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Es wurde viel über den urheberrechtlichen Schutz von KI-Output und der KI-Programmierung diskutiert. In dieser Arbeit soll aufgezeigt werden, wie wichtig es ist, den Urheberrechtsstatus der Daten zu berücksichtigen, auf denen große Sprachmodell-KIs (sogenannte LLMs) trainiert werden. Die Gefahr für das Urheberrecht, die von KI ausgeht, wird durch die Copilot-Sammelklage demonstriert, die im Jahr 2022 in den USA eingereicht wurde. Anhand einer Analyse des urheberrechtlichen Rahmens der EU und der USA wird in dieser Arbeit das Problem erörtert, das beim Training von KI auf öffentlich verfügbarem FOSS-lizenziertem Code entsteht. Der Grundgedanke dieser Arbeit ist, dass FOSS ein wesentlicher Bestandteil der Softwareentwicklung ist und als solcher vor einer möglichen Ausbeutung durch Big Tech geschützt werden muss. In dieser Arbeit wird festgestellt, dass Copilot gegen die in Lizenz bestimmte Verpflichtungen zur Namensnennung verstößt, was die Grundsätze der FOSS-Bewegung untergräbt. Die rechtliche Analyse ergab jedoch, dass in der EU die Ausnahmeregelung für Text- und Data-Mining (TDM) in den Artikeln 3 und 4 der Richtlinie über das Urheberrecht im digitalen Binnenmarkt höchstwahrscheinlich auf Copilot und viele andere LLMs Anwendung finden wird. Obwohl es dem Nutzungsvorbehalt gemäß Art. 4(3) unterliegt, bedeutet dies, dass Copilot in der EU nicht als Verstoß gegen das Urheberrecht angesehen wird. In den USA ist es unwahrscheinlich, dass die Fair-Use-Ausnahme Anwendung findet, da eine ganzheitlichere Bewertung zulässig ist. Die normativen Debatten zu diesem Thema spiegeln die Schwierigkeit wider, einen Ausgleich zwischen konkurrierenden politischen Interessen zu finden. Diese Arbeit soll zeigen, dass die Bedeutung von FOSS und die Förderung der Qualität und Zugänglichkeit von Software vom Gesetzgeber berücksichtigt werden sollte., There has been much discussion about the copyright protection of AI output and the AI programming itself. This thesis seeks to demonstrate the importance of considering the copyright status of the data on which large language model AIs are trained. The Copilot class action lawsuit which emerged in the US in 2022 serves as a good illustration of this dilemma, which this thesis leverages. By analysing the EU and US copyright frameworks, this thesis discusses the problem posed by AI machine learning training on publicly available software code protected by free open-source software (FOSS) licenses. The cornerstone of this thesis is that FOSS is integral for software development and, as such, requires protection from potential exploitation by Big Tech. The thesis analyses the thirteen licences available in the data on which Copilot trains to conclude that eleven of the licences stipulate attribution as a condition of use. Yet, LLM’s programming makes it impossible to track how its output arises, creating a paradox which undermines the principles around which the FOSS movement is centred. Despite this, the legal analysis showed that in the EU, the text and data mining exception (TDM) in articles 3 and 4 of the Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market will most likely apply to Copilot and many other LLMs. While it is subject to the author’s opt-out right from article 4(3), it effectively means that in the EU, Copilot will not be considered in violation of copyright. In the US, the fair use exception is unlikely to apply as a more holistic evaluation of factors is permitted. The final determination, however, remains to be made by the courts. The normative debates surrounding this topic reflect the difficulty of balancing the competing policy interests. However, this thesis seeks to demonstrate that the importance of FOSS and the effort to promote the quality and accessibility of software should be borne in mind by policymakers.

Huruvida generativ AI utgör intrång i upphovsrättsinnehavarens ekonomiska rättigheter är en normativ fråga som, på grund av rättssäkerhetsprincipen som är en viktig del av rättsstatsprincipen borde kunna besvaras. Ändå verkar det inte finnas något entydigt svar. Detta beror delvis på svårigheterna med att utföra analysen endast på en abstrakt nivå när det finns en betydligt stor variation av generativa AI-verktyg på marknaden. Ännu viktigare är att svaret beror på en rad olika kriterier som för närvarande verkar att vara oklara eller oprecisa. Ett avgörande från en europeisk domstol om artikel 4 DSM-direktivet är önskvärd för rättssäkerheten., Whether generative AI infringes copyright holders’ economic rights is a normative question that, due to the requirement of legal certainty inherent to the principle of rule of law should have an answer. And yet, it is not a clearcut case. This is partly because, due to the wide variety of generative AI tools available on the market or under development, an abstract analysis on the legality of all of these has its limitations. More importantly, the answer depends on a range of different legal criteria, the interpretation of which is unclear at the moment. Therefore, interpretative guidance from the European courts is desirable for the sake of clarity and legal predictability.

The potential direct liability of hosting platforms such as YouTube and Dailymotion, which provide the technical conditions for their users to upload and share copyright-protected content, for the infringement of the right of communication to the public (CTTP) in Article 3(1) Directive 2001/29/EC (and pre-Directive 790/2019) represents one of the most complex and controversial aspects of current European Union (EU) copyright law. The test in Article 3(1) is opaque and may even support opposing conclusions on the matter. Doctrinally, the appropriateness of Article 3(1) to regulate hosting platforms is shaky as it is unclear how the regulation of platforms via Article 3(1) may reflect the balance of interests of rightsholders, of platforms, and internet users. Hosting platforms facilitate both the legal and illegal sharing of copyright content indiscriminately and in an automated fashion. When legal content is shared through their service, hosting platforms play an important role in facilitating the exercise of user’s freedom to send and receive information safeguarded by Article 11 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. The potential application of direct copyright liability to hosting platforms, including the spectre of damages, may chill technical innovation in the area. Some platforms may even close and the opportunities for internet users to share legal content reduces as a result. To address these issues, this article analyses the three alternatives for limiting the responsibility of hosting platforms under Article 3(1). The article first analyses the complex test for CTTP under Article 3(1). To balance the application of liability, Alternative 1 explores the option of integrating a ‘duty of care’ element conditioned by a standard of proportionality within the test for CTTP. Alternative 2 challenges the notion that direct responsibility may be attributed to operators of hosting platforms. It analyses, but ultimately dismisses, the situation where host provider

