Search

The materials to produce concrete blocks (sand, gravel, and cement) are limited resources that are becoming scarce over time due to their increasing demand in construction. On the other hand, the waste of glass and paper is progressively increasing without being fully utilized through recycling. Therefore, the objective of this scientific research is to evaluate the influence on the mechanical properties of masonry concrete blocks made with recycled glass and paper particles. Likewise, the sample was non-probabilistically selected for convenience, consisting of 192 concrete blocks manufactured with additions of 3% (2% glass particles and 1% recycled paper), 6% (4% glass particles and 2% recycled paper), and 9% (6% glass particles and 3% recycled paper), as well as concrete blocks manufactured without additions. According to the results obtained, at 3%, 6%, and 9% addition of glass and paper particles, the absorption decreased by 4.94%, 3.398%, and 3.52% respectively. However, the warping increased between 1.7mm and 1.8mm, while the compressive strength (f'c) increased to 75kg/cm2, 82kg/cm2, and 77kg/cm2, respectively. Similarly, the axial compressive strength (f'm) increased to 91.22kg/cm2, 94.45kg/cm2, and 92.80kg/cm2, and the diagonal compressive strength (V'm) increased by 8.90kg/cm2, 9.70kg/cm2, and 9.70kg/cm2. Nevertheless, the manufacturing cost of masonry units showed a progressive reduction with the amount of glass + paper addition, amounting to 0.57 USD, 0.55 USD, and 0.53 USD. It was also determined that the optimal addition of these materials in the concrete mix in terms of cost and strength is 9% (glass + paper), resulting in compressive strengths of 77kg/cm2, 92.8kg/cm2, and 9.70kg/cm2, with a cost of 0.53 USD per unit. In conclusion, it can be affirmed that adding glass and recycled paper particles in the production of concrete blocks for use in load-bearing masonry walls positively influences the physical and mechanical properties of the blocks. Addit

The materials to produce concrete blocks (sand, gravel, and cement) are limited resources that are becoming scarce over time due to their increasing demand in construction. On the other hand, the waste of glass and paper is progressively increasing without being fully utilized through recycling. Therefore, the objective of this scientific research is to evaluate the influence on the mechanical properties of masonry concrete blocks made with recycled glass and paper particles. Likewise, the sample was non-probabilistically selected for convenience, consisting of 192 concrete blocks manufactured with additions of 3% (2% glass particles and 1% recycled paper), 6% (4% glass particles and 2% recycled paper), and 9% (6% glass particles and 3% recycled paper), as well as concrete blocks manufactured without additions. According to the results obtained, at 3%, 6%, and 9% addition of glass and paper particles, the absorption decreased by 4.94%, 3.398%, and 3.52% respectively. However, the warping increased between 1.7mm and 1.8mm, while the compressive strength (f'c) increased to 75kg/cm2, 82kg/cm2, and 77kg/cm2, respectively. Similarly, the axial compressive strength (f'm) increased to 91.22kg/cm2, 94.45kg/cm2, and 92.80kg/cm2, and the diagonal compressive strength (V'm) increased by 8.90kg/cm2, 9.70kg/cm2, and 9.70kg/cm2. Nevertheless, the manufacturing cost of masonry units showed a progressive reduction with the amount of glass + paper addition, amounting to 0.57 USD, 0.55 USD, and 0.53 USD. It was also determined that the optimal addition of these materials in the concrete mix in terms of cost and strength is 9% (glass + paper), resulting in compressive strengths of 77kg/cm2, 92.8kg/cm2, and 9.70kg/cm2, with a cost of 0.53 USD per unit. In conclusion, it can be affirmed that adding glass and recycled paper particles in the production of concrete blocks for use in load-bearing masonry walls positively influences the physical and mechanical properties of the blocks. Addit

The materials to produce concrete blocks (sand, gravel, and cement) are limited resources that are becoming scarce over time due to their increasing demand in construction. On the other hand, the waste of glass and paper is progressively increasing without being fully utilized through recycling. Therefore, the objective of this scientific research is to evaluate the influence on the mechanical properties of masonry concrete blocks made with recycled glass and paper particles. Likewise, the sample was non-probabilistically selected for convenience, consisting of 192 concrete blocks manufactured with additions of 3% (2% glass particles and 1% recycled paper), 6% (4% glass particles and 2% recycled paper), and 9% (6% glass particles and 3% recycled paper), as well as concrete blocks manufactured without additions. According to the results obtained, at 3%, 6%, and 9% addition of glass and paper particles, the absorption decreased by 4.94%, 3.398%, and 3.52% respectively. However, the warping increased between 1.7mm and 1.8mm, while the compressive strength (f'c) increased to 75kg/cm2, 82kg/cm2, and 77kg/cm2, respectively. Similarly, the axial compressive strength (f'm) increased to 91.22kg/cm2, 94.45kg/cm2, and 92.80kg/cm2, and the diagonal compressive strength (V'm) increased by 8.90kg/cm2, 9.70kg/cm2, and 9.70kg/cm2. Nevertheless, the manufacturing cost of masonry units showed a progressive reduction with the amount of glass + paper addition, amounting to 0.57 USD, 0.55 USD, and 0.53 USD. It was also determined that the optimal addition of these materials in the concrete mix in terms of cost and strength is 9% (glass + paper), resulting in compressive strengths of 77kg/cm2, 92.8kg/cm2, and 9.70kg/cm2, with a cost of 0.53 USD per unit. In conclusion, it can be affirmed that adding glass and recycled paper particles in the production of concrete blocks for use in load-bearing masonry walls positively influences the physical and mechanical properties of the blocks. Addit

In 2019, the cement industry used 280 million tons of oil equivalent, contributing to 7% of totalindustrial energy consumption. This resulted in 2.4 billion tons of CO2 emissions, constituting26% of the industrial sector’s CO2 output and 7% of global energy-related emissions. On theother hand, It is affordable, safe, and readily available, thanks to its construction error resistance. C3C is a company that takes advantage of waste concrete that has been produced and useit to mold concrete blocks that has different functions. This is a big environmental benefit. Themain function of these blocks has been to function as temporary or permanent partitions walls orsafety walls for accidental loads. The aim of this study is to investigate the feasibility and performance of a temporary office structure that is built majorly out of these C3C lego blocks froma comfort, stability and sustainability point of view. This data aids construction professionalsseeking cost-effective alternatives to traditional methods. Retrofitting and cascading offer economic and environmental benefits. Our goal is to discover innovative, sustainable constructionapproaches for future generations. The results show the importance of insulation positioning forthe comfort point of view. To ensure stability and analyse if the separation of the blocks occur,four RFEM models are made with focus on the tensile stresses and uplifting deflection of thewalls. In conclusion, this study provides ideas on how to design a temporary structure usingC3C lego blocks.Keywords: Concrete blocks, C3C blocks, FE models, life cycle analysis, mechanical connections, CO2 emissions.

The increase in population concentration in urban areas has led to an increase in the de-mand for drinking water, consequently, the need to increase the production of treated water, forcing sanitation companies to expand their water treatment and distribution systems, resulting in the use of a greater volume of groundwater and surface water. However, surface water needs a treatment process to make it drinkable. This process, carried out in Water Treatment Stations - ETA, generates a hazardous solid waste, called ETA sludge. A major challenge faced by sanitation companies is the final disposal of ETA Sludge, as inadequate disposal, in addition to degrading the environment, is characterized as an environmental cri-me. The present work aims to obtain an alternative way of disposing of the ETA sludge from the Cecilia Leite Kirchener Water Treatment Station, in Dourados/MS. A study was carried out on the feasibility of incorporating ETA sludge, in replacement of fine aggregate (sand), in various proportions, for the manufacture of single concrete hollow blocks for sealing, pro-duced on an industrial scale, carrying out various tests and analyses. laboratory tests. The results show that the ETA sludge from Dourados/MS presents technical feasibility to be used in the manufacture of concrete sealing blocks used in civil construction, in replacement of fine aggregate (sand), aiming at a correct destination for a solid hazardous waste. This study showed satisfactory results, since there was an increase in the strength of the blocks when compared to those without the addition of sludge, produced industrially., O aumento na concentração populacional nas áreas urbanas ocasionou um aumento na demanda de água potável, consequentemente, a necessidade de se incrementar a produção de água tratada, forçando as empresas de saneamento, a ampliarem seus sistemas de tratamento e distribuição de água, resultando na utilização de um volume maior de águas subterrâneas e superficiais. Porém as águas superficiais necessitam de um processo de tratamento, para torná-las potável. Esse processo, realizado em Estações de Tratamento de Água - ETA, gera um resíduo sólido perigoso, denominado lodo de ETA. Um grande desafio enfrentado pelas empresas de saneamento é a destinação final do Lodo de ETA, pois a destinação inadequada, além de degradar o meio ambiente, é caracterizada como crime ambiental. O presente trabalho, visa obter uma forma alternativa de destinação ao lodo de ETA proveniente da Estação de Tratamento de Água Cecilia Leite Kirchener, em Dourados/MS. Foi realizado um estudo sobre a viabilidade de incorporação do lodo de ETA, em substituição ao agregado miúdo (areia), em variadas proporções, para fabricação de blocos vazados de concreto simples para vedação, produzidos em escala industrial, realizando-se variados testes e análises laboratoriais. Os resultados apontam que o lodo de ETA de Dourados/MS, apresenta viabilidade técnica para ser empregado na confecção de blocos de concreto de vedação utilizados na construção civil, em substituição ao agregado miúdo (areia), visando uma destinação correta à um resíduo sólido perigoso. Este estudo apresentou resultados satisfatórios, visto que, houve um aumento na resistência dos blocos quando comparados por aqueles sem adição de lodo, produzidos industrialmente., El aumento de la concentración poblacional en las zonas urbanas ha provocado un incremento en la demanda de agua potable, consecuentemente, la necesidad de incrementar la producción de agua tratada, obligando a las empresas de saneamiento a ampliar sus sistemas de tratamiento y distribución de agua, resultando en el uso de un mayor volumen de aguas subterráneas y superficiales. Sin embargo, el agua superficial necesita un proceso de tratamiento para que sea potable. Este proceso, realizado en Estaciones de Tratamiento de Agua - ETA, genera un residuo sólido peligroso, denominado lodo ETA. Un gran desafío al que se enfrentan las empresas de saneamiento es la disposición final de los lodos de ETA, ya que la disposición inadecuada, además de degradar el medio ambiente, se caracteriza como un delito ambiental. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo obtener una forma alternativa de disposición de los lodos ETA de la Estación de Tratamiento de Agua Cecilia Leite Kirchener, en Dourados / MS. Se realizó un estudio sobre la viabilidad de incorporar lodos ETA, en sustitución de áridos finos (arena), en diversas proporciones, para la fabricación de bloques huecos de hormigón para sellado, producidos a escala industrial, realizando diversos ensayos y análisis. Pruebas de laboratorio. Los resultados muestran que los lodos ETA de Dourados / MS presentan viabilidad técnica para ser utilizados en la fabricación de bloques de sellado de hormigón utilizados en la construcción civil, en sustitución de áridos finos (arena), apuntando a un correcto destino de un residuo sólido peligroso. Este estudio arrojó resultados satisfactorios, ya que hubo un aumento en la resistencia de los bloques al compararlos con aquellos sin la adición de lodos, producidos industrialmente.

