kg BB sebagai feed additive kedalam air minum belum mampu menurunkan kandungan kolesterol dan lemak daging broiler, serta belum dapat meningkatkan kandungan protein daging broiler. Pada kondisi ini kandungan kolesterol daging 138,52 mg/100g, lemak daging 13,30 % dan protein daging 64,01 %. Kata kunci : ekstrak daun tembelekan, feed additive, kolesterol daging, lemak daging, protein daging

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak daun tembelekan (EDT) sebagai feed additive alami dalam air minum terhadap performa broiler. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 5 perlakuan dan 4 ulangan. Perlakuan pada penelitian ini adalah: P1 (pakan basal+antibiotik Zinc Bacitrasin), P2 (Pakan Komersil), P3(Pakan basal (tanpa antibiotik) + EDT 150 mg/kg BB), P4 (Pakan basal (tanpa antibiotik) + EDT 200 mg/kg BB), P5 (Pakan basal tanpa antibiotik + EDT 250 mg/kg BB). Peubah yang diamati adalah konsumsi pakan, pertambahan bobot badan, dan konversi ransum. Hasil analisis keragaman memberikan pengaruh yang berbeda tidak nyata (P>0,05) terhadap konsumsi ransum dan memberi pengaruh sangat nyata (P<0,01) terhadap pertambahan bobot badan dan konversi pakan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian ekstrak daun tembelekan dengan taraf 150 mg/kgbb sebagai feed additive tidak mempengaruhi jumlah ransum yang dikonsumsi namun mampu meningkatkan pertambahan bobot badan dan menurunkan angka konversi ransum ayam broiler, dibandingkan dengan perlakuan yang menggunakan zinc bacitrasin sebagai feed additive (P1), namun pemberian EDT belum mampu menyamai tingkat pertambahan bobot badan dan konversi ransum pada ayam yang diberi perlakuan ransum komersil (P2) Kata kunci : Ayam boiler, Feed additive, Daun tembelekan, Performa, Residu Antibiotik

Sari Wulan Novita. 2015. Studi Tentang Penggunaan Tumbuhan Tembelekan (Lantana Camara L.) Sebagai Bahan Pewarna Alami pada Proses Pewarnaan Alami di Sentra Industri Batik Omah Batik Tradisional Kabupaten Tulungagung. Skripsi Jurusan Teknologi Industri Program Studi S1 Pendidikan Tata Busana Fakultas Teknik Universitas Negeri Malang. Pembimbing (I) Dra. Hapsari Kusumawardani M.Pd (II) Dra. Agus Hery S.I. M.Pd Kata Kunci Batik Proses Pewarnaan Alami Tembelekan 12288 12288 12288 12288 Proses pewarnaan alami pada batik merupakan proses mewarnai kain sebagai media yang telah dibatik dengan zat pewarna alami baik dari tumbuhan maupun hewan. Hasil pewarnaan yang baik membutuhkan proses-proses tertentu. Pewarnaan alami pada batik saat ini semakin langka karena tersingkir oleh pewarnaan sintesis padahal batik dengan pewarnaan alami merupakan warisan kebudayaan Indonesia yang perlu dilestarikan. Selain itu pewarnaan alami tidak merusak lingkungan. Sentra industri batik Omah Batik Tradisional merupakan sentra yang melakukan pewarnaan alami pada batiknya. Berdasarkan hasil observasi ditemukan sentra batik ini menggunakan tumbuhan yang dipandang sebelah mata dan kurang memberikan nilai ekonomi sosial bagi lingkungan seperti daun tembelek. Berkaitan dengan itu maka diperlukan pembahasan mengenai proses pewarnaan alami di sentra batik tersebut. 12288 12288 12288 12288 Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui proses pewarnaan alami dengan menggunakan tumbuhan tembelekan di sentra industri batik Omah Batik Tradisional. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Instrumen yang digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data berupa instrumen manusia yaitu peneliti sendiri. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah pemilik sekaligus ahli resep dua pengrajin bagian pencelupan di sentra batik tersebut foto serta dokumen berupa buku atau file yang menunjang penelitian. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik wawancara observasi dan dokument

Kata kunci ketertarikan arthropoda predator Suatu konsep pemecahan masalah yang dapat diterapkan dalam pengendalian hama adalah dengan cara menanam tanaman yang digunakan sebagai refugia sehingga konservasi predator dapat terus terjaga. Sementara ini potensi berbagai tanaman yang dapat digunakan sebagai tanaman refugia bagi beberapa musuh alami hama di area perkebunan teh masih terbatas informasinya walaupun sudah ada penelitian dari Hidayati (2007) bahwa Laba- laba bermata tajam (Oxyopidae) cenderung untuk memilih Setaria sp dan belalang sembah lebih memilih Eleusine indica dibandingkan tanaman uji lainnya demikian juga penelitian dari Agneswara (2007) pada kumbang kubah (Coccinellidae) dan laba- laba bermata tajam cenderung lebih tertarik pada tanaman liar Solanum ningrum L pada penelitian Mukti (2007) kumbang kubah (Coccinellidae) cenderung lebih tertarik pada tumbuhan Bidens pilosa L belalang sembah (Mantidae) cenderung lebih tertarik pada tumbuhan Borreria repens DC. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk untuk mengkaji ketertarikan Arthropoda predator yang diambil dari kebun teh Wonosari Singosari Kabupaten Malang pada tanaman Arachis pintoii Krapov and W. C. Greg Crotalaria retusa L. dan Lantana camara L. serta mengetahui perbedaan persentase individu Arthropoda predator yang tertarik pada tanaman Arachis pintoii Krapov and W. C. Greg Crotalaria retusa L. dan Lantana camara L. dan untuk mengetahui waktu orientasi Arthropoda predator memilih salah satu tanaman Arachis pintoii Krapov and W. C. Greg Crotalaria retusa L. dan Lantana camara L. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah ex-post facto karena mencoba mengungkap tentang kejadian yang menunjukkan tanaman uji yang disukai oleh Arthropoda predator kumbang kubah (Coccinellidae) belalang sembah (Mantidae) laba- laba serigala (Lycosidae). Data hasil ketertarikan dianalisis menggunakan anava tunggal untuk masing- masing hewan uji terhadap tanaman uji jika hasil anava menunjukkan perbedaan secara nyata maka dilanjutkan d

