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The results of the agroproductive evaluation of four chickpea cultivars (Cicer arietinum L.) on the Eugenio Pérez farm belonging to the CCS José Manuel Rodríguez, located in the Jesús Menéndez municipality, Las Tunas province, Cuba are presented. The experiment was carried out in the period between December 2020 and April 2021 on a soft carbonated Fluvisol soil. A randomized block design with four treatments and four replicates was used. The cultivars used were: JP-94, Nac-24, Nac-30 and Blanco Sinaloa. During the experimental phase, the following parameters were analyzed: plant height, stem diameter, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, weight of 100 grains, and yield per hectare. According to the results obtained, the Blanco Sinaloa cultivar reached the highest height and diameter of the stem, while the highest number of branches, pods per plant and yield was reached by JP-94, Se presentan los resultados de la evaluación agroproductiva de cuatro cultivares de garbanzo (Cicer arietinum L.) en la finca de Eugenio Pérez perteneciente a la CCS José Manuel Rodríguez, ubicada en el municipio Jesús Menéndez, provincia Las Tunas, Cuba. El experimento se realizó en el periodo comprendido entre diciembre de 2020 y abril de 2021 sobre un suelo Fluvisol mullido carbonatado. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques al azar con cuatro tratamientos y cuatro réplicas. Los cultivares utilizados fueron: JP-94, Nac-24, Nac-30 y Blanco Sinaloa. Durante la fase experimental se analizaron los parámetros: altura de las plantas, diámetro del tallo, número de ramas por planta, número de vainas por plantas, número de granos por vaina, peso de 100 granos y rendimiento por hectárea. Según los resultados obtenidos el cultivar Blanco Sinaloa alcanzó la mayor altura y diámetro del tallo, mientras que el mayor número de ramas, vainas por plantas y rendimiento lo alcanzó el JP-94.

Producción Científica, Raw pulses as extenders in meat preparations result in oxidative processes. The oxidative effects of using a raw chickpea paste (CP; 1/2; chickpea/water) in pork patties were evaluated. In a first experiment, patties were prepared with increasing levels of CP (0 to 25%); in a second experiment, patties with CP (25%) and without CP (controls) were kept at 4 °C or 22 °C for 18 h before patty production; in a third experiment, chitosan, garlic, and cumin (from 0.5 to 2%) were added in patties with CP (25%) and controls, and their antioxidant effects were evaluated. Patties were analysed for pH, colour, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) on days 1, 3, and 7 of refrigerated aerobic storage. Discoloration on day 1 and TBARS levels on days 1 to 7 of storage increased with the CP used. Higher batter temperature after mixing did not activate oxidative processes in the CP patties. Garlic showed pro-oxidant effects in controls and no effects in the CP patties. Chitosan and cumin did not reduce CP patties oxidation on the first day of storage, but they controlled oxidation during subsequent storage. More research is needed to prevent oxidation caused by using raw chickpeas in meat preparations.

Understanding the origins of variation in agricultural pathogens is of fundamental interest and practical importance, especially for diseases that threaten food security. Fusarium oxysporum is among the most important of soil-borne pathogens, with a global distribution and an extensive host range. The pathogen is considered to be asexual, with horizontal transfer of chromosomes providing an analog of assortment by meiotic recombination. Here, we challenge those assumptions based on the results of population genomic analyses, describing the pathogens diversity and inferring its origins and functional consequences in the context of a single, long-standing agricultural system. We identify simultaneously low nucleotide distance among strains, and unexpectedly high levels of genetic and genomic variability. We determine that these features arise from a combination of genome-scale recombination, best explained by widespread sexual reproduction, and presence-absence variation consistent with chromosomal rearrangement. Pangenome analyses document an accessory genome more than twice the size of the core genome, with contrasting evolutionary dynamics. The core genome is stable, with low diversity and high genetic differentiation across geographic space, while the accessory genome is paradoxically more diverse and unstable but with lower genetic differentiation and hallmarks of contemporary gene flow at local scales. We suggest a model in which episodic sexual reproduction generates haplotypes that are selected and then maintained through clone-like dynamics, followed by contemporary genomic rearrangements that reassort the accessory genome among sympatric strains. Taken together, these processes contribute unique genome content, including reassortment of virulence determinants that may explain observed variation in pathogenic potential.

According to archaeological records, chickpea (Cicer arietinum) was first domesticated in the Fertile Crescent about 10,000 years BP. Its subsequent diversification in Middle East, South Asia, Ethiopia, and the Western Mediterranean, however, remains obscure and cannot be resolved using only archeological and historical evidence. Moreover, chickpea has two market types: "desi" and "kabuli," for which the geographic origin is a matter of debate. To decipher chickpea history, we took the genetic data from 421 chickpea landraces unaffected by the green revolution and tested complex historical hypotheses of chickpea migration and admixture on two hierarchical spatial levels: within and between major regions of cultivation. For chickpea migration within regions, we developed popdisp, a Bayesian model of population dispersal from a regional representative center toward the sampling sites that considers geographical proximities between sites. This method confirmed that chickpea spreads within each geographical region along optimal geographical routes rather than by simple diffusion and estimated representative allele frequencies for each region. For chickpea migration between regions, we developed another model, migadmi, that takes allele frequencies of populations and evaluates multiple and nested admixture events. Applying this model to desi populations, we found both Indian and Middle Eastern traces in Ethiopian chickpea, suggesting the presence of a seaway from South Asia to Ethiopia. As for the origin of kabuli chickpeas, we found significant evidence for its origin from Turkey rather than Central Asia.

Background: Early diagnosis of plant pathogens is of global interest due to the economic aspects of over-usage of fungicides, as well as their effect on overall grain quality. Consequently, there is a need to develop technology that can provide accurate and timely identification and quantification of plant pathogens. Currently, there are several biosensor applications that involve use of nanotechnology, imaging, mobile phone and even drones for detection of airborne pathogens. This PhD research demonstrates implementation of several proof-of-concept assays, which with further developments towards in-field application, may be useful use in farms, glasshouses and in agricultural nurseries.[...], Thesis (PhD Doctorate), Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), School of Environment and Sc, Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology, Full Text

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum), the 2nd most important legume after dry beans, known for its protein content, is an important crop agronomically as well as economically. The present study aimed to determine the effect of foliar application of spermidine (spd) on various aspects of chickpea genotypes under salt stress. The chickpea genotypes were cultivated under 4 and 8 dSm-1 Cl- dominated salinity followed by the spermidine application of 0.5 and 1.0 mM. Salinity stress inhibited the plant height and root length, reducing plant biomass (fresh and dry weight). Furthermore, it also decreased the chlorophyll and nitrogen content of the plant. Results obtained from spermidine (spd) application indicated that both concentrations of spermidine are good in enhancing the tolerance in chickpea genotypes against salt stress. Spermidine application increased the plant's height as well as biomass. It also enhanced the chlorophyll content (32.93%), increasing the Nitrogen Balance Index (77.37%) at 1.0 mM.It further increased the flavonoid and anthocyanin content in plant leaf. In addition, the application of spermidine retained more moisture (25.81%) and increased seed fiber (13.30%) in all chickpea genotypes at 1.0 mM. It reduces the Cl- ion accumulation and maintains the ionic balance in chickpea seeds. The effect of spermidine application (0.5 and 1.0mM) was more pronounced, but 1.0 mM had a more positive effect in salt-sensitive chickpea genotypes.

Among the most typical feed ingredients for shrimp, plants represent a low-cost source in substituting for traditional high-cost feed ingredients. Extrusion is a common grains processing technique to make plant nutrients available and more digestible to animal. Different levels (15, 30, 45, and 60%) of extruded low-quality chickpea meal were included in a formulated diet for the juvenile shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei cultured in a closed system for 75 days. The growth of shrimp fed with the tested diets was similar to the control group (P > 0.05). We concluded that the use of extruded cull chickpea meal is a potential food alternative to replace fishmeal effectively in diets for L. vannamei.

Dry fractionation of legumes is used to produce protein and starch-rich fractions with a clean label and lower environmental impact than conventional wet fractionation. Dry fractionation relies on the use of ambient air that varies in humidity. This study assessed the effect of relative humidity (RH) on milling and air classification of yellow pea and chickpea. Particle size analysis and powder rheology were used to assess the particle dispersibility and flowability of the flours. The RH has limited effect on milling and air classification between 30% and 70%. However, upon storage of fine milled chickpea flour at a RH of 70% and storage of fine milled yellow pea flour at a RH of 90% the air classification performance decreased. This was linked to a poorer dispersibility and flowability. Concluding, a relative humidity above 70% should be prevented to perform robust air classification.

Aldehydes are important flavor molecules to consider in plant-based products. Here, the flavor retention of a series of saturated aldehydes and mono-unsaturated aldehydes (2-alkenals) with different chain lengths (C4, C6, C8, and C10) in dispersions with protein isolates of pea, soy, fava bean, chickpea, and whey (as reference) was analyzed with APCI-TOF-MS. The headspace concentrations of alkenals were lower than aldehydes, meaning alkenals were retained more than saturated aldehydes. The retention was modeled by assuming hydrophobic interactions and covalent interactions. The ratio between the hydrophobic interaction parameter and the covalent parameter showed that covalent interactions are mainly important for butanal and butenal (C4). For the other aldehydes, hydrophobic interactions became increasingly important. Correlations were found between the chemical interaction parameters and the cysteine and methionine content of the different proteins. The obtained model parameters for each set of proteins and flavors allow the prediction of flavor retention when developing a flavored product with high protein content.

The present work aimed to develop and investigate microbial consortia for petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs) detoxification and plant growth improvement in hydrocarbons-contaminated soil. Here, we isolated several bacteria from PHCs-contaminated soils to make bacterial consortia and two of the best consortia were tested in a pot experiment to evaluate their potential for PHCs removal and chickpea growth promotion in PHCs-contaminated soil. Results demonstrated that the PHCs exerted considerable phytotoxic effects on chickpea growth and physiology by causing a 13–29% and a 12–43% reduction in agronomic and physiological traits, respectively. However, in the presence of bacterial consortia, the phytotoxicity of PHCs to chickpea plants was minimized, resulting in a 7.0–24% and a 6.0–35% increase in agronomic and physiological traits, respectively over un-inoculated controls. Bacterial consortia also boosted nutrient uptake and the antioxidant mechanism of the chickpea. In addition, chickpea plants alone phytoremediated 52% of initial PHCs concentration. The addition of bacterial consortia in the presence of chickpea plants could remove 74–80% of the initial PHCs concentration in soil. Based on our research findings, we suggest that the use of multi-trait bacterial consortia could be a sustainable and environmentally friendly strategy for PHCs remediation and plant growth promotion in hydrocarbons in contaminated soil.

The field experiment was conducted during rabi 2020 at Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Mandya to study the impact of intercropping and nutrient dose on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) growth and seed yield. The results revealed the significant differences for growth and yield parameters of chickpea due to intercropping systems and fertilizer doses. A sole grown chickpea showed significantly higher plant height at harvest (35.73cm), number of pods per plant (42.02), hundred seed weight (23.20 g) and seed yield of chickpea (1733 kg/ha) compared to intercropping of chickpea with sorghum, safflower or linseed. Whereas, among fertilizer doses, application of 150 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) produced noticeably taller plants at harvest (35.51 cm), number of pods (38.38), hundred seed weight (22.53 g) and seed yield of chickpea (1343 kg/ha) compared to other fertilizer doses. Therefore, sole cropping of chickpea with 150 per cent RDF could be recommended for certified seed production programme.

The interaction between flavors and proteins results in a reduced headspace concentration of the flavor, affecting flavor perception. We analyzed the retention of a series of esters and ketones with different chain lengths (C4, C6, C8, and C10) by protein isolates of yellow pea, soy, fava bean, and chickpea, with whey as a reference. An increase in protein concentration led to a decrease in flavor compound in the headspace as measured with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (APCI-TOF-MS). Flavor retention was described with a flavor-partitioning model. It was found that flavor retention could be well predicted with the octanol-water partitioning coefficient and by fitting the hydrophobic interaction parameter. Hydrophobic interactions were highest for chickpea, followed by pea, fava bean, whey, and soy. However, the obtained predictive model was less appropriate for methyl decanoate, possibly due to its solubility. The obtained models and fitted parameters are relevant when designing flavored products with high protein concentrations.

Fusarium wilt (FW) caused by the Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri is a devastating disease of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). To identify promising resistant genotypes and genomic loci for FW resistance, a core set of 179 genotypes of chickpea was tested for FW reactions at seedling and reproductive stages under field as well as controlled conditions in the greenhouse. Our results revealed that at seedling stage, most of the genotypes were found resistant whereas, at the reproductive stage majority of the genotypes were found susceptible. Genotyping using a 50K Axiom®Cicer SNP Array and trait data of FW together led to the identification of 26 significant (p≤E-05) marker-trait associations (MTAs) for FW resistance. Among 26 MTAs, 12 were identified using trait data recorded in the field (3 at seedling and 9 at reproductive stage) and 14 MTAs were identified using trait data recorded under controlled conditions in the greenhouse (6 at seedling and 8 at reproductive stage). The phenotypic variation explained by these MTAs varied from 11.75 to 15.86% with an average of 13.77%. Five MTAs were classified as major, explaining more than 15% phenotypic variation for FW and two MTAs were declared stable, being identified in either two environments or at two growth stages. One of the promising stable and major MTAs (Affx_123280060) detected in field conditions at reproductive stage was also detected in greenhouse conditions at seedling and reproductive stages. The stable and major (>15% PVE) MTAs can be used in chickpea breeding programmes.

Farmers usually do not know the precise output that is affected by climatic factors such as temperature and rainfall and are characterized by inter-annual variability, part of which is caused by global climate change. No study covers the influences of climate factors on yield and yield risk in the context of chickpea farming in Andhra Pradesh, India. In this context, this study aimed to investigate the trends in climate change variables during Rabi season (October to January, 1996-2020) and evaluated their variability on chickpea yields across different agro-climatic zones in Andhra Pradesh by employing Just and Pope production function. Four non-parametric methods-Alexandersson’s Standard Normal Homogeneity Test, Buishand’s Range Test, Pettitt’s Test and Von Neumann’s Ratio Test are applied to detect homogeneity in the data. Mann–Kendall (MK) test and Sen’s slope (SS) method were employed to analyze monthly rainfall trends and minimum and maximum temperature trends. Results of Just and Pope (panel data) quadratic and Cobb-Douglas methods revealed that monthly minimum temperature positively influenced the mean yield of chickpea (0.22% and 0.16%, respectively). However, rainfall (-0.41% and -0.31%) and maximum temperature (-0.08% and -0.04%) negatively influenced the mean yield of chickpea under quadratic and Cobb-Douglas models, respectively. Accordingly, rainfall (0.08% and 0.06%) and maximum temperature (0.83% and 0.72%) positively influenced the yield variability and minimum temperature (-0.77% and -0.67%) reduced yield variability of chickpea under quadratic and Cobb-Douglas models respectively. In view of these findings, it is imperative to advocate the farmers about the importance of cultivating drought-tolerant chickpea varieties, drought-proofing and mitigation strategies, micro-irrigation practices and improving their access to agro-meteorological information towards sustainable chickpea cultivation in Andhra Pradesh.

Legumes have been sought as alternative protein sources to ensure food security and environmental sustainability. Characterizing their protein content and quality, including in underutilized grain legumes, e.g., grass pea, gives value to the legumes' underexplored variability. To fill the gap of knowledge in legumes' protein quality, for the first time, five extensive collections of cool season grain legumes were cropped under the same environmental conditions and further analyzed. Multivariate analysis showed the existent intra- and inter-species variability. The legume species with the highest protein content, grass pea, Lathyrus sativus (LS), was not the one with the overall highest individual amino acids content and in vitro protein digestibility. With these last characteristics lentil, Lens culinaris (LC), was highlighted. The highest average values of arginine (Arg), glutamic acid (Glu), and threonine (Thr) were found in LS and Vicia faba (VF). Cicer arietinum (CA) stood out as the species with the highest values of Thr and methionine (Met). Regarding the in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD), LC, followed by Pisum sativum (PS) and LS, were the legume species with the highest values. Ultimately, this study bought to the fore legume species that are not commonly used in western diets but have high adaptability to the European agricultural systems.

The current trend in food consumption is toward convenience, i.e., fast food. The present work aims to study the potential of incorporating freeze-dried cooked chickpeas into a complex and traditional dish in Spanish gastronomy, such as Cocido, which has this legume as the main ingredient. Cocido is a two-course meal: a thin-noodle soup and a mix of chickpeas, several vegetables, and meat portions. The textural properties, sensory qualities, and rehydration kinetics of chickpeas of three Spanish varieties were investigated to select the most suitable cooking conditions to obtain freeze-dried chickpeas of easy rehydration whilst maintaining an adequate sensory quality for the preparation of the traditional dish. The sensory quality of various vegetables and meat portions, cooked under different conditions, was evaluated after freeze-drying and rehydration. It was possible to reproduce the sensory quality of the traditional dish after rehydration with water, heating to boiling in a microwave oven for 5 min, and resting for 10 min. Therefore, it is possible to commercialize complex dishes based on pulses and other cooked and freeze-dried ingredients as reconstituted meals with a wide nutrient profile. Nevertheless, additional research is required on the shelf life, together with other economic and marketing issues such as design of a proper packaging, that would allow consumption as a two-course meal., Sección Deptal. de Farmacia Galénica y Tecnología Alimentaria (Veterinaria), Fac. de Veterinaria, TRUE, pub

This work will broaden the current knowledge regarding rhizosphere ecology, through the identified strains adjunct to chickpea cultivation, and biofertilizer application, since no published comparison between filling materials exists, while developing an applicable integrated solution to mitigate salt stress in chickpea cultivars in the Spanish peninsula.

Chickpea is a popular legume crop in Asia and Africa's semi-arid regions. Crop production gains, on the other hand, have been modest, owing to biotic and abiotic stressors. Among the different biotic stresses, nematodes portray serious threat to chickpea production and colossal losses have been reported due to stress-free infection by other pathogens on infection with root lesion nematode (RLN). The worldwide distribution of two major species of RLN namely P. thornei and P. neglectus made them a focus research area especially on management aspect. In dryland farming areas of southeastern Australia, the P. thornei alone can cause yield losses of up to 40% in cereals and legumes. Despite the fact that chickpea breeders have been working persistently to generate superior chickpea varieties with increased resilience or tolerance to biotic and abiotic challenges, contemporary biotechnology technologies can help to speed up this process. To incorporate these tools and/or accelerate breeding programmes, identification of RLN resistant source with its genetic factor is first step in developing improved cultivars. However, study of resistance screening methods for chickpea against RLN is limited and standardization of different factors for development of a stable screening methodology distinguishing various levels of resistance is the need of the hour in RLN research.

Gram pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) is a major insect pest of chickpea. The gram pod borer begins to infest at vegetative stage and later feeds on flowers and developing pods. A field investigation was conducted to evaluate the bioefficacy of certain new molecule insecticides against Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) on chickpea during Rabi 2020-21 in randomized block design with three replications. The outcomes revealed that the application of Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC @ 25g a.i./ha and Cyantraniliprole 10.26% OD @ 60g a.i./ha were established to be most effective treatments and application of Fipronil 5% SC @ 50g a.i./ha was least effective in respect of reduction of H. armigera larval population. The maximum yield was recorded in Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC @ 25g a.i./ha (14.00 q/ha) followed by Cyantraniliprole 10.26% OD @ 60g a.i./ha (13.73 q/ha) and lowest yield was recorded from Novaluron 75g a.i./ha (10.15 q/ha) treated plot. The economics of different new molecule insecticides indicated that higher benefit cost ratio (BCR) was observed from Lambda Cyhalothrin 30g a.i./ha (7.86:1) followed by Emamectin benzoate 12g a.i/ha (6.75:1) and the lower BCR was recorded from Cyantraniliprole 60g a.i./ha (1.64:1) and Novaluron 75g a.i./ha (1.58:1). Chlorantraniliprole and Cyantraniliprole are newer group of insecticides, which are relatively safer and more effective against gram pod borer as comparison to conventional insecticides and can be used in successful management of this key pest of chickpea.

Dry root rot caused by Rhizoctonia bataticola (Taub.) Butler is an emerging threat for chickpea production. It is among one of the chief and common soil borne diseases of chickpea. The present investigation was conducted firstly to identify the resistant source for dry root rot in chickpea and secondly to evaluate the efficacy of different fungicides in inhibiting the growth of R. bataticola under in vitro conditions. Screening of a set of 50 chickpea entries resulted in identification of three entries namely ICCV 191317, ICCV 191306, and Ujjain 21 as moderately resistant to dry root rot of chickpea. No entry could be identified as completely resistant for dry root rot in chickpea. Further, among the different fungicides tested, pyraclostrobin alone and in combination of Thiophanate methyl completely checked the growth of R. bataticola at 100 ppm concentration under in vitro conditions. However, another combination product of fungicides namely carboxin + thiram and carbendazim + mancozeb also showed complete inhibition in growth of test pathogen at higher concentration of fungicides i.e. at 300 ppm concentration.The identified moderately resistant genotypes could be a useful resource for development of resistant varieties in chickpea for dry root rot using molecular breeding approaches.

Terminal drought is an increasing issue for chickpea production. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a pulse crop consumed worldwide, providing important food resources across the globe. To reduce or eliminate the major crop losses caused by terminal drought at the end of the chickpeas production period, efforts to breed for various agronomic traits, foremost being under drought conditions, are required. A recombinant inbred population consisting of 149 progeny lines resulting from the cross ILC 588 (drought tolerance) x ILC 3279 (drought susceptible) and generously provided by ICARDA (Hamwieh et al. 2013), was analyzed for yield, 100-seed weight, and days to 50% flowering under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions in Davis, California over three years (2019-2021) to identify QTL related to these agronomic traits. Phenotypic evaluation identified differences between treatments and RILs. A linkage map was created and utilized to identify QTL for the three agronomic traits for possible inclusion into breeding programs or future research.

Environmental degradation and the decrease of ecosystem service provision are currently of major concern, with current agricultural systems being a major driver. To meet our future environmental and sustainability targets a transformation of the agro-food systems and current agricultural value chain are crucial. One approach to redesign farming systems is the concept of biodiversity-based agriculture (BBA) which relies on sustainable diversification of biological components and their natural interactions in farming systems to maximize fertility, productivity, and resilience to external perturbations. Despite minimizing anthropogenic inputs, BBA is not yet able to meet all beneficial environmental objectives. BBA applied in the Mediterranean basin requires urgent innovation in approaches, methodologies, and models for small-holder traditional farming systems to ensure a stable provision of ecosystem services and better resilience to environmental stresses linked to climate change. Legumes are the backbone of the Mediterranean agro-ecosystems from ancient times, but their unique and wide biodiversity was not sufficiently valorized, especially by North-African countries. Here, we present LEGU-MED, a three-year international project funded by PRIMA initiative 2019. An international consortium was established involving five universities, 5 research institutes, and one private company from 8 countries: Italy, Germany, Spain, Algeria, Tunisia, Turkey, Lebanon, and Croatia. The main objective of this project is to put forward an international and well-integrated plan to valorize the legume agrobiodiversity of the Mediterranean in biodiversity-based farming systems and consequently enhance agro-ecosystem functions and services in the Mediterranean basin. The successful completion of LEGU-MED will have the following impacts on Mediterranean legume-based farming systems: (1) improve water use efficiency, (2) reduce the use of anthropogenic inputs through the maintenance of soi

Nitrogen fixation efficiency is a desired trait in agriculture. Here we study nitrogen fixation traits in chickpea (Cicer arietium), which has special relevance given the crop’s predominance as an important source of protein and nutrition in the developing world. This study seeks to understand the relevance of genetic and transcriptional diversity of both the crop (C. arietinum), its two wild relatives C. reticulatum and C. echinospermum, and their cognate symbiotic microbes Mesorhizobium mediterraneum and M. ciceri. The experiments test the hypothesis that local adaptation is an ecological mechanism operating in wild systems to optimize biological nitrogen fixation, by quantifying biomass gain and nodulation phenotypes in a network of naturally-occurring host and bacterial genotype combinations. Plant biomass gain was greater for native (homologous) compared to non-native (heterologous) plant-bacteria combinations, leading to the conclusion that nitrogen fixation per se is more effective in co-evolved plant-microbe pairs, providing strong evidence of local adaptation in natural systems. C. echinospermun has effective symbiosis with its native, homologous symbiont M. ciceri and it is incompatible (nod-) with the heterologous symbiont M. mediterraneum. Conversely, C. reticulatum has more effective symbiosis with its native, homologous symbiont M. mediterraneum compared to heterologous M. ciceri. Interestingly, C. reticulatum has similar nodulation phenotypes with both bacterial species, and thus increased biomass gain in the homologous interaction is interpreted as greater efficiency of nitrogen fixation. The analysis of recombinant inbred lines derived from C. echinospermum X C. arietinum inoculated with either M. mediterraneum or M. ciceri document genetic segregation of symbiotic specificity, providing the basis for molecular genetic studies. Transcriptional profiling analysis of compatible and incompatible symbiotic pairs revealed responses to nitrogen (symbiotic

Ascochyta blight caused by Ascochyta rabiei is one of the most important foliar diseases of chickpea that can lead to significant yield losses worldwide. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was applied on a panel of 165 chickpea genotypes against A. rabiei isolates belonging to six different pathotypes. Large phenotypic variation in disease reaction was observed, as the frequency of resistance to pathotypes-I and III was comparatively higher than resistance to other pathotypes. Overall, among the all genotype × pathotype interactions, 259 resistance responses were identified and genotypes were grouped into four clusters based on their phenotypic reactions. The chickpea panel genotyped using DArTseq assay was used for genome-wide association mapping (GWAS). The GWAS revealed 30 marker-trait associations (MTAs) representing 17 quantitate trait loci (QTL) across all chickpea chromosomes. Among them, 11 R-QTLs were associated with resistance to specific pathotype, and 6 R-QTLs were associated with resistance to two or more pathotypes. Most of these R-QTLs overlapped with the previously reported R-QTLs for resistance to A. rabiei, whereas identified R-QTLs on chromosomes Ca1, Ca2, Ca6 and Ca7 are most likely novel. Meanwhile, annotation within the R-QTL intervals revealed genes involved in salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) regulation pathways as well as cell death programming. The known and novel R-QTL identified in this study may be targeted for use in future chickpea breeding programs to recombine different loci to improve the durability of resistance to multiple A. rabiei isolates/pathotypes.

Aims: To improve the nutri-functional quality of chickpea flour by fermentation with selected lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to formulate functional legume-derived products. Methods and Results: A Randomized Complete Block Design was carried out to assess the influence of experimental conditions (presence/absence of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CRL2211 and/or Weissella paramesenteroides CRL2182, temperature, time and dough yield) on LAB population, acidification, antinutritional factors and total phenolic contents (TPCs) of chickpea flour. Fermentation with both strains for 24 h at 37°C produced an increase in LAB (up to 8.9 log CFU/g), acidity (final pH 4.06), TPC (525.00 mg GAE/100 g) and tannin and trypsin inhibitor removal (28.80 mg GAE/100 g and 1.60 mg/g, respectively) higher than the spontaneously fermented doughs. RAPD and Rep-PCR analysis revealed that fermentation was dominated by L. plantarum CRL2211. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations were useful to explain LAB enzyme behaviour during fermentation highlighting the chemical affinity of LAB tannases and proteinases to gallocatechin and trypsin inhibitors. Compared with other processing methods, fermentation was better than soaking, germination and cooking for increasing the techno-functional properties of chickpea flour. Fermented doughs were applied to the manufacture of crackers that contained 81% more TPC and 64% more antioxidant activity than controls. Conclusions: Fermentation for 24 h at 37°C with selected autochthonous LAB was the best method for improving the quality of chickpea flour and derived crackers type cookies. Significance and Impact of Study: Chickpea is suitable for the development of novel functional foods. Fermentation with selected LAB would improve the final product quality and bioactivity. The combination of experimental and simulation approaches can lead to a better understanding of the fermentation processes to enhance the properties of a food matrix.

Here we present the approach used to develop the INCREASE “Intelligent Chickpea” Collections, from analysis of the information on the life history and population structure of chickpea germplasm, the availability of genomic and genetic resources, the identification of key phenotypic traits and methodologies to characterize chickpea. We present two phenotypic protocols within H2O20 Project INCREASE to characterize, develop, and maintain chickpea single-seed-descent (SSD) line collections. Such protocols and related genetic resource data from the project will be available for the legume community to apply the standardized approaches to develop Chickpea Intelligent Collections further or for multiplication/seed-increase purposes. © 2022 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Characterization of chickpea seeds for seed-trait descriptors Basic Protocol 2: Characterization of chickpea lines for plant-trait descriptors specific for primary seed increase

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are favourable bacteria that colonize the plant roots and enhance plant growth by direct and/or indirect mechanisms. This study aimed to screen rhizobial isolates of chickpea and evaluate their multiple plant growth-promoting traits. A total of twelve rhizobia-like-bacterial isolates were collected from the root nodules of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) from different regions of Madhya Pradesh, India, characterized by morphological, biochemical, and identified by the 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Out of twelve, one rhizobial isolate designated as RH17 was confirmed as Rhizobium tarimense by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, which showed 98% similarity with the strain PL-41. The phylogenetic study was done by using MEGA-X to confirm the identity of RH17 isolate and the nucleotide sequence of the 16S rRNA gene of RH17 isolate was submitted to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database under Genbank with accession number OM996100. The RH17 isolate showed multiple plant growth-promoting traits like nitrogen fixation, solubilization of phosphate (15mm), indole acetic acid (IAA) production (1µg/ml), 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase (0.5nmol), ammonia (NH3), siderophore, hydrogen cyanide (HCN) production and antagonism against phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Macrophomina phaseolina. Therefore, the present study suggests that R. tarimense (RH17) isolate can be used as PGP bacteria and a biocontrol agent to enhance the growth, productivity and yield of chickpea.

Photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency (WUE) are crucial for the sustainable use of water in agriculture. Our objective was to analyze the variability of photosynthetic and related traits in maize (Zea mays L.) and other summer crops in a temperate humid area. We evaluated photosynthetic parameters in maize for three years and compared them to pigeonpea and chickpea, adapted to arid environments, and pepper, tomato and common bean, as irrigated crops. Variability was significant in maize for most photosynthetic parameters and no consistent patterns of variability were found among genotypes. Compared to other crops, maize (C4 crop) had the highest CO2 assimilation and WUE, and the lowest stomatal conductance, substomatal CO2 concentration, and transpiration. CO2 assimilation was lowest for chickpea, stomatal conductance was highest for pigeonpea, substomatal CO2 concentration was highest for tomato and pigeonpea, transpiration was highest for pigeonpea, and WUE was lowest for pigeonpea. Chickpea lacked variability for photosynthetic traits, while pigeonpea has the largest potential for improving photosynthetic traits. Net assimilation, conductance, and transpiration could be improved in common bean, and substomatal CO2 concentration in pepper. Water Use Efficiency could be improved in some C3 crops, but more genetic biodiversity has to be identified in maize.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the most commonly consumed legume crops worldwide, cultivated in more than 55 countries (FAO 2017). However, in Serbia it is a novel crop grown on approximately 120 acres, but the area under this crop slightly increases each year. Fusarium wilt caused by F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris is one of the most economically important diseases in most chickpea-growing areas, but there has been no formal report of the Fusarium wilt of chickpea in Serbia. In June 2018, the first symptoms of Fusarium wilt were registered at Rimski Sancevi (Vojvodina Province), Serbia (N 45'19.3119, E 19'49.9339), as wilted chickpea plants grouped in patches on approximately 5% of plants in a 3-acre area. Symptoms of yellowing and necrosis of foliage appeared as late wilt in the podding stage. Roots of affected plants showed no external discoloration, but a cross-section showed dark-brown discoloration of xylem tissue. To isolate the causal agent, symptomatic plants were collected and 10 cuttings of root symptomatic tissue were surface disinfected with 2% sodium hypochlorite solution for 5 min, rinsed three times in sterile distilled water, air dried on sterilized filter paper, and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and water agar (WA) amended with streptomycin sulfate. After 7 days incubation at 25C in the dark, isolates were preliminarily identified according to their morphological characters described by Leslie and Summerell (2006).

This study was aimed at evaluation of effects of ball-milled roasted chickpea (RC) powder on physicochemical, rheological and sensorial properties of yogurt supplemented with RC levels of 1 (RCY1), 2 (RCY2), 3 (RCY3), 4 (RCY4), and 5 g/100 mL (RCY5). Results showed a gradual decline in the pH of pre-inoculated samples with corresponding increases in powder concentration from 1 to 5 g/ 100 mL. Degrees of lightness and yellowness increased in supplemented samples as compared to control (RCY0). Higher firmness was exhibited by RCY3 and RCY5 samples in the range of 59.39-78.56 g. RCY3 showed the highest consistency value (1480.214 g/s). Overall, the syneresis was significantly lower (p<0.05) in supplemented samples as compared to control. The addition levels of more than 3% RC resulted in smoother and more gradual dispersive patterns of particles, and RCY4 showed the most prominent polydispersity and resembled RCY5. Comparatively, supplemented samples exhibited a significantly lower degree of shear-thinning as compared to control samples. RCY5 showed the maximum texture score among all supplemented samples, and supplemented samples showed comparable sensory attributes to those of control samples. It was evident from this study that RC powder can be employed as a functional food ingredient in yogurt production.

A prerequisite for increasing the area of sparsely distributed leguminous crops lies in the analysis of their cultivars according to agroecological indicators. Therefore, the purpose was to develop the State Register of plant cultivars suitable for distribution in Ukraine for 2021 and Official descriptions of plant cultivars and indicators of economic suitability, highlighted in the information and reference system “Sort” (cultivar) regarding the assessment of agroecological resistance of cultivars of sparsely distributed legumes. The highest potential seed yield, according to the State Register of plant cultivars of Ukraine, is attributed to horse bean cultivars Tiffani and Fanfare, lentil cultivars YeS Maksymum, Blondi and SNIM 18, chickpea cultivars Goksu, Aras, Zehavit, YeS Alunt and a cultivar of grass pea Ivolha. The highest resistance to diseases is attributed to the cultivars of horse beans Birgit, Apollo, and Stella, cultivars of lentils Blondi, Khryzolit, SNIM 18, Harri, Linza, cultivars of chickpeas Odysei, Zodiak, Rodin, Oven, Stepovyi velet, and all cultivars of grass pea. The most resistant to pests are horse beans Sirius and Fanfare, lentil cultivars Harri, Blondi, Khryzolit, SNIM 18, cultivars of chickpea Dostatok, Zodiak, Lara, Yaