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The abundant chronological details embedded in Scripture, along with external time markers in other ancient histories and in astronomical events, persuasively support the view that Jesus was born in mid-June, 2 BC, not on December 25, 4 BC, and that His ministry endured not for three years, as so often claimed, but for 1,350 days or nearly four years, from His baptism on Sunday, 7 Elul, September 2, AD 29 to His ascension on Friday, 26 Iyar, May 13, AD 33.

Skärvstenshögarna i Uppland har konstaterats vara en komplex fornlämningstyp och det har visat sig vara problematiskt att förklara dem som homogena i form och funktion över tid. En kategorisering av dem har skapats som har konstaterat att olika former av dem finns. Syftet med denna uppsats är sedermera att utgå från befintlig kategorisering och undersöka om fler kategorier och typer går att isolera ur tillgänglig empiri. Därefter för att beskriva deras form, läge, kronologi och förändring. Teoretiska ramverk som används för att begreppsliggöra skärvstensbrukets mer än tusenåriga användande är de om tradition, minne och ritual. Teorier som kan manifestera bruket som en kulturell process och dimension i tid och rum. Metoder som används för att identifiera fler kategorier och typer är dels multipel korrespondensanalys av 100 skärvstensförekomster för att generera mönster. Dels densitetsanalys av 100 C14-dateringar av detsamma för att utarbeta aspekter av tid i empirin. Slutligen används visibilitetsanalys för att generera belägg för kategoriernas olika lägen samt en kvalitativ genomgång av empirin för att skapa modeller av nya typer inom befintliga kategorier., The burnt mounds of Uppland have been shown to be remains of a complex type and it has been proven problematic to explain them as homogeneous in form and function over time. A categorization of them has been created which has established that different forms exist. From that categorization the purpose of this essay is subsequently to investigate whether additional categories and types can be isolated from available empirical evidence. Also to include a description of their form, location, chronology, and change. Theoretical frameworks used to conceptualize the more than a thousand-year use of burnt stones are those of tradition, memory, and ritual. Theories that can manifest the practice as a cultural process and a dimension of time and space. Methods used to identify additional categories and types includes a multiple correspondence analysis of 100 burnt mounds to generate patterns. A density analysis of 100 C14 samples of the same deposits to work out aspects of time in the empirics. Finally, visibility analysis is used to ascertain the different positions of the categories as well as a qualitative review of the empirical evidence to create models of new types within existing categories.

The emergence of ‘standing stone’ monuments within the European Late Prehistoric landscape is considered to be associated with a pivotal human cultural transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture and permanent settlement, being the earliest monuments currently dated by radiocarbon to the 5th millennium BCE. However, many standing stones were first erected, subsequently collapsed, and then re-erected during the following three millennia. The excavation of the site of an apparently in situ statue-menhir at Cruz de Cepos in NE Portugal provided the rare opportunity in Iberian prehistory to apply radiocarbon and luminescence techniques to establish the date of construction. On the basis of the iconography, the standing stone was assigned to a sculptural tradition of north-western and western Iberia, loosely dated to the Early/Middle Bronze Age (ca. 2000/1900–1250 BCE). The optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and dosimetry characteristics of quartz extracted from sediment samples taken from locations associated with the socket pit and surrounding backfilling deposits were examined, producing OSL single grain ages at eight locations. Comparison of the OSL and calibrated radiocarbon ages shows very good agreement, with the mid-3rd millennium BCE dates confirming original erection during the Copper Age and not a much later transformation of the monument. These encouraging results indicate that OSL has the potential to provide reliable dating of depositional processes related to the construction process and is suitable for wider application to megalithic monuments of this type.

This study presents 32 high-resolution geomagnetic intensity data points from Mesopotamia, spanning the 3rd to the 1st millennia BCE. These data contribute to rectifying geographic disparities in the resolution of the global archaeointensity curve that have hampered our understanding of geomagnetic field dynamics and the viability of applying archaeomagnetism as a method of absolute dating of archaeological objects. A lack of precise and well-dated intensity data in the region has also limited our ability to identify short-term fluctuations in the geomagnetic field, such as the Levantine Iron Age geomagnetic Anomaly (LIAA), a period of high field intensity from ca. 1050 to 550 BCE. This phenomenon has hitherto not been well-demonstrated in Mesopotamia, contrary to predictions from regional geomagnetic models. To address these issues, this study presents precise archaeomagnetic results from 32 inscribed baked bricks, tightly dated to the reigns of 12 Mesopotamian kings through interpretation of their inscriptions. Results confirm the presence of the high field values of the LIAA in Mesopotamia during the first millennium BCE and drastically increase the resolution of the archaeointensity curve for the 3rd-1st millennia BCE. This research establishes a baseline for the use of archaeomagnetic analysis as an absolute dating technique for archaeological materials from Mesopotamia.

