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Afghanistan ratified the CEDAW accord without any conditions in 2003 after the deal was formally recognized by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1980. According to the Vienna Agreement; countries can impose restrictions on United Nations resolutions that contradict domestic laws. The Afghan government has decided not to step in, despite the fact that there is a clash between the CEDAW Convention and the Afghan legal system, particularly the Civil Code. The parties to the CEDAW Convention remove from their legal systems any clauses that restrict gender equality as specified by the convention. This article compares and contrasts the rights and obligations regarding marriage, divorce, inheritance, guardianship, custody, and proclamation found in the Afghan Civil Code with Article 16 of the CEDAW Convention.

Austin introduce la idea de asegurar el uptake en el contexto de su intento por trazar la distinción ilocución-perlocución. Recientemente, esa noción es retomada por teóricos neoaustinianos de los actos de habla para sostener que el uptake es el desencadenante de los efectos deónticos asociados convencionalmente a una ilocución (derechos, deberes, obligaciones, permisos…). En este trabajo se distinguen dos tipos de uptake, uptake-como-entender y uptake-como-aceptar, y se defiende que el segundo permite formular una teoría de la acción lingüística plausible inspirada en las ideas originales de Austin. Si se adopta esa noción, cuestiones difíciles sobre la acción lingüística pueden aclararse., Austin introduces the idea of securing the uptake in the context of dealing with the illocutionperlocution distinction. In recent times, the notion is employed by some neoaustinian scholars to argue that the uptake is what triggers the deontic effects (rights, duties, obligations, permissions, etc.) associated to an illocution. Here, a distinction is made between two kinds of uptake: uptake-as-understanding and uptake-asaccepting, and the stance that the second is the one needed for a plausible theory of speech action inspired by Austin’s original ideas is defended. When that notion is adopted, some old problems about speech action can be clarified., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Depto. de Lógica y Filosofía Teórica, Fac. de Filosofía, TRUE, pub

Marine litter is a global and transboundary pollution problem. Recent attention has focused on the impact of this issue on areas beyond national jurisdiction. In many cases, marine litter is traced to a coastal State where debris have been released into the sea. Effective and legally-binding commitments at the global level to tackle landbased sources of marine pollution are rare, in large part because of the sensitive nature of territorial sovereignty. When it comes to addressing the marine plastics crisis, sovereignty is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, the international legal regime traditionally addressing marine litter, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, does not specifically respond to, and is not able to adequately address, the issue of plastics as a land-based source of marine pollution. While it contributes to social equity by recognizing the special position of developing States in terms of capacity and need for economic development, this deference to domestic decisions is not conducive to the adoption of binding and global standards. Since a large majority of plastics in the oceans originate from land, this weakness is a major concern. On the other hand, sovereignty might contribute to a solution within the regime regulating trade in waste products: unilateral actions taken in application of sovereign powers and aimed at reducing trade in plastic waste led to major multilateral actions with the potential to reduce the issue of marine plastic pollution. In recent times, the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Waste and their Disposal has indeed become an important forum to respond to the plastic waste issue, with the potential to contribute to a solution to the marine dimension of this crisis. This regime is not perfect, especially in that its complexity and reliance on enforcement at the customs level leave ample opportunities for criminal activities to flourish. Areas for improvement incl

This short paper has the character of a critical notice of Una Stojnić’s book Context and Coherence: The Logic and Grammar of Prominence (Stojnić 2021). It is mainly concerned with Stojnić’s strong claim that linguistic phenomena related to prominence and coherence, in particular the interpretation of pronouns, are governed by linguistic conventions and are not pragmatic in nature. On these matters, my views are opposite to Stojnić’s.

La Convención de Naciones Unidas para las personas con discapacidad ha supuesto la ruptura de la visión paternalista y asistencialista que ha marcado la implementación de los sistemas de atención destinados a las personas que precisan cuidados de larga duración. La importancia histórica de este documento se ha visto reflejada en las legislaciones nacionales e internacionales, haciendo hincapié en la autonomía personal en la toma de decisiones. Este cambio de paradigma derivado de la Convención entronca con la nueva filosofía de los cuidados, basados en conceptos más centrados en la persona y principios vinculados con la vida independiente y la toma de decisiones autónoma en detrimento de soluciones vinculadas al asistencialismo. En este documento conectará los principios aportados por la Convención con el nuevo marco de referencia de filosofía de los cuidados, analizando las características y novedades de este nuevo modelo y las repercusiones a nivel legislativo nacional y europeo., The United Nations Convention for Persons with Disabilities has led to the rupture of the paternalistic and welfare vision that has marked the implementation of care systems for people who require long-term care. The historical importance of this document has been reflected in national and international legislation, emphasizing personal autonomy in decision-making. This paradigm shift derived from the Convention connects with the new philosophy of care, based on more person-centered concepts and principles linked to independent living and autonomous decision-making to the detriment of solutions linked to assistance. In this document, he will connect the principles provided by the Convention with the new reference framework for the philosophy of care, analyzing the characteristics and novelties of this new model and the repercussions at the national and European legislative level.

The aim of this study is to assess to which extent the concept called the final girl can be applied to a character produced outside USA. To achieve this, I have used a Japanese film called Evil Dead Trap (Toshiharu Ikeda, 1988), where I have analyzed the character Nami and her relations to the conventions of the final girl. Some of the more common conventions are that the final girl do not engage in sex or use drugs such as cigarettes. The theoretical framework focuses on identifying and establishing the different conventions of the final girl by using two different researchers and their texts. The state of research was used to place the movie in a historical context. Because of this, the research used focused on Japanese horror cinema from the fifties to the nineties. When the framework was established, an analysis of the final girl was made. Throughout the analysis I saw that, apart from three exceptions, Nami followed the conventions of the final girl. The exceptions were that she did not survive the movie, she took drugs in the form of a cigarette and showed a lack of intellect when they arrived at the military base.

The main purpose of this research is to study and analyze the management of technology and innovation through the manufacture of a heatsink is manufactured for IGBT power transistors to fit a CD/CD converter. This work consists of four stages: planning, design, modelling and manufacturing. It is assumed that the manufacture of an innovative product requires guaranteeing customer satisfaction, like functional criteria (requirements) were defined like in decrease the temperature to less than 50 °C, heat dissipation is realised by natural convection or forced convection. Non-functional criteria, like easy transport with a weightless than 2.5 kg, dimensions less than 0.32 m long, 0.217 m wide and 0.09 cm high. Besides, the conditioned material is copper or aluminium or the use of both. To achieve this, Pugh's methodology was used., El objetivo principal de esta investigación es estudiar y analizar la gestión de la tecnología y la innovación a través de la fabricación de un disipador térmico para transistores de potencia IGBT que se adapten a un convertidor CD/CD. Este trabajo consta de cuatro etapas: planificación, diseño, modelado y fabricación. Se asume que la fabricación de un producto innovador requiere garantizar la satisfacción del cliente, ya que se definieron criterios funcionales (requisitos) como en disminuir la temperatura a menos de 50 ° C, la disipación de calor se realiza por convección natural o convección forzada. Criterios no funcionales, como fácil transporte con un peso inferior a 2,5 kg. dimensiones inferiores a 0,32 m de largo, 0,217 m de ancho y 0,09 cm de alto. Además, el material acondicionado es cobre o aluminio o el uso de ambos. Para lograrlo, se utilizó la metodología de Pugh.