Less consumption reduces dependence on complex technology, transportation systems and trade agreements. If people conserve fuel, shortages are less likely to happen when natural disasters, accidents or military conflicts occur.  Conservation makes it more feasible to rely on local and regional energy supplies. Use of solar energy is sustainable because it is a  clean source of energy. Solar power generation does not release greenhouse gases into the air and water. Secondly, it is harnessed from the sun and not mined from limited land resources.

The thermal behavior of three different walls, made with and without by-products, is assessed by means of the Finite Element Method, aiming to evaluate its performance in terms of the sustainable construction of the blocks. Results were compared to those obtained from an experimental campaign, aiming at validation of the model. The by-products used for the blocks were “lime sludge” and “sawdust”, whose performance was compared against the traditional blocks made of concrete as a reference, aiming to demonstrate its sustainability, showing decreases of the thermal transmittance up to 10.5%. Additionally, following the same methodology, the thermal behavior of these above-mentioned blocks but now with added internal insulation made of “recycled cellulose” was assessed, showing higher decreases up to 25.5%, increasing sustainability by addressing an additional reduction in waste, so the right combination of using by-products and the insulating filler in their cavities has been revealed as a promising way of optimizing the walls, offering a relevant improvement in energy savings. Finally, when comparing the U-values of the blocks made of concrete without insulation versus those made of by-products, with insulation, improvements up to 33.3% were reached. The adaptation of the procedure through a moisture correction factor was also incorporated.

Less consumption reduces dependence on complex technology, transportation systems and trade agreements. If people conserve fuel, shortages are less likely to happen when natural disasters, accidents or military conflicts occur.  Conservation makes it more feasible to rely on local and regional energy supplies. Use of solar energy is sustainable because it is a  clean source of energy. Solar power generation does not release greenhouse gases into the air and water. Secondly, it is harnessed from the sun and not mined from limited land resources.

The thermal behavior of three different walls, made with and without by-products, is assessed by means of the Finite Element Method, aiming to evaluate its performance in terms of the sustainable construction of the blocks. Results were compared to those obtained from an experimental campaign, aiming at validation of the model. The by-products used for the blocks were “lime sludge” and “sawdust”, whose performance was compared against the traditional blocks made of concrete as a reference, aiming to demonstrate its sustainability, showing decreases of the thermal transmittance up to 10.5%. Additionally, following the same methodology, the thermal behavior of these above-mentioned blocks but now with added internal insulation made of “recycled cellulose” was assessed, showing higher decreases up to 25.5%, increasing sustainability by addressing an additional reduction in waste, so the right combination of using by-products and the insulating filler in their cavities has been revealed as a promising way of optimizing the walls, offering a relevant improvement in energy savings. Finally, when comparing the U-values of the blocks made of concrete without insulation versus those made of by-products, with insulation, improvements up to 33.3% were reached. The adaptation of the procedure through a moisture correction factor was also incorporated.

Less consumption reduces dependence on complex technology, transportation systems and trade agreements. If people conserve fuel, shortages are less likely to happen when natural disasters, accidents or military conflicts occur.  Conservation makes it more feasible to rely on local and regional energy supplies. Use of solar energy is sustainable because it is a  clean source of energy. Solar power generation does not release greenhouse gases into the air and water. Secondly, it is harnessed from the sun and not mined from limited land resources.

Less consumption reduces dependence on complex technology, transportation systems and trade agreements. If people conserve fuel, shortages are less likely to happen when natural disasters, accidents or military conflicts occur.  Conservation makes it more feasible to rely on local and regional energy supplies. Use of solar energy is sustainable because it is a  clean source of energy. Solar power generation does not release greenhouse gases into the air and water. Secondly, it is harnessed from the sun and not mined from limited land resources.

Less consumption reduces dependence on complex technology, transportation systems and trade agreements. If people conserve fuel, shortages are less likely to happen when natural disasters, accidents or military conflicts occur.  Conservation makes it more feasible to rely on local and regional energy supplies. Use of solar energy is sustainable because it is a  clean source of energy. Solar power generation does not release greenhouse gases into the air and water. Secondly, it is harnessed from the sun and not mined from limited land resources.

Floods are the natural disaster that causes the most deaths and economic damage in the world. Sweden has been relatively spared from casualties in connection with floods, but the material damage is significant. In the future, larger and more frequent floods are expected. It is therefore interesting to study new protection barriers with higher capacity. C3C Engineering AB is a Växjö-based company that manufactures concrete blocks according to the lego principle out of waste concrete. In 2021, C3C has 99 production sites spread around Sweden. In the study, four models of stacking C3Cblock® were analyzed.The aim of the study was to produce calculation materials that can be used for stacking and placing C3Cblock® for flood protections. To calculate the capacity of the models, three horizontal loads were assumed to act on the stacking: static water pressure, hydrodynamic water pressure and floating debris load. In the study, four interviews with experts in the flood area were conducted. The interviews provided an insight into how experts at the relevant authorities view Sweden's preparedness, management, planning against floods and which criteria for protection barriers are considered important.The results from the study show that the C3Cblock® largely manage the water velocities and water heights that the authority for protection and preparedness maps for. The work also shows that the impact of floating debris has a relatively small effect compared to the hydrodynamic and hydrostatic water load. As the calculation set-up has been in ideal conditions, it is important when using the C3Cblock® for flood prevention purposes to have knowledge of terrain conditions such as base material and ground slope., Översvämningar är den naturkatastrof som orsakar flest antal dödsoffer och ekonomisk skada i världen. Sverige har varit relativt förskonat från dödsoffer i samband med översvämningar, men de materiella skadorna är betydande. I framtiden förväntas större och mer frekventa översvämningar. Det är därför intressant att studera nya skyddsbarriärer med högre kapacitet. C3C Engineering AB är ett Växjöbaserat företag som tillverkar betongblock enligt legoprincipenutav överbliven spillbetong. År 2021 har C3C 99 stycken produktionsplatser utspridda runt om i Sverige. I arbetet kontrollerades fyra modeller för stapling av C3Cblock®. Målet med arbetet var att ta fram beräkningsmaterial som kan användas vid stapling och placering av C3Cblock® i förebyggande syfte mot översvämningar. För att beräkna modellernas kapacitet antogs tre horisontella laster verka på staplingen: statiskt vattentryck, hydrodynamiskt vattentryck och drivgodslast. I arbetet har fyra stycken intervjuer med sakkunniga inom översvämningsområdetgenomförts. Intervjuerna gav en inblick i hur sakkunniga på berörda myndigheter ser på Sveriges beredskap, hantering, planering mot översvämningar och vilka kriterier för skyddsbarriärer som anses viktiga. Resultatet av arbetet visar att C3Cblock® till stor del klarar de vattenhastigheter och vattenhöjder som myndigheten för skydd och beredskap karterar för. Arbetet visar också att inverkan av drivgods har en relativt liten effekt jämfört med dethydrodynamiska- och hydrostatiska vattenlasten. Då beräkningsuppställningen varit i ideala förhållanden är det viktigt att vid användning av C3Cblock® i förebyggande syfte mot översvämningar ha kännedom kring terrängförhållanden som underlagsmaterial och marklutning.

Less consumption reduces dependence on complex technology, transportation systems and trade agreements. If people conserve fuel, shortages are less likely to happen when natural disasters, accidents or military conflicts occur.  Conservation makes it more feasible to rely on local and regional energy supplies. Use of solar energy is sustainable because it is a  clean source of energy. Solar power generation does not release greenhouse gases into the air and water. Secondly, it is harnessed from the sun and not mined from limited land resources.

Less consumption reduces dependence on complex technology, transportation systems and trade agreements. If people conserve fuel, shortages are less likely to happen when natural disasters, accidents or military conflicts occur.  Conservation makes it more feasible to rely on local and regional energy supplies. Use of solar energy is sustainable because it is a  clean source of energy. Solar power generation does not release greenhouse gases into the air and water. Secondly, it is harnessed from the sun and not mined from limited land resources.

