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To support nonsequential writes, persistent cache (PC) is constructed in drive managed SMR (DM-SMR) drive. However, PC cleaning introduces drastic performance degradation and enlarges tail latencies. In this article, we propose to utilize reinforcement learning (RL) to mitigate the longtail latency of PC cleaning. Our scheme uses the lightweight Q-learning method to monitor and learn the idle time of I/O workloads, based on which PC cleaning is intelligently guided, thus maximally exploit idle time between requests and hiding tail latency from normal requests. In addition, a multiagent RL scheme with clustering algorithm is adopted to further mitigate the tail latencies and adapt to variable workloads. We emulate a DM-SMR drive inside a Linux device driver to implement our proposed scheme. According to the experimental results, our scheme can effectively reduce the tail latency by 59.45% at the 99.9th percentile and the average latency by 48.75% compared with a typical shingled magnetic recording (SMR) design., Funding Agencies|National Science Foundation for Young Scientists of China [61902218]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [62272271]; National Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Joint Fund [U1806203]; Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China [GRF 15224918]; Chinese University of Hong Kong [4055151]; U.S. National Science Foundation [2208317, 2204657]

Jian Lin,1,* Tianpeng Shi,2,* Yi Wang,1 Zhiqi He,1 Zhixiang Mu,1 Xiaojun Cai,1 Hui Deng,1 Jianliang Shen,3– 5 Fen Liu6 1School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Stomatology, PLA Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; 3State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China; 4Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China; 5Department of Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health, Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China; 6Department of Histology and Embryology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Hui Deng; Fen Liu, Email dh0726@gmail.com; liufen6459@163.comBackground: Much attention has been paid to sustained drug release and anti-infection in wound management. Hydrogels, which are biocompatible materials, are promising tools for controlled drug release and infective protection during wound healing. However, hydrogels also demonstrate limitations in the highly efficient treatment of wounds because of the diffusion rate. In this work, we explored pH-sensitive hydrogels that enable ultra-long-acting drug release and sustained antibacterial properties.Methods: We constructed a hybrid gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) system with sustainable antibacterial properties combining hyaluronic acid (HA)-coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN), which loaded host-guest complexes of chlorhexidine (CHX) with β-cyclodextrins (β-CD) (CHX⊂CD-MSN@HA@GelMA). The release mechanism of CHX was explored using UV-vis spectra after intermittent diffusion of CHX. Th

Song Liu,1,* Xiaojun Cai,1,* Tao Wang,1 Jiwen Xu,2 Weilun Cheng,3 Xuling Wang,1 Gangjie Wei,4 Shuang Yan5 1Endocrinology Department, Traditional Chinese Medicine Academy of Heilongjiang, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People’s Republic of China; 2Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Teaching and Research Section, School of Basic Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People’s Republic of China; 4Medical Department, Traditional Chinese Medicine Academy of Heilongjiang, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People’s Republic of China; 5Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Shuang Yan, Email yan8028397483@126.comPurpose: Skeletal muscle insulin resistance (IR) is an important etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, its molecular mechanism is yet to be fully defined. This study attempted to identify the gene expression patterns and molecular disorders in T2DM patients’ skeletal muscle samples.Methods: First, the difference in genetic expression among GSE25462 data was analyzed. Next, PPI network analysis of differential genes was carried out, after which the maladjustment module was identified. Then, an enrichment analysis and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) were carried out. Finally, the transcription factors that regulate the modular genes by raid were predicted.Results: Most differentially expressed genes were found to be able to form an interaction network and cluster into 9 modules. These modular genes were shown to possess a significant correlation with immune inflammation and metabolic response. Importantly, the top 15 genes of area under rec

Yanjun Xu,1,* Yang Zhang,2,* Xiaojun Cai,1,2 Wei Gao,1,2 Xiuzhen Tang,3 Yini Chen,1,2 Jie Chen,1,2 Li Chen,1,2 Qiwei Tian,4 Shiping Yang,4 Yuanyi Zheng,1,3 Bing Hu2 1Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China; 2Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China; 3Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Institute of Ultrasound Imaging, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China; 4Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China *These authors contributed equally to this work Background: The intrinsic properties of Prussian blue (PB) nanoparticles make them an attractive tool in nanomedicine, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), photoacoustic imaging (PAI), and photothermal therapy (PTT) properties. However, there still remains the challenge of their poor dispersible stability in the physiological environment. In this study, we developed an efficient hydrothermal method to address the poor dispersible stability of PB nanoparticles in the physiological environment. Materials and methods: The concentration of H+, the mass of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and iron sources (K3[Fe(CN)6]) are very vital in the preparation of PB nanoparticles. Through exploring the preparation process, optimized PB nanoparticles (OPBs) with excellent physiological stability were prepared. Hydrodynamic diameter and UV-vis absorption properties were measured to verify the stability of the prepared OPBs. Properties of dual-mode imaging, including MRI/PAI, and PTT of OPBs were investigated both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the in vivo biosafety of OPBs was systematically assessed. Results: OPBs were stable in different environments including various media, pH, and tempera