Safeguarding the intangible cultural heritage is the main objective of the UNESCO Convention of 2003. Added to this are various development tools such as Operational Guidelines or Ethical Principles. At Spanish state level, it is essential to refer to the National Safeguarding Plan and the Law for the Safeguard of Intangible Cultural Heritage of 2015. The Autonomous Communities have legislated on heritage matters revaluing references of the Safeguarding of Intangible Heritage. It is essential to guarantee the safeguard, transmission, and protection of the ICH within the communities that benefit from it. A fundamental tool is the creation of inventories that can lead to recovery and protection measures and guarantee their transmission. The Lustral Festival of Descent of the Virgin of the Snows in La Palma is an intangible cultural heritage asset of special relevance that deserves safeguarding, protecting, recreating, and transmitting, with the fundamental importance of its carrier community’s participation., La salvaguarda del patrimonio cultural inmaterial es el objetivo principal de la Convención de la UNESCO de 2003. A ella se unen diversos instrumentos para su desarrollo, como la Directrices Operativas o los Principios Éticos. En el plano estatal español es imprescindible la referencia al Plan Nacional de Salvaguarda y a la Ley de Salvaguarda del Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial (PCI) de 2015. Las comunidades autónomas han legislado en materia de patrimonio revalorizando las referencias al PCI. Es esencial para garantizar la salvaguarda, transmisión y protección del PCI el contar con las comunidades portadoras del mismo. Instrumento fundamental es la realización de inventarios que puedan derivar en medidas de valorización y protección y garantizar su transmisión. La Fiesta Lustral de la Bajada de la Virgen de las Nieves en La Palma es un bien del patrimonio cultural inmaterial de especial relevancia que merece una salvaguarda, protección, recreación y transmisión acorde a la misma, y con la fundamental participación de su comunidad portadora.

The present work corresponds to an investigation of the transformation of the organization for the prohibition of chemical weapons from a technical organism to a political organism. The proposed objective was to analyze the doctrinal approach of Blokker on the fundamental principles attributing competence, with the purpose of interpreting the principle of specialty on which the conferring of competences or powers assigned to an international organization will be developed. For this, the quantitative methodology based on the bibliographic review of the literature and the doctrinal approaches of international organizations was implemented. In a conclusion, it is possible to point out that the role played by international organizations in compliance with universal norms that prohibit the development, production and stockpiling of weapons of mass destruction such as chemical weapons is essential for international peace; therefore, the transformation of competencies jeopardizes the impartiality of the organization., Este documento é uma investigação sobre a transformação da Organização para a Proibição de Armas Químicas de um órgão técnico para um órgão político. O objetivo proposto era analisar a abordagem doutrinária da Blokker sobre os princípios fundamentais de atribuição de competência, com o objetivo de interpretar o princípio de especialidade sobre o qual se desenvolve a atribuição de competências ou atribuições atribuídas a uma organização internacional. Para isso, foi implementada uma metodologia quantitativa baseada em uma revisão bibliográfica da literatura e nas abordagens doutrinárias das organizações internacionais. Como conclusões, é possível destacar que o papel desempenhado pelas organizações internacionais no cumprimento das normas universais que proíbem o desenvolvimento, produção e estocagem de armas de destruição em massa, tais como armas químicas, é essencial para a paz internacional; portanto, a transformação de competências coloca em risco a imparcialidade da organização., El presente trabajo corresponde a una investigación sobre la trasformación de la organización para la prohibición de las armas químicas de un organismo técnico a un organismo político. El objetivo propuesto fue analizar el enfoque doctrinario de Blokker sobre los principios fundamentales atributivos de competencia, con el propósito de interpretar el principio de especialidad sobre el cual se desarrollar el conferimiento de las competencias o atribuciones que se le asignan a una organización internacional. Para ello, se implementó la metodología cuantitativa basada en la revisión bibliográfica de la literatura y los enfoques doctrinarios de los organismos internacionales. Como conclusiones, es posible señalar que el rol desempeñado por los organismos internacionales en el cumplimiento de normas de carácter universal que prohíben el desarrollo, la producción y el almacenamiento de armas de destrucción en masa como las armas químicas es esencial para la paz internacional; por ende, la transformación de las competencias pone en riesgo la imparcialidad de la organización.

Poincaré’s conventionalism has been interpreted in many writings as a philosophical position emerged by reflection on certain scientific problems, such as the applicability of geometry to physical space or the status of certain scientific principles. In this paper I would like to consider conventionalism as a philosophical position that emerged from Poincaré’s scientific practice. But not so much from dealing with scientific problems, as from the use of two specific methodologies proper to modern mathematics and the modern natural sciences: methodological structuralism and the hypothetical-deductive method—thus, as a philosophical position which emerged from a way (or rather, two ways) of doing science. With this approach, I try to deepen the analysis of connections between Poincaré’s scientific practice and his philosophy.

Ponds, the most numerous freshwater habitats globally, are becoming increasingly recognized as being important for rare, endemic and endangered species, owing to the high levels of biodiversity they support and their role in ecosystem services. However, they remain largely overlooked and widely excluded from policies that might protect them. Even though their size and permanence are highly important for their legal protection, these two characteristics are not precisely and universally defined in theory and in international legal documents. International legislative frameworks do not seem to provide global, comprehensive, or detailed protection of ponds as significant and widespread habitats. On the contrary, they safeguard only fragmentary small water bodies – either by protecting certain types or only those that are parts of larger protected areas. Also, pondscapes are not specifically recognized as forms in need of legal protection. In this paper, the complexity of the legal protection of ponds is presented, followed by recommendations. These should be transformed into legal norms, and given their number and complexity be presented within a single, unique convention that would specifically address the protection of ponds globally. This type of protection would be the most effective legal tool.