Floods are the natural disaster that causes the most deaths and economic damage in the world. Sweden has been relatively spared from casualties in connection with floods, but the material damage is significant. In the future, larger and more frequent floods are expected. It is therefore interesting to study new protection barriers with higher capacity. C3C Engineering AB is a Växjö-based company that manufactures concrete blocks according to the lego principle out of waste concrete. In 2021, C3C has 99 production sites spread around Sweden. In the study, four models of stacking C3Cblock® were analyzed.The aim of the study was to produce calculation materials that can be used for stacking and placing C3Cblock® for flood protections. To calculate the capacity of the models, three horizontal loads were assumed to act on the stacking: static water pressure, hydrodynamic water pressure and floating debris load. In the study, four interviews with experts in the flood area were conducted. The interviews provided an insight into how experts at the relevant authorities view Sweden's preparedness, management, planning against floods and which criteria for protection barriers are considered important.The results from the study show that the C3Cblock® largely manage the water velocities and water heights that the authority for protection and preparedness maps for. The work also shows that the impact of floating debris has a relatively small effect compared to the hydrodynamic and hydrostatic water load. As the calculation set-up has been in ideal conditions, it is important when using the C3Cblock® for flood prevention purposes to have knowledge of terrain conditions such as base material and ground slope., Översvämningar är den naturkatastrof som orsakar flest antal dödsoffer och ekonomisk skada i världen. Sverige har varit relativt förskonat från dödsoffer i samband med översvämningar, men de materiella skadorna är betydande. I framtiden förväntas större och mer frekventa översvämningar. Det är därför intressant att studera nya skyddsbarriärer med högre kapacitet. C3C Engineering AB är ett Växjöbaserat företag som tillverkar betongblock enligt legoprincipenutav överbliven spillbetong. År 2021 har C3C 99 stycken produktionsplatser utspridda runt om i Sverige. I arbetet kontrollerades fyra modeller för stapling av C3Cblock®. Målet med arbetet var att ta fram beräkningsmaterial som kan användas vid stapling och placering av C3Cblock® i förebyggande syfte mot översvämningar. För att beräkna modellernas kapacitet antogs tre horisontella laster verka på staplingen: statiskt vattentryck, hydrodynamiskt vattentryck och drivgodslast. I arbetet har fyra stycken intervjuer med sakkunniga inom översvämningsområdetgenomförts. Intervjuerna gav en inblick i hur sakkunniga på berörda myndigheter ser på Sveriges beredskap, hantering, planering mot översvämningar och vilka kriterier för skyddsbarriärer som anses viktiga. Resultatet av arbetet visar att C3Cblock® till stor del klarar de vattenhastigheter och vattenhöjder som myndigheten för skydd och beredskap karterar för. Arbetet visar också att inverkan av drivgods har en relativt liten effekt jämfört med dethydrodynamiska- och hydrostatiska vattenlasten. Då beräkningsuppställningen varit i ideala förhållanden är det viktigt att vid användning av C3Cblock® i förebyggande syfte mot översvämningar ha kännedom kring terrängförhållanden som underlagsmaterial och marklutning.

The thermal behavior of three different walls, made with and without by-products, is assessed by means of the Finite Element Method, aiming to evaluate its performance in terms of the sustainable construction of the blocks. Results were compared to those obtained from an experimental campaign, aiming at validation of the model. The by-products used for the blocks were “lime sludge” and “sawdust”, whose performance was compared against the traditional blocks made of concrete as a reference, aiming to demonstrate its sustainability, showing decreases of the thermal transmittance up to 10.5%. Additionally, following the same methodology, the thermal behavior of these above-mentioned blocks but now with added internal insulation made of “recycled cellulose” was assessed, showing higher decreases up to 25.5%, increasing sustainability by addressing an additional reduction in waste, so the right combination of using by-products and the insulating filler in their cavities has been revealed as a promising way of optimizing the walls, offering a relevant improvement in energy savings. Finally, when comparing the U-values of the blocks made of concrete without insulation versus those made of by-products, with insulation, improvements up to 33.3% were reached. The adaptation of the procedure through a moisture correction factor was also incorporated.

Less consumption reduces dependence on complex technology, transportation systems and trade agreements. If people conserve fuel, shortages are less likely to happen when natural disasters, accidents or military conflicts occur.  Conservation makes it more feasible to rely on local and regional energy supplies. Use of solar energy is sustainable because it is a  clean source of energy. Solar power generation does not release greenhouse gases into the air and water. Secondly, it is harnessed from the sun and not mined from limited land resources.

Civil construction industry played a significant role in maintaining the physical and naturally built environment in the art of building construction. The project study is entitled, “Designing and Fabricating an Innovative Concrete Form Moulder”. It aimed to be Functional and Time Efficient in creating a concrete column. It is a hollow form moulder, made of steel with three main parts; the outside frame, the inside frame, and the tosser. Results revealed that the Innovative Concrete Form Moulder is highly Functional in moulding concrete blocks to be used as column forms with a Grand Mean of 4.92, and Time Efficient with a Grand Mean of 4.99. It was interpreted as highly efficient in creating concrete column structure that eliminates the time allotted in fabrication, installation, stripping/erecting/ removing, curing period process, re-fabricating and re-installing of formworks. The moulding of concrete blocks is faster than the fabrication of formworks and the filing of concrete blocks is faster than conventional installation of formworks. Based on the findings; it was recommended that inside frame of the Innovative Concrete Form Moulder should be removed easily when pulled after moulding process, the concrete blocks should not shrink and warp when the tosser applies slight force to push. Moreover, the Innovative Concrete Form Moulder should mould concrete blocks in just five minutes, the plain sheet should be at least gauge 16 or 14, and the stainless steel was highly recommended for better quality and efficient moulding.

Civil construction industry played a significant role in maintaining the physical and naturally built environment in the art of building construction. The project study is entitled, “Designing and Fabricating an Innovative Concrete Form Moulder”. It aimed to be Functional and Time Efficient in creating a concrete column. It is a hollow form moulder, made of steel with three main parts; the outside frame, the inside frame, and the tosser. Results revealed that the Innovative Concrete Form Moulder is highly Functional in moulding concrete blocks to be used as column forms with a Grand Mean of 4.92, and Time Efficient with a Grand Mean of 4.99. It was interpreted as highly efficient in creating concrete column structure that eliminates the time allotted in fabrication, installation, stripping/erecting/ removing, curing period process, re-fabricating and re-installing of formworks. The moulding of concrete blocks is faster than the fabrication of formworks and the filing of concrete blocks is faster than conventional installation of formworks. Based on the findings; it was recommended that inside frame of the Innovative Concrete Form Moulder should be removed easily when pulled after moulding process, the concrete blocks should not shrink and warp when the tosser applies slight force to push. Moreover, the Innovative Concrete Form Moulder should mould concrete blocks in just five minutes, the plain sheet should be at least gauge 16 or 14, and the stainless steel was highly recommended for better quality and efficient moulding.

Civil construction industry played a significant role in maintaining the physical and naturally built environment in the art of building construction. The project study is entitled, “Designing and Fabricating an Innovative Concrete Form Moulder”. It aimed to be Functional and Time Efficient in creating a concrete column. It is a hollow form moulder, made of steel with three main parts; the outside frame, the inside frame, and the tosser. Results revealed that the Innovative Concrete Form Moulder is highly Functional in moulding concrete blocks to be used as column forms with a Grand Mean of 4.92, and Time Efficient with a Grand Mean of 4.99. It was interpreted as highly efficient in creating concrete column structure that eliminates the time allotted in fabrication, installation, stripping/erecting/ removing, curing period process, re-fabricating and re-installing of formworks. The moulding of concrete blocks is faster than the fabrication of formworks and the filing of concrete blocks is faster than conventional installation of formworks. Based on the findings; it was recommended that inside frame of the Innovative Concrete Form Moulder should be removed easily when pulled after moulding process, the concrete blocks should not shrink and warp when the tosser applies slight force to push. Moreover, the Innovative Concrete Form Moulder should mould concrete blocks in just five minutes, the plain sheet should be at least gauge 16 or 14, and the stainless steel was highly recommended for better quality and efficient moulding.

Civil construction industry played a significant role in maintaining the physical and naturally built environment in the art of building construction. The project study is entitled, “Designing and Fabricating an Innovative Concrete Form Moulder”. It aimed to be Functional and Time Efficient in creating a concrete column. It is a hollow form moulder, made of steel with three main parts; the outside frame, the inside frame, and the tosser. Results revealed that the Innovative Concrete Form Moulder is highly Functional in moulding concrete blocks to be used as column forms with a Grand Mean of 4.92, and Time Efficient with a Grand Mean of 4.99. It was interpreted as highly efficient in creating concrete column structure that eliminates the time allotted in fabrication, installation, stripping/erecting/ removing, curing period process, re-fabricating and re-installing of formworks. The moulding of concrete blocks is faster than the fabrication of formworks and the filing of concrete blocks is faster than conventional installation of formworks. Based on the findings; it was recommended that inside frame of the Innovative Concrete Form Moulder should be removed easily when pulled after moulding process, the concrete blocks should not shrink and warp when the tosser applies slight force to push. Moreover, the Innovative Concrete Form Moulder should mould concrete blocks in just five minutes, the plain sheet should be at least gauge 16 or 14, and the stainless steel was highly recommended for better quality and efficient moulding.