The potential direct liability of hosting platforms such as YouTube and Dailymotion, which provide the technical conditions for their users to upload and share copyright-protected content, for the infringement of the right of communication to the public (CTTP) in Article 3(1) Directive 2001/29/EC (and pre-Directive 790/2019) represents one of the most complex and controversial aspects of current European Union (EU) copyright law. The test in Article 3(1) is opaque and may even support opposing conclusions on the matter. Doctrinally, the appropriateness of Article 3(1) to regulate hosting platforms is shaky as it is unclear how the regulation of platforms via Article 3(1) may reflect the balance of interests of rightsholders, of platforms, and internet users. Hosting platforms facilitate both the legal and illegal sharing of copyright content indiscriminately and in an automated fashion. When legal content is shared through their service, hosting platforms play an important role in facilitating the exercise of user’s freedom to send and receive information safeguarded by Article 11 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. The potential application of direct copyright liability to hosting platforms, including the spectre of damages, may chill technical innovation in the area. Some platforms may even close and the opportunities for internet users to share legal content reduces as a result. To address these issues, this article analyses the three alternatives for limiting the responsibility of hosting platforms under Article 3(1). The article first analyses the complex test for CTTP under Article 3(1). To balance the application of liability, Alternative 1 explores the option of integrating a ‘duty of care’ element conditioned by a standard of proportionality within the test for CTTP. Alternative 2 challenges the notion that direct responsibility may be attributed to operators of hosting platforms. It analyses, but ultimately dismisses, the situation where host provider

The potential direct liability of hosting platforms such as YouTube and Dailymotion, which provide the technical conditions for their users to upload and share copyright-protected content, for the infringement of the right of communication to the public (CTTP) in Article 3(1) Directive 2001/29/EC (and pre-Directive 790/2019) represents one of the most complex and controversial aspects of current European Union (EU) copyright law. The test in Article 3(1) is opaque and may even support opposing conclusions on the matter. Doctrinally, the appropriateness of Article 3(1) to regulate hosting platforms is shaky as it is unclear how the regulation of platforms via Article 3(1) may reflect the balance of interests of rightsholders, of platforms, and internet users. Hosting platforms facilitate both the legal and illegal sharing of copyright content indiscriminately and in an automated fashion. When legal content is shared through their service, hosting platforms play an important role in facilitating the exercise of user’s freedom to send and receive information safeguarded by Article 11 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. The potential application of direct copyright liability to hosting platforms, including the spectre of damages, may chill technical innovation in the area. Some platforms may even close and the opportunities for internet users to share legal content reduces as a result. To address these issues, this article analyses the three alternatives for limiting the responsibility of hosting platforms under Article 3(1). The article first analyses the complex test for CTTP under Article 3(1). To balance the application of liability, Alternative 1 explores the option of integrating a ‘duty of care’ element conditioned by a standard of proportionality within the test for CTTP. Alternative 2 challenges the notion that direct responsibility may be attributed to operators of hosting platforms. It analyses, but ultimately dismisses, the situation where host provider

The potential direct liability of hosting platforms such as YouTube and Dailymotion, which provide the technical conditions for their users to upload and share copyright-protected content, for the infringement of the right of communication to the public (CTTP) in Article 3(1) Directive 2001/29/EC (and pre-Directive 790/2019) represents one of the most complex and controversial aspects of current European Union (EU) copyright law. The test in Article 3(1) is opaque and may even support opposing conclusions on the matter. Doctrinally, the appropriateness of Article 3(1) to regulate hosting platforms is shaky as it is unclear how the regulation of platforms via Article 3(1) may reflect the balance of interests of rightsholders, of platforms, and internet users. Hosting platforms facilitate both the legal and illegal sharing of copyright content indiscriminately and in an automated fashion. When legal content is shared through their service, hosting platforms play an important role in facilitating the exercise of user’s freedom to send and receive information safeguarded by Article 11 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. The potential application of direct copyright liability to hosting platforms, including the spectre of damages, may chill technical innovation in the area. Some platforms may even close and the opportunities for internet users to share legal content reduces as a result. To address these issues, this article analyses the three alternatives for limiting the responsibility of hosting platforms under Article 3(1). The article first analyses the complex test for CTTP under Article 3(1). To balance the application of liability, Alternative 1 explores the option of integrating a ‘duty of care’ element conditioned by a standard of proportionality within the test for CTTP. Alternative 2 challenges the notion that direct responsibility may be attributed to operators of hosting platforms. It analyses, but ultimately dismisses, the situation where host provider

It is a common knowledge that undergraduates in the discipline of science and social science consult a wide variety of information materials to carry out researches, assignments, prepare for examinations and accomplish their terminal projects. As such, they are prone to unethical use, which may constitute plagiarism; hence this study investigated knowledge, perception and attitude of science and social science undergraduates to plagiarism in University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Descriptive survey design was adopted for the study. The population consisted of 3,459 undergraduates during 2016/2017 academic session. A two stage sampling technique was adopted. A stratified sampling was first employed to group students to levels of study from 100 to 400 Level. Simple random sampling technique was applied to select 10% of the population, making a total sample size of 348. Data collection instrument was a structured questionnaire. The statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) was used for data analysis. The following findings were made: undergraduates are aware of what constitute the act of plagiarism, however, they believe it is difficult to avoid it completely; the knowledge of plagiarism does not stop the indulgence in it; factors promoting plagiarism include: short deadlines, lack of referencing knowledge, lack of penalty for involvement in plagiarism, among others. It was therefore, recommended that higher institutions in Nigeria should include topics on plagiarism, referencing and copyright issues in their curricula. All tertiary institutions should develop and implement an in-house policy on plagiarism and copyright infringement, among others.

Technological development causes infringement to e-book copyright especially e-novel by copying and distributing it without rights for example that is loaded on the website. In line with that, this study aims at explaining and analyzing the protection of adaptation rights for infringement in the form of e-novels by the website in the perspective of copyright law; and explaining and analyzing the legal consequences of the use of the e-novels by the website on the adaptation rights of the creator. This research uses normative juridical research with the approach to applying the laws of UUHC and the case approach in the form of the infringement of the e-novels on the website in www.corongbaca.com. The primary data taken from interview and the secondary data obtained from library studies. The data analyzed qualitatively and descriptively. The result of the study indicates that protection of the creator's adaptation rights from infringement of e-novels by the website in this case has not been realized because the creator who made the e-novel does not get benefit from the adaptation rights of the novel, namely royalties that are distributed based on an agreement with the website then regarding the legal consequences of using e-novels by websites on the author's adaptation rights, there are two consequences that have been carried out, namely: deletion of website content from www.corongbaca.com, and complaints to the Directorate General of Intellectual Property (DGIP), but there has been no follow up on the complaint. As for claims for compensation and criminal charges, the parties did not do so.

Technological development causes infringement to e-book copyright especially e-novel by copying and distributing it without rights for example that is loaded on the website. In line with that, this study aims at explaining and analyzing the protection of adaptation rights for infringement in the form of e-novels by the website in the perspective of copyright law; and explaining and analyzing the legal consequences of the use of the e-novels by the website on the adaptation rights of the creator. This research uses normative juridical research with the approach to applying the laws of UUHC and the case approach in the form of the infringement of the e-novels on the website in www.corongbaca.com. The primary data taken from interview and the secondary data obtained from library studies. The data analyzed qualitatively and descriptively. The result of the study indicates that protection of the creator's adaptation rights from infringement of e-novels by the website in this case has not been realized because the creator who made the e-novel does not get benefit from the adaptation rights of the novel, namely royalties that are distributed based on an agreement with the website then regarding the legal consequences of using e-novels by websites on the author's adaptation rights, there are two consequences that have been carried out, namely: deletion of website content from www.corongbaca.com, and complaints to the Directorate General of Intellectual Property (DGIP), but there has been no follow up on the complaint. As for claims for compensation and criminal charges, the parties did not do so.

The Internet in our time is the main way for authors of works to share the result of their work, so the question of protecting their copyrights is very relevant. This article analyzes the problematic issues of Russian law designed to limit the illegal use of content, and suggests possible solutions., Сеть Интернет в наше время – основной способ для авторов произведений поделиться результатом своих работ, поэтому вопрос о защите их авторских прав является весьма актуальным. В данной статье проанализированы проблемные вопросы российского законодательства, призванного ограничить нелегальное использование контента, и предложены возможные пути решения.

Australia’s website-blocking regime, introduced in 2015 and expanded in 2018, permits injunctions requiring internet service and search engine providers to block access to overseas websites that have the “primary effect” or “primary purpose” of facilitating copyright infringement. Furthermore, the injunction may be “adaptive” in nature – rightsholders may by agreement with internet service or search engine providers extend the injunction to apply to mirror locations online, without returning to court. In this article, we critically analyse the trajectory of this so-called “no fault” enforcement regime, and highlight the lack of transparency fostered by the regime. We challenge the conception of the regime as a form of proprietary protection and the resulting uncritical reliance by lawmakers on private ordering as a keystone of online copyright enforcement. Finally, we provide recommendations for addressing the flaws in the current design of Australia’s copyright site-blocking regime.

Peer to peer networks and video-on-demand services are some of the fastest-growing technologies in the world today. One of the ramifications of their growth is the tremendous growth in research and development for the development of these technologies. The newcomers in this field of research, sometimes face Challenges regarding understanding new emergent Technologies.Features of the Book:Several book features are designed to make it particularly easy for a student to understand the basics of peer-to-peer network and video-on-demand services.Structure:We have you read the book into a number of chapters. These chapters are logically arranged so that reader doesn't find it difficult to understand the concepts. Visual Approach:The highly technical subject matter is presented in this book. Complex numerical expressions and formulas are being avoided to make the book e more user-friendly for a new reader in the area. The book contains a balanced mix of text and figures. Videos help a lot in explaining the networking concepts which are obviously based on connections and transmissions.Recommended Reading:The book provides a detailed reference to the areas described in it. These references may help the reader to understand the matter more clearly. Each topic in the book is provided with a reference number. The reader may refer to the reference paper for more elaborative study.

This paper focuses on plagiarism detection in a professional legal genre: the lawsuit (Alcaraz Varó & Hughes, 2002; Cabré, 2003: 163-199; Ruiz-Garrido, Palmer-Silveira & Fortanet-Gómez, 2010; Nagy, 2014: 261-273). Its main aim is to analyse the major approaches to extrinsic plagiarism detection, namely computer-based approaches and language-based approaches, either form-only-based or integrated. Our discussion attempts to answer five questions: (a) What type of language evidence can be obtained through an extrinsic plagiarism detection tool? (b) What type of language evidence can a text-only based approach to plagiarism provide? (c) What type of language evidence can an integrated approach to plagiarism provide? (d) What are the strengths and weaknesses of each of these approaches? And (d) how relevant can the language evidence provided by each approach be for the legal decision? The analysis is grounded in an exemplary case study on plagiarism between lawyers that was tried in a high court of justice in Spain (Judgment 107/2017, 2nd March 2017). Findings from this paper confirm that plagiarism detection is a complex, multilayered task going beyond and above the discovery of copied text of an earlier original work into another, and show the relevance of context in discerning between real cases of plagiarism and those that are not., Este artículo aborda la detección de plagio en un género profesional jurídico: la demanda (Alcaraz Varó & Hughes, 2002; Cabré, 2003: 163-199; Ruiz-Garrido, Palmer-Silveira & Fortanet-Gómez, 2010; Nagy, 2014: 261-273). Su objetivo es analizar los principales métodos para la detección de plagio externo, a saber, métodos asistidos por herramientas informáticas y métodos basados en el análisis lingüístico, bien de naturaleza formalista o bien de naturaleza integrada, de los textos sospechosos. Las cinco preguntas a las que se intenta dar respuesta son: (a) ¿Qué tipo de evidencia se puede obtener con una herramienta diseñada para la detección de plagio externo? (b) ¿Qué tipo de evidencia se puede obtener con el análisis lingüístico de los textos sospechosos? (c) ¿Qué tipo de evidencia se puede obtener con el análisis integrado de los textos sospechosos? (d) ¿Cuáles son las fortalezas y las debilidades de cada uno de estos métodos? Y (e) ¿qué importancia puede tener la evidencia obtenida con cada método en la decisión judicial? El estudio se basa en un caso ejemplar sobre plagio que fue juzgado en un tribunal superior de justicia en España (Sentencia 107/2017, 2 de marzo de 2017). Los resultados de esta investigación confirman que la detección de plagio es una tarea compleja y de múltiples niveles que va mucho más lejos de la mera identificación de texto copiado de una obra original anterior en otra nueva, y demuestran la relevancia del contexto para discernir entre los casos de plagio que son reales y los que no lo son.