Impact craters dominate the landscapes of many planetary bodies. Among their most striking characteristics are their rays: radial streaks formed by high velocity ejecta launched to great distances. This dissertation investigates the influence of distal ejecta on planetary surfaces by studying two classes of features: secondary impact craters and lunar cold spots.Secondary impact craters form when rock fragments ejected from a primary crater re-impact the surface at high velocity. Individual primary craters have been shown to produce upwards of 10^6-10^9 secondary craters which form nearly instantaneously in geologic time. This has led many to question whether crater chronology models can be applied effectively. In chapter 2, we develop a model for the global accumulation of secondary craters with time for Mars, accounting for the spatial clustering of secondaries. We show that the number of km-scale secondaries produced on Mars may exceed primaries after only a few 100 Ma. However, most secondaries are clustered around their parent primaries, and regions far from large primaries have significantly fewer secondaries than the global average. The crossover diameter between primary and secondary crater production on a typical surface is estimated to exceed 1 km after ~1-2 Ga, though subsequent crater erasure has significantly influenced the number of secondaries visible today. In chapter 3, we produce updated global maps of nighttime temperature for the Moon using data from the Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO). We implement several improvements, including a correction for errors in instrument pointing, which result in a substantial increase in effective resolution. In addition, we develop a model which mostly removes the effect of topography on nighttime temperature by accounting for scattering and emission from the surrounding terrain. These improvements allow smaller and fainter thermal features to be identified than was pr

The paper analyzed 364 sites from the fifth millennium BC in northwestern Serbia in order to observe the process of population fission from the large Late Neolithic settlements and the formation of smaller settlements tightly integrated with one another in the Early Eneolithic. Special attention was paid to the chronology, size, pedology, and topography of the settlements. Lowland-valley microregions were densely populated, while hilly and highland areas were sparsely populated. Larger sites are concentrated in the microregions of Mačva, Posavina, Pocerina and Tamnava, while the smaller ones are distributed across all microregions. The largest and most numerous settlements were oriented towards very fertile soil types and microregions, such as Mačva, while settlements on soils unsuitable for cultivation prevail in the microregions of Rađevina and Azbukovica, which are characterized by hills and mountains, as well as in the most populated microregion of Mačva. Hard-to-reach settlements of dominant elevations (hillfort – Gradina type) in the hilly and mountainous areas and slightly elevated settlements enclose by ditches in the plain areas (Obrovac type), i.e., the formation of small and very small settlements was viewed from the perspective of the transformation of the Neolithic and the establishment of a new, Eneolithic way of life. The analysis showed the necessity of modern archaeological prospection for a precise positioning of all sites in order to increase the quality of pedological and topographical data, as well as for geomagnetic research and targeted projects in order to evaluate the site areas, human activities in the settlements and to control the chronology by dating as many excavated sites with secure contexts as possible.

The long-term evolution of coastal sand-dune systems is known to be controlled by variations in sediment supply, relative sea level (RSL), wind energy, vegetation cover and anthropogenic forcing. The link between episodic sand invasion and changes in climate conditions (enhanced storminess) has been previously evidenced along the Atlantic coasts of Europe from stratigraphical, geomorphological and chronological investigations of recent aeolian sand-dune deposits. While well-constrained timing templates of dune accretion during Holocene were reconstructed in Portugal, Spain and Ireland, available data about the French Atlantic coast are limited to the Aquitaine dune complex (SW France). This lack of data is mainly due to the absence of well-developed palaeosoils interbedded within the aeolian sand deposits, especially in Brittany where only thin humic layers are preserved within the coastal dune sediment sequences. An alternative approach is here applied to the coastal dunes of Brittany by also integrating available and partly revised archaeological dataset, excavated from the end of the 19th century, and used as chrono-stratigraphical markers to reconstruct at a regional scale the periods of coastal dunes mobility during the last ca. 6000 years. This analysis was further combined with historical data (historical syntheses, archives, old maps, historical photos) about the last few centuries. 221 sites distributed along the western coasts of France have been selected to provide accurate information in terms of dune stratigraphy and chronology. A conceptual tool routinely used in archaeology, the Harris matrix, was employed to synthesise these chrono-stratigraphic data about 78 coastal sand-dune systems. Four main episodes of aeolian activity identified during the mid- to late-Holocene period are dated at 4250–4100 cal BP (phase 1), 3250–2400 cal BP (phase 2), 1050–700 cal BP (phase 3), and 350–110 cal BP (phase 4). Despite some methodological limitations, archaeologic

The following work is focused on the identification of internal transformations in the fortified settlement of Punta de Muros (Galicia, Spain), one of the hillforts with more information available for the Early Iron Age in the Iberian Peninsula. In this paper, a set of 24 radiocarbon dates is presented to characterise the complete sequence of occupation of the site. This research proposes a correlation between a chronostatistical model through a Bayesian analysis and a morphostructural study of the domestic environment of the settlement. Thus, the results obtained provide a link between several transformations occurring in Punta de Muros and certain temporal and historical dynamics, which allows for a more reliable approach to the establishment and development of the settlement. Hence, a chronological and a structural contextualisation of the constructive transformations of the settlement will be drawn up, enabling us to understand the settlement during the onset, the development and decay of the fortified habitat in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula.

The suitability of lake sediment cores to reconstruct past inputs, regional pollution, and usage patterns of pesticides has been shown previously. Until now, no such data exist for lakes in eastern Germany. Therefore, 10 sediment cores (length 1 m) of 10 lakes in eastern Germany, the territory of the former German Democratic Republic (GDR), were collected and cut into 5–10-mm layers. In each layer, concentrations of trace elements (TEs) As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, S, and Zn, as well as of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), i.e., dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), were analyzed. A miniaturized solid–liquid extraction technique in conjunction with headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was used for the latter. The progression of TE concentrations over time is uniform. It follows a trans-regional pattern and is indicative of activity and policy making in West Germany before 1990 instead of those in the GDR. Of OCPs, only transformation products of DDT were found. Congener ratios indicate a mainly aerial input. In the lakes’ profiles, several regional features and responses to national policies and measures are visible. Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD) concentrations reflect the history of DDT use in the GDR. Lake sediments proved to be suitable to archive short- and long-range impacts of anthropogenic activity. Our data can be used to complement and validate other forms of environmental pollution long-term monitoring and to check for the efficiency of pollution countermeasures in the past.

The following work is focused on the identification of internal transformations in the fortified settlement of Punta de Muros (Galicia, Spain), one of the hillforts with more information available for the Early Iron Age in the Iberian Peninsula. In this paper, a set of 24 radiocarbon dates is presented to characterise the complete sequence of occupation of the site. This research proposes a correlation between a chronostatistical model through a Bayesian analysis and a morphostructural study of the domestic environment of the settlement. Thus, the results obtained provide a link between several transformations occurring in Punta de Muros and certain temporal and historical dynamics, which allows for a more reliable approach to the establishment and development of the settlement. Hence, a chronological and a structural contextualisation of the constructive transformations of the settlement will be drawn up, enabling us to understand the settlement during the onset, the development and decay of the fortified habitat in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula

The text includes the genealogy and order of succession of the several hundred indigenous states of the area that is now Indonesia, covering the period from the earliest times to the 20th century. The states are arranged in alphabetic order. Each entry is accompanied by a commentary that outlines the documentation and historiographical issues of the respective states., PDF published by the GLOBALISE project, Amsterdam, through Merve Tosun., Concurrences, Imperial Expansion and Intercultural Diplomacy: Treaty-making in Southeast Asia, c.1750−1920 (VR), GLOBALISE, Huygens Institute for the History of the Netherlands, Amsterdam

This paper focuses on the De quattuor temporibus anni and the possible date of its composition. The quatrain, which was preserved in codex Phillippicus 1694 and in manuscript Reims, Bibliothèque Municipale 1275, appears within the critical apparatus to poem 864 of Riese's edition of the Anthologia Latina and among Wernsdorf's Poetae Latini minores. Almost nothing is known about this piece of work and the limited number of scholars who have shown interest in proposing a date for it were undecided between an earlier or a later production. Closer scrutiny of the evidence at our disposal, bringing together elements taken from the structure of the text itself, as well as from other Latin poems, allows us to draw clearer conclusions and to go for a period between the end of the 1st century AD and the beginning of the 5th century AD., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The 15th century cross-vaults of the medieval Modena Cathedral (UNESCO site) consist of intricate patches of different masonry portions bound by three types of lime mortars and at least two types of gypsum mortars. Such anomalous structure suggests multiple repair works over time after damaging earthquakes. The absolute dating of lime mortars (14C) and bricks (TL) integrated with the pollen record of mortars allowed to clarify the construction and restoration history of the vaults and to link the repairs to the earthquake chronology for the area. The results reveal that the original construction of the vaults (1404–1454) was carried out using lime mortar binding reused Roman and medieval older bricks. Lime mortar was used also for later repairs caused by earthquakes in the 16th and 17th centuries. Gypsum mortars were then used to entirely rebuild some vaults and to repair others in the 18th and 19th centuries. The study indicates that unexpected damage could be revealed by the detailed chronology of masonry binders. These data represent fundamental steps to implement earthquake risk assessments and strengthening projects of ancient buildings.

[ES] El castro de Peñas de Valdecastro también conocido como castro de Icedo es un viejo conocido de la investigación arqueológica sobre la Edad del Hierro en la comarca burgalesa y palentina de Las Loras. En esta ocasión, presentamos un breve resumen sobre los trabajos de prospección y excavación desarrollados en el castro desde 2018 hasta 2022. En concreto, desarrollaremos los resultados de la excavación efectuada sobre el acceso en embudo ubicado en el lienzo norte de la muralla. Este elemento defensivo, similar al acceso conocido para el cercano de oppidum de La Ulaña, es también uno de los puntos mejor conservados del castro. La excavación arqueológica ha deparado una valiosa información para comprender mejor el momento de construcción, la cultura material empleada por sus habitantes y el aprovechamiento de la cabaña ganadera., [EN] The hillfort of Peñas de Valdecastro, also known as the hillfort of Icedo is a well-known site, mentioned abundantly in the scholarship about Iron Age in the Burgos province and in the territory of Las Loras. In this paper, we offer a brief note about the survey and excavation campaigns undertaken at the site from 2018 to 2022. We explain the results steaming from the excavation of the main gate located at the northern side of the fortification wall. We stress the similarities to a gate excavated in the nearby oppidum of La Ulaña. The excavation has provided valuable information about construction techniques, material culture, and subsistence strategies.

An evolutionary approach to the study of the funerary systems in Late Prehistory allows the recognition of diverse contexts of social crises in the north of Iberia. The analysis of the radio-chrono-logical data that we have compiled indicates five phases of use – with the newness of identifying two different cycles during the Late Neolithic – and of subsequent ‘abandonment’ in the megaliths; this is reduced to two phases in the case of the sepulchral caves. We interpret the radio-chronological results through an examination of the material culture present in the graves and dynamics of the megalithic architecture. In addition, we contrast our results with different approaches, carrying out a complemen-tary multidisciplinary approach. In this regard, we found that megalithism served as a vehicle for re-sponding to the different crises and changes faced by increasingly complex and unequal human group., Evolucijski pristop k preuèevanju pogrebnih praks v pozni prazgodovini severne Iberije omogoèa prepoznavanje razliènih dru benih kriz. Analiza zbranih radio-kronoloških podatkov ka e na pet faz uporabe – z najnovejšo prepoznavo dveh razliènih ciklov v poznem neolitiku – in kasnejših 'opustitev' v megalitih; to je v primeru sepulkralnih jam omejitev na dve fazi. Radio-kronološke rezul-tate interpretiramo s pomoèjo pridatkov v grobovih in dinamiko megalitske arhitekture. Naše rezultate primerjamo z rezultati drugih pristopov, ki vkljuèujejo primerljive multidisciplinarne analize. Ugoto-vili smo, da je megalitizem slu il kot odziv na razliène krize in spremembe, s katerimi so se sooèale vse bolj kompleksne in neenakopravne skupine