The aim of this master thesis is to analyze how conventions emerge and spread through fashion exhibitions and their narratives. This is a relevant topic both for museology and fashion studies considering the popularity of fashion exhibitions and their presence in different kinds of museums. Two different exhibitions are examined, “Kläder & Couture” at Textilmuseet in Borås, and “Nordens Paris” at Nordiska museet in Stockholm, through an exhibition analysis on three levels where I look at 1). what kind of objects the exhibition consists of, 2). how the exhibition speaks to the visitor and 3). how the different texts in the exhibition relate to one another. Two separate interviews are also conducted, with three individuals holding key roles in the creation of the exhibitions to get a better understanding of the practical work “behind the scenes”. The material is analyzed using new institutionalism as the theoretical framework. The concept of different kinds of isomorphism is predominantly applied to the material – coercive isomorphism, mimetic isomorphism and normative isomorphism. The thesis concludes that there is an established timeline over fashion history museums have to abide by, where developments in the silhouettes are connected to societal events and phenomena. Old conventions about showing a spotless version of fashion history are partially challenged, creating a new convention in exhibiting a more nuanced version of history. How this fashion history is exhibited is affected by practicalities such as pre-existing spatial conditions and the quality and attributes of the fashion objects. The analysis also show that the museum visitor can be seen as an isomorphic power that can affect how the museums design their fashion exhibitions, since the museums want to meet the perceived wishes of the visitor. Conventions are therefore mutable and changing over time. This thesis also conclude that the main convention prevailing in fashion exhibitions today is that the ex

Social norms regulate our behavior in a variety of mundane and far-reaching contexts, from tipping at the restaurant to social distancing during a pandemic. However, how social norms emerge, persist, and change is still poorly understood. Here the authors investigate experimentally whether spontaneously emerging behavioral regularities (i.e., conventions) gain normativity over time and, if so, whether their normative underpinning makes them resistant to changes in economic incentives. To track the coevolution of behavior and normativity, the authors use a set of measures to elicit participants’ first- and second-order normative beliefs and their (dis)approval of other participants’ behaviors. The authors find that even in the limited duration of their lab experiment, conventions gain normativity that makes these conventions resistant to change, especially if they promote egalitarian outcomes and the change in economic incentives is relatively small. These findings advance our understanding of how cognitive, social and economic mechanisms interact in bringing about social change.

Article V of the United States Constitution articulates the methods for amending the Constitution. Amendments are formally recommended by either a two-thirds vote of both Houses of Congress or by a vote of two-thirds of the state legislatures. This latter method is known as a Convention of States. Despite its inclusion in Article V, no amendment has yet been proposed for ratification by such a convention. This research aims to explain the history of Article V, the process for an Article V Convention, the current efforts to call such a convention, and amendments that should be considered at this convention. Also, this analysis seeks to disprove the notion that an Article V Convention could undermine the Constitution. The ultimate purpose of this analysis is to demonstrate that a Convention of States is necessary to protect economic stability and individual freedom throughout the United States.

Theories of the state, its functions, limits, and legitimacy have been overwhelmingly "liberal" in the past few decades, in a very broad sense of the term. Such theories are inherently open to a diversity of genders, sexual orientations, and ways of living together because they place equal freedom and the right to prosper according to one’s own ideas front and centre. Illiberal political thinking is of a completely different stock. This article focuses on the role of gender and sexuality in such approaches. Both gender and sexuality are pivotal for illiberalism's defence of an order that is supposed to overcome Western‐style liberal democracy. In contrast to the liberals' and their like‐minded critics' quest for social justice in societies that are traversed by structures of oppression and domination, illiberal political thinking offers an utterly different brand of autocratic rule that keeps conventional hierarchies intact. It only takes note of advanced gender theories to either ridicule them or condemn them as a supposed threat to social cohesion. This article exposes illiberal approaches to gender and sexuality, considering the roots and focus of the former on the dichotomy of public/private and illiberals' aversion to equality and human rights.

Le Dow Jones et le CAC 40 sont des indices boursiers. Ils sont généralement présentés dans la presse comme des témoins de l’activité économique : leurs mouvements reflèteraient les sentiments du marché. Or, ces indicateurs endossent souvent un rôle plus actif que celui de simple reflet : par différents mécanismes, ils influencent les cours bousiers autant qu’ils ne les communiquent au grand public. À partir d’une étude du cas belge, notre article démontre que ce pouvoir d’influence des indices boursiers a varié au cours du temps – notamment en fonction de l’institution qui les produit et du public qu’ils visent. Par exemple, l’indice de la Bourse de Bruxelles construit en 1919 par un journal pour les boursicoteurs impacta davantage le monde financier que celui de l’Institut national de statistique destiné aux macroéconomistes. Notre recherche permet ainsi de saisir la dimension historique (et politique) de cette puissante statistique !

Cet article propose une mise à l’épreuve de la perspective conventionnaliste à partir de l’étude de deux signes qui font aujourd’hui autorité en salle de marché : les annonces des principales Banques centrales et les indices boursiers. Une version verte de ces deux « points focaux » est récemment apparue, précisément avec l’ambition de guider les décisions des traders et asset managers. Nous proposons de rendre compte de cette évolution, puis d’en dégager des enseignements relatifs à l’approche conventionnaliste des marchés financiers. Sur le plan méthodologique, cette recherche se fonde sur un travail de terrain au sein d’une salle de marché (observation participante et entretiens avec une vingtaine de traders), ainsi que sur une analyse qualitative de documents entourant les deux signes étudiés.

New ways of working (NWOW) encompass a wide range of management principles and practices deemed ‘transformative’ for organizations. It is often materialized by three intertwined dimensions (Taskin, Ajzen and Donis, 2017): (i) spatial and temporal flexibility practices; (ii) work organization practices fostering collaboration; and (iii) management principles and practices promoting employees’ empowerment and participation. Beyond an appealing concept and its related-practices and purpose, NWOW portray a particular image of the organization, promoting more autonomy, responsibilities, well-being or work-life balance (e.g., Kelliher and Richardson, 2012; Peters, Poutsma, Van Der Heijden, Bakker and De Bruijn, 2014). However, behind practices and rhetoric resides the making of an overall rationale promoting an ideal vision of the firm pointing towards flexibility– or more recently, agility (Baran and Woznyj, 2021) – principles. The latter may shape the proper behaviors and actions of the new ideal worker as a reflection of the ideal firm (Ajzen, 2021), shedding light on a specific convention. A convention is a social construct providing information on expected behaviors to adopt or actions to take in a given situation (Lewis, 1969). However, previous research shows how workers are not passive through managerial attempts to shape their subjectivity (Thorne, 2005; Hancock and Spicer, 2011; Richardson and McKenna, 2014) and resist (Ajzen and Taskin, 2021; Taskin, Courpasson and Donis, 2022). This paper therefore aims to question to what extent such (micro-)resistances lead to re-shape the convention (macro-resistances). Building on a case study and 78 interviews conducted in a Belgian logistics company having implemented a NWOW project, we show the making of the NWOW conventional worker by identifying discourses, artefacts and practices that compose the conventional dispositive. We also report worker’s acts of resistance and remind that any attempt to transform people’s ide