Baars JR 2001. Biology and laboratory culturing of the root-feeding flea beetle, Longitarsus columbicus columbicus Harold, 1876 (Chrysomelidae: Alticinae): a potential natural enemy of Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) in South Africa. Entomotropica 16(3):149-155. The introduced ornamental plant, Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae), is one of South Africa's worst invasive weeds. It has been the target of a biological control programme here for the past four decades. Although several natural enemies have been established, the level of control is considered unsatisfactory, and a number of new potential biocontrol agents are being evaluated. The flea beetle Longitarsus columbicus columbicus Harold is considered to be highly destructive, attacking the roots of lantana, a niche largely ignored by biocontrollers in the past. Little is known about this potential natural enemy, and attributes of its life history and mode of feeding are discussed. Adults feed on the leaves and deposit eggs in the leaf litter near the soil surface. The larvae burrow into the soil, where they feed externally on the secondary rootlets. Development takes about 60 days during summer, with the potential of 2-3 generations per annum in the field in South Africa. Rearing techniques are described, notably the use of a modified cage, and the results are compared with the alternative of rearing cultures in petri dishes. Implications for the host-specificity screening of L. columbicus columbicus and other Longitarsus and root-feeding flea beetle species under laboratory conditions are discussed., Baars JR 2001. Biología y cultivo en laboratorio del coquito pulga, Longitarsus columbicus columbicus Harold, 1876 (Chrysomelidae: Alticinae): un enemigo potencial natural de Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) en Sur Africa. Entomotropica 16(3):149-155. La planta ornamental introducida, Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae), es una de las peores malezas invasivas de Sur Africa. Esta especie ha sido objecto de programmas de biocontrol en las últimas cuatro décadas. Aunque se han reconocido algunos enemigos naturales, el nivel de control es considerado insatisfactorio y un número de biocontroladores potenciales están siendo evaluados. El coquito pulga Longitarsus columbicus columbicus Harold ha sido considerado como altamente destructivo, atacando las raíces de la Lantana, un nicho en el pasado ignorado en gran medida en los estudios de biocontroladores. Es poco lo que se sabe acerca de este potencial enemigo natural y los atributos de su historia de vida y modo de acción son discutidas. Los adultos se alimentan de hojas y depositan sus huevos en las hojas bajas, cercanas a la superficie del suelo. Las larvas penetran dentro del suelo, donde se alimentan externamente de las raíces secundarias. El tiempo de desarrollo toma alrededor de 60 días durante el verano con el potencial de 2 a 3 generaciones por año en el campo de Sur Africa. Se describen técnicas de cría, siendo notable el uso de una jaula modificada y se comparan los resultados con un medio alternativo de cultivo en cápsulas de petri. Se discuten las implicaciones de la especifidad con el hospedero de L. columbicus columbicus, de otras especies de Longitarsus y del coquito pulga en condiciones de laboratorio.

It is at the population level that an invasion either fails or succeeds. Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) is a weed of great significance in Queensland Australia and globally but its whole life-history ecology is poorly known. Here we used 3 years of field data across four land use types (farm, hoop pine plantation and two open eucalyptus forests, including one with a triennial fire regime) to parameterise the weed’s vital rates and develop size-structured matrix models. Lantana camara in its re-colonization phase, as observed in the recently cleared hoop pine plantation, was projected to increase more rapidly (annual growth rate, λ = 3.80) than at the other three sites (λ 1.88–2.71). Elasticity analyses indicated that growth contributed more (64.6 %) to λ than fecundity (18.5 %) or survival (15.5 %), while across size groups, the contribution was of the order: juvenile (19–27 %) ≥ seed (17–28 %) ≥ seedling (16–25 %) > small adult (4–26 %) ≥ medium adult (7–20 %) > large adult (0–20 %). From a control perspective it is difficult to determine a single weak point in the life cycle of lantana that might be exploited to reduce growth below a sustaining rate. The triennial fire regime applied did not alter the population elasticity structure nor resulted in local control of the weed. However, simulations showed that, except for the farm population, periodic burning could work within 4–10 years for control of the weed, but fire frequency should increase to at least once every 2 years. For the farm, site-specific control may be achieved by 15 years if the biennial fire frequency is tempered with increased burning intensity.

Low and high temperatures are known as most important factors influencing plant performance and distribution. Plants of Lantana camara L. coming from two distinct geographical populations (Iberian Peninsula and Galápagos Islands) were cultivated in a common garden experiment, and their leaves were subjected to thermal treatments (from +20.0 to –7.5°C during the winter and from +20.0 to +50.0°C during the summer) in a programmable water bath in darkness. Their photosynthetic performance and their recovery capacity after the thermal treatment were evaluated by measuring chlorophyll fluorescence, net photosynthe sis rate, and leaf necrosis. In general, L. camara photosynthetic apparatus showed a wide range of tempera ture tolerance in darkness, showing optimal functioning of its photosystem II just after exposure to tempera tures between –2.5 and +35.0°C for the Iberian population and between +10.0 and +25.0°C for the Galápa gos population. Just after exposure to low and high temperatures, gradual cold and heatinduced photoinhibition was recorded for both populations. After 24 h, leaves of L. camara demonstrated a great recovery capacity from –2.5 to +42.5°C. However, leaves of the treatments from –5.0°C down and +47.50°C up showed permanent damages to the photosynthetic apparatus and to the leaf tissues. Slight inter population differences were found only at extreme temperatures. Keyw

Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) is a weed of great significance in Australia and worldwide, but little is known about connections among components of its life history. We document over a 3-year period, the links between L. camara seed-bank dynamics and its above-ground growth, including size asymmetry in four land-use types (a farm, a hoop pine plantation and two open eucalypt forests) invaded by the weed near Brisbane, Queensland Australia. Seed-bank populations varied appreciably across sites and in response to rainfall and control measures, and they were higher (~1,000 seeds/m2) when annual rainfall was 15-30 % below the long-term yearly average. Fire reduced seed-bank populations but not the proportion germinating (6-8 %). Nearly a quarter of fresh seeds remain germinable after 3 years of soil burial. For small seedlings (<10 cm high), the expected trade-offs in two life-history traits-survival and growth-did not apply; rather the observed positive association between these two traits, coupled with a persistent seed-bank population could contribute to the invasiveness of the plant. Relationships between absolute growth rate and initial plant size (crown volume) were positively linear, suggesting that most populations are still at varying stages of the exponential phase of the sigmoid growth; this trend also suggests that at most sites and despite increasing stand density and limiting environmental resources of light and soil moisture, lantana growth is inversely size asymmetric. From the observed changes in measures of plant size inequality, asymmetric competition appeared limited in all the infestations surveyed. © 2013 Crown Copyright as represented by: Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Australia.