In this article we announce the discovery of the first remains of Megaloceros giganteus found in Catalonia (north-eastern Iberia) from the Late Pleistocene: a fragment of maxillary. Dated between 35,000 and 37,000 cal BP, it is also among the youngest occurrence of this taxon in the Iberian Peninsula, while its last known occurrence is dated to the Neolithic period. Through a comparison with the giant deer of the northern Pyrenees, we analyzed the herbivore guilds in which this taxon was associated to understand the context in which it was able to enter the Iberian Peninsula. By comparing its diet with those of specimens from Northern Europe, we detail the ecological adaptations of this taxon in this new environment. We suggest that Megaloceros accompanied the migrations of cold-adapted species by taking advantage of the opening of corridors on both sides of the Pyrenees during the coldest periods of the Late Pleistocene. The diet of the Iberian individuals, which is oriented towards abrasive plants, suggests an adaptation to a different ecological niche than that found in Northern European individuals. The northern Iberian Peninsula may have been an extreme in the geographical expansion of M. giganteus. More specimens will be needed in the future to establish the variability of the southern Megaloceros populations.

On the basis of seven palynological records, we reconstruct the forest-limit composition and dynamics during the second part of the Holocene, in the upper montane and subalpine zones of the Monts du Forez in the north-eastern Massif Central, using a 2 km long, elevational transect of sites at 1335–1590 m elevation. All sites are mires today, varying in size from 2 to <0.1 ha. The chronology of the pollen diagrams is based on calibrated radiocarbon dating combined with pollen-stratigraphic correlation among the diagrams using the regional pollen component. Corylus avellana forest with Ulmus developed in the study region soon after the start of the Holocene. Soon after Fagus sylvatica arrived in the study area and expanded after ca. 3500 BC (5450 cal yr BP) to full abundance within a few centuries at the cost of Corylus. Abies alba expanded slowly within the Fagus forest after ca. 3300 BC (5250 cal yr BP), taking two millennia to reach its final abundance. During ca. 800–650 BC (2750–2600 cal yr BP) Fagus and Abies had reached similar overall abundances and formed forests only minimally affected by prehistoric human impact, which could serve as a natural baseline condition for extant forest management. We hypothesise that during this period dense Abies–Fagus krummholz had an upper limit of 1570 m, with scattered Abies trees above this and open woodland of Sorbus, Betula and Acer up to the summit (1634 m a.s.l.). A varied cultural landscape was in place in medieval times, with cereal cultivation and grasslands in a predominantly forested landscape. A baseline condition of this kind of cultural landscape could be found in late medieval times. During the last several centuries major deforestations took place and planted Pinus sylvestris replaced much of the originally natural Abies–Fagus forest. Crop cultivation increased in the cultural landscape. All diagrams have hiatuses (missing peat layers), which in most cases could be attributed to domesticated animals dama

The individual burial of the Herdade do Álamo, located in Beja municipality, South Portugal, is presented along with its bioanthropological study, radiocarbon dating and isotopic approaches on diet and mobility. The results show a male, with a terrestrial diet and youth mobility, dating from the last quarter of the 3rd millennium BC. The archaeometallurgical study of the metal votive assemblage (one tongue dagger and three Palmela points) indicates a copper metallurgy with high values of Arsenic (As), typical of this period of transition. The burial is contextualized in a process of individuation of the funerary practices and in the “Ferradeira Horizon”, considered as a facet of the diversified funerary practices and of the complex social changes of the late 3rd millennium BC in the South of Portugal., Se presenta el entierro individual de la Herdade do Álamo, ubicada en el municipio de Beja, Sur de Portugal, junto con su estudio bioantropológico, datación por radiocarbono y enfoques isotópicos sobre dieta y movilidad. Los resultados muestran un varón, con dieta terrestre y movilidad juvenil, que data del último cuarto del 3º milenio antes de Cristo. El estudio arqueometalúrgico del conjunto votivo metálico (un puñal de lengüeta y tres puntas de Palmela) indica una metalurgia del cobre con altos valores de Arsénico (As), propios de este período de transición. El entierro se contextualiza en un proceso de individuación de las prácticas funerarias y en el “Horizonte Ferradeira”, considerado como una faceta de las prácticas funerarias diversificadas y de los complejos cambios sociales de finales del III milenio antes de Cristo en el sur de Portugal.

Multiple factors have been proposed to explain the disappearance of Neandertals between ca. 50 and 40 kyr BP. Central to these discussions has been the identification of new techno-cultural complexes that overlap with the period of Neandertal demise in Europe. One such complex is the Chatelperronian, which extends from the Paris Basin to the Northern Iberian Peninsula between 43,760-39,220 BP. In this study we present the first open-air Chatelperronian site in the Northern Iberian Peninsula, Aranbaltza II. The technological features of its stone tool assemblage show no links with previous Middle Paleolithic technology in the region, and chronological modeling reveals a gap between the latest Middle Paleolithic and the Chatelperronian in this area. We interpret this as evidence of local Neandertal extinction and replacement by other Neandertal groups coming from southern France, illustrating how local extinction episodes could have played a role in the process of disappearance of Neandertals.

El estudio del género urbano y de las comedias villanescas ha dado lugar a trabajos de referencia que marcan sus rasgos más destacados. Asimismo, se ha señalado la hibridación de ambos géneros, especialmente en las comedias tempranas del Fénix. En el presente trabajo se pretende analizar cómo Lope de Vega materializaba la integración de estos elementos en cinco comedias de dos fases diferentes de su producción: La serrana de Tormes, La serrana de la Vera y Los embustes de Celauro, anteriores a 1600, frente a La villana de Getafe y Al pasar del arroyo, redactadas en la segunda década del XVII. El análisis incluye la identificación de los rasgos genéricos de las obras, el desarrollo espacial de las mismas, para sopesar la preeminencia y alternancia de la ubicación urbana o rural, así como la funcionalidad dramática de la imbricación de ambos mundos, a partir de la integración de los personajes de la órbita urbana en la rural y viceversa., The study of the urban genre and villainous comedies have given rise to references that mark its most outstanding features. These studies have also noted the hybridization of both genres, especially in the early comedies of the Phoenix. This article aims to analyze how Lope de Vega embodied the integration of these elements in five comedies at two different stages of his production: La serrana de Tormes, La serrana de la Vera and Los embustes de Celauro, prior to 1600, compared to La villana de Getafe and Al pasar del arroyo, written in the second decade of the seventeenth century.

Radiocarbon (14C) dating has, since its inception, become an integral part of disciplines such as geology and archaeology, underpinning many key findings made by researchers in the past seven decades. As 14C dating develops, the need arises to revisit older findings and legacy data which may well contain laboratory errors or post-analysis misinterpretations. In this paper we examine one such finding from Sweden, namely the 1958 14C dating of the great Jordfallet (“the Earthfall”) landslide, which was published in the very first volume of Radiocarbon in 1959. We further trace how the results of this 14C dating were misunderstood in a time prior to modern radiocarbon calibration, and the impact which this mistake has had throughout academic publications, state reports and local heritage literature through the course of over sixty years. Because of this flawed interpretation the credible date of 1249 AD given to the landslide by historical sources has been overlooked. Instead, a series of dates from the mid-12th and early 13th centuries have been attributed to the landslide event based on erroneous radiocarbon analysis, a mistake which has substantial implications for the understanding of both regional and international history in medieval Scandinavia.

Research dealing with the Scandinavian Bronze Age period has often been related to thenotion of a society organized around metal trade, both in terms of social organization andnetworks. The central area for this development has been located to the southernmost partsof Scandinavia. However, the rich southern material in the form of a combination of metals,monumental mounds and longhouses is not relatable to most other parts of the Nordic area.In this paper we outline a study of several co-existing Bronze Ages, with the purpose ofunderstanding the distribution and chronology of the vast and varied archaeological recordof the Nordic area without any reference to a central area in the south. We argue for thepossibility of studying Bronze Age movements, contacts, networks, and social organizationdirectly based on the archaeological material at hand, rather than in relation to the norm setby the southern Bronze Age paradigm. This enables possibilities of studying intersectionsof archaeological material that change in relation to both time and space.

The article represents a short synthesis about settlements from the Middle and the beginning of the Late Bronze Age in central and eastern regions of Slovenia. Special attention is given to two key-sites, Medvode-Svetje and Trata near Škofja Loka, both from the Gorenjska region. Numerous archaeological excavations and subsequent research publications in the last two decades brought about new insights on dwelling features, forms of housing and on settlement characteristics itself. At the same time, a completely new understanding of the spectre of ceramic repertoire has been obtained, while new radiocarbon dating results enable us to complement the absolute chronology of the given time period.

The distribution of impact craters on the ejecta of Giordano Bruno, a recent (<10 Ma) 22-km diameter crater within the lunar highlands, exhibits substantial variations. We surveyed craters D ≥ 10 m across a 1,323 km2 area of Giordano Bruno's ejecta and compared the distribution of craters with variations in thermophysical properties derived from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Diviner instrument. We used Diviner-derived rock abundance and nighttime regolith temperatures along with thermal model-predicted surface temperatures for a diversity of terrains to identify and isolate areas of the ejecta based on thermophysical properties such as bulk density and thermal conductivity. We found that thermophysical properties of the ejecta vary considerably both laterally and vertically, and consistently differ from typical regolith, indicating the presence of higher thermal inertia materials. Crater-size frequencies are significantly lower in areas with terrain properties exhibiting higher: rock abundance, nighttime temperatures, and/or modeled thermal inertia. This discrepancy in crater distribution increases for craters smaller than ∼25 m. These thermophysical variations indicate changes in the mechanical properties of the target materials. We suggest that these variations-specifically, terrain-dependent crater scaling variations and impactor-scale heterogeneities in material properties such as the presence or absence of large boulders-may influence crater diameters or inhibit crater production altogether in Giordano Bruno's ejecta; furthermore, these factors are size-dependent.