International Human Rights Law (IHRL) and International Humanitarian Law (IHL) are two complementary branches of Public International Law. Both of them protect human life and dignity. IHRL applies at all times, in peacetime and during war, while IHL applies exclusively in armed conflicts and it regulates the behavior of the parties in an armed conflict or war and the conduct of hostilities. It also ensures the protection of persons affected by the war. Armed conflicts and wars are constant threats to liberty, property and human life that can significantly influence the morality of humanity. The human history is filled with armed conflicts: every era has experienced different kind of conflicts between empires, kingdoms, states and nations. The World War I, the World War II, civil wars and conflicts in different parts of the world are examples and real testimonies that war is still an instrument for promotion of political interests of the states. In the 21st century, wars have completely different dimension, due to changing political dynamics and new technologies. Wars and conflicts need to be regulated by law and because of their international character the laws must be agreed by the international community. International Humanitarian Law, International Human Rights Law and International Laws on War are branches of the Public International Law that regulates wars, conflicts and protection of human life during wars. This paper determines the origins of these two branches of law, it explains the scopes of their implementation in practice and their mutual interactions determined by their similarities and differences, such as their origin, the bodies that implement them and the range of their application.

El derecho internacional privado contiene respuestas a situaciones que las personas se enfrentan en su vida cotidiana a la hora de relacionarse con sujetos de Estados diferentes al propio. Tal como lo explica Villalta, el derecho internacional privado como disciplina de análisis, es relativamente reciente, pues solo lleva un par de siglos de construcción y estudio en el espacio interamericano; sin embargo, las problemáticas que este resuelve se remontan muchos años atrás. Es por esto que, todos aquellos que tomen participación en relaciones internacionales, buscan regulación dentro de lo que establece el derecho internacional privado de cada país, porque a pesar de ser creado de forma conjunta con diferentes actores del derecho internacional, este termina siendo parte del ordenamiento jurídico propio de cada Estado, quien decide o no celebrar o hacer parte de diferentes instrumentos internacionales. La falta de respuestas claras en el derecho internacional privado causa que una gama importante de situaciones se quede sin regulación precisa, llevando a la inseguridad jurídica. Es así como esta disciplina del derecho se convierte en un pilar trascendental de todo ordenamiento jurídico y el trabajo de análisis y recopilación de los instrumentos que lo componen en el espacio interamericano, enfoque de este trabajo, cobra vital importancia para las diferentes relaciones internacionales de carácter civil que suceden allí. Cabe resaltar, que se han creado varios instrumentos internacionales en el espacio interamericano en el tiempo comprendido entre 1888 a 2021, pero esto no quiere decir que Colombia ha hecho parte de todas las negociaciones, que haya ratificado o adherido todos estos. De allí, nace la necesidad de analizar los instrumentos internacionales más importantes que hacen parte de la delimitación espaciotemporal de este trabajo, tanto aquellos que han sido ratificados y adheridos por Colombia y ahora hacen parte integral de su ordenamiento jurídico, como los que, Private international law contains answers to situations that people face in their daily lives when interacting with subjects of States other than their own. As Villalta explains, private international law as a discipline of analysis is relatively recent, since it has only been under construction and studied for a couple of centuries in the inter-American space; however, the problems that it solves go back many years. Therefore, everybody taking part in international relations, seek regulation within what is established by the private international law in each country, because despite it is created by the different actors of the international law, these rules end up being part of the legal system of each state. The state is the one who decides whether to take part or not in the different international law instruments. The lack of clear answers in the private international law causes an important spectrum of situations that do not have clarity of regulation, leading to legal uncertainty. This is how this law discipline becomes a transcendental pillar in every legal system. Also, the analysis and compilation of the instruments that compose the international private law in the Interamerican space, focus of this paper, are fundamental tasks for the different international civil relations that are taking place in the American continent. It is relevant to point out that there are a lot of international instruments that had been created in the Interamerican space in the time lapse within 1888 to 2021. But this does not mean that Colombia has been part of every negotiation process or has ratified or accessed all of them. This creates the need to analyze the most important international instruments that are part of the spatiotemporal delimitation of this paper, including those that have been ratified and accessed by Colombia and are now an integral part of its legal system and those that are not. However, despite the existence of various instruments, the fast movement of tim

This research analyzes and reviews the constitutional process Chile began in November 2019, addressing the relations and tensions between the crisis that broke out in October ‘19, and the constitutional process that emerged as a possible solution to open social discontent and clashes between different sectors of chilean society. This study approaches the different stages of the process, with its lights and shadows, addressing its strengths along with the critiques that are already being voiced. The defects in the configuration of the process, mismatches in establishing election dates, the integration and work of a fragmented Convention, that saw itself immersed in a highly polarized context, has damaged the deliberation. The institutional body announces a competitive ratifying referendum, which won’t, however, unite Chileans under a common constitution. The evidence suggests the constitutional process won’t end with the referendum, but will in turn extend the cycle, bringing along all the social and political consequences an event of this magnitude entails., Este trabajo analiza y revisa el proceso constitucional chileno, en desarrollo desde noviembre de 2019, abordando las relaciones y tensiones entre la crisis de octubre de ese año y el surgimiento del proceso constitucional como vía de solución o salida a un abierto desencuentro social y entre las fuerzas políticas. Se comprende en el estudio, el tratamiento de las diversas etapas de ese proceso, con sus luces y sombras, abordando sus fortalezas y las críticas que ya se advierten. Los defectos en la configuración del proceso, el descalce en las fechas de las elecciones, una integración y trabajo de la Convención fragmentada, inserta en un contexto de alta politización y elecciones, ha dañado la deliberación y anuncia un plebiscito ratificatorio competitivo, que no unirá a los chilenos detrás de una Constitución común. La evidencia parece sugerir que el proceso constituyente no se cerrará con el plebiscito ratificatorio, alargando su ciclo con todas las consecuencias políticas y sociales que de ello se sigue.