Alien plant invaders significantly threaten native community diversity, although it is poorly understood whether invasion initiates a linear or non-linear loss of resident species. Where low abundances of an invader have little impact on native species diversity, then a threshold level may exist, above which native communities rapidly decline. Our aim was to assess the broadscale effects of an alien thicket-forming shrub, lantana (Lantana camara L.), on wet sclerophyll forest in southeastern Australia. Vascular plant species richness, abundance and composition were measured and compared along a gradient of lantana invasion. There was a strong negative non-linear relationship between native species richness and lantana cover, indicative of an impact threshold. Native species richness remained stable below 75% lantana cover, but declined rapidly above this threshold level, leading to compositional change. Thus, sparse lantana infestations had evidently little effect on the resident community, with impacts elicited at an advanced stage of invasion. The impact of lantana was pervasive, with all major structural groups (i.e. ferns, herbs, shrubs, trees and vines) exhibiting significant species losses; however, the rate of species loss was relatively greater for tree and shrub species, signalling a shift in vegetation structure from tall open forest to low, dense lantana-dominated shrubland. Potentially, broadscale conservation of species diversity could be achieved by maintaining lantana infestations below the 75% cover impact threshold at sites containing regionally common species that are also widely represented in non-invaded vegetation. This would enable targeted invader eradication at sites of high conservation value (i.e. those containing regionally rare species or endangered ecological communities).

Lantana camara L. and Psittacanthus calyculatus (DC.) G. Don occur sympatrically and flower synchronously at La Mancha, Veracruz, Mexico. Floral strategies as morphology, colour and rewards, as well as visitors behaviour, were investigated to evaluate if floral synchrony influences pollination efficiency. L. camara is a common shrub, which occurs in clumps, flowers throughout the year, and displays showy corymbose inflorescences. P. calyculatus is a woody hemiparasite, with conspicuous inflorescences, that flowers from July to November. Both species are nectar producers, have flowers with tubular corollas, which are yellow-orange at anthesis, turning to reddish-yellow when fading. Because of their frequency and the ability to contact the sexual organs, as main (primary) pollinators of L. camara are considered the lepidopteran Agraulis vanillae, Anartia fatima, A. jatropha and Junonia sp .; whereas the hummingbirds Amazilia yucatensis and A. tzacatl, are suggested as primary pollinators of P. calyculatus. Twelve species of lepidopterans which visited flowers of both species were considered as secondary pollinators. Breeding systems tests revealed that L. camara and P. calyculatus are xenogamous and self-incompatible. Data from floral convergence, floral colour similarities and pollination syndromes suggest that these species are involved in a floral association in which both have equal benefit.Lantana camara L. and Psittacanthus calyculatus (DC.) G. Don occur sympatrically and flower synchronously at La Mancha, Veracruz, Mexico. Floral strategies as morphology, colour and rewards, as well as visitors behaviour, were investigated to evaluate if floral synchrony influences pollination efficiency. L. camara is a common shrub, which occurs in clumps, flowers throughout the year, and displays showy corymbose inflorescences. P. calyculatus is a woody hemiparasite, with conspicuous inflorescences, that flowers from July to November. Both species are nectar producers, have f, Lantana camara L . e Psittacanthus calyculatus (DC.) G. Don, ocorrem simpatricamente e florescem em sincronia em La Mancha, Veracruz, México. Foram investigadas as estratégias florais (morfologia, coloração, recompensas) de cada espécie e o comportamento dos visitantes florais para se avaliar até que ponto a sincronia de floração interfere na eficiência de polinização. L. camara é uma espécie arbustiva, freqüente, ocorre formando densas touceiras, floresce praticamente durante o ano todo e apresenta vistosas inflorescências corimbosas. P. calyculatus é uma espécie hemiparasita, lenhosa, floresce de julho a novembro com densas inflorescências conspícuas. Ambas as espécies têm flores produtoras de néctar, tubulosas, de cor amarelo-alaranjada ao desabrochar, mudando para o vermelho-alaranjado no segundo dia. Devido à maior freqüência às flores de L. camara e à eficiência na coleta de pólen, os lepidópteros Agraulis vanillae, Anartia fatima, A. jatrophea e Junonia sp . foram considerados polinizadores primários enquanto que os beija-flores Amazilia yucatanensis, A. tzacatl foram considerados polinizadores primários de P. calyculatus. Doze espécies de lepidópteros visitaram indistintamente L. camara e P. calyculatus, tendo sido denominados polinizadores secundários. Com relação aos sistemas reprodutivos, os testes demonstraram que L. camara e P. calyculatus são xenogâmicas e auto-incompatíveis. Os dados obtidos, sobre a floração convergente, a similaridade na coloração floral e a síndrome de polinização de L. camara e P. calyculatus, sugerem que essas espécies estão envolvidas em um tipo de associação floral, no qual as duas beneficiam-se igualmente., Lantana camara L. y Psittacanthus calyculatus (DC.) G. Don conviven simpátricamente y florecen al mismo tiempo en La Mancha, Veracruz, México. Se investigaron las estrategias de las flores (morfología, coloración, recompensas) de cada una de estas plantas y el comportamiento de los visitantes, para evaluar si la sincronía de la antesis interfiere en la eficiencia de la polinización. L. camara es una especie arbustiva, frecuente, encontrada espontáneamente en densos grupos; florece prácticamente durante todo el año y presenta bellas inflorescencias corimbosas. P. calyculatus es una planta hemi-parásita, leñosa, generalista, cuyas flores abren de julio a noviembre y sus triadas se agrupan en tirsos. Ambas especies tienen corolas tubulares, de color amarillo-anaranjado en antesis, cambiando a rojo-anaranjado al segundo día y producen néctar. Debido a su mayor frecuencia y eficiencia en la colecta del polen, los lepidópteros Agraulis vanillae, Anartia fatima, A. jatrophea y Junonia sp., fueron considerados polinizadores primarios de las flores de L. camara. Mientras que los colibríes Amazilia yucatensis y A. tzacatl se definieron en el mismo papel para P. calyculatus. Doce especies de lepidópteros que visitaron ambas especies se conceptuaron como polinizadores secundarios. Con relación a los sistemas reproductivos, las observaciones mostraron que L. camara y P. calyculatus son xenogámicas y auto-incompatibles. De acuerdo con los datos obtenidos sobre la floración convergente, la similitud en la coloración floral y el síndrome de polinización de Lantana camara y Psittacanthus calyculatus, se sugiere que esas especies están involucradas en un tipo de asociación floral en el cual las dos se benefician igualmente.