This thesis investigates the practical problems that illegal web scraping gives rise to in relation to the copyright holder's legal possibilities to prosecute such infringement. The thesis also aims to investigate whether rights holders of copyrighted works on the Internet have adequate legal protection against illegal web scraping. With respect to the purpose of the thesis, the investigation is carried out from the rights holder's perspective with a focus on the procedural possibilities to prosecute copyright infringement through web scraping. The investigation deals mainly with the copyright legislation, in particular, the database protection and the problems with copyright infringements on the Internet. In addition, injunctions to produce information are examined to illuminate the civil procedural proceedings that right holders may use in the event of illegal web scraping of copyrighted material. The results of the investigation have been analyzed from a critical legal perspective where the overall conclusion is that rights holders cannot be considered to have adequate legal protection against illegal web scraping. The conclusion is mainly derived from the right holder's practical and technical difficulties in obtaining reliable evidence, but also the deadlines that must be met to obtain all the necessary subscriber information required to prosecute copyright infringement on the internet. The difficulties to obtain evidence in combination with the current legal situation thus make it more difficult for the right holder to bring an action for damages. However, it is not necessary to strengthen the copyright protection or in any other way put rights holders in an advantageous position, whether this applies to reduced evidentiary requirements in an injunction to produce information or new remedies where conflicting interests are severely limited. In order to meet the requirement of adequate legal protection, however, the Swedish legal system must ensure that there a, I uppsatsen utreds vilka praktiska problem otillbörlig webbskrapning ger upphov till i förhållande till upphovsrättighetsinnehavarens juridiska möjligheter att beivra sådant intrång. Uppsatsen syftar därtill att undersöka huruvida rättighetsinnehavare till upphovsrättsligt skyddade verk på internet innehar ett adekvat rättsskydd mot olaglig webbskrapning. Med hänsyn till syftet med uppsatsen genomförs utredningen utifrån rättighetsinnehavarens perspektiv med fokus på dennes processrättsliga möjligheter att beivra upphovsrättsliga intrång genom webbskrapning. Utredningen berör de grundläggande reglerna om upphovsrätt, i synnerhet databasskyddet och problematiken med upphovsrättsligt intrång på internet. Härutöver undersöks informationsföreläggande för att belysa det civilprocessrättsliga förfarandet rättighetsinnehavare har att tillgå vid otillbörlig webbskrapning av upphovsrättsligt skyddat material. Resultatet av utredningen har analyserats utifrån ett rättskritiskt perspektiv där den övergripande slutsatsen är att rättighetsinnehavare inte kan anses ha ett adekvat rättsskydd mot olovlig webbskrapning. Konklusionen härleds i huvudsak till rättighetsinnehavarens praktiska och tekniska svårigheter att anskaffa tillförlitlig bevisning, men även de tidsfrister denne måste iaktta för att över huvud taget ta del av de nödvändiga abonnentuppgifterna som krävs för att beivra upphovsrättsligt intrång på internet. Bevissvårigheterna i kombination med det nuvarande rättsläget försvårar således rättighetsinnehavarens möjlighet att påkalla en senare skadeståndstalan. Emellertid är det inte nödvändigt att stärka det upphovsrättsliga skyddet eller på något annat sätt försätta rättighetsinnehavarna i en fördelaktig position, vare sig detta gäller sänkta beviskrav i ärende om informationsföreläggande eller nya rättsmedel där motstående intressen kraftigt begränsas. För att uppfylla kravet på ett adekvat rättsskydd måste dock det svenska rättssystemet säkerställa att det finns prakt

On the 26th August 2020, Australian Labor Party Senator Malarndirri McCarthy moved the motion to establish the inquiry, noting: ‘There is so much confusion about what can and can’t be done about the flag.’ She suggested: ‘This inquiry is a chance to hear from all parties, their concerns and to seek a respectful way forward that guides the Australian parliament.’ Her motion – moved along with Senator Dodson - (a) notes that: (i) the Aboriginal Flag is an official flag of Australia and a symbol of strength and unity, (ii) the Aboriginal Flag is the single unifying symbol of Australia’s different and diverse Aboriginal Nations, (iii) commercial interests are restricting the use of the flag and putting profit before pride, and (iv) Aboriginal organisations have been sent cease and desist orders, simply for using the flag; and (b) calls on the Government to do everything in its power to free the flag, and get it back so it can be used by the whole community; at the same time as respecting Mr Harold Thomas. Minister for Finance, Matthias Cormann, said that the Federal Government supported the inquiry: ‘The Australian Government is aware of the concerns around the copyright of the Aboriginal flag and would like to see a resolution to this matter in a way that respects the rights of the flag’s creator while ensuring the flag continues to be a symbol of unity for Aboriginal people.’ The Select Committee on the Aboriginal Flag will consider ‘who benefits from payments for the use of the Aboriginal Flag design and the impact on Aboriginal organisations, Aboriginal communities and the broader Australian community of the current copyright and licensing arrangements.’ The Committee will also explore ‘options available to the Government to enable the Aboriginal Flag design to be freely used by the Australian community, including: negotiated outcomes with licence and/or copyright holders: the compulsory acquisition of licences and/or copyright, ways to protect the righ

This paper focuses on plagiarism detection in a professional legal genre: the lawsuit (Alcaraz Varó & Hughes, 2002; Cabré, 2003: 163-199; Ruiz-Garrido, Palmer-Silveira & Fortanet-Gómez, 2010; Nagy, 2014: 261-273). Its main aim is to analyse the major approaches to extrinsic plagiarism detection, namely computer-based approaches and language-based approaches, either form-onlybased or integrated. Our discussion attempts to answer five questions: (a) What type of language evidence can be obtained through an extrinsic plagiarism detection tool? (b) What type of language evidence can a text-only based approach to plagiarism provide? (c) What type of language evidence can an integrated approach to plagiarism provide? (d) What are the strengths and weaknesses of each of these approaches? And (d) how relevant can the language evidence provided by each approach be for the legal decision? The analysis is grounded in an exemplary case study on plagiarism between lawyers that was tried in a high court of justice in Spain (Judgment 107/2017, 2nd March 2017). Findings from this paper confirm that plagiarism detection is a complex, multilayered task going beyond and above the discovery of copied text of an earlier original work into another, and show the relevance of context in discerning between real cases of plagiarism and those that are not, Este artículo aborda la detección de plagio en un género profesional jurídico: la demanda (Alcaraz Varó & Hughes, 2002; Cabré, 2003: 163-199; Ruiz-Garrido, Palmer-Silveira & Fortanet-Gómez, 2010; Nagy, 2014: 261-273). Su objetivo es analizar los principales métodos para la detección de plagio externo, a saber, métodos asistidos por herramientas informáticas y métodos basados en el análisis lingüístico, bien de naturaleza formalista o bien de naturaleza integrada, de los textos sospechosos. Las cinco preguntas a las que se intenta dar respuesta son: (a) ¿Qué tipo de evidencia se puede obtener con una herramienta diseñada para la detección de plagio externo? (b) ¿Qué tipo de evidencia se puede obtener con el análisis lingüístico de los textos sospechosos? (c) ¿Qué tipo de evidencia se puede obtener con el análisis integrado de los textos sospechosos? (d) ¿Cuáles son las fortalezas y las debilidades de cada uno de estos métodos? Y (e) ¿qué importancia puede tener la evidencia obtenida con cada método en la decisión judicial? El estudio se basa en un caso ejemplar sobre plagio que fue juzgado en un tribunal superior de justicia en España (Sentencia 107/2017, 2 de marzo de 2017). Los resultados de esta investigación confirman que la detección de plagio es una tarea compleja y de múltiples niveles que va mucho más lejos de la mera identificación de texto copiado de una obra original anterior en otra nueva, y demuestran la relevancia del contexto para discernir entre los casos de plagio que son reales y los que no lo son

This paper focuses on plagiarism detection in a professional legal genre: the lawsuit (Alcaraz Varó & Hughes, 2002; Cabré, 2003: 163-199; Ruiz-Garrido, Palmer-Silveira & Fortanet-Gómez, 2010; Nagy, 2014: 261-273). Its main aim is to analyse the major approaches to extrinsic plagiarism detection, namely computer-based approaches and language-based approaches, either form-only-based or integrated. Our discussion attempts to answer five questions: (a) What type of language evidence can be obtained through an extrinsic plagiarism detection tool? (b) What type of language evidence can a text-only based approach to plagiarism provide? (c) What type of language evidence can an integrated approach to plagiarism provide? (d) What are the strengths and weaknesses of each of these approaches? And (d) how relevant can the language evidence provided by each approach be for the legal decision? The analysis is grounded in an exemplary case study on plagiarism between lawyers that was tried in a high court of justice in Spain (Judgment 107/2017, 2nd March 2017). Findings from this paper confirm that plagiarism detection is a complex, multilayered task going beyond and above the discovery of copied text of an earlier original work into another, and show the relevance of context in discerning between real cases of plagiarism and those that are not., Este artículo aborda la detección de plagio en un género profesional jurídico: la demanda (Alcaraz Varó & Hughes, 2002; Cabré, 2003: 163-199; Ruiz-Garrido, Palmer-Silveira & Fortanet-Gómez, 2010; Nagy, 2014: 261-273). Su objetivo es analizar los principales métodos para la detección de plagio externo, a saber, métodos asistidos por herramientas informáticas y métodos basados en el análisis lingüístico, bien de naturaleza formalista o bien de naturaleza integrada, de los textos sospechosos. Las cinco preguntas a las que se intenta dar respuesta son: (a) ¿Qué tipo de evidencia se puede obtener con una herramienta diseñada para la detección de plagio externo? (b) ¿Qué tipo de evidencia se puede obtener con el análisis lingüístico de los textos sospechosos? (c) ¿Qué tipo de evidencia se puede obtener con el análisis integrado de los textos sospechosos? (d) ¿Cuáles son las fortalezas y las debilidades de cada uno de estos métodos? Y (e) ¿qué importancia puede tener la evidencia obtenida con cada método en la decisión judicial? El estudio se basa en un caso ejemplar sobre plagio que fue juzgado en un tribunal superior de justicia en España (Sentencia 107/2017, 2 de marzo de 2017). Los resultados de esta investigación confirman que la detección de plagio es una tarea compleja y de múltiples niveles que va mucho más lejos de la mera identificación de texto copiado de una obra original anterior en otra nueva, y demuestran la relevancia del contexto para discernir entre los casos de plagio que son reales y los que no lo son.

This paper focuses on plagiarism detection in a professional legal genre: the lawsuit (Alcaraz Varó & Hughes, 2002; Cabré, 2003: 163-199; Ruiz-Garrido, Palmer-Silveira & Fortanet-Gómez, 2010; Nagy, 2014: 261-273). Its main aim is to analyse the major approaches to extrinsic plagiarism detection, namely computer-based approaches and language-based approaches, either form-onlybased or integrated. Our discussion attempts to answer five questions: (a) What type of language evidence can be obtained through an extrinsic plagiarism detection tool? (b) What type of language evidence can a text-only based approach to plagiarism provide? (c) What type of language evidence can an integrated approach to plagiarism provide? (d) What are the strengths and weaknesses of each of these approaches? And (d) how relevant can the language evidence provided by each approach be for the legal decision? The analysis is grounded in an exemplary case study on plagiarism between lawyers that was tried in a high court of justice in Spain (Judgment 107/2017, 2nd March 2017). Findings from this paper confirm that plagiarism detection is a complex, multilayered task going beyond and above the discovery of copied text of an earlier original work into another, and show the relevance of context in discerning between real cases of plagiarism and those that are not, Este artículo aborda la detección de plagio en un género profesional jurídico: la demanda (Alcaraz Varó & Hughes, 2002; Cabré, 2003: 163-199; Ruiz-Garrido, Palmer-Silveira & Fortanet-Gómez, 2010; Nagy, 2014: 261-273). Su objetivo es analizar los principales métodos para la detección de plagio externo, a saber, métodos asistidos por herramientas informáticas y métodos basados en el análisis lingüístico, bien de naturaleza formalista o bien de naturaleza integrada, de los textos sospechosos. Las cinco preguntas a las que se intenta dar respuesta son: (a) ¿Qué tipo de evidencia se puede obtener con una herramienta diseñada para la detección de plagio externo? (b) ¿Qué tipo de evidencia se puede obtener con el análisis lingüístico de los textos sospechosos? (c) ¿Qué tipo de evidencia se puede obtener con el análisis integrado de los textos sospechosos? (d) ¿Cuáles son las fortalezas y las debilidades de cada uno de estos métodos? Y (e) ¿qué importancia puede tener la evidencia obtenida con cada método en la decisión judicial? El estudio se basa en un caso ejemplar sobre plagio que fue juzgado en un tribunal superior de justicia en España (Sentencia 107/2017, 2 de marzo de 2017). Los resultados de esta investigación confirman que la detección de plagio es una tarea compleja y de múltiples niveles que va mucho más lejos de la mera identificación de texto copiado de una obra original anterior en otra nueva, y demuestran la relevancia del contexto para discernir entre los casos de plagio que son reales y los que no lo son

Peer to peer networks and video-on-demand services are some of the fastest-growing technologies in the world today. One of the ramifications of their growth is the tremendous growth in research and development for the development of these technologies. The newcomers in this field of research, sometimes face Challenges regarding understanding new emergent Technologies.Features of the Book:Several book features are designed to make it particularly easy for a student to understand the basics of peer-to-peer network and video-on-demand services.Structure:We have you read the book into a number of chapters. These chapters are logically arranged so that reader doesn't find it difficult to understand the concepts. Visual Approach:The highly technical subject matter is presented in this book. Complex numerical expressions and formulas are being avoided to make the book e more user-friendly for a new reader in the area. The book contains a balanced mix of text and figures. Videos help a lot in explaining the networking concepts which are obviously based on connections and transmissions.Recommended Reading:The book provides a detailed reference to the areas described in it. These references may help the reader to understand the matter more clearly. Each topic in the book is provided with a reference number. The reader may refer to the reference paper for more elaborative study.

This thesis investigates the practical problems that illegal web scraping gives rise to in relation to the copyright holder's legal possibilities to prosecute such infringement. The thesis also aims to investigate whether rights holders of copyrighted works on the Internet have adequate legal protection against illegal web scraping. With respect to the purpose of the thesis, the investigation is carried out from the rights holder's perspective with a focus on the procedural possibilities to prosecute copyright infringement through web scraping. The investigation deals mainly with the copyright legislation, in particular, the database protection and the problems with copyright infringements on the Internet. In addition, injunctions to produce information are examined to illuminate the civil procedural proceedings that right holders may use in the event of illegal web scraping of copyrighted material. The results of the investigation have been analyzed from a critical legal perspective where the overall conclusion is that rights holders cannot be considered to have adequate legal protection against illegal web scraping. The conclusion is mainly derived from the right holder's practical and technical difficulties in obtaining reliable evidence, but also the deadlines that must be met to obtain all the necessary subscriber information required to prosecute copyright infringement on the internet. The difficulties to obtain evidence in combination with the current legal situation thus make it more difficult for the right holder to bring an action for damages. However, it is not necessary to strengthen the copyright protection or in any other way put rights holders in an advantageous position, whether this applies to reduced evidentiary requirements in an injunction to produce information or new remedies where conflicting interests are severely limited. In order to meet the requirement of adequate legal protection, however, the Swedish legal system must ensure that there a, I uppsatsen utreds vilka praktiska problem otillbörlig webbskrapning ger upphov till i förhållande till upphovsrättighetsinnehavarens juridiska möjligheter att beivra sådant intrång. Uppsatsen syftar därtill att undersöka huruvida rättighetsinnehavare till upphovsrättsligt skyddade verk på internet innehar ett adekvat rättsskydd mot olaglig webbskrapning. Med hänsyn till syftet med uppsatsen genomförs utredningen utifrån rättighetsinnehavarens perspektiv med fokus på dennes processrättsliga möjligheter att beivra upphovsrättsliga intrång genom webbskrapning. Utredningen berör de grundläggande reglerna om upphovsrätt, i synnerhet databasskyddet och problematiken med upphovsrättsligt intrång på internet. Härutöver undersöks informationsföreläggande för att belysa det civilprocessrättsliga förfarandet rättighetsinnehavare har att tillgå vid otillbörlig webbskrapning av upphovsrättsligt skyddat material. Resultatet av utredningen har analyserats utifrån ett rättskritiskt perspektiv där den övergripande slutsatsen är att rättighetsinnehavare inte kan anses ha ett adekvat rättsskydd mot olovlig webbskrapning. Konklusionen härleds i huvudsak till rättighetsinnehavarens praktiska och tekniska svårigheter att anskaffa tillförlitlig bevisning, men även de tidsfrister denne måste iaktta för att över huvud taget ta del av de nödvändiga abonnentuppgifterna som krävs för att beivra upphovsrättsligt intrång på internet. Bevissvårigheterna i kombination med det nuvarande rättsläget försvårar således rättighetsinnehavarens möjlighet att påkalla en senare skadeståndstalan. Emellertid är det inte nödvändigt att stärka det upphovsrättsliga skyddet eller på något annat sätt försätta rättighetsinnehavarna i en fördelaktig position, vare sig detta gäller sänkta beviskrav i ärende om informationsföreläggande eller nya rättsmedel där motstående intressen kraftigt begränsas. För att uppfylla kravet på ett adekvat rättsskydd måste dock det svenska rättssystemet säkerställa att det finns prakt

Translation and case note in case B 1540-18 (Dreamfilm).

Translation and case note T 1738-17 City of Malmö v. Alfa Kommun & Landsting.

Translation and case note on the Swedish Scapegoats Case T 1963-15 (Högsta domstolen).

Syftet med denna uppsats är att klargöra rättsläget gällande upphovsrätt och hur detta påverkar musikaliska verk. Mer specifikt kommer det utredas hur lika musikaliska verk får vara varandra utan att det kan vara tal om upphovsrättsintrång genom att delar av originalverket, eller liknande stycken av sagda verk, har använts i ett nytt verk utan tillåtelse från upphovspersonen för originalverket ifråga. I inledningen kommer uppsatsen gå in på exempel där två musikaliska verk har liknat varandra tillräckligt mycket för att det ska uppkomma tankar om intrång och stöld från en kompositör från en annan. Fallen kommer hänvisas till under uppsatsens gång. Det mest centrala fallet inom musikalisk upphovsrätt gällande intrång och dylikt, även om det uppdagades om så tidigt som år 2002, är NJA 2002 s. 178. Där den prejudicerande domen från HD uttryckte att göra en så kallad helhetsbedömning var att föredra i fall där två musikaliska verk har tydliga likheter. Med en helhetsbedömning inkluderas både en bedömning om verken har verkshöjd och om det föreligger intrång. Domstolen menade även att det inte skulle fokuseras allt för mycket på vilka toner som låtarna använde, även om fiolmelodin beaktades utifrån tonföljd, utan att fokusera mer på lyssnarnas helhetsintryck om de musikaliska verken och likheter däremellan. Grunderna för URL och svensk upphovsrätt i allmänhet nämns som ett avsnitt där läsaren informeras om hur denna rätt ser ut idag och vad som förändrats under åren. Inom upphovsrätt finns det ett tydligt skydd för den som skapar verk om verket ifråga har en individuell särprägel, anses ha ett tillräckligt mått av självständighet samt även vara resultatet av upphovspersonens andliga skapande. Uppnår verket dessa krav skyddas verket av URL och detta medför att om andra kompositörer skulle använda upphovspersonens verk utan tillåtelse begår de upphovsrättsintrång och kan dömas enligt svensk lag. Upphovsrätten är en ensamrätt. Enligt 2 § URL innebär detta att varje upphovs