El presente estudio de prefactibilidad se realizó con el fin de evaluar y determinar la factibilidad o no de una empresa proveedora de servicios de automatización para la administración de edificios por BMS en Colombia. En la actualidad existe una marcada tendencia de querer estar siempre conectados a distintos dispositivos y servicios del entorno, al tiempo que se requiere la administración y gestión de estos activos como sucede con en las edificaciones modernas, las cuales buscar generar experiencias agradables y de confort para sus habitantes. De ahí, la idea de prestar un servicio de administración de edificaciones mediante la aplicación de tecnologías desarrolladas para este fin. Partiendo de esta percepción se propuso realizar un estudio de prefactibilidad para la creación en Colombia de una empresa que preste los servicios de operación, análisis y desarrollo de todos los activos para edificaciones que cuenten o quieran implementar un sistema de administración de edificaciones. Se realizó esta aproximación utilizando diferentes fuentes de información secundarias y aplicando las líneas que sugiere la ONUDI para la evaluación de proyectos de inversión. A partir de la investigación realizada se agruparon datos cualitativos que fueron analizados y evaluados en los diferentes estudios, y que al final fueron usados como insumos para el estudio financiero en busca de definir la viabilidad del proyecto. Finalmente, se realizaron recomendaciones sobre los análisis realizados al tiempo que se sugirió complementar con estudios adicionales previos a la creación de la empresa, aun cuando el escenario planteado presenta resultados positivos., The present pre-feasibility study was carried out in order to evaluate and determine the feasibility or not of a company that provides automation services for the administration of buildings by BMS in the country of Colombia. Currently there is a marked tendency to always want to be connected to different devices and services in our environment, while the administration and management of these assets is required, as is the case with modern buildings, which seek to generate pleasant and comfortable experiences. hence the idea of providing a building management service through the application of technologies developed for this purpose. Based on this perception, it was proposed to carry out a pre-feasibility study for the creation in Colombia of a company that provides operation, analysis and development services for all assets for buildings that have or want to implement a building management system. This approach was made using different secondary information sources and applying the lines suggested by UNIDO for the evaluation of investment projects. From the research carried out, qualitative data were grouped, analyzed and evaluated in the different studies that were finally used as inputs for the financial study in search of defining the viability of the project. Finally, recommendations were made to the analyzes carried out in the different studies, while it was suggested to complement them with additional studies prior to the creation of the company, even when the proposed scenario presents positive results.

The UN International Convention on the Rights of Persons in Discrimination for Their Functional Performance (hereinafter referred to as the CRPD) provides a vital framework for the integral development of citizens who, traditionally and negatively, have been regarded as persons with disabilities, from which a series of inexcusable rights are forged in UN member countries for people with lower functional performance. In order to conduct an in-depth study of the CRPD, the objective was to explore, analyze and present the development of the CRPD and the right to independent life, which will be carried out through a bibliographic review and the technique of content analysis within a qualitative paradigm. To conclude this work, a series of conclusions have been drawn that point, among others, to the lack of commitment of many organizations to develop – fully – the rights oriented towards this population that is in a situation of discrimination because of low functional performance., A Convenção Internacional da ONU sobre os Direitos das Pessoas em situação de discriminação pelo seu desempenho funcional (adiante designada por CDPD) proporciona um quadro vital para o desenvolvimento integral dos cidadãos que, tradicional e negativamente, tem sido consideradas como pessoas com deficiência, a partir do qual se forjam uma série de direitos indesculpáveis nos países membros das Nações Unidas para as pessoas com menor desempenho funcional. A fim de realizar um estudo aprofundado da CDPD, foi proposto o objetivo de explorar, analisar e apresentar o desenvolvimento da CDPD e o direito à vida independente, que será realizado através de uma revisão bibliográfica e da técnica de análise de conteúdo dentro de um paradigma qualitativo. Para concluir este trabalho, tem sido estabelecida uma série de conclusões que apontam, entre outras, a falta de empenho de muitas organizações em desenvolverem –plenamente– os direitos orientados para esta população que se encontra em situação de discriminação por causa de um desempenho funcional baixo, La Convención Internacional de la ONU sobre los Derechos de las Personas en Discriminación por Su Desempeño Funcional (en lo sucesivo, la CDPD) proporciona un marco vital para el desarrollo integral de los ciudadanos que, tradicional y negativamente, han sido considerados como personas con discapacidad, de las cuales se forjan una serie de derechos inexcusables en los países miembros de las Naciones Unidas para las personas con menor desempeño funcional. Con el fin de llevar a cabo un estudio en profundidad de la CDPD, el objetivo era explorar, analizar y presentar el desarrollo de la CDPD y el derecho a la vida independiente, que se llevará a cabo a través de una revisión bibliográfica y la técnica de análisis de contenidos dentro de un paradigma cualitativo. Para concluir este trabajo, se han sacado una serie de conclusiones que apuntan, entre otras cosas, a la falta de compromiso de muchas organizaciones para desarrollar – plenamente – los derechos orientados hacia esta población que se encuentra en una situación de discriminación debido al bajo desempeño funcional.

This article aims to explore the concept of capacity as necessitated by provisions within the UNCRC such as articles 12 and 5, which emphasize participation, and the evolving capacities of children. In family law proceedings when children are involved, age and capacity are considered in order to assess if the meaningful participation of that child is accessible. There is limited literature to indicate how the capacity of a child is determined, especially for children who are younger than twelve. Rather than relying on age to gauge capacity levels, this paper provides a unique, interdisciplinary evaluation of capacity through a combination of both legal and child development perspectives. This article aims to use a critical lens and rights-based approach to analyze the current literature regarding the capacities of children and proposes that a deeper understanding of what capacity entails is required in order to ensure the meaningful participation of children.

The paper tries to assume the possible philosophical returns of the fact that the meaning is by convention in Aristotle from the Heidegger´s hermeneutical transformation of phenomenology. Our thesis is that, in the concept of convention that Aristotle handles, some of the appreciations that Heidegger understands by facticity could be amalgamated and that they will try to bend philosophy to life. A life that the Messkirch saw already anticipated by Aristotle in his practical philosophy but also, as we will try to argue, can be traced in how the Stagirite assumed the central role of the political community in determining what “semainein” is., El artículo analiza los rendimientos filosóficos del hecho de que el significado sea por convención en Aristóteles. En el kata syntheken quizá podrían resultar amalgamadas algunas de las apreciaciones que Heidegger entiende por facticidad. La facticidad a la que la filosofía no puede por menos de atender y que el de Messkirch vio ya anticipada por Aristóteles no sólo en su filosofía práctica sino también en cómo el Estagirita asumió el papel capital de la comunidad política en la determinación de lo que sea todo semainein.

Conventions are arbitrary rules of behavior that coordinate social interactions. Here we study the effects of individuals' social value orientations (SVO) and situational conditions on the emergence of conventions in the three-person volunteer's dilemma (VOD). The VOD is a step-level collective good game in which only one actor's action is required to produce a benefit for the group. It has been shown that if actors interact in the payoff-symmetric VOD repeatedly, a turn-taking convention emerges, resulting in an equal distribution of payoffs. If the VOD is asymmetric, with one “strong” actor having lower costs of volunteering, a solitary-volunteering convention emerges by which the strong actor volunteers earning less than others. In study 1 we test whether SVO promotes turn-taking and hampers solitary-volunteering. We find that groups with more prosocials engage less in turn-taking and no effect of SVO on the emergence of solitary-volunteering. In study 2 we test whether making one actor focal is sufficient for solitary-volunteering to emerge. We find instead that payoff asymmetry with one strong actor is a necessary precondition. We discuss explanations for our findings and propose directions for future research.

Conventions are arbitrary rules of behavior that coordinate social interactions. Here we study the effects of individuals' social value orientations (SVO) and situational conditions on the emergence of conventions in the three-person volunteer's dilemma (VOD). The VOD is a step-level collective good game in which only one actor's action is required to produce a benefit for the group. It has been shown that if actors interact in the payoff-symmetric VOD repeatedly, a turn-taking convention emerges, resulting in an equal distribution of payoffs. If the VOD is asymmetric, with one "strong" actor having lower costs of volunteering, a solitary-volunteering convention emerges by which the strong actor volunteers earning less than others. In study 1 we test whether SVO promotes turn-taking and hampers solitary-volunteering. We find that groups with more prosocials engage less in turn-taking and no effect of SVO on the emergence of solitary volunteering. In study 2 we test whether making one actor focal is sufficient for solitary volunteering to emerge. We find instead that payoff asymmetry with one strong actor is a necessary precondition. We discuss explanations for our findings and propose directions for future research.

In this article, human rights, democratic society, legal opinions on freedom and interstate peace were discussed

This article is based on giving essential information about significant role of the International Court of Justice in the settlement of international investment disputes, specifically through the currently unused mechanism of the Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes. Also, it gives a basic overview of the most crucial legal questions related the selection of the appropriate forum for investment disputes between States and private parties. States, especially developing states, have to choose carefully which arbitral institutions and rules they make available to investors in their investment treaties. They should evaluate the institutions’ governing structures and who is behind the decision making, including in important areas such as the amendment of arbitration rules and arbitrator appointments. Where a state is not satisfied with the applicable arbitral rules and processes, it will have different degrees of influence for change depending on the target institution.

Este trabajo presenta un análisis pormenorizado de las novelas La torre vigía (1971) y Aranmanoth (2000) de Ana María Matute (1926-2014), a la luz del contramodelo del género de fantasía que comienzan a desarrollar varias escritoras en la década de los 70. Para ello, se exponen ciertas bases teóricas del género de fantasía para su aplicación al análisis, así como se introduce la inclinación subversiva femenina de estas convenciones. Se presenta también la trayectoria particular de Matute dentro del ámbito fantástico por tratarse de un ejemplo pertinente para la caracterización de dicho contramodelo. A continuación, se lleva a cabo una interpretación de las dos obras a través de la aplicación de las características expuestas con anterioridad. Se proponen, finalmente, unas conclusiones sobre la subversión de las convenciones del género fantástico que Matute realiza en estas dos novelas, de forma que se enmarca en la tendencia femenina de escritoras de fantasía iniciada en los 70., The present dissertation shows a detailed analysis of Ana María Matute ́s novels La torre vigía [The Watchtower] (1971) and Aranmanoth (2000), based on the fantasy ́s counter- model first developed by many women writers in the 70’s. Some of the theoretical basics of the fantasy genre are introduced for its use in the analysis of the novels. In the same way, the feminine ́s subversive tendency of the conventions will be also explained to this end. Matute’s trajectory in fantasy literature is presented as it is considered one of the most interesting examples to illustrate this counter-model. Consecutively, an interpretation of the two novels is shown towards the application of the characteristics previously mentioned. Finally, there are some suggested conclusions about the subversion of the conventions of the fantasy genre which Matute conducts in these two novels, so it can be framed inside the women fantasists tendency started in the 70's decade.

Austin introduces the idea of securing the uptake in the context of dealing with the illocution-perlocution distinction. In recent times, the notion is employed by some neoaustinian scholars to argue that the uptake is what triggers the deontic effects (rights, duties, obligations, permissions, etc.) associated to an illocution. Here, a distinction is made between two kinds of uptake: uptake-as-understanding and uptake-as-accepting, and the stance that the second is the one needed for a plausible theory of speech action inspired by Austin’s original ideas is defended. When that notion is adopted, some old problems about speech action can be clarified., Austin introduce la idea de asegurar el uptake en el contexto de su intento por trazar la distinción ilocución-perlocución. Recientemente, esa noción es retomada por teóricos neoaustinianos de los actos de habla para sostener que el uptake es el desencadenante de los efectos deónticos asociados convencionalmente a una ilocución (derechos, deberes, obligaciones, permisos...). En este trabajo se distinguen dos tipos de uptake,uptake-como-entender y uptake-como-aceptar, y se defiende que el segundo per-mite formular una teoría de la acción lingüística plausible inspirada en las ideas originales de Austin. Si se adopta esa noción, cuestiones difíciles sobre la acción lingüística pueden aclararse.

This article shares the findings from a study aimed to create a bilingual English-Portuguese glossary of terms and collocations characteristic of restaurant reviews, especially concerning the search for transla­tion equivalents. Relying on the assumptions of corpus linguistics, we conducted both quantitative and qualitative analyses to investigate a comparable corpus of texts published in the United States and Bra­zil. The manual investigation of simple and compound keywords retrieved with Sketch Engine showed that the functional translation of texts pertaining to the genre restaurant review in that pair of languages goes far beyond terminological equivalence, since it should also consider the specificities of the genre in both languages and cultures. We observed that not only are American texts much longer than their Brazilian Portuguese counterparts, but the former are also significantly more technical than the latter. Moreover, restaurant reviews unveil a number of cultural differences when written in different languag­es for a distinct target audience. To produce texts that work properly for the target reader, the translator should be aware of the conventions of this domain in both languages and cultures before deciding what aspects should be maintained, adapted, or omitted. In addition, elements that do not recur in both lists also reveal cultural differences between texts of a similar genre. We concluded that corpora may not only help translators to interpret source language texts, but also assist them in finding solutions for the translation process., L’objectif de cet article est de partager les résultats d’une recherche visant la production d’un glossaire bilingue (portugais-anglais) de termes et de scénarios caractéristiques de la critique gastronomique, avec une attention particulière à la recherche d’équivalents de traduction. Sur la base des hypothèses de la linguistique de corpus, nous avons effectué des analyses quantitatives et qualitatives d’un corpus comparable de textes publiés aux États-Unis et au Brésil. La recherche manuelle de mots-clés simples et composés, extraits à l’aide de l’outil Sketch Engine, a montré que la traduction fonctionnelle de textes appartenant au genre de la critique alimentaire dans cette paire de langues va bien au-delà de l’équivalence terminologique, parce que les spécificités de ce genre dans différentes langues et cultures doivent être prises en compte au cours du processus de traduction. Les textes en anglais nord-américain sont non seulement plus longs que ceux en portugais brésilien, mais ils présentent également un degré de technicité considérablement plus élevé, comme en témoignent les termes clés. Afin de produire des textes fonctionnellement adaptés au public cible, le traducteur doit connaître les conventions du domaine dans les deux langues et cultures pour décider des aspects à maintenir, à adapter ou à omettre. Nous concluons que l’utilisation de corpus n’aide pas seulement le traducteur à interpréter les textes en langue source, mais qu’elle indique également des solutions de traduction pour le texte cible. En outre, les éléments qui n’utilisent pas les deux langues révèlent des différences culturelles entre des textes de genres similaires qui doivent également être observées dans le processus de traduction., O objetivo deste artigo é compartilhar constatações resultantes de uma pesquisa que teve por finalidade a construção de um glossário bilíngue (português-inglês) de termos e colocações características de críticas gastronômicas, com atenção especial à busca de equivalentes tradutórios. Tendo como fundamentação os pressupostos da Linguística de Corpus, conduzimos análises quantitativas e qualitativas de um corpus comparável de textos publicados nos Estados Unidos e no Brasil. A investigação manual das palavras-chave simples e compostas, extraídas com a ferramenta Sketch Engine, evidenciou que a tradução funcional de textos pertencentes ao gênero crítica gastronômica nesse par de línguasvai muito além da equivalência terminológica, uma vez que as especificidades desse gênero nas diferentes línguas e culturas devem ser consideradas durante o processo tradutório. Os textos em inglês norte-americano não apenas são mais longos do que aqueles em português brasileiro, mas também apresentam um grau consideravelmente maior de tecnicismo, conforme evidenciado pelas palavras- chave. A fim de produzir textos funcionalmente adequados ao público-alvo, o tradutor deve estar ciente das convencionalidades da área em ambas as línguas/culturas para poder decidir quais aspectos devem ser mantidos, adaptados ou omitidos. Concluímos que o uso de corpora não apenas auxiliao tradutor a interpretar os textos na língua de partida, como também aponta soluções tradutórias para o texto de chegada. Ademais, elementos que não recorrem em ambas as línguas revelam diferenças culturais entre textos de gêneros similares que também devem ser observadas no processotradutório., Este artículo divulga los hallazgos de un estudio que se propuso construir un glosario bilingüe in­glés-portugués de términos y expresiones características de las reseñas gastronómicas, en particular lo relativo a la búsqueda de equivalentes de traducción. Basados en los principios de la lingüística de corpus, se realizaron análisis cuantitativos y cualitativos para investigar un corpus comparable de tex­tos publicados en Estados Unidos y Brasil. La investigación manual de palabras claves simples y com­puestas recuperadas con Sketch Engine mostró que la traducción funcionalista de textos relativos al género reseña gastronómica en ese par de lenguas va más allá de la equivalencia terminológica, pues debería contemplar además las especificidades del género en ambos idiomas y culturas. Se observó que no solo los textos estadounidenses son mucho más extensos que los de sus contrapartes en portu­gués brasileño, sino que los primeros también son mucho más técnicos que los segundos. Más aún, las reseñas gastronómicas revelan varias diferencias culturales cuando se redactar en idiomas distintos para audiencias diferentes. Para producir textos que funcionen correctamente para el lector objetivo, el traductor debe estar al tanto de las convenciones de este campo en ambos idiomas y culturas, antes de decidir qué aspectos deben mantenerse, adaptarse u omitirse. Además, los elementos que no sean recurrentes en ambas listas también revelan diferencias culturales entre textos de un género similar. Concluimos que los corpus pueden no solo ayudar a los traductores a interpreter los textos en la lengua de partida, sino también apoyarlos en la búsqueda de soluciones para el proceso traductivo.

“The Emperor’s New Clothes” (1837) by Hans Christian Andersen, has agreat similarity to one of the narratives of the Spanish writer Don Juan Manuel, author of Elconde Lucanor, written between 1330 and 1335. Several scholars have described thesimilarities, but none has pointed out a clear textual relationship. It has been said that theDanish text borrows “inspiration” from the Hispanic narrative, but this explanation is vaguefor literary theory. This study examines the link between the two stories by making use ofthe theory of transtextuality by Gérard Genette., “El traje nuevo del emperador” (1837), de Hans Christian Andersen,presenta gran similitud con una de las narraciones del escritor español don Juan Manuel,autor de El conde Lucanor, obra escrita entre los años 1330 y 1335. Varios estudiosos handescrito las coincidencias, pero ninguno ha profundizado en el vínculo textual que las une. Elpresente estudio repasa los antecedentes literarios tanto del texto de Juan Manuel como del deHans Christian Andersen, basados ambos en las prácticas literarias de la recreación y elpréstamo, y analiza la relación entre las dos narraciones a partir de la teoría de latranstextualidad desarrollada por Gerard Genette.

This study compares and analyses four portraits of Émilie du Châtelet and four of Madame de Pompadour who were two of the most learned and privileged women of their time. The analysis is based on Erwin Panofsky’s iconological method of analysis of art and looks at the impact of gender related conventions that influenced portraiture in the early 18th century. The overall aim of this study is to answer these questions: What differences and/or similarities can be found among their portraits? Why do only relatively few portraits of Émilie du Châtelet exist? What emphasized these two ladies’ status and the unique position as femmes savantes and how did tradition influence their portraits? Education was a male privilege. How was the female equivalent formed? How did their portraits correspond to the male counterpart? Émilie du Châtelet’s portrait of Marianne Loir is the only one that was painted by a female artist. How did that influence the portrait and what distinguishes it from the other portraits? The study shows that the paintings’ compositions follow the convention of the early 18th century portraiture. Both Émilie du Châtelet and Madame de Pompadour are presented according to the rules that applied to their social and cultural status. A number of relevant symbols were added to their figures in order to mark their unique position as learned women.

Cet article retrace l’émergence du principal indice boursier belge (BEL 20), à travers une revue des autres indices qui ont, tout au long du xxe siècle, fait autorité à la Bourse de Bruxelles. L’étude des méthodologies mobilisées et des publics représentés met au jour la variété des significations – tant cognitives que politiques – que peut cristalliser un indice boursier, mais aussi les raisons du succès du BEL 20 dans cette lutte entre « conventions financières ».

"Cultural Democracy", like many cultural policy themes, has different meanings, relevance and importance depending on the political, economic, cultural and social contexts in which it is applied. "Democratising culture" - implementing strategies to increase access to and the dissemination of ideas and values - has certainly been aided by the arrival of the internet, but it remains those with resources, with networks, with expertise and historical privilege, who are best able to assert their values, ideas, beliefs and ideological assumptions: what hopes then, for a more democratic world order, in which everyone - or at least the majority of people - may be able to project their views, traditions, values and perspectives into the "global market of ideas"? My reflections on this theme will be informed by my South African experience, by my serving as part of UNESCO's technical facility on the 2005 Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, and my work within cultural policy across the African continent. I will begin this reflection with reference to my home country, South Africa, as a metaphor for the world.

Diese Dissertation betrachtet die historische Entwicklung der Adoptionsrechtsgeschichte von seinem Ursprung bis in die Gegenwart in Österreich und den USA. Der vertikale und horizontale Rechtsvergleich zwischen österreichischem und US-amerikanischem Adoptionsrecht ist insbesondere aufgrund der differenzierten rechtsgeschichtlichen Entwicklungen, unterschiedlichen Rechtstraditionen und Herangehensweisen an das Institut der Adoption interessant. Im Zuge der Aufarbeitung der Adoptionsrechtsgeschichte werden Inhalt, Ziele und Funktionen des Adoptionsrechts im jeweiligen Land dargestellt und dabei der Begriff und die Rolle des Kindeswohls beleuchtet. Das Kapitel A. erörtert das Forschungsziel und die Forschungsmethoden, das Kapitel B. beinhaltet das Vorwort, in dem unter anderem die Gründe für dissertationsrelevante Entscheidungen dargestellt werden. Das Kapitel C. behandelt das österreichische Adoptionsrecht von seinem Ursprung im römischen Recht bis hin zum gegenwärtigen Adoptionsrecht, wobei der Fokus auf die Zeit zwischen der Neuzeit und der Gegenwart liegt. Hierbei werden vor allem diverse Landrechtsentwürfe, der Codex Theresianus, das Josephinische Gesetzbuch, das Allgemeine Bürgerliche Gesetzbuch als auch internationale Übereinkommen in Bezug auf das Institut der Adoption beleuchtet und das Problem des Adoptionshandels angesprochen. Der in englischer Sprache verfasste US-amerikanische Teil der Dissertation wird im Kapitel D. behandelt. In diesem Kapitel wird anfangs auf die Adoption unter indigenen Völkern in den USA und anschließend auf die unterschiedlichen durch die Kolonialzeit geprägten Adoptionsrechtsgeschichten in den einzelnen US-Bundesstaaten eingegangen; von Lehrverhältnissen, die zur Legalisierung von Eltern-Kind-Beziehungen genutzt wurden und eine entscheidende Rolle in der Adoptionsrechtsgeschichte spielten über formlose und gemeinnützige Adoptionen, private Adoptionsgesetze und das dem österreichischen Institut der Adoption ähnliche Zivilgesetz Louis, This thesis examines the historical development of the history of adoption from its origin until present time in Austria and the USA. The vertical and horizontal comparative legal analysis between the Austrian and US-American adoption law is particularly interesting due to the dissimilar developments of the Austrian and US-American histories of law and the different legal traditions and approaches to the institute of adoption. In the course of working up the legal histories, the content, purpose and functions of the respective adoption law will be presented and in doing so, the term and role of the best interest of the child will be examined. Chapter A. discusses the research objective and methods, Chapter B. encompasses the preposition, in which I declare certain for the thesis relevant decisions. Chapter C. deals with the Austrian adoption law from its origin in Roman law until the current adoption law, at which the focus lies on the time between the modern and the present era. Most notably at this juncture are diverse land right drafts, the Codex Theresianus, the statute book of Joseph II, the Austrian civil code as well as international treaties which deal with the institute of adoption. Finally, the problem of the adoption market will be discussed. Chapter D. contains the US-American part of the thesis and is written in English. This chapter starts with an insight into the adoption practices of indigenous people in the US and continues with the different legal histories of adoption in the United States, which were shaped by the colonial time: from the method of apprenticeships that was used to legalize parent-child-relationships and played an important role in the history of adoption, the civil code of Louisiana, which has many similarities to the Austrian adoption law, as well as the adoption statutes of the US-states until present time. In this chapter, historical legal court decisions which are relevant in the legal adoption history from the US Supreme Court, eingereicht von: Mag.ᵃ Judith Margit Krismer-Kley, Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers, Dissertation Universität Innsbruck 2021

Espainiako Liburutegi Nazionalaren 10.515 eskuizkribua aurkezten da, modu anonimo batean jasotzen dituena agintari militar batzuen gerra-parteak, agintari haiek nagusiei bidaliak. Horietan, Nafarroan, Gipuzkoan eta Bizkaian gertatutakoak zehazten dira, Frantzia errepublikarra Espainiarekin aurrez aurre jarri zuen Konbentzio Gerran., Introducing the 10,515 manuscript of the National Library of Spain, which anonymously collects war reports from different military authorities sent to their superiors, detailing events occurring in Navarre, Guipuzcoa, and Biscay during the War of the Pyrenees, pitting Republic France against Spain., Se presenta el mss. 10.515 de la Biblioteca Nacional de España que recoge, de forma anónima, partes de guerra de distintas autoridades militares remitidas por estos a sus superiores, en que se detallan lo sucesos acaecidos en Navara, Guipúzcoa y Vizcaya durante la Guerra de la Convención que enfrentó a la Francia republicana con España.

Вступ України до Європейського Союзу вимагає приведення національного законодавства у відповідність із загальноприйнятими міжнародними нормами та стандартами. Необхідність цього обумовлена ще і трудовою міграцією населення, оскільки багато українських громадян у пошуках роботи виїжджають за кордон, а іноземні громадяни працевлаштовуються в Україні. Чинний Кодекс законів про працю України був прийнятий ще у 1971 році і на даний час не відповідає сучасним умовам розбудови громадянського суспільства. Практично з 265 статей Кодексу, з моменту його прийняття, змін не зазнали лише 35, а із 18 глав Кодексу самостійно регулюють певні види трудових відносин тільки 8 [1]., Ukraine’s accession to the European Union requires bringing national legislation into line with generally accepted international norms and standards. The need for this is also due to the labor migration of the population, since many Ukrainian citizens are seeking work abroad and foreigners are finding jobs in Ukraine. The current Labor Code of Ukraine was adopted in 1971 and does not currently meet the current conditions of civil society development. Almost out of 265 articles of the Code, since its adoption, only 35 have changed, but only 8 of 18 chapters of the Code regulate certain types of labor relations independently [1]., Вступление Украины в Европейский Союз требует приведения национального законодательства в соответствие с общепринятыми международными нормами и стандартами. Необходимость этого обусловлена ​​еще и трудовой миграцией населения, поскольку многие украинские граждане в поисках работы выезжают за границу, а иностранные граждане трудоустраиваются в Украине. Действующий Кодекс законов о труде Украины был принят еще в 1971 году и в настоящее время не соответствует современным условиям развития гражданского общества. Практически из 265 статей Кодекса, с момента его принятия, изменений не претерпели лишь 35, а из 18 глав Кодекса самостоятельно регулируют определенные виды трудовых отношений только 8 [1].

The article describes the potentiality of protecting the rights in the educational process of protecting rights, as well as the state, which is responsible for observing and ensuring the protection on the right, interests and development of the child., В статье рассматриваются возможности защиты прав ребенка в образовательном пространстве, а также государство, которое является ответственным за соблюдение и обеспечение защиты прав, интересов и развития ребенка.