Civil construction industry played a significant role in maintaining the physical and naturally built environment in the art of building construction. The project study is entitled, “Designing and Fabricating an Innovative Concrete Form Moulder”. It aimed to be Functional and Time Efficient in creating a concrete column. It is a hollow form moulder, made of steel with three main parts; the outside frame, the inside frame, and the tosser. Results revealed that the Innovative Concrete Form Moulder is highly Functional in moulding concrete blocks to be used as column forms with a Grand Mean of 4.92, and Time Efficient with a Grand Mean of 4.99. It was interpreted as highly efficient in creating concrete column structure that eliminates the time allotted in fabrication, installation, stripping/erecting/ removing, curing period process, re-fabricating and re-installing of formworks. The moulding of concrete blocks is faster than the fabrication of formworks and the filing of concrete blocks is faster than conventional installation of formworks. Based on the findings; it was recommended that inside frame of the Innovative Concrete Form Moulder should be removed easily when pulled after moulding process, the concrete blocks should not shrink and warp when the tosser applies slight force to push. Moreover, the Innovative Concrete Form Moulder should mould concrete blocks in just five minutes, the plain sheet should be at least gauge 16 or 14, and the stainless steel was highly recommended for better quality and efficient moulding.

Large amounts of construction and demolition wastes (C&DW) especially concrete wastes are generated annually and will increase in the future. Until now, only a small fraction of concrete wastes is re-used as recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) in the manufacture of concrete. In this paper, the feasibility of using RCA obtained from old concrete block wastes in the production of new concrete blocks is studied. Concrete block wastes from Belgian Company PREFER were crushed in the laboratory by a jaw crusher and the different fractions of laboratory produced RCA were characterized by measuring the hardened cement paste content, the density, the porosity and the water absorption. Results clearly show that, the recycled sands possessed significantly higher cement paste content and higher water absorption than coarse RCA. Then, concrete blocks with different substitutions (0%, 30%, 100%) of natural aggregate by the same volume fraction of RCA were manufactured. The fresh properties (slump, density, air content), and mechanical properties (compressive strength) were studied. The compressive strength of concrete decreased as the substitution of RCA increased. Results show that the compressive strength of concrete made with 100% RCA could reach 8 MPa after 28 days. Therefore, the use of RCA obtained from old block wastes in the production of new blocks can be envisaged depending on their class of exposure and the grade requirement.

La generación de vivienda, es una de las actividades con mayor relevancia y perdurabilidad en el sector de la construcción ya que, por ejemplo en países como México, la necesidad de vivienda nueva se mantiene en niveles constantes año con año. Aunado a ello, se ha estado presentando un fenómeno de abandono de vivienda. Si un país tiene necesidad de vivienda, y a la vez un alto índice de vivienda deshabitada, se tiene entonces un desaprovechamiento de los recursos disponibles, pues no están siendo utilizados para lo que fueron creados. El Gobierno y los organismos gestores de vivienda han concentrado sus esfuerzos en la rehabilitación, como medio para poner solución y disminuir dicha situación, aunque no se trata de una tarea fácil, ya que no se intercede en los factores que llevaron a su abandono inicial. Si se tiene en cuenta, que la generación de vivienda nueva conllevara un alto consumo de recursos y energía, además de las emisiones y afectaciones al medio asociadas a la fabricación de nuevos materiales, se puede entender el porqué de la preocupación por la búsqueda de prácticas que minimicen el consumo o recuperen lo que ya se encuentra disponible en el medio. El desarrollo de este proyecto se localiza en la ciudad de Mexicali, al norte de México, y tiene como propósito dar una alternativa de solución, para la recuperación del elemento más utilizado para su composición, los bloques de hormigón. El proyecto inicia con la documentación teórica del análisis del ciclo de vida, la deconstrucción, los problemas de vivienda y la fabricación del bloque, como temas centrales. Dando paso en primer lugar, a la realización de la investigación, la cual inicia con el análisis constructivo de las viviendas en cuestión, y comprende la realización de un análisis del ciclo de vida, de los materiales de la vivienda en su conjunto y con especial enfoque en los bloques de hormigón, utilizando el programa Athena IE. Para conocer las afectaciones ambientales, el consumo energético y d, The generation of social housing, is one of the activities with the most relevance and durability in the construction sector, as for example in countries like Mexico, the need for new housing has been maintained in constant levels year by year. Besides, it has been presenting a phenomenon of abandonment, of the same type of social housing that are also required. So, if a country has a need for housing and at the same time, has a high rate of uninhabited houses, then there is a lack of the use of available resources, because they are not being used for what they were created. The Government and The housing institutions, have concentrated their efforts on the rehabilitation of them, as a means to solve and reduce this situation, although it is not an easy task, since the factors that initially led to this situation are not being treated. Taking into account that, the generation of new housing requires a high consumption of resources and energy, and also the emissions and environmental damages associated with the manufacture of the new materials, can be understand the reason for the concern on the search of new practices, that minimize the consumptions or recover the elements that area already available in the medium. The development of this project is located in the city of Mexicali, at the north of Mexico, and aims to provide an alternative solution, for the recovery of one of the elements most used in the construction of those houses, the concrete blocks. The project begins with the theoretical documentation of the life cycle assessment, the deconstruction, the actual problems of social housing and information about the concrete blocks, as central topics for this matter. The first step for the realization of this investigation, begins with the constructive analysis of the house in question, with the software Athena IE, and includes the realization of a life cycle assessment, for all the house materials and focusing on the concrete blocks. With the objective of getti

Large amounts of construction and demolition wastes (C&DW) especially concrete wastes are generated annually and will increase in the future. Until now, only a small fraction of concrete wastes is re-used as recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) in the manufacture of concrete. In this paper, the feasibility of using RCA obtained from old concrete block wastes in the production of new concrete blocks is studied. Concrete block wastes from Belgian Company PREFER were crushed in the laboratory by a jaw crusher and the different fractions of laboratory produced RCA were characterized by measuring the hardened cement paste content, the density, the porosity and the water absorption. Results clearly show that, the recycled sands possessed significantly higher cement paste content and higher water absorption than coarse RCA. Then, concrete blocks with different substitutions (0%, 30%, 100%) of natural aggregate by the same volume fraction of RCA were manufactured. The fresh properties (slump, density, air content), and mechanical properties (compressive strength) were studied. The compressive strength of concrete decreased as the substitution of RCA increased. Results show that the compressive strength of concrete made with 100% RCA could reach 8 MPa after 28 days. Therefore, the use of RCA obtained from old block wastes in the production of new blocks can be envisaged depending on their class of exposure and the grade requirement.

Standards play an important role in setting the right level of performance. It is important that standard requirements are relevant to its field of application. In Tanzania about 70% of the building material products, especially in Dar es Salaam, consist of sand cement block, so called sandcrete blocks. There has been some concern of non-compliance of the standard. This could indicate problems with enforcing the standard, but it could also be that the standard requirements are not relevant for the market. The aim of this paper is to assess how well the block standard TZS 283:2002 works for guiding the building material market in Dar es Salaam and also if the standard compressive strength requirements are relevant for the market applications. The current performance in Dar es Salaam was reviewed and compared with the standard requirements with focus on compressive strength. The standard requirements have been studied and discussed to further assess the relevance. Results indicate that only about 60% of the blocks taken randomly comply with minimum requirements. Results are similar to those found in Ghana and Nigeria. The findings indicated that it is important to start a revision of the standard in order to make it more relevant to the market. A more relevant standard could support making better use of materials for more affordable and more sustainable building materials.

Standards play an important role in setting the right level of performance. It is important that standard requirements are relevant to its field of application. In Tanzania about 70% of the building material products, especially in Dar es Salaam, consist of sand cement block, so called sandcrete blocks. There has been some concern of non-compliance of the standard. This could indicate problems with enforcing the standard, but it could also be that the standard requirements are not relevant for the market. The aim of this paper is to assess how well the block standard TZS 283:2002 works for guiding the building material market in Dar es Salaam and also if the standard compressive strength requirements are relevant for the market applications. The current performance in Dar es Salaam was reviewed and compared with the standard requirements with focus on compressive strength. The standard requirements have been studied and discussed to further assess the relevance. Results indicate that only about 60% of the blocks taken randomly comply with minimum requirements. Results are similar to those found in Ghana and Nigeria. The findings indicated that it is important to start a revision of the standard in order to make it more relevant to the market. A more relevant standard could support making better use of materials for more affordable and more sustainable building materials.

This paper presents experimental studies on the behaviour of a thin layer polymer mortared concrete masonry under combined shear–compression. Thirty thin layer mortared concrete masonry panels with five bed joint orientations were constructed and tested under vertical compression to generate a wide range of compression to shear ratios from zero to infinity at each of the bed joints of the panels. The strength and deformation characteristics are discussed in this paper. Unlike the conventional 10 mm thick cement mortared masonry, the thin layer polymer mortared masonry failed in a combined mechanism involving both the block and the mortar in some combination of shear–compression; however, similar to the conventional masonry, its strength and deformation were affected by the orientation of the bed joint to the direction of the applied loading. This paper reports a comparative study of the experimental results with a number of shear–compression tests on varied masonry systems reported in the literature; the thin layer mortared concrete masonry is shown trending towards isotropic behaviour compared to conventional masonry, which is distinctly orthotropic.

Standards play an important role in setting the right level of performance. It is important that standard requirements are relevant to its field of application. In Tanzania about 70% of the building material products, especially in Dar es Salaam, consist of sand cement block, so called sandcrete blocks. There has been some concern of non-compliance of the standard. This could indicate problems with enforcing the standard, but it could also be that the standard requirements are not relevant for the market. The aim of this paper is to assess how well the block standard TZS 283:2002 works for guiding the building material market in Dar es Salaam and also if the standard compressive strength requirements are relevant for the market applications. The current performance in Dar es Salaam was reviewed and compared with the standard requirements with focus on compressive strength. The standard requirements have been studied and discussed to further assess the relevance. Results indicate that only about 60% of the blocks taken randomly comply with minimum requirements. Results are similar to those found in Ghana and Nigeria. The findings indicated that it is important to start a revision of the standard in order to make it more relevant to the market. A more relevant standard could support making better use of materials for more affordable and more sustainable building materials.

Standards play an important role in setting the right level of performance. It is important that standard requirements are relevant to its field of application. In Tanzania about 70% of the building material products, especially in Dar es Salaam, consist of sand cement block, so called sandcrete blocks. There has been some concern of non-compliance of the standard. This could indicate problems with enforcing the standard, but it could also be that the standard requirements are not relevant for the market. The aim of this paper is to assess how well the block standard TZS 283:2002 works for guiding the building material market in Dar es Salaam and also if the standard compressive strength requirements are relevant for the market applications. The current performance in Dar es Salaam was reviewed and compared with the standard requirements with focus on compressive strength. The standard requirements have been studied and discussed to further assess the relevance. Results indicate that only about 60% of the blocks taken randomly comply with minimum requirements. Results are similar to those found in Ghana and Nigeria. The findings indicated that it is important to start a revision of the standard in order to make it more relevant to the market. A more relevant standard could support making better use of materials for more affordable and more sustainable building materials.

Standards play an important role in setting the right level of performance. It is important that standard requirements are relevant to its field of application. In Tanzania about 70% of the building material products, especially in Dar es Salaam, consist of sand cement block, so called sandcrete blocks. There has been some concern of non-compliance of the standard. This could indicate problems with enforcing the standard, but it could also be that the standard requirements are not relevant for the market. The aim of this paper is to assess how well the block standard TZS 283:2002 works for guiding the building material market in Dar es Salaam and also if the standard compressive strength requirements are relevant for the market applications. The current performance in Dar es Salaam was reviewed and compared with the standard requirements with focus on compressive strength. The standard requirements have been studied and discussed to further assess the relevance. Results indicate that only about 60% of the blocks taken randomly comply with minimum requirements. Results are similar to those found in Ghana and Nigeria. The findings indicated that it is important to start a revision of the standard in order to make it more relevant to the market. A more relevant standard could support making better use of materials for more affordable and more sustainable building materials.

SMOLKOVÁ, M. Finanční porovnání variant předsazené montáže výplňových otvorů. Ostrava: Katedra pozemního stavitelství, Fakulta stavební, VŠB – Technická univerzita Ostrava, 2015. Bakalářská práce. Vedoucí práce Ing. Marek Jašek, Ph.D., 32 s. Cílem bakalářské práce je vyhotovení projektu bytového domu navrženého v konstrukčním systému BEST-UNIKA s vnitřním zateplením. Práce se zaměřuje na osazení výplňových otvorů způsobem předsazené montáže. Součástí práce je vybraná část výkresové dokumentace, technická zpráva, technologický předpis osazení otvorových výplní a rozpočty pro jednotlivé systémy osazení. Závěrem bakalářské práce je finanční porovnání vybraných variant předsazené montáže., SMOLKOVÁ, M. Financial comparison of variants installation of filling holes in place of thermal insulation. Ostrava: Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava, 2015. Bachelor thesis. Supervisor Ing. Marek Jašek, Ph.D., 32 p. The aim of the bachelor thesis is drawing up the project of block of flats designed in BEST-UNIKA construction system with internal insulation. Thesis is concentrated on installation of filling holes in place of thermal insulation. Part of thesis are selected section of drawing documentation, technical report, the technological process installation of filling holes and budgets of individual installation systems. In closing of the bachelor thesis is financial comparison of representative variants installation of filling holes in place of thermal insulation., Ve zpracování, Import 23/07/2015

El lodo de papel es un desecho resultante de la etapa de molino del proceso de producción de papel que por su naturaleza química, el comportamiento relacionado con ésta en la disposición final del elemento residual y por las cantidades generadas diariamente que son del orden de toneladas, ha sido considerado como objeto de estudio en la búsqueda de alternativas de uso del mismo -- Empleado para la fabricación de concreto ha cobrado importancia como material ligero que favorece algunas propiedades de los bloques en la industria de la construcción -- En este proyecto se valoró la utilización del lodo papelero en reemplazo del agregado grueso en mezclas para la elaboración de bloques de concreto -- Se evaluaron las propiedades de densidad y resistencia a la compresión del material resultante y las variaciones de éstas con respecto a los valores obtenidos para las mismas variables en bloques de concreto convencionales -- Para el análisis estadístico de Diseño de Mezclas de tres componentes se establecieron como factores el porcentaje en peso de cemento, porcentaje en peso de arena de concreto y porcentaje en peso de lodo de papel -- Definiendo como variable respuesta la resistencia a la compresión a los 28 días y por medio de un análisis de regresión lineal de segundo grado se encontró que el mayor valor presentado para la variable respuesta (resistencia a la compresión), se tiene para una mezcla con las siguiente proporciones en porcentaje de peso, 57% de arena de concreto, 31 % de cemento, 12 % de lodo de papel y una relación agua cemento de 0,58 con resultados de resistencia a la compresión de 2,83 MPa -- Bajo las condiciones experimentales ejecutadas se comprobaron relaciones directamente proporcionales entre las propiedades físicas (densidad) y mecánicas del material (resistencia a la compresión)

This work presents a non-destructive wireless, concrete quality sensor based on chipless ultra-wideband radio frequency identification. The sensor is based on detecting the delay between two scattering modes induced by permittivity changes in the concrete. Theoretical, simulated and measured results with several embedded tags in samples are shown. The composition of the concrete blocks is remotely detected and classified. © 2001-2012 IEEE.

This paper describes the heterogeneous packing (HEP) failure mode of breakwater armor. HEP reduces packing density in the armor layer near and above the mean water level and increases packing density below it. With HEP, armor units may move in the armor layer, although they are not actually extracted from it. Thus, when HEP occurs, armor-layer porosity is not constant, and measurements obtained with conventional methods may underestimate armor damage. In this paper, the Virtual Net method is proposed to calculate armor damage considering both armor-unit extraction and HEP. The Cubipod concrete armor unit is then described as a solution to the effects of HEP on conventional cubic block armor. The hydraulic stability of cube and Cubipod armor units was compared in two-dimensional laboratory experiments. Cube and Cubipod armor layers were tested in two wave flumes under nonbreaking and non-overtopping conditions. The hydraulic stability was higher for double-layer Cubipod armor than for single-layer Cubipod armor, which had a higher hydraulic stability tan conventional double-layer cube armor.

This paper describes the heterogeneous packing (HEP) failure mode of breakwater armor. HEP reduces packing density in the armor layer near and above the mean water level and increases packing density below it. With HEP, armor units may move in the armor layer, although they are not actually extracted from it. Thus, when HEP occurs, armor-layer porosity is not constant, and measurements obtained with conventional methods may underestimate armor damage. In this paper, the Virtual Net method is proposed to calculate armor damage considering both armor-unit extraction and HEP. The Cubipod concrete armor unit is then described as a solution to the effects of HEP on conventional cubic block armor. The hydraulic stability of cube and Cubipod armor units was compared in two-dimensional laboratory experiments. Cube and Cubipod armor layers were tested in two wave flumes under nonbreaking and non-overtopping conditions. The hydraulic stability was higher for double-layer Cubipod armor than for single-layer Cubipod armor, which had a higher hydraulic stability tan conventional double-layer cube armor.

[EN] The project entitled 'EXPANSION PROJECT OF THE EL PERELLÓ MARINA (TM SUECA). BERTH WORKS' aims to serve as End-of-degree project of the Public Work Engineering Degree of the Civil Engineering School of the Polytechnic University of Valencia. The El Perelló Marina is located in the municipality of Sueca (Valencia) and is currently in granting the Yacht Club El Perelló, entity responsible for the operation, maintenance and management In order to increase the port's capacity and offer better navigation and berthing inside, the project aims to reconstruct the works in this docking port present currently, consisting of piers and docks. The importance of this reconstruction lies in the need of port to maximize their space and services in order to attract more users. The work consists of delaying the current alignment spring and rebuilding the same number of docks, but organizing them better to give more vessels berthing at the pontoon. After studying different solutions, it was decided to have springs and floating jetties, as they are the most appropriate to the circumstances. To implement this solution, which is entirely manufactured, the topography of the port and the maritime climate have been taken into account, proving after studying them that they don¿t affect at all to these type of works. There has been a waste management to remove debris resulting from the work as quickly as possible to prevent further environmental impacts and performed a working schedule to achieve coordination between all the activities to be performed, in order to optimize costs and overlaps of incompatible activities. To get a rough assessment, there a budget has been done in order to give an approximation of what would be the cost of a work such as this one., [CA] El projecte titulat `PROJECTE D'AMPLIAÇIO DEL PORT ESPORTIU DEL PERELLÓ (T.M. SUECA). OBRES D'ATRAC' te com a finalitat servir com Treball de Fin de Grau (T.F.G) del Grau D'Enginyeria d'Obres Públiques de L'Escola Técnica Superior de Enginyeria de Camins, Canals i Ports de la Universitat Politècnica de València. El Port Esportiu del Perelló esta situat en el terme municipal de Sueca (València) i es troba actualment en concessió del Club Nàutic El Perelló, entitat encarregada de la seva explotació, manteniment y gestió. Amb la finalitat d'augmentar la capacitat del port y oferir millor condicions de navegació y atrac al seu interior, es proposa reconstruir les obres d'atrac que es presenten en aquest port, constituïdes per molls i pantalans. La importància d'aquesta obra radica en la necessitat del port d'explotar al màxim els seus espais i servicis per a aconseguir atraure a mes usuaris. L'obra consisteix en endarrerir l'alineació del moll actual i en reconstruir la mateixa quantitat de pantalans, però organitzant-los millor per a poder donar atrac a mes embarcacions per pantalá. Després de fer un estudi de solucions, se ha decidit disposar molls de gravetat de blocs y pantalans flotants ancorats a morts per ser les tipologies mes adequades a les circumstancies presents. Per a dur a terme aquesta solució, que es totalment prefabricada, se tingut en compte tant la topografia del port com el clima marítim, que en aquest cas en concret no afecta a les obres. S'ha realitzat una gestió de residus per a retirar els enderrocs resultats de l'obra el mes rapit possible per evitar major impactes mediambientals y s'ha realitzat un programa de treballs per a aconseguir una coordinació entre totes les activitats a executar, amb la finalitat d'optimitzar costes y solapo d'activitats incompatibles. Per a obtindré una valoració aproximada, s'ha realitzat un pressupost, amb el fi de donar un ordre de magnitud de quin seria el cost d'una obra com es aquesta en qüestion., [ES] El proyecto titulado 'PROYECTO DE AMPLIACIÓN DEL PUERTO DEPORTIVO DEL PERELLO (T.M. SUECA). OBRAS DE ATRAQUE' tiene como finalidad servir como Trabajo de Final de Grado (T.F.G) del Grado de Ingeniería de Obras Públicas de la Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería de Caminos, Canales y Puertos de la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia. El Puerto Deportivo de El Perelló está situado en el término municipal de Sueca (Valencia) y actualmente se encuentra en concesión del Club Náutico El Perelló, entidad encargada de su explotación, mantenimiento y gestión Con el fin de aumentar la capacidad del puerto y ofrecer mejores condiciones de navegación y atraque en su interior, se propone reconstruir las obras de atraque que en este puerto se presentan, constituidas por muelles y pantalanes. La importancia de la obra radica en la necesidad del puerto de explotar al máximo sus espacios y servicios para conseguir atraer a más usuarios. La obra consiste en atrasar la alineación del muelle actual y en reconstruir la misma cantidad de pantalanes, pero organizándolos mejor para poder dar atraque a más embarcaciones por pantalán. Tras un estudio de soluciones, se ha decidido disponer muelles de gravedad de bloques y pantalanes flotantes anclados a muertos por ser los más adecuados a las circunstancias presentes. Para llevar a cabo esta solución, que es totalmente prefabricada, se ha debido tener en cuenta tanto la topografía del puerto como el clima marítimo, que en este caso ha resultado que no afecta a estas obras. Se ha realizado una gestión de residuos para retirar los escombros resultantes de la obra lo más rápido posible para evitar mayores impactos medioambientales y se ha realizado un programa de trabajos para conseguir una coordinación entre toda las actividades a ejecutar, con el fin de optimizar costes y solapes de actividades incompatibles. Para obtener una valoración aproximada, se ha realizado un presupuesto, con el fin de dar un orden de magnitud de cual seria el c

[EN] The project entitled 'EXPANSION PROJECT OF THE EL PERELLÓ MARINA (TM SUECA). BERTH WORKS' aims to serve as End-of-degree project of the Public Work Engineering Degree of the Civil Engineering School of the Polytechnic University of Valencia. The El Perelló Marina is located in the municipality of Sueca (Valencia) and is currently in granting the Yacht Club El Perelló, entity responsible for the operation, maintenance and management In order to increase the port's capacity and offer better navigation and berthing inside, the project aims to reconstruct the works in this docking port present currently, consisting of piers and docks. The importance of this reconstruction lies in the need of port to maximize their space and services in order to attract more users. The work consists of delaying the current alignment spring and rebuilding the same number of docks, but organizing them better to give more vessels berthing at the pontoon. After studying different solutions, it was decided to have springs and floating jetties, as they are the most appropriate to the circumstances. To implement this solution, which is entirely manufactured, the topography of the port and the maritime climate have been taken into account, proving after studying them that they don¿t affect at all to these type of works. There has been a waste management to remove debris resulting from the work as quickly as possible to prevent further environmental impacts and performed a working schedule to achieve coordination between all the activities to be performed, in order to optimize costs and overlaps of incompatible activities. To get a rough assessment, there a budget has been done in order to give an approximation of what would be the cost of a work such as this one., [CA] El projecte titulat `PROJECTE D'AMPLIAÇIO DEL PORT ESPORTIU DEL PERELLÓ (T.M. SUECA). OBRES D'ATRAC' te com a finalitat servir com Treball de Fin de Grau (T.F.G) del Grau D'Enginyeria d'Obres Públiques de L'Escola Técnica Superior de Enginyeria de Camins, Canals i Ports de la Universitat Politècnica de València. El Port Esportiu del Perelló esta situat en el terme municipal de Sueca (València) i es troba actualment en concessió del Club Nàutic El Perelló, entitat encarregada de la seva explotació, manteniment y gestió. Amb la finalitat d'augmentar la capacitat del port y oferir millor condicions de navegació y atrac al seu interior, es proposa reconstruir les obres d'atrac que es presenten en aquest port, constituïdes per molls i pantalans. La importància d'aquesta obra radica en la necessitat del port d'explotar al màxim els seus espais i servicis per a aconseguir atraure a mes usuaris. L'obra consisteix en endarrerir l'alineació del moll actual i en reconstruir la mateixa quantitat de pantalans, però organitzant-los millor per a poder donar atrac a mes embarcacions per pantalá. Després de fer un estudi de solucions, se ha decidit disposar molls de gravetat de blocs y pantalans flotants ancorats a morts per ser les tipologies mes adequades a les circumstancies presents. Per a dur a terme aquesta solució, que es totalment prefabricada, se tingut en compte tant la topografia del port com el clima marítim, que en aquest cas en concret no afecta a les obres. S'ha realitzat una gestió de residus per a retirar els enderrocs resultats de l'obra el mes rapit possible per evitar major impactes mediambientals y s'ha realitzat un programa de treballs per a aconseguir una coordinació entre totes les activitats a executar, amb la finalitat d'optimitzar costes y solapo d'activitats incompatibles. Per a obtindré una valoració aproximada, s'ha realitzat un pressupost, amb el fi de donar un ordre de magnitud de quin seria el cost d'una obra com es aquesta en qüestion., [ES] El proyecto titulado 'PROYECTO DE AMPLIACIÓN DEL PUERTO DEPORTIVO DEL PERELLO (T.M. SUECA). OBRAS DE ATRAQUE' tiene como finalidad servir como Trabajo de Final de Grado (T.F.G) del Grado de Ingeniería de Obras Públicas de la Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería de Caminos, Canales y Puertos de la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia. El Puerto Deportivo de El Perelló está situado en el término municipal de Sueca (Valencia) y actualmente se encuentra en concesión del Club Náutico El Perelló, entidad encargada de su explotación, mantenimiento y gestión Con el fin de aumentar la capacidad del puerto y ofrecer mejores condiciones de navegación y atraque en su interior, se propone reconstruir las obras de atraque que en este puerto se presentan, constituidas por muelles y pantalanes. La importancia de la obra radica en la necesidad del puerto de explotar al máximo sus espacios y servicios para conseguir atraer a más usuarios. La obra consiste en atrasar la alineación del muelle actual y en reconstruir la misma cantidad de pantalanes, pero organizándolos mejor para poder dar atraque a más embarcaciones por pantalán. Tras un estudio de soluciones, se ha decidido disponer muelles de gravedad de bloques y pantalanes flotantes anclados a muertos por ser los más adecuados a las circunstancias presentes. Para llevar a cabo esta solución, que es totalmente prefabricada, se ha debido tener en cuenta tanto la topografía del puerto como el clima marítimo, que en este caso ha resultado que no afecta a estas obras. Se ha realizado una gestión de residuos para retirar los escombros resultantes de la obra lo más rápido posible para evitar mayores impactos medioambientales y se ha realizado un programa de trabajos para conseguir una coordinación entre toda las actividades a ejecutar, con el fin de optimizar costes y solapes de actividades incompatibles. Para obtener una valoración aproximada, se ha realizado un presupuesto, con el fin de dar un orden de magnitud de cual seria el c