Recent research has shown that typically law-abiding people perceive the act of illegal downloading as less unethical than other illegal acts. A major thrust of today's digital piracy research is indeed to understand how emerging social norms influence consumer perceptions and lead to rationalisations that justify antinormative behaviour despite moral and ethics. We adopt a model comparison approach to evaluate the impact of moral disengagement mechanisms with respect to the most often used constructs referring to the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and of moral obligation on intention to pirate. Comparisons between the tested models clearly indicate that moral disengagement plays a significant role in the prediction of piracy. The results also suggest that the practice of illegal downloading is spreading across genders, and that other than moral disengagement, demographic factors of young age, pirating experience, and pirating ability are strong predictors of illegal downloading. When moral disengagement mechanisms are included in the model, intention to pirate is explained by past piracy behaviour, perceived behavioural control, and subjective norms as well as the moral disengagement mechanism of ‘euphemistic labelling’. Our findings advance the current understanding of digital piracy and support the design of more effective interventions to counteract its further diffusion.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att klargöra rättsläget gällande upphovsrätt och hur detta påverkar musikaliska verk. Mer specifikt kommer det utredas hur lika musikaliska verk får vara varandra utan att det kan vara tal om upphovsrättsintrång genom att delar av originalverket, eller liknande stycken av sagda verk, har använts i ett nytt verk utan tillåtelse från upphovspersonen för originalverket ifråga. I inledningen kommer uppsatsen gå in på exempel där två musikaliska verk har liknat varandra tillräckligt mycket för att det ska uppkomma tankar om intrång och stöld från en kompositör från en annan. Fallen kommer hänvisas till under uppsatsens gång. Det mest centrala fallet inom musikalisk upphovsrätt gällande intrång och dylikt, även om det uppdagades om så tidigt som år 2002, är NJA 2002 s. 178. Där den prejudicerande domen från HD uttryckte att göra en så kallad helhetsbedömning var att föredra i fall där två musikaliska verk har tydliga likheter. Med en helhetsbedömning inkluderas både en bedömning om verken har verkshöjd och om det föreligger intrång. Domstolen menade även att det inte skulle fokuseras allt för mycket på vilka toner som låtarna använde, även om fiolmelodin beaktades utifrån tonföljd, utan att fokusera mer på lyssnarnas helhetsintryck om de musikaliska verken och likheter däremellan. Grunderna för URL och svensk upphovsrätt i allmänhet nämns som ett avsnitt där läsaren informeras om hur denna rätt ser ut idag och vad som förändrats under åren. Inom upphovsrätt finns det ett tydligt skydd för den som skapar verk om verket ifråga har en individuell särprägel, anses ha ett tillräckligt mått av självständighet samt även vara resultatet av upphovspersonens andliga skapande. Uppnår verket dessa krav skyddas verket av URL och detta medför att om andra kompositörer skulle använda upphovspersonens verk utan tillåtelse begår de upphovsrättsintrång och kan dömas enligt svensk lag. Upphovsrätten är en ensamrätt. Enligt 2 § URL innebär detta att varje upphovs

Translation and case note Pirate Bay B 2787-16 (Högsta domstolen).

Often, existing artistic works are used in part by other creators as a means to create new artistic work. Copyright law attempts to strike a balance between the rights of the user and the protections of the copyright owner. In Canada, there is some ambiguity in copyright law as it pertains to performance-based art forms such as stand-up comedy. Stand-up comedy creations may be protected as literary or as this paper argues, dramatic works. A performer’s performance of comedic work is also protected, but comedians still may not be adequately protected by copyright law. The web series Killing Gerry coupled with this support paper, seeks to examine a specific example of an alleged infringement on copyright to illuminate limitations of the law for stand-up comedians.

The aim of this study was to investigate the various reasons consumers continue to infringe on copyrighted content, specifically in the South African context, even if the law forbids it. This investigation is two-fold since it also recognises that there are many individuals who do not infringe on copyrighted content even though they have access to peer-to-peer file sharing technology. This information could prove valuable since it can then be used to find comprehensive market-led solutions to the problem that targets the end-user. This study adopted a mixed method approach in order to cross validate findings and to reveal aspects of empirical reality. The target population for this study consisted of 100 adult South Africans who have access to the internet. Data was collected through an online, self-administered questionnaire. Quantitative data was analysed through descriptive statistics, while qualitative data was analysed through thematic analysis. The results show that there are variety of factors that influence respondents’ attitudes towards copyright infringement of films and/or television series through peer-to-peer file sharing technology, each of which is discussed in detail. The study concluded by identifying 24 factors that favourably influence people’s attitudes towards copyright infringement, including high prices of legitimate goods, historical inequality in South Africa, and perceived low risk of being caught and punished. Based on the conclusion above, the study recommends that policy makers such as government officials, boards of directors, managers, committees, and executives use the results of the study when making decisions and determining policies, especially in the South African context.

Often, existing artistic works are used in part by other creators as a means to create new artistic work. Copyright law attempts to strike a balance between the rights of the user and the protections of the copyright owner. In Canada, there is some ambiguity in copyright law as it pertains to performance-based art forms such as stand-up comedy. Stand-up comedy creations may be protected as literary or as this paper argues, dramatic works. A performer’s performance of comedic work is also protected, but comedians still may not be adequately protected by copyright law. The web series Killing Gerry coupled with this support paper, seeks to examine a specific example of an alleged infringement on copyright to illuminate limitations of the law for stand-up comedians.

Often, existing artistic works are used in part by other creators as a means to create new artistic work. Copyright law attempts to strike a balance between the rights of the user and the protections of the copyright owner. In Canada, there is some ambiguity in copyright law as it pertains to performance-based art forms such as stand-up comedy. Stand-up comedy creations may be protected as literary or as this paper argues, dramatic works. A performer’s performance of comedic work is also protected, but comedians still may not be adequately protected by copyright law. The web series Killing Gerry coupled with this support paper, seeks to examine a specific example of an alleged infringement on copyright to illuminate limitations of the law for stand-up comedians.

Often, existing artistic works are used in part by other creators as a means to create new artistic work. Copyright law attempts to strike a balance between the rights of the user and the protections of the copyright owner. In Canada, there is some ambiguity in copyright law as it pertains to performance-based art forms such as stand-up comedy. Stand-up comedy creations may be protected as literary or as this paper argues, dramatic works. A performer’s performance of comedic work is also protected, but comedians still may not be adequately protected by copyright law. The web series Killing Gerry coupled with this support paper, seeks to examine a specific example of an alleged infringement on copyright to illuminate limitations of the law for stand-up comedians.

Often, existing artistic works are used in part by other creators as a means to create new artistic work. Copyright law attempts to strike a balance between the rights of the user and the protections of the copyright owner. In Canada, there is some ambiguity in copyright law as it pertains to performance-based art forms such as stand-up comedy. Stand-up comedy creations may be protected as literary or as this paper argues, dramatic works. A performer’s performance of comedic work is also protected, but comedians still may not be adequately protected by copyright law. The web series Killing Gerry coupled with this support paper, seeks to examine a specific example of an alleged infringement on copyright to illuminate limitations of the law for stand-up comedians.

Often, existing artistic works are used in part by other creators as a means to create new artistic work. Copyright law attempts to strike a balance between the rights of the user and the protections of the copyright owner. In Canada, there is some ambiguity in copyright law as it pertains to performance-based art forms such as stand-up comedy. Stand-up comedy creations may be protected as literary or as this paper argues, dramatic works. A performer’s performance of comedic work is also protected, but comedians still may not be adequately protected by copyright law. The web series Killing Gerry coupled with this support paper, seeks to examine a specific example of an alleged infringement on copyright to illuminate limitations of the law for stand-up comedians.

Often, existing artistic works are used in part by other creators as a means to create new artistic work. Copyright law attempts to strike a balance between the rights of the user and the protections of the copyright owner. In Canada, there is some ambiguity in copyright law as it pertains to performance-based art forms such as stand-up comedy. Stand-up comedy creations may be protected as literary or as this paper argues, dramatic works. A performer’s performance of comedic work is also protected, but comedians still may not be adequately protected by copyright law. The web series Killing Gerry coupled with this support paper, seeks to examine a specific example of an alleged infringement on copyright to illuminate limitations of the law for stand-up comedians.

Often, existing artistic works are used in part by other creators as a means to create new artistic work. Copyright law attempts to strike a balance between the rights of the user and the protections of the copyright owner. In Canada, there is some ambiguity in copyright law as it pertains to performance-based art forms such as stand-up comedy. Stand-up comedy creations may be protected as literary or as this paper argues, dramatic works. A performer’s performance of comedic work is also protected, but comedians still may not be adequately protected by copyright law. The web series Killing Gerry coupled with this support paper, seeks to examine a specific example of an alleged infringement on copyright to illuminate limitations of the law for stand-up comedians.

Often, existing artistic works are used in part by other creators as a means to create new artistic work. Copyright law attempts to strike a balance between the rights of the user and the protections of the copyright owner. In Canada, there is some ambiguity in copyright law as it pertains to performance-based art forms such as stand-up comedy. Stand-up comedy creations may be protected as literary or as this paper argues, dramatic works. A performer’s performance of comedic work is also protected, but comedians still may not be adequately protected by copyright law. The web series Killing Gerry coupled with this support paper, seeks to examine a specific example of an alleged infringement on copyright to illuminate limitations of the law for stand-up comedians.

Often, existing artistic works are used in part by other creators as a means to create new artistic work. Copyright law attempts to strike a balance between the rights of the user and the protections of the copyright owner. In Canada, there is some ambiguity in copyright law as it pertains to performance-based art forms such as stand-up comedy. Stand-up comedy creations may be protected as literary or as this paper argues, dramatic works. A performer’s performance of comedic work is also protected, but comedians still may not be adequately protected by copyright law. The web series Killing Gerry coupled with this support paper, seeks to examine a specific example of an alleged infringement on copyright to illuminate limitations of the law for stand-up comedians.

This study examined undergraduate students’ knowledge of copyright infringement at the University of Ilorin, Nigeria. A descriptive survey design was adopted. Three hundred and seventy-two (372) undergraduate students randomly selected from twelve universities constituted the sample for the study. Four research questions were developed and answered and data was collected through a self-designed questionnaire. The findings demonstrate that the majority of the respondents are aware of copyright infringement and have strong perception that copyright infringement is a form of intellectual dishonesty. In addition, the results indicate that downloading content from the internet without permission from the owner is the major way through which undergraduates mostly infringed on the copyright. The findings also show that high cost of textbook is a contributing factor that leads students to infringe on copyright law, followed by scarcity of materials, fear of scoring poor marks, lack of awareness and overarching curricula while the desire to defy authority had the least influence. The increasing awareness of copyright law and possible punishment for violating the law was rated as the most fundamental way of reducing copyright infringement. The only hypothesis tested in the study revealed a significant difference in the perception of undergraduate students on copyright infringement based on their academic level with (Chi Cal. = 740.85, df=16, chi table= 26.30 at 0.05 level of significant difference). Upon these findings, the study recommends that author and publishers should try to reduce the cost of their textbooks. In addition, libraries in higher institutions should be well equipped with enough and relevant printed/literary resources. These should be readily available and accessible to the students when needed, in order to help reducing the rate of piracy and photocopying in higher institutions.

This study examined undergraduate students’ knowledge of copyright infringement at the University of Ilorin, Nigeria. A descriptive survey design was adopted. Three hundred and seventy-two (372) undergraduate students randomly selected from twelve universities constituted the sample for the study. Four research questions were developed and answered and data was collected through a self-designed questionnaire. The findings demonstrate that the majority of the respondents are aware of copyright infringement and have strong perception that copyright infringement is a form of intellectual dishonesty. In addition, the results indicate that downloading content from the internet without permission from the owner is the major way through which undergraduates mostly infringed on the copyright. The findings also show that high cost of textbook is a contributing factor that leads students to infringe on copyright law, followed by scarcity of materials, fear of scoring poor marks, lack of awareness and overarching curricula while the desire to defy authority had the least influence. The increasing awareness of copyright law and possible punishment for violating the law was rated as the most fundamental way of reducing copyright infringement. The only hypothesis tested in the study revealed a significant difference in the perception of undergraduate students on copyright infringement based on their academic level with (Chi Cal. = 740.85, df=16, chi table= 26.30 at 0.05 level of significant difference). Upon these findings, the study recommends that author and publishers should try to reduce the cost of their textbooks. In addition, libraries in higher institutions should be well equipped with enough and relevant printed/literary resources. These should be readily available and accessible to the students when needed, in order to help reducing the rate of piracy and photocopying in higher institutions.

The present note aims to give a better understanding of parody as an exception to the exclusive rights provided to copyright holders and trademark owners. With this purpose, the note uses the Louis Vuitton vs. MOB case as a reference.

EU copyright law