The biology and host range of the cerambycid beetle Aerenicopsis championi Bates, a potential biological control agent for the weed Lantana camara L., were studied. A. championi is a univoltine species associated with L. camara, L. urticifolia, and L. hirsuta in Mexico and Central America. In Mexico, adult emergence occurred in May and June at the start of the rainy season. Larvae fed within the stems over a 9- to 12-month period and caused damage to the plant. The insect was imported into Australia, where a procedure for rearing it in the laboratory was developed. Host-range tests indicated that adults oviposited and larvae commenced development in L. camara and L. montevidensis but not in any of 57 other species tested. A CLIMEX model indicated that most areas infested with lantana in Australia would have a favorable climate for A. championi. Permission to release this insect in Australia was obtained and three small releases were made in southern Queensland in February 1995.

Weather is a general stochastic influence on the life history of weeds. In contrast, anthropogenic disturbance (e.g. land use) is an important deterministic influence on weed demography. Our aim with this study was to investigate the relative contributions of land use and weather on the demography of Lantana camara (lantana), a weed of agricultural and natural habitats, based on the intensive monitoring of lantana populations under three land uses (viz. farm[pasture], and burnt and grazed forests) in subtropical Australia. Lantana populations were growing vigorously across all land uses (asymptotic population growth rate, λ > 3). Examination of historical demography using retrospective perturbation analyses showed that weather was a strong influence on lantana demography with the transition from an El Niño (2008–09) to a La Niña (2009–10) year having a strong positive effect on population growth rate. This effect was most marked at the grazed site, and to a lesser extent at the burnt site, with seedling-to-juvenile and juvenile-to-adult transitions contributing most to these effects. This is likely the result of burning and grazing having eliminated/reduced interspecific competition at these sites. Prospective perturbation analyses revealed that λ was most sensitive to proportionate changes in growth transitions, followed by fecundity and survival transitions. Examination of context-specific patterns in elasticity revealed that growth and fecundity transitions are likely to be the more critical vital rates to reduce λ in wet years at the burnt and grazed forest sites, compared to the farm/pasture site. Management of lantana may need to limit the transition of juveniles into the adult stages, especially in sites where lantana is free from competition (e.g. in the presence of fire or grazing), and this particularly needs to be achieved in wet years. Collectively, these results shed light on aspects of spatial and temporal variation in the demography of lantana, and

In order to evaluate the composition of inhalable atmospheric particles and to study the relationship between trace element levels in PM10 and in leaves of two plant species, the amount of Ba, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Ti and V were analysed in PM10 and in Nerium oleander L. and Lantana camara L. leaves from two sites in the city of Seville and one remote control site. In PM10, the Cu and Fe content was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the control site than in the other sites. No correlations between leaf content and air content were found for the elements in L. camara. On the contrary, positive and significant correlations (p < 0.05) were found between leaf content of N. oleander and PM10 content for Cu and Fe. The data suggest that N. oleander can be used in atmospheric biomonitoring studies, because it is especially useful for Cu and Fe, N. oleander being a better indicator than L. camara.

Full Text, Thesis (PhD Doctorate), Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), School of Environmental and Applied Science, Lantana Lantana camara L. is a highly aggressive exotic environmental weed that is weestablished throughout eastern Australia and is reportedly able to displace native vegetation under a range of conditions. Whether lantana is able to displace native vegetation in the absence of anthropogenic disturbance is subject of some disagreement in the literature. The question remains, however, as to what is the future for the Gold Coast hinterland rainforests in the face of invasion by lantana? This study is mainly directed at addressing the dynamics at the lantana/rainforest interface, especially lantana's capacity to invade and ability to compete with the wetter subtropical rainforests of the MacPherson Ranges of southeast Queensland, where the studies are centered on the Springbrook Plateau and the Springbrook and Lamington National Parks. The aims of this research are to determine: whether lantana can displace rainforest; whether rainforest can reclaim the space lost to lantana; and what are the mechanisms and processes involved. To investigate these questions a conceptual framework was determined where key processes at the rainforest/lantana interface were determined and set in a logical context. A wide variety of possible processes whereby lantana could resist or displace rainforest or forest could resist or replace lantana were identified. The framework questions were addressed by observations made at lantana patches in Springbrook and Lamington National Parks in southeast Queensland. These answers/conclusions indicate that lantana is not invading further into intact rainforest and is seemingly isolated to canopy gaps, suggesting that rainforest is suppressing further expansion of lantana. Even though lantana may not commonly occur thriving in subtropical rainforest, it was determined that the issues/interactions that need to be pursued via experimentation were as follows: (i) how common is lantana in the national parks of southeast Queensland; (ii) what limits lantan

Lantana Lantana camara L. is a highly aggressive exotic environmental weed that is weestablished throughout eastern Australia and is reportedly able to displace native vegetation under a range of conditions. Whether lantana is able to displace native vegetation in the absence of anthropogenic disturbance is subject of some disagreement in the literature. The question remains, however, as to what is the future for the Gold Coast hinterland rainforests in the face of invasion by lantana? This study is mainly directed at addressing the dynamics at the lantana/rainforest interface, especially lantana's capacity to invade and ability to compete with the wetter subtropical rainforests of the MacPherson Ranges of southeast Queensland, where the studies are centered on the Springbrook Plateau and the Springbrook and Lamington National Parks. The aims of this research are to determine: whether lantana can displace rainforest; whether rainforest can reclaim the space lost to lantana; and what are the mechanisms and processes involved. To investigate these questions a conceptual framework was determined where key processes at the rainforest/lantana interface were determined and set in a logical context. A wide variety of possible processes whereby lantana could resist or displace rainforest or forest could resist or replace lantana were identified. The framework questions were addressed by observations made at lantana patches in Springbrook and Lamington National Parks in southeast Queensland. These answers/conclusions indicate that lantana is not invading further into intact rainforest and is seemingly isolated to canopy gaps, suggesting that rainforest is suppressing further expansion of lantana. Even though lantana may not commonly occur thriving in subtropical rainforest, it was determined that the issues/interactions that need to be pursued via experimentation were as follows: (i) how common is lantana in the national parks of southeast Queensland; (ii) what limits lantan, Thesis (PhD Doctorate), Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), School of Environmental and Applied Science, Full Text

The effect of ground powders of two tropical plants, Lantana camara L. and Tephrosia vogelii Hook, on the level of insect damage and the grain quality parameters of stored maize were evaluated for five months. The evaluations were aimed at generating natural product treatments suitable for post-harvest grain protection and as sustainable alternatives to synthetic insecticides in the control of the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky. Three rates (1.0, 2.5 and 5.0% w/w) of each plant powder, a synthetic insecticide, Actellic Super 2% dust at 0.05% w/w and an untreated control were used as treatments. Results showed that the plant powders significantly minimised the magnitude of depression in percent grain moisture content albeit at a lesser rate with high concentration and had no effect on the percent germination of maize grains when compared to the controls. The botanical treatments and synthetic insecticide were equally effective in reducing insect damage by 25%, but the level of damage was independent of the concentration applied. Grain colour and odour were unaffected by the botanicals. Results are discussed with regard to the use of botanicals by small-scale farmers as cost-effective and sustainable alternatives to synthetic insecticides in maize grain storage.