[EN] The project entitled 'EXPANSION PROJECT OF THE EL PERELLÓ MARINA (TM SUECA). BERTH WORKS' aims to serve as End-of-degree project of the Public Work Engineering Degree of the Civil Engineering School of the Polytechnic University of Valencia. The El Perelló Marina is located in the municipality of Sueca (Valencia) and is currently in granting the Yacht Club El Perelló, entity responsible for the operation, maintenance and management In order to increase the port's capacity and offer better navigation and berthing inside, the project aims to reconstruct the works in this docking port present currently, consisting of piers and docks. The importance of this reconstruction lies in the need of port to maximize their space and services in order to attract more users. The work consists of delaying the current alignment spring and rebuilding the same number of docks, but organizing them better to give more vessels berthing at the pontoon. After studying different solutions, it was decided to have springs and floating jetties, as they are the most appropriate to the circumstances. To implement this solution, which is entirely manufactured, the topography of the port and the maritime climate have been taken into account, proving after studying them that they don¿t affect at all to these type of works. There has been a waste management to remove debris resulting from the work as quickly as possible to prevent further environmental impacts and performed a working schedule to achieve coordination between all the activities to be performed, in order to optimize costs and overlaps of incompatible activities. To get a rough assessment, there a budget has been done in order to give an approximation of what would be the cost of a work such as this one., [CA] El projecte titulat `PROJECTE D'AMPLIAÇIO DEL PORT ESPORTIU DEL PERELLÓ (T.M. SUECA). OBRES D'ATRAC' te com a finalitat servir com Treball de Fin de Grau (T.F.G) del Grau D'Enginyeria d'Obres Públiques de L'Escola Técnica Superior de Enginyeria de Camins, Canals i Ports de la Universitat Politècnica de València. El Port Esportiu del Perelló esta situat en el terme municipal de Sueca (València) i es troba actualment en concessió del Club Nàutic El Perelló, entitat encarregada de la seva explotació, manteniment y gestió. Amb la finalitat d'augmentar la capacitat del port y oferir millor condicions de navegació y atrac al seu interior, es proposa reconstruir les obres d'atrac que es presenten en aquest port, constituïdes per molls i pantalans. La importància d'aquesta obra radica en la necessitat del port d'explotar al màxim els seus espais i servicis per a aconseguir atraure a mes usuaris. L'obra consisteix en endarrerir l'alineació del moll actual i en reconstruir la mateixa quantitat de pantalans, però organitzant-los millor per a poder donar atrac a mes embarcacions per pantalá. Després de fer un estudi de solucions, se ha decidit disposar molls de gravetat de blocs y pantalans flotants ancorats a morts per ser les tipologies mes adequades a les circumstancies presents. Per a dur a terme aquesta solució, que es totalment prefabricada, se tingut en compte tant la topografia del port com el clima marítim, que en aquest cas en concret no afecta a les obres. S'ha realitzat una gestió de residus per a retirar els enderrocs resultats de l'obra el mes rapit possible per evitar major impactes mediambientals y s'ha realitzat un programa de treballs per a aconseguir una coordinació entre totes les activitats a executar, amb la finalitat d'optimitzar costes y solapo d'activitats incompatibles. Per a obtindré una valoració aproximada, s'ha realitzat un pressupost, amb el fi de donar un ordre de magnitud de quin seria el cost d'una obra com es aquesta en qüestion., [ES] El proyecto titulado 'PROYECTO DE AMPLIACIÓN DEL PUERTO DEPORTIVO DEL PERELLO (T.M. SUECA). OBRAS DE ATRAQUE' tiene como finalidad servir como Trabajo de Final de Grado (T.F.G) del Grado de Ingeniería de Obras Públicas de la Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería de Caminos, Canales y Puertos de la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia. El Puerto Deportivo de El Perelló está situado en el término municipal de Sueca (Valencia) y actualmente se encuentra en concesión del Club Náutico El Perelló, entidad encargada de su explotación, mantenimiento y gestión Con el fin de aumentar la capacidad del puerto y ofrecer mejores condiciones de navegación y atraque en su interior, se propone reconstruir las obras de atraque que en este puerto se presentan, constituidas por muelles y pantalanes. La importancia de la obra radica en la necesidad del puerto de explotar al máximo sus espacios y servicios para conseguir atraer a más usuarios. La obra consiste en atrasar la alineación del muelle actual y en reconstruir la misma cantidad de pantalanes, pero organizándolos mejor para poder dar atraque a más embarcaciones por pantalán. Tras un estudio de soluciones, se ha decidido disponer muelles de gravedad de bloques y pantalanes flotantes anclados a muertos por ser los más adecuados a las circunstancias presentes. Para llevar a cabo esta solución, que es totalmente prefabricada, se ha debido tener en cuenta tanto la topografía del puerto como el clima marítimo, que en este caso ha resultado que no afecta a estas obras. Se ha realizado una gestión de residuos para retirar los escombros resultantes de la obra lo más rápido posible para evitar mayores impactos medioambientales y se ha realizado un programa de trabajos para conseguir una coordinación entre toda las actividades a ejecutar, con el fin de optimizar costes y solapes de actividades incompatibles. Para obtener una valoración aproximada, se ha realizado un presupuesto, con el fin de dar un orden de magnitud de cual seria el c

[EN] The project entitled 'EXPANSION PROJECT OF THE EL PERELLÓ MARINA (TM SUECA). BERTH WORKS' aims to serve as End-of-degree project of the Public Work Engineering Degree of the Civil Engineering School of the Polytechnic University of Valencia. The El Perelló Marina is located in the municipality of Sueca (Valencia) and is currently in granting the Yacht Club El Perelló, entity responsible for the operation, maintenance and management In order to increase the port's capacity and offer better navigation and berthing inside, the project aims to reconstruct the works in this docking port present currently, consisting of piers and docks. The importance of this reconstruction lies in the need of port to maximize their space and services in order to attract more users. The work consists of delaying the current alignment spring and rebuilding the same number of docks, but organizing them better to give more vessels berthing at the pontoon. After studying different solutions, it was decided to have springs and floating jetties, as they are the most appropriate to the circumstances. To implement this solution, which is entirely manufactured, the topography of the port and the maritime climate have been taken into account, proving after studying them that they don¿t affect at all to these type of works. There has been a waste management to remove debris resulting from the work as quickly as possible to prevent further environmental impacts and performed a working schedule to achieve coordination between all the activities to be performed, in order to optimize costs and overlaps of incompatible activities. To get a rough assessment, there a budget has been done in order to give an approximation of what would be the cost of a work such as this one., [CA] El projecte titulat `PROJECTE D'AMPLIAÇIO DEL PORT ESPORTIU DEL PERELLÓ (T.M. SUECA). OBRES D'ATRAC' te com a finalitat servir com Treball de Fin de Grau (T.F.G) del Grau D'Enginyeria d'Obres Públiques de L'Escola Técnica Superior de Enginyeria de Camins, Canals i Ports de la Universitat Politècnica de València. El Port Esportiu del Perelló esta situat en el terme municipal de Sueca (València) i es troba actualment en concessió del Club Nàutic El Perelló, entitat encarregada de la seva explotació, manteniment y gestió. Amb la finalitat d'augmentar la capacitat del port y oferir millor condicions de navegació y atrac al seu interior, es proposa reconstruir les obres d'atrac que es presenten en aquest port, constituïdes per molls i pantalans. La importància d'aquesta obra radica en la necessitat del port d'explotar al màxim els seus espais i servicis per a aconseguir atraure a mes usuaris. L'obra consisteix en endarrerir l'alineació del moll actual i en reconstruir la mateixa quantitat de pantalans, però organitzant-los millor per a poder donar atrac a mes embarcacions per pantalá. Després de fer un estudi de solucions, se ha decidit disposar molls de gravetat de blocs y pantalans flotants ancorats a morts per ser les tipologies mes adequades a les circumstancies presents. Per a dur a terme aquesta solució, que es totalment prefabricada, se tingut en compte tant la topografia del port com el clima marítim, que en aquest cas en concret no afecta a les obres. S'ha realitzat una gestió de residus per a retirar els enderrocs resultats de l'obra el mes rapit possible per evitar major impactes mediambientals y s'ha realitzat un programa de treballs per a aconseguir una coordinació entre totes les activitats a executar, amb la finalitat d'optimitzar costes y solapo d'activitats incompatibles. Per a obtindré una valoració aproximada, s'ha realitzat un pressupost, amb el fi de donar un ordre de magnitud de quin seria el cost d'una obra com es aquesta en qüestion., [ES] El proyecto titulado 'PROYECTO DE AMPLIACIÓN DEL PUERTO DEPORTIVO DEL PERELLO (T.M. SUECA). OBRAS DE ATRAQUE' tiene como finalidad servir como Trabajo de Final de Grado (T.F.G) del Grado de Ingeniería de Obras Públicas de la Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería de Caminos, Canales y Puertos de la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia. El Puerto Deportivo de El Perelló está situado en el término municipal de Sueca (Valencia) y actualmente se encuentra en concesión del Club Náutico El Perelló, entidad encargada de su explotación, mantenimiento y gestión Con el fin de aumentar la capacidad del puerto y ofrecer mejores condiciones de navegación y atraque en su interior, se propone reconstruir las obras de atraque que en este puerto se presentan, constituidas por muelles y pantalanes. La importancia de la obra radica en la necesidad del puerto de explotar al máximo sus espacios y servicios para conseguir atraer a más usuarios. La obra consiste en atrasar la alineación del muelle actual y en reconstruir la misma cantidad de pantalanes, pero organizándolos mejor para poder dar atraque a más embarcaciones por pantalán. Tras un estudio de soluciones, se ha decidido disponer muelles de gravedad de bloques y pantalanes flotantes anclados a muertos por ser los más adecuados a las circunstancias presentes. Para llevar a cabo esta solución, que es totalmente prefabricada, se ha debido tener en cuenta tanto la topografía del puerto como el clima marítimo, que en este caso ha resultado que no afecta a estas obras. Se ha realizado una gestión de residuos para retirar los escombros resultantes de la obra lo más rápido posible para evitar mayores impactos medioambientales y se ha realizado un programa de trabajos para conseguir una coordinación entre toda las actividades a ejecutar, con el fin de optimizar costes y solapes de actividades incompatibles. Para obtener una valoración aproximada, se ha realizado un presupuesto, con el fin de dar un orden de magnitud de cual seria el c

A revetment of pattern placed elements, or a so called pitching, is used worldwide to protect shorelines and embankments. Also in The Netherlands more than 500 km of river, lake and sea dikes is protected by pitchings. Until the 60’s the design and construction of pitchings was based on experience. After the first damages on pitchings and the negative assessment results, an intensive investigation program on pitchings was carried out. The results are commonly used nowadays in the Dutch dike reinforcement works. When comparing pattern placed block revetments with other revetments, the remarkable difference is that the amount of material to be used is significantly less than when using loose riprap. However placing blocks is more labour intensive. This is a specific advantage for countries with a large inexpensive labour force. In China, Vietnam and Bangladesh these are very common constructions. The leakage length L, describing the relationship between top layer elements and sublayer properties, is the most important design parameter; a small leakage length is favourable for the stability of the pitching. The maritime commission of PIANC has in 2007 decided to start a working group to make a small document on the design of pattern placed revetment elements. This PIANC MARCOM working group 57 report is now available (PIANC report 114, 2011). This paper presents an outline of this new knowledge of pattern placed block revetments, required for assessment and design purposes usable all over the world. It follows more or less the contents of the new PIANC report., Hydraulic Engineering, Civil Engineering and Geosciences

A revetment of pattern placed elements, or a so called pitching, is used worldwide to protect shorelines and embankments. Also in The Netherlands more than 500 km of river, lake and sea dikes is protected by pitchings. Until the 60’s the design and construction of pitchings was based on experience. After the first damages on pitchings and the negative assessment results, an intensive investigation program on pitchings was carried out. The results are commonly used nowadays in the Dutch dike reinforcement works. When comparing pattern placed block revetments with other revetments, the remarkable difference is that the amount of material to be used is significantly less than when using loose riprap. However placing blocks is more labour intensive. This is a specific advantage for countries with a large inexpensive labour force. In China, Vietnam and Bangladesh these are very common constructions. The leakage length L, describing the relationship between top layer elements and sublayer properties, is the most important design parameter; a small leakage length is favourable for the stability of the pitching. The maritime commission of PIANC has in 2007 decided to start a working group to make a small document on the design of pattern placed revetment elements. This PIANC MARCOM working group 57 report is now available (PIANC report 114, 2011). This paper presents an outline of this new knowledge of pattern placed block revetments, required for assessment and design purposes usable all over the world. It follows more or less the contents of the new PIANC report., Hydraulic Engineering, Civil Engineering and Geosciences

In this paper, an experimental methodology is described to assess the structural strength of unreinforced concrete armor units (CAUs). The methodology is applied to measure the structural integrity under impact loads of the new Cubipod CAU compared with the conventional cube CAU. The casting systems and clamps are described for manufacturing and handling the 15-t conventional cubic block and 16-t Cubipod prototypes used for the drop tests. Two separate reinforced concrete platforms were used for overturning and for free-fall tests, respectively. Compared with conventional cubes of similar size and concrete strength, Cubipods withstand drops that are more than 50% higher. Two extreme free-fall tests confirmed the structural robustness of Cubipod armor units. Manufacturing cycle time, as well as storage and handling procedures, are similar for both Cubipods and conventional cubic blocks. © 2011 American Society of Civil Engineers.

Partially grouted wider reinforced masonry wall, built predominantly using face shell bedded hollow concrete blocks, is an economical structural system and is popularly used in the cyclonic areas; its out-of-plane response to lateral loading is well understood, unfortunately its inplane shear behaviour is less well understood as to the effect of partial gouting in intervening the load paths within the wall. For rational analysis of the wall clarification is sought as to whether the wall acts as a composite of unreinforced panels and reinforced cores or as a continuum of masonry embedded with reinforced at wider spacing. This paper reports the results of four full scale walls tested under inplane cyclic shear loading to provide some insight into the effect of the grout cores in altering the load paths within the wall. The global lateral load - lateral deflection hysteric curves as well as local responses of some critical zones of the shear walls are presented.

In this paper, an experimental methodology is described to assess the structural strength of unreinforced concrete armor units (CAUs). The methodology is applied to measure the structural integrity under impact loads of the new Cubipod CAU compared with the conventional cube CAU. The casting systems and clamps are described for manufacturing and handling the 15-t conventional cubic block and 16-t Cubipod prototypes used for the drop tests. Two separate reinforced concrete platforms were used for overturning and for free-fall tests, respectively. Compared with conventional cubes of similar size and concrete strength, Cubipods withstand drops that are more than 50% higher. Two extreme free-fall tests confirmed the structural robustness of Cubipod armor units. Manufacturing cycle time, as well as storage and handling procedures, are similar for both Cubipods and conventional cubic blocks. © 2011 American Society of Civil Engineers.

Solid concrete Lego blocks can be used as temporary retaining wall systems or as wall separators between different materials such as sand, salt, compost, etc. The advantage of concrete blocks is that you can create temporary constructions. It is easy to move or expand the constructions when no casting is required between the blocks. The purpose of this study is to make models in the Finite Element (FE) software Abaqus/CAE that can be used for calculations of the capacity for interlocking blocks. FE method is an approximate method for solving differential equations. As the concrete blocks are stacked without casting, it is important to find out the construction’s load capacity when it is subjected to a horizontal load. Several types of structures have been modeled in the FE program Abaqus/CAE. These FE models were created with boundary conditions consisting of springs and a pinned connection that allows rotation.The evaluation has been focused on rotating the interlocking blocks. With the help of the FE models, reaction forces have been calculated. The FE results in term of reaction forces have been compared with hand calculations made ​​for the same models. Moreover, a wall and a wall with lateral supports have been simulated to determine the horizontal reaction force for the interlocking concrete blocks., Massiva Lego betongblock kan ändvänds som tillfälliga stödmurar eller vägg avskiljare för olika material som salt, kompost, sand mm. Fördelen med betongblocken är att man kan skapa tillfälliga konstruktioner. Det är lätt att flytta eller bygga ut konstruktionen när ingen fog krävs mellan blocken. Syftet med denna studie är att skapa modeller i Finita Element (FE) programmet Abaqus/CAE som kan senare användas för beräkning av kapaciteten för sammankopplade block. FE Metoden är en approximativ metod för att lösa differential ekvationer. Eftersom betongblocken är staplade på varandra utan fog är det viktigt att ta reda på konstruktionens lastupptagnings förmåga när den är belastade med horisontalkrafter. Flera typer av konstruktioner har modellerats i FE programmet Abaqus/CAE. Dessa FE modeller har skapats med randvillkor som består av fjädrar och fasta lager som tillåter rotation. Utvärderingen har gjorts med fokus på vältningen i betongblocken. Med hjälp av dessa FE modeller har reaktionskraften tagits fram. FE resultaten i form av reaktionskrafter har sedan jämförts med handberäkningar gjorda för samma modeller. Vidare har en vägg och en vägg med sidostöd FE modellerats för att utvärdera horisontala deformationsegenskaper.

Partially grouted wider reinforced masonry wall, built predominantly with the use of face shell bedded hollow concrete blocks, is adopted extensively in the cyclonic areas due to its economy. Its out-of-plane response to lateral pressure loading is well definied; however its in-plane shear behaviour is less well understood, in particular it is unclear how the grouted reinforced cores affect the load paths within the wall. For the rational design of the walls, clarification is sought as to whether the wall acts as a composite of unreinforced panels surrounded by the reinforced cores or simply as a continuum embedded with reinforcement at wider spacing. This paper reports four full scale walls tested under in-place cyclic shear loading to provide some insight into the effect of the grout cores in altering the load paths within the wall. The global lateral load - lateral deflection hysteretic curves as well as the local responses of some critical zones of the shear walls are presented. It is shown that the aspect ratio of the unreinforced masonry panels surrounded by the reinforced grouted cores within the shear walls have profound effect in ascertaining the behaviour of the shear walls.

Solid concrete Lego blocks can be used as temporary retaining wall systems or as wall separators between different materials such as sand, salt, compost, etc. The advantage of concrete blocks is that you can create temporary constructions. It is easy to move or expand the constructions when no casting is required between the blocks. The purpose of this study is to make models in the Finite Element (FE) software Abaqus/CAE that can be used for calculations of the capacity for interlocking blocks. FE method is an approximate method for solving differential equations. As the concrete blocks are stacked without casting, it is important to find out the construction’s load capacity when it is subjected to a horizontal load. Several types of structures have been modeled in the FE program Abaqus/CAE. These FE models were created with boundary conditions consisting of springs and a pinned connection that allows rotation.The evaluation has been focused on rotating the interlocking blocks. With the help of the FE models, reaction forces have been calculated. The FE results in term of reaction forces have been compared with hand calculations made ​​for the same models. Moreover, a wall and a wall with lateral supports have been simulated to determine the horizontal reaction force for the interlocking concrete blocks., Massiva Lego betongblock kan ändvänds som tillfälliga stödmurar eller vägg avskiljare för olika material som salt, kompost, sand mm. Fördelen med betongblocken är att man kan skapa tillfälliga konstruktioner. Det är lätt att flytta eller bygga ut konstruktionen när ingen fog krävs mellan blocken. Syftet med denna studie är att skapa modeller i Finita Element (FE) programmet Abaqus/CAE som kan senare användas för beräkning av kapaciteten för sammankopplade block. FE Metoden är en approximativ metod för att lösa differential ekvationer. Eftersom betongblocken är staplade på varandra utan fog är det viktigt att ta reda på konstruktionens lastupptagnings förmåga när den är belastade med horisontalkrafter. Flera typer av konstruktioner har modellerats i FE programmet Abaqus/CAE. Dessa FE modeller har skapats med randvillkor som består av fjädrar och fasta lager som tillåter rotation. Utvärderingen har gjorts med fokus på vältningen i betongblocken. Med hjälp av dessa FE modeller har reaktionskraften tagits fram. FE resultaten i form av reaktionskrafter har sedan jämförts med handberäkningar gjorda för samma modeller. Vidare har en vägg och en vägg med sidostöd FE modellerats för att utvärdera horisontala deformationsegenskaper.