Distrust of Genesis as history has been fostered by uniformitarian geoscience and Deep Time chronology.   The reality or otherwise of a global flood has a crucial bearing on world history and chronology.  Evidence of disparate kinds favouring such a flood from scripture, from geoscience and from anthropology is presented. Radiocarbon dating, suitably calibrated for the flood discontinuity, substantiates a Compact Time chronology of thousands of years for earth history.  This is reinforced by comparison of flood model radiocarbon dates for ancient near eastern sites with those independently obtained by archaeologists. Further corroboration of the Genesis chronology comes from discoveries of preserved soft tissues, proteins and even DNA in fossil dinosaur bones and in other specimens from throughout the geologic column.   Belief in a recent, rapid creation is credibly defensible by science divested of secular naturalist ideological constructs. Compact Time chronology rehabilitates belief in the historical reality of the Genesis accounts of the origin of life and the origin of death., A desconfiança de Gênesis como história tem sido fomentada pela geociência uniformitária e pela cronologia do tempo profundo. A realidade ou não de uma inundação global tem um papel crucial na história e na cronologia mundiais. São apresentadas evidências de tipos diferentes que favorecem tal inundação das escrituras, da geociência e da antropologia. Datação por radiocarbono, devidamente calibrada para a descontinuidade da inundação, fundamenta uma cronologia compacta do tempo de milhares de anos para a história da Terra. Isto é reforçado pela comparação das datas de radiocarbono modelo de inundação para sítios antigos próximos do leste com os obtidos independentemente pelos arqueólogos. A corroboração adicional da cronologia Gênesis provém de descobertas de tecidos moles preservados, proteínas e até mesmo ADN em ossos de dinossauros fósseis e outros em espécimes de toda a coluna geológica. A crença numa criação recente e rápida é credívelmente defensável pela ciência desinvestida de construções ideológicas seculares naturalistas. A cronologia do tempo compacto reabilitar a crença na realidade histórica dos relatos de Gênesis sobre a origem da vida e a origem da morte.

In this article, we emphasize that counting years, by scholars or readers of texts whose objective is to critically and truthfully narrate-interpret history, is epistemologically essential to authentically understand and learn from such texts. The counting-reading (-awareness) of the years that certain history texts refer to, is a topic that has been overlooked by many well-known theoretical historians such as Hayden White, François Hartog, and Hans-George Gadamer. Therefore, our purpose is to emphasize an (obvious) epistemological process whose importance is overlooked and insufficiently analyzed. We argue that any text that attempts to truthfully narrate and interpret how the human past happened loses its "raison d'être" if its reader neither counts nor is aware of the years in which the narrated events take place; thus, to pragmatically refer to such concrete counting-reading of years we propose a neologism. Moreover, we "verify" and exemplify our propositions by analyzing some texts by the classic Mexican historian Justo Sierra Méndez. Finally, we briefly reflect through the comparative method on how counting the years of narrated historical processes can also be essential in the understanding of the so-called "historical" literature., En el presente artículo subrayamos que la contabilización de los años, por parte del lector o estudioso de textos cuyo objetivo es narrar-interpretar crítica y verazmente la historia, es epistemológicamente esencial para comprender con autenticidad, y aprender de tales textos. La contabilización-lectura(-consciencia) de los años que refiere ciertos textos sobre historia es un tópico que ha sido pasado por alto por muchos conocidos teóricos de la historia, incluyendo a reconocidos especialistas como Hayden White, François Hartog o Hans-George Gadamer. Por ende, nuestro propósito aquí es enfatizar un proceso epistemológico (evidente) cuya importancia se obvia y no se analiza lo suficiente. Sostenemos pues que cualquier texto que intenta narrar e interpretar verazmente cómo sucedió el pasado humano pierde su “razón de ser” si su lector ni contabiliza ni está consciente de los años en que transcurren los hechos narrados, por ende, para pragmáticamente referirnos a tal concreta contabilización-lectura de años propondremos un neologismo. Posteriormente “verificamos” y ejemplificamos nuestras proposiciones analizando algunos textos del ya clásico historiador mexicano Justo Sierra Méndez. Por último, reflexionamos someramente mediante el método comparativo, sobre cómo en la literatura llamada “histórica” también puede ser indispensable, para comprenderla, la contabilización de fechas de los procesos históricos narrados.

In Val de Xálima, an area located in the northwest of Extremadura, the usual language of communication is Fala, Valego, or Xalimego. The bibliography ascribes it to the Galician-Portuguese group and points to the influence of neighboring languages and varieties. Studies on its lexicon reveal that it is a key piece, with the capacity to broaden the understanding of the histories of the languages of the Western Iberian Peninsula. Thus, this article proposes the study of the names used for the concept 'pepper': a(i)xín and pimentu. In this case, the language of introduction is not clear; for this reason, the results will be compared, for both lexical bases, from the documentation extracted from dictionaries and lexicographical corpora of the languages and varieties related to Fala: Spanish, Portuguese, Galician, Astur-Leonese, and Extremadura fala., Dans le Val de Xálima, une région située dans le nord-ouest de l'Estrémadure, la langue de communication habituelle est le Fala, le Valego ou le Xalimego. Son origine se trouve d’après les textes académiques dans le groupe galicien-portugais, avec l'influence des langues et variétés voisines. Les études sur son lexique révèlent que c’est une langue clé pour la compréhension de l’histoire des langues de la péninsule Ibérique occidentale. Ainsi, cet article propose une analyse des noms utilisés pour le terme ‘poivron’: a(i)xín et pimentu. Dans ce cas, la langue d’origine n'est pas claire. Pour cette raison, les résultats des deux bases lexicales seront comparés à partir de la documentation extraite des dictionnaires et des corpus lexicographiques des langues et variétés proches du Fala: espagnole, portugaise, galicienne, asturienne-léonaise et la langue d’Extremadura., En el Val de Xálima, entorno situado en el noroccidente extremeño, la lengua de comunicación habitual es la Fala, valego o xalimego. La bibliografía la adscribe al grupo gallego-portugués, y apunta el influjo de las lenguas y variedades colindantes. Los estudios sobre su léxico revelan que es una pieza clave, con capacidad para ampliar la comprensión de las historias de las lenguas del occidente peninsular. Así pues, en el presente artículo se propone el análisis de los nombres utilizados en la denominación del concepto ‘pimiento’: a(i)xín y pimentu. En este caso, la lengua de introducción no es nítida; por este motivo, se compararán los resultados, para ambas bases léxicas, a partir de la documentación extraída de diccionarios y corpus lexicográficos de las lenguas y variedades emparentadas con la Fala: español, portugués, gallego, astur-leonés y hablas extremeñas.

The impact flux over the last 3 Ga in the inner Solar System is commonly assumed to be constant through time due to insufficient data to warrant a different choice for this range of time. However, asteroid break-up events in the main belt may have been responsible for cratering spikes over the last ∼2 Ga on the Earth-Moon system. Due to its proximity with the main asteroid belt, i.e., the main impactors reservoir, Mars is at the outpost of these events with respect to the other inner planets. We investigate here, from automatic crater identification, the possible variations of the size frequency distributions of impactors from the record of small craters of 521 impact craters larger than 20 km in diameter. We show that 49 craters (out of the 521) correspond to the complete crater population of this size formed over the last 600 Ma. Our results on Mars show that the flux of both small (> 5 m) and large asteroids (> 1 km) are coupled, does not vary between each other over the last 600 Ma. Existing data sets for large craters on the Earth and the Moon are analyzed and compared to our results on Mars. On Earth, we infer the formation location of a set of impact craters thanks to plate tectonic reconstruction and show that a cluster of craters formed during the Ordovician period, about 470 Ma ago, appears to be a preservation bias. On the Moon, the late increase seen in the crater age signal can be due to the uncertain calibration method used to date those impacts (i.e. rock abundance in lunar impact ejecta), and other calibrations are consistent with a constant crater production rate. We conclude to a coupling of the crater production rate between kilometer-size craters (∼100 m asteroids) and down to ∼100 m in diameter (∼5 m asteroids) in the inner Solar System. This is consistent with the traditional model for delivering asteroids to planet-crossing obits: the Yarkovsky effect slowly pushes the large debris from asteroid break-ups towards orbital resonances while small

In 2019, we launched the Chronology of Exhibiting Sculpture in Serbia 1945–2000 project (available online: https://skulptura-hronologijaizlaganja.rs) with the aim of drawing the attention of art history researchers and museum professionals to the complex history of modern and contemporary sculpture—the heritage that has been neglected, marginalized, and reduced to the very traditional formats of knowledge in the local (Serbian) context, particularly in terms of understanding sculpture as an active transformative agent in the public sphere. This project is research-based, ongoing, and open-access in its character, and it aims at generating a chronologically structured digital database of events: public appearances and expositions of sculpture in Serbia and abroad such as exhibitions, erection of monuments and public sculpture, organization of sculpture colonies and site-specific sculptural production, lectures on sculpture, etc. During the realization of the project — a process that is still ongoing — many questions have arisen concerning the complexity of digitalization as a process of translating and curating the analog, archival material of diversified typology into a specifically designed structure of digital space based on the network logic. In order to share and exchange our experiences with colleagues who think and work in the field of digital art history and digital humanities, we would like to present the Chronology of Exhibiting Sculpture 1945–2000 by mapping a number of challenging issues that arose during the conception and implementation of the project: 1) How to translate and improve the narrative/vertical structure of art historical chronology in non-linear digital space, i.e. how to present temporal events in the digital space of the network? 2) What perspectives does the digital logic of visuali- zation and structuring of historiographical material open to art 102 history in terms of developing new methodologies and historical 103 knowledge? 3) How c

Dogs are known to be the first species domesticated by humans, although the geographic and temporal origin of this process is still under debate in different fields of knowledge. In the present study, we examined a humerus from a canid recovered in the Lower Magdalenian level of the site of Erralla (Zestoa, Gipuzkoa, Basque Country, Spain), combining morphology, radiocarbon dating and genetics. Our results confirm the identification of this specimen as Canis lupus familiaris, discarding miss-identification with a dhole (Cuon alpinus) through genetic analyses of cytochrome b gene and mtDNA haplogroup. The direct AMS 14C dating (17,410–17,096 cal. BP) indicated that the Erralla specimen represents one of the earliest domesticated dogs in Europe, in the Lower Cantabrian Magdalenian period. We discuss our results in the light of the debate of the origin of dogs, conducting a critical review of the datings of sites of Eurasia that have provided remains of Paleolithic and Mesolithic dogs, including the so-called “dog-like wolves”.

En este artículo se pretende evidenciar la importancia que, como indicador cronológico, posee en el cuadrante suroriental de la península ibérica uno de los objetos del registro arqueológico de la Edad del Bronce hasta ahora no considerados: las pesas de telar. A partir del análisis de su seriación tipológica, debidamente concatenada con la información contextual de aparición en ámbitos de hábitat y con la información cronoestratigráfica basada en dataciones absolutas asociadas de yacimientos argáricos, del Bronce Valenciano y del Bronce en La Mancha –2200-1550 cal AC– y del Bronce Tardío –1550-1250 cal AC–, se muestra cómo más allá de las implicaciones que sus cambios morfológicos pudieron tener en el marco de las innovaciones técnicas y en la organización de la artesanía textil a lo largo más de un milenio, también pueden ser empleadas como un indicador cronológico fiable en la ordenación temporal., This article aims to demonstrate the importance, as a chronological indicator, of one of the objects of the Bronze Age archaeological record in the south-eastern quadrant of the Iberian Peninsula that has not been considered until now: loom weights. From the analysis of their typological seriation, duly concatenated with the contextual information on their appearance in habitat spaces and with the chronostratigraphic data based on absolute dates associated from Argaric, Valencian Bronze Age and Bronze Age in La Mancha sites –2200-1550 cal BC– and Late Bronze Age sites –1550-1250 cal BC–, we show how, beyond the implications that their morphological changes may have had in the context of technical innovations and the organisation of textile craftsmanship over more than a millennium, they can also be used as a reliable chronological indicator in the temporal ordering.

The current rate of small impacts on Mars is informed by more than one thousand impact sites formed in the last 20 years, detected in images of the martian surface. More than half of these impacts produced a cluster of small craters formed by fragmentation of the meteoroid in the martian atmosphere. The spatial distributions, number and sizes of craters in these clusters provide valuable constraints on the properties of the impacting meteoroid population as well as the meteoroid fragmentation process. In this paper, we use a recently compiled database of crater cluster observations to calibrate a model of meteoroid fragmentation in Mars' atmosphere and constrain key model parameters, including the lift coefficient and fragment separation velocity, as well as meteoroid property distributions. The model distribution of dynamic meteoroid strength that produces the best match to observations has a minimum strength of 10–90 kPa, a maximum strength of 3–6 MPa and a median strength of 0.2–0.5 MPa. An important feature of the model is that individual fragmentation events are able to produce fragments with a wide range of dynamic strengths as much as 10 times stronger or weaker than the parent fragment. The calibrated model suggests that the rate of small impacts on Mars is 1.5–4 times higher than recent observation-based estimates. It also shows how impactor properties relevant to seismic wave generation, such as the total impact momentum, can be inferred from cluster characteristics.

The Riparo Mochi rock shelter, located on the Ligurian coast of Italy, is one of the most important early Upper Paleolithic sites on the Mediterranean rim. Its ∼10-m-deep stratigraphy comprises a Mousterian sequence, followed by various development stages of the Upper Paleolithic. A series of radiometric dates on marine shells bearing traces of human modification has provided a chronological framework for the final Mousterian and the Proto-Aurignacian of the site. Based on modeling results, the end of the Mousterian was dated between 44.0 and 41.8 ka cal BP (68% probability) and the beginning of the Proto-Aurignacian between 42.7 and 41.6 ka cal BP (68% probability). However, these estimates were based on a limited number of radiocarbon ages in the Mousterian levels. Here, we report new dating of the Mochi sequence using luminescence techniques, along with new radiocarbon measurements. The combination of these results using a Bayesian modeling approach allows for the first time the establishment of a more precise timing for the Mousterian occupation at the site. We show that Mousterian groups were already present at Riparo Mochi by at least 65 ka and continued to occupy the site for another 20 ka. The transition to the earliest Upper Paleolithic at the site is centered around 44.3–41.1 ka (95.4% probability), providing our best age estimate for the beginning of the Early Upper Paleolithic and the establishment of modern human groups in the Balzi Rossi. The sequence continues upward with a more evolved Aurignacian phase and a Gravettian phase starting at ∼26 ka or earlier.

In the small fraction of Earth's surface with the highest erosion rates such as the Alps and Himalayas quantifying rates of incision, rock uplift and inferring climatic controls on the landscape can be relatively straightforward once the ages of river terraces cut in bedrock (strath terraces) are constrained. However, in many mid to lower relief settings that are more typical of mountain belts worldwide, periods of net river incision and riverbed lowering are relatively short (punctuated), interrupted by long periods of sediment aggradation or stasis. We define a conceptual model of punctuated river incision and strath terrace formation for the calculation of incision and rock uplift rates, and recommend strategies for geochronological sampling and interpretation. An approach using OSL dating of terrace gravels allows us to constrain a detailed ~150 kyr history of punctuated river incision and strath terrace formation spanning two stratigraphic landform levels in the High Atlas Mountains (NW Africa). Extensive preservation and exposure of strath-top gravels, within a post-orogenic setting unaffected by eustatic influences, enables the derivation of rates of base-level fall, integrated over periods of strath-top aggradation and incision, that are consistent with independently constrained regional rock uplift rates. Combining a punctuated river incision model with our well-constrained terrace formation history allows us to demonstrate how assumptions concerning Quaternary river incision and aggradation can lead to the problematic Sadler Effect, an apparent dependence of incision rates on measured time interval. Subsequently, we demonstrate that an approach to reinterpreting previously published data using the punctuated incision model, even when combined with limited terrace age data, results in more consistent conclusions about rates of river incision, rock uplift and base-level lowering across the mountain belt. Our recommendations for sampling strategies to cons

The Initial Upper Paleolithic (IUP) is a key chrono-cultural concept in our understanding of the cultural and population dynamics at the transition from the Middle Paleolithic to Upper Paleolithic period. This paper presents technological and chronological analyses of lithic assemblages from a rockshelter site at Tor Fawaz in the Jebel Qalkha area, southern Jordan, to provide accurate dating and detailed recognition of the IUP variability in the Levant. We present integrated micromorphological, phytolith, and dung spherulite analyses to evaluate formation and postdepositional processes of archaeological remains through high-resolution micro-contextual studies. As a result, the Tor Fawaz assemblages show general similarity to those of Boker Tachtit Level 4, Tor Sadaf A¿B, and Wadi Aghar C¿D1 that represent the late phase of the IUP in the southern Levant. Based on the detailed recognition of site-formation processes, we suggest ca. 45¿36 ka as the age of IUP occupations at Tor Fawaz. More specifically, the IUP occupations at Tor Fawaz and Wadi Aghar, a nearby IUP site in the same area, may represent slightly different phases that show a lithic technological trend paralleling the IUP sequence at Tor Sadaf in southern Jordan, and possibly post-date Boker Tachtit Level 4. We also discuss the issue of partial chronological overlap between the late IUP and the Ahmarian and also argue for the geographically different trends in cultural changes from the late IUP to the Ahmarian.