Research on antifeedant activity of n-hexane leaf extract Lantana camara and its active fractions were evaluated for their insecticidal activity against Plutella xylostella larvae. The method included extraction, fractionation, and examination antifeedant leaf extract L. camara and fractions active against P. xylostella larvae. Extract application was conducted using a residue feeding method. Fractionation of active compounds from extract n-hexane was conducted by liquid vacuum chromatography, using phase silent silicate gel GF254­ and phase mobility n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol (elusion gradient), which produce fractions A, B, C, D, and E. Extract leaf L. camara and fractions possessed antifeedant activity against P. xylostella larvae. Extract leaf L. camara at concentration of 1% caused larva antifeedant activity up to 78.47%. Fraction E caused a higher larva antifeedant activity (85,52%) than extract and other fractions did.

Toxicity n-hexane leaf extract Lantana camara and its active fractions were evaluated for their insecticidal activit ies against Plutella xylostella larvae. The method included sample extraction, fractionation, and toxicity examination of leaf extract L. camara and its active fractions against P. xylostella larvae. The extracts were applied by residue method. Fractionation of active compounds from extract n-hexane was conducted by a vacuum liquid chromatography by using a stationary phase of silicate gel GF254­ and mobile phase of n-hexane, etil acetate, and methanol which produced five fractions, that is fractions A, B, C, D, and E. Leaf extract of L. camara and its fractions possessed an insecticidal activity causing mortality to P. xylostella larvae. The results showed that LC50 of crude extract at 3 and 4 day after applications was 0,936 and 0,651%, while LC50 of fractions A = 0,386 and 0,178%; fractions C = 0,327 and 0,132; fractions D = 0,617 and 0,318%; fractions E = 0,622 and 0,244%.

Las intoxicaciones en los animales de producción, constituyen un problema que el productor se enfrenta día a día. Con el presente estudio de caso se valoró los efectos tóxicos de las hojas de la planta Lantana cámara L. conocido como cuasquito o cinco negritos,que provoca lesiones en hígado, riñones y foto dermatitis en rumiantes, para el presente ensayo se tomaron 6 ovinos hembras de una año de edad aproximadamente y con un peso promedio de 30 kg y se organizaron en tres grupos de dos individuos cada uno a los cuales se les suministró pasto jaragua a razón de 3kg/pv/día, el primer grupo de control solamente con pasto, al segundo grupo se le suministró 8g de hojas de la planta / kg p.v. y al tercer grupo se le suministró 12g de hojas de la planta / kg de p.v. y su respectiva cantidad de pasto por día, durante 21 días para finalizar con la necropsia, dando como resultado en el examen de BHC (Biometría Hemática completa) en los grupos tratados que no existe alteración significativa en los valores hemáticos, los síntomas y signos clínicos predominantes fueron hipernea, postración, conjuntiva con enrojecimiento marcado, diarrea, búsqueda de sombra, disminución del consumo del alimento, pelo opaco y piel seca, micción frecuente con orina amarilla oscuray las principales lesiones observadas a través de la necropsia revelóque en el grupo número 2, los hígados presentaron adherencias, bordes irregulares y petequias hemorrágicas, en la región de la pelvis y médula renal se observó ictericia, petequias hemorrágicas y en vesícula biliar formación de residuos en bilis y en el grupo número 3 se observó una marcada ictericia en la región de la pelvis y médula renal, también se observaron adherencias en hígados, petequias en riñón e hígado y abundante residuo biliar.

Plant invasions may be limited by low radiation levels in ecosystems such as forests. Lantana camara has been classified among the world's 10 worst weeds since it is invading many different habitats all around the planet. Morphological and physiological responses to different light fluxes were analyzed. L. camara was able to acclimate to moderately shaded environments, showing a high phenotypic plasticity. Morphological acclimation to low light fluxes was typified by increasing leaf size, leaf biomass, leaf area index and plant height and by reduced stomatal density and leaf thickness. Plants in full sunlight produced many more inflorescences than in shaded conditions. Physiological acclimation to low radiation levels was shown to be higher stomatal conductance, higher net photosynthetic rates and higher efficiency of photosystem II (PSII). L. camara behaves as a facultative shade-tolerant plant, being able to grow in moderately sheltered environments, however its invasion could be limited in very shady habitats. Control efforts in patchy environments should be mainly directed against individuals in open areas since that is where the production of seeds would be higher and the progress of the invasion would be faster.

The West Indies lies within the natural range of Lantana species (Verbenaceae) but few searches have been completed in this area looking for potential classical biological control agents. A survey for potential candidates for the biocontrol of the weedy varieties of L. camara was conducted mainly on L. urticifolia in Jamaica. A total of 46 sites were sampled across the island where Lantana plants were common with at least 10 plants occurring in close proximity. Collections were focussed on phytophagous organisms collected using a beating tray and those with endophagous stages reared from inflorescence, seed and leaf samples. Twenty one species of phytophagous insects and mites were collected on L. urticifolia during the survey. Eight were considered to induce significant damage and warrant consideration. Of the species encountered during the survey seven species have been released as biocontrol agents in the past, four have recently been released on the weedy forms of Lantana and one has been rejected for release in Africa. The phytophage assemblage on L. urticifolia in Jamaica is considered relatively small in comparison to the species lists available for adjacent continents, and Jamaica is thus not the most suitable area for surveys for additional biocontrol candidates of Lantana.

Lantana camara is a recognized weed of worldwide significance due to its extensive distribution and its impacts on primary industries and nature conservation. However, quantitative data on the impact of the weed on soil ecosystem properties are scanty, especially in SE Australia, despite the pervasive presence of the weed along its coastal and inland regions. Consequently, mineral soils for physicochemical analyses were collected beneath and away from L. camara infestations in four sites west of Brisbane, SE Australia. These sites (hoop pine plantation, cattle farm, and two eucalyptus forests with occasional grazing and a fire regime, respectively) vary in landscape and land-use types. Significant site effect was more frequently observed than effect due to invasion status. Nonetheless, after controlling for site differences, ~50% of the 23 soil traits examined differed significantly between infested and non-infested soils. Moisture, pH, Ca, total and organic C, and total N (but not exchangeable N in form of NO3-) were significantly elevated, while sodium, chloride, copper, iron, sulfur, and manganese, many of which can be toxic to plant growth if present in excess levels, were present at lower levels in soils supporting L. camara compared to soils lacking the weed. These results indicate that L. camara can improve soil fertility and influence nutrient cycling, making the substratum ideal for its own growth and might explain the ability of the weed to outcompete other species, especially native ones.

Kajian ini dijalankan untuk menentukan kesan tanaman Lantana camara terhadap kadar mortaliti Plutella xylostella. Buah L. camara telah digunakan sebagai bahan ujikaji. Dua jenis pelarut iaitu air dan etanol digunakan masing-masing dengan kepekatan 10%, 20%, dan 30%. Etanol 80% dan air sullng digunakan sebagai kawalan. Kajian ini menggunakan rekabentuk rawak lengkap. Kajian telah dijalankan di Kundasang (19°C - 23°C). Sebanyak lima ekor larva P. xylostella diletakkan di atas daun sawi yang telah dirawat dengan lapan jenis rawatan. Setiap rawatan diulangi sebanyak tiga replikasi. Kajian dijalankan selama 96 jam dan data dikumpul setiap lapan jam bagi melihat keberkesanan ekstrak terhadap kadar mortaliti P. xylostella. Data yang diperolehi dianalisis menggunakan perisian SPSS. Daripada hasil kajian yang diperolehi, ekstrak etanol adalah lebih baik berbanding ekstrak air yang mana ekstrak etanol telah mencatatkan kadar mortaliti 100% selepas 96 jam masa pendedahan berbeza dengan ekstrak air yang mencatat kadar mortaliti 73.33%. Perbezaan bererti (AN OVA, p<0.05) dapat diperhatikan bagi kedua jenis ekstrak bermula 20 jam selepas kajian dijalankan sehingga akhir kajian. Kadar mortaliti bagi ekstrak etanol dipercayai disebabkan oleh etanol dan bukan mati disebabkan esktrak. Justeru, ekstrak air adalah lebih baik. Kajian seterusnya dijalankan bagi melihat kepekatan ekstrak. Kepekatan yang digunakan ialah 10%, 20% dan 30%. Hasil daripada kajian yang dijalankan, ekstrak air berkepekatan 30% adalah yang baik dengan kadar mortaliti sebanyak 73.33% berbanding 66.66% dan 60% masing-masing untuk ekstrak berkepekatan 20% dan 10%. Walau bagaimanapun, tiada perbezaan bererti (ANOVA, p<0.05) yang dicerap terhadap kepekatan ekstrak terse but. Oleh itu kajlan dijalankan sekali lagi dengan mengoptimakan kepekatan kepada 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% dan 10%. Kajian dijalankan pada dua suhu berbeza iaitu pada suhu kawasan tanah tinggi,19 °c - 23°C (Kundasang) dan suhu kawasan tanah rendah, 27°C - 3

La fotosensibilización hepatógena se estudia por los servicios veterinarios desde el siglo pasado, estableciéndose una de las causales de ésta enfermedad la Lantana camara (verbena morada), donde los animales presentaban hemorragias y dermatitis, no reportándose la presencia de plantas fotosensibilizadoras, ni dermatitis ocasionada por otra causa según los resultados laboratoriales, sólo la evidencia del consumo junto al forraje de la planta Ageratum houstonianum Mill. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar algunos efectos tóxicos de las plantas A. houstonianum y L. camara en terneros y se realizó a partir de la formación de dos grupos de animales (terneros) intoxicados experimentalmente con A. houstonianum y L. camara basado en las regulaciones de bienestar animal para los casos estudiados. Se estudiaron aspectos relacionados con la triada, tiempo de sangramiento y de coagulación en los que hubo evidencias de alteración para los parámetros fisiológicos de la especie en los animales tratados. Los análisis estadísticos se basaron en t student y regresión lineal.

Plant invasions of natural communities are commonly associated with reduced species diversity and altered ecosystem structure and function. This study investigated the effects of invasion and management of the woody shrub Lantana camara (lantana) in wet sclerophyll forest on the south-east coast of Australia. The effects of L. camara invasion and management on resident vegetation diversity and recruitment were determined as well as if invader management initiated community recovery. Vascular plant species richness, abundance and composition were surveyed and compared across L. camara invaded, non-invaded and managed sites following L. camara removal during a previous control event by land managers. Native tree juvenile and adult densities were compared between sites to investigate the potential effects of L. camara on species recruitment. Invasion of L. camara led to a reduction in species richness and compositions that diverged from non-invaded vegetation. Species richness was lower for fern, herb, tree and vine species, highlighting the pervasive threat of L. camara. For many common tree species, juvenile densities were lower within invaded sites than non-invaded sites, yet adult densities were similar across all invasion categories. This indicates that reduced species diversity is driven in part by recruitment limitation mechanisms, which may include allelopathy and resource competition, rather than displacement of adult vegetation. Management of L. camara initiated community recovery by increasing species richness, abundance and recruitment. While community composition following L. camara management diverged from non-invaded vegetation, vigorous tree and shrub recruitment signals that long-term community reinstatement will occur. However, secondary weed invasion occurred following L. camara control. Follow-up weed control may be necessary to prevent secondary plant invasion following invader management and facilitate long-term community recovery.

Candida  is  a commensal  organism  found  in 40-80%  of normal  humans.  Candidiasis  is observed  in immunocompromised  individuals  such  as HIV-positive patients,   it may  also  occur  in blood  and genital tract. The drug-resistant  bacteria and fungal pathogens have further complicated the treatment of infectious  diseases  in  immunocompromised, AIDS and cancer patients. The in vitro antimicrobial activity was performed  by Agar disc  diffusion  and Agar well diffusion  method.  The crude  aqueous fractions  and Methanolic  extracts  of leaves of Lantana  camara  and buds  of Syzygium  aromaticum were  investigated  for there  antifungal  activity  against  yeast  Candida  albicans.  Methanolic  extract of Syzygium  was  found  to be effective  against Candida  while  aqueous  extract  showed  no activity. Both  aqueous  and  methanolic  extract of Lantana  camara  showed  no  antifungal  activity.  These observations  could be the basis for the usefulness of the buds of Syzygium   in treatment  remedies for candidiasis  or microbial  infections.

Recent discussion on invasive species has invigorated the debate on strategies to manage these species. Lantana camara L., a shrub native to the American tropics, has become one of the worst weeds in recorded history. In Australia, India and South Africa, Lantana has become very widespread occupying millions of hectares of land. Here, we examine historical records to reconstruct invasion and management of Lantana over two centuries and ask: Can we fight the spread of invasive species or do we need to develop strategies for their adaptive management? We carried out extensive research of historical records constituting over 75% of records on invasion and management of this species in the three countries. The records indicate that governments in Australia, India and South Africa have taken aggressive measures to eradicate Lantana over the last two centuries, but these efforts have been largely unsuccessful. We found that despite control measures, the invasion trajectory of Lantana has continued upwards and that post-war land-use change might have been a possible trigger for this spread. A large majority of studies on invasive species address timescales of less than one year; and even fewer address timescales of >10 years. An understanding of species invasions over long time-scales is of paramount importance. While archival records may give only a partial picture of the spread and management of invasive species, in the absence of any other long-term dataset on the ecology of Lantana, our study provides an important insight into its invasion, spread and management over two centuries and across three continents. While the established paradigm is to expend available resources on attempting to eradicate invasive species, our findings suggest that in the future, conservationists will need to develop strategies for their adaptive management rather than fighting a losing battle.

Recent discussion on invasive species has invigorated the debate on strategies to manage these species. Lantana camara L., a shrub native to the American tropics, has become one of the worst weeds in recorded history. In Australia, India and South Africa, Lantana has become very widespread occupying millions of hectares of land. Here, we examine historical records to reconstruct invasion and management of Lantana over two centuries and ask: Can we fight the spread of invasive species or do we need to develop strategies for their adaptive management? We carried out extensive research of historical records constituting over 75% of records on invasion and management of this species in the three countries. The records indicate that governments in Australia, India and South Africa have taken aggressive measures to eradicate Lantana over the last two centuries, but these efforts have been largely unsuccessful. We found that despite control measures, the invasion trajectory of Lantana has continued upwards and that post-war land-use change might have been a possible trigger for this spread. A large majority of studies on invasive species address timescales of less than one year; and even fewer address timescales of >10 years. An understanding of species invasions over long time-scales is of paramount importance. While archival records may give only a partial picture of the spread and management of invasive species, in the absence of any other long-term dataset on the ecology of Lantana, our study provides an important insight into its invasion, spread and management over two centuries and across three continents. While the established paradigm is to expend available resources on attempting to eradicate invasive species, our findings suggest that in the future, conservationists will need to develop strategies for their adaptive management rather than fighting a losing battle.

INTRODUCTION: Postoperative morbidity and mortality in older patients with comorbidities undergoing gastrointestinal surgery are a major burden on healthcare systems. Infections after surgery are common in such patients, prolonging hospitalisation and reducing postoperative short-term and long-term survival. Optimal management of perioperative intravenous fluids and inotropic drugs may reduce infection rates and improve outcomes from surgery. Previous small trials of cardiac-output-guided haemodynamic therapy algorithms suggested a modest reduction in postoperative morbidity. A large definitive trial is needed to confirm or refute this and inform widespread clinical practice. METHODS: The Optimisation of Perioperative Cardiovascular Management to Improve Surgical Outcome II (OPTIMISE II) trial is a multicentre, international, parallel group, open, randomised controlled trial. 2502 high-risk patients undergoing major elective gastrointestinal surgery will be randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio using minimisation to minimally invasive cardiac output monitoring to guide protocolised administration of intravenous fluid combined with low-dose inotrope infusion, or usual care. The trial intervention will be carried out during and for 4 hours after surgery. The primary outcome is postoperative infection of Clavien-Dindo grade II or higher within 30 days of randomisation. Participants and those delivering the intervention will not be blinded to treatment allocation; however, outcome assessors will be blinded when feasible. Participant recruitment started in January 2017 and is scheduled to last 3 years, within 50 hospitals worldwide. ETHICS/DISSEMINATION: The OPTIMISE II trial has been approved by the UK National Research Ethics Service and has been approved by responsible ethics committees in all participating countries. The findings will be disseminated through publication in a widely accessible peer-reviewed scientific journal. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ISRCTN39653756.

The histochemical Studies of leaves, Root and Stem of Lantena camara Linn.(Verbenaceae) in Maharashtra. It is a annual shrub grown widely in different places of India. The species has been investigated for the phytochemical, anti-oxidant and antimicrobial Potential. This paper encompasses a comprehensive review on histochemical and Biological aspects of Lantena camara L. For histochemical studies the freehand sections of leaves, stem and root were taken and treated with respective reagent in localize component, viz. Starch, protein, tannin, saponin, fat, and alkaloids in the tissues. Keywords: Histochemistry, Lantena, Alkaloids, Protein

The influence of feed form and energy concentration of the diet on growth performance and the development of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) was studied in brown-egg laying pullets. Diets formed a 2 x 5 factorial with 2 feed forms (mash vs. crumbles) and 5 levels of energy differing in 50 kcal AMEn/kg. For the entire study (0 to 17 wk of age) feeding crumbles increased ADFI (52.9 vs. 49.7 g; P < 0.001) and ADG (12.7 vs. 11.6 g; P < 0.001) and improved feed conversion ratio (FCR; 4.18 vs. 4.27; P < 0.001). An increase in the energy content of the diet decreased ADFI linearly (P < 0.001) and improved FCR quadratically (P < 0.01) but energy intake (kcal AMEn/d) was not affected. BW uniformity was higher (P < 0.05) in pullets fed crumbles than in those fed mash but was not affected (P > 0.05) by energy content of the diet. At 5, 10, and 17 wk of age, the relative weight (RW, % BW) of the GIT and the gizzard, and gizzard digesta content were lower (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001) and gizzard pH was higher (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001) in pullets fed crumbles than in pullets fed mash. Energy concentration of the diet did not affect any of the GIT variables studied. In summary, feeding crumbles improved pullet performance and reduced the RW of the GIT and gizzard, and increased gizzard pH at all ages. An increase in the energy content of the diet improved FCR from 0 to 17 wk of age. The use of crumbles and the increase in the AMEn content of the diet might be used adventageously when the objetive is to increase the BW of the pullets. However, crumbles affected the development and weight of the organs of the GIT, which might have negative effects on feed intake and egg production at the beginning of the egg laying cycle.

The effects of inclusion in the diet of different sources of soya bean meal (SBM) on growth performance, total tract apparent digestibility (TTAD) and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of major dietary components and mucosal ileum morphology were studied in Iberian pigs weaned at 30 days of age. From 30 to 51 days of age (phase I), there was a control diet based on regular soya bean meal (R-SBM; 44% CP) of Argentina (ARG) origin and five extra diets in which a high-protein soya bean meal (HP-SBM; 49% CP) of the USA or ARG origin, either ground (990 μm) or micronized (60 μm), or a soya protein concentrate (SPC; 65% CP) substituted the R-SBM. From 51 to 61 days of age (phase II), all pigs were fed a common commercial diet in mash form. The following pre-planned orthogonal contrasts were conducted: (1) R-SBM v. all the other diets, (2) SPC v. all the HP-SBM diets, (3) micronized HP-SBM v. ground HP-SBM, (4) HP-SBM of ARG origin v. HP-SBM of US origin and (5) interaction between source and the degree of grinding of the HP-SBM. Dietary treatment did not affect growth performance of the pigs at any age but from 30 to 51 days of age, post weaning diarrhoea (PWD) was higher (P<0.001) and the TTAD and AID of all nutrients were lower for pigs fed the R-SBM diet than for pigs fed the HP-SBM or the SPC diets. However, no differences between the HP-SBM and the SPC containing diets were detected for any trait. The TTAD of organic matter (P=0.07) and gross energy (GE) (P=0.05) tended to be higher for the micronized HP-SBM than for the ground HP-SBM and that of GE was higher (P<0.05) for US meal than for the ARG meal. Pigs fed R-SBM had lower villus height (P<0.01) than pigs fed HP-SBM or SPC but no differences in ileal mucosal morphology were detected between SPC and HP-SBM containing diets. It is concluded that feeding the HP-SBM or SPC-reduced PWD and improved nutrient digestibility and ileal morphology as compared with feeding the R-SBM, but had no effect on pig performance. T

No abstract available.

Lantana camara L., introduced as an ornamental plant in India a century ago, has invaded over 40% forest lands today. It is also actively spreading through Indian states in agricultural farms and interfering with the productivity of several food crops. The detrimental effect of L. camara has been recognised on various plants, however, to the best of our knowledge, published studies have not explored its effect on an important cash crop of India i.e., Arachis hypogea. Hence, in the present study, the allelopathic effect of aqueous extracts of L. camara on germination and chlorophyll, protein profile of peanut seeds was determined. It was observed that 1% L. camara aqueous extracts has negligible effect on seed germination, and chlorophyll a and protein content of germinated A. hypogea seeds, but significantly affected total chlorophyll and chlorophyll b concentration. At higher concentrations (1% and 3%), the allelopathic effect of L. camara aqueous extracts was clearly evident on all three growth parameters of peanuts evaluated in this study. In conclusion, our study reports that L. camara may prove to be a much bigger challenge in management of peanut productivity as compared to other invasive weeds, if proper preventive measures are not recognized immediately.

Lantana camara L. and Lantana montevidensis Briq. (F. Verbenaceae) are invasive ornamental weeds native to the tropical regions of Africa and America. The leaves of both species have been traditionally used as infusions for treating fever, rheumatism, and cancer. LC-MS-MS-guided profiling of the methanolic extracts of the leaves of L. camara and L. montevidensis growing in Egypt led to the putative identification of 59 compounds belonging to terpenoids, flavonoids, iridoid glycosides, phenolic acids, and their derivatives. The in vitro antioxidants and anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities of the two extracts were investigated. L. camara and L. montevidensis inhibited DPPH center dot (IC50 = 34.01 +/- 1.32 and 47.43 +/- 1.74 mu g/ mL), ABTS (IC50 = 30.73 +/- 1.42 and 40.37 +/- 1.51 mu g/mL), and superoxide anion (IC50 = 1.57 +/- 0.19 and 1.31 +/- 0.14 mu g/mL) free radicals. A potent antiinflammatory effect was observed for both species through the inhibition of elastase release in fMLF/CB-induced human neutrophils (IC50 = 2.40 +/- 0.16 and 1.90 +/- 0.07 mu g/mL). The extracts showed significant cytotoxic activity against a panel of cancer cell lines with the most potent activity against Caco cells (IC50 = 45.65 +/- 1.64 and 40.67 +/- 1.52 mu g /mL for L. camara and L. montevidensis, respectively). Western blotting supported by FACS analysis revealed that the extracts inhibited cancer cell proliferation, reduced metastasis, and induced apoptosis resulting in cell cycle arrest. This was achieved via increasing mRNA and protein expressions of p53 and GSK-313 as well as decreasing the expression of PI3K, Akt, and cyclin D1.

Lepidoptera is a diverse and abundant group of insects, widely used in biodiversity and conservation studies, as it has great social appeal. From this perspective, this study was aimed to conduct a survey of flower – visiting butterfly species in Bosque da Ciência, at the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), an urban forest fragment open to public visitation in the State of Amazonas, Brazil. Thus, attractive plants for nectarivorous butterflies were observed, and the best location and conditions for viewing such diversity, as well as a guide for their identification was proposed. Forty-three species of flower – visiting butterflies were identified, among which Anthoptus epictetus (Fabricius), Ascia monuste (Linnaeus), Anartia jatrophae (Linnaeus), Eurema albula (Cramer) were observed to be more frequent. According to the species accumulation curve, the species richness of butterflies would be higher if greater collection effort were employed. The period of greatest flight activity and flower - visitation occurred from 9 am to 11 am. Of the six attractive plants identified, Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Rich.) and Lantana camara L. were the most visited, so we consider that these species are important for butterfly attractiveness. The butterflies of Bosque da Ciência are a representation of the nectarivores guild of the city of Manaus, Amazonas, and the establishment of an attractive butterfly garden in this place can contribute to the promotion of environmental education by stimulating the knowledge and awareness for biodiversity preservation.

Tumbuhan Lantana camara Linn termasuk ke dalam famili Verbenaceae yang dapat tumbuh di berbagai negara di dunia, baik di daerah subtropis maupun tropis, salah satunya Indonesia. Penelitian sebelumnya melaporkan daun tumbuhan ini mengandung triterpenoid, steroid, kumarin, flavonoid, alkaloid dan fenolik. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan isolasi dan karakterisasi struktur senyawa hasil isolasi dari ekstrak heksana daun Lantana camara L., serta uji aktivitas sitotoksiknya. Isolasi dilakukan dengan kromatografi kolom fasa normal, karakterisasi struktur senyawa dengan spektrofotometer Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) dan Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), dan uji aktivitas sitotoksik dengan metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). Senyawa hasil isolasi diperoleh berupa padatan putih (10,30 mg) dengan titik leleh 67-69°C. Identifikasi senyawa murni hasil isolasi dengan pereaksi Liebermann Buchard menunjukkan positif triterpen. Data spektrum UV-Vis menunjukkan serapan maksimum pada panjang gelombang 204 nm. Data spektrum FTIR menunjukkan adanya serapan dari gugus fungsi C-H alifatik (2916,37 cm-1), dan geminal dimetil (1462,04 cm-1 dan 1377,17 cm-1) yang menunjukkan serapan khas dari senyawa triterpen. Uji aktivitas sitotoksik senyawa triterpen menunjukkan toksik lemah dengan nilai LC50 741 mg/L.