Yanjun Xu,1,* Yang Zhang,2,* Xiaojun Cai,1,2 Wei Gao,1,2 Xiuzhen Tang,3 Yini Chen,1,2 Jie Chen,1,2 Li Chen,1,2 Qiwei Tian,4 Shiping Yang,4 Yuanyi Zheng,1,3 Bing Hu2 1Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China; 2Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China; 3Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Institute of Ultrasound Imaging, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China; 4Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China *These authors contributed equally to this work Background: The intrinsic properties of Prussian blue (PB) nanoparticles make them an attractive tool in nanomedicine, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), photoacoustic imaging (PAI), and photothermal therapy (PTT) properties. However, there still remains the challenge of their poor dispersible stability in the physiological environment. In this study, we developed an efficient hydrothermal method to address the poor dispersible stability of PB nanoparticles in the physiological environment. Materials and methods: The concentration of H+, the mass of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and iron sources (K3[Fe(CN)6]) are very vital in the preparation of PB nanoparticles. Through exploring the preparation process, optimized PB nanoparticles (OPBs) with excellent physiological stability were prepared. Hydrodynamic diameter and UV-vis absorption properties were measured to verify the stability of the prepared OPBs. Properties of dual-mode imaging, including MRI/PAI, and PTT of OPBs were investigated both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the in vivo biosafety of OPBs was systematically assessed. Results: OPBs were stable in different environments including various media, pH, and tempera

Gangmin Wang,1,* XiaoLong Gao,2,* GuoJun Gu,2 ZhiHong Shao,2 MingHua Li,2 PeiJun Wang,2 JianRong Yang,3 XiaoJun Cai,4 YongYong Li4 1Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 2Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 3Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Third People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 4Institute for Advanced Materials and Nano Biomedicine, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China *These authors contributed equally to this work Abstract: A polyethylene glycol–poly(ε-benzyloxycarbonyl-l-lysine) (PEG-SS-PLL) block copolymer based on a disulfide-linked, novel biodegradable catiomer bearing a PEG-sheddable shell was developed to avoid “PEG dilemma” in nanoparticle intracellular tracking of PEG-PLL where PEG was nondegradable. However, PEG-SS-PLL catiomers have not been used to deliver small interfering VEGF RNA (siVEGF) in antiangiogenesis gene therapy. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether this novel biodegradable catiomer can deliver siVEGF into cancer cells and at the same time have an antitumor effect in a xenograft mouse model. It was found that PEG-SS-PLL efficiently delivered siVEGF with negligible cytotoxicity, and significantly decreased the expression of VEGF at both the messenger-RNA and protein levels both in vitro and in vivo, and thus tumor growth was inhibited. Our findings demonstrated that PEG-SS-PLL/siVEGF could potentially be applied to antiangiogenesis gene therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Keywords: polyethylene glycol, poly lysine, disulfide, VEGF, antiangiogenesis, hepatocellular carcinoma, siRNA

Gangmin Wang,1,* XiaoLong Gao,2,* GuoJun Gu,2 ZhiHong Shao,2 MingHua Li,2 PeiJun Wang,2 JianRong Yang,3 XiaoJun Cai,4 YongYong Li4 1Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 2Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 3Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Third People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 4Institute for Advanced Materials and Nano Biomedicine, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China *These authors contributed equally to this work Abstract: A polyethylene glycol–poly(ε-benzyloxycarbonyl-l-lysine) (PEG-SS-PLL) block copolymer based on a disulfide-linked, novel biodegradable catiomer bearing a PEG-sheddable shell was developed to avoid “PEG dilemma” in nanoparticle intracellular tracking of PEG-PLL where PEG was nondegradable. However, PEG-SS-PLL catiomers have not been used to deliver small interfering VEGF RNA (siVEGF) in antiangiogenesis gene therapy. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether this novel biodegradable catiomer can deliver siVEGF into cancer cells and at the same time have an antitumor effect in a xenograft mouse model. It was found that PEG-SS-PLL efficiently delivered siVEGF with negligible cytotoxicity, and significantly decreased the expression of VEGF at both the messenger-RNA and protein levels both in vitro and in vivo, and thus tumor growth was inhibited. Our findings demonstrated that PEG-SS-PLL/siVEGF could potentially be applied to antiangiogenesis gene therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Keywords: polyethylene glycol, poly lysine, disulfide, VEGF, antiangiogenesis, hepatocellular carcinoma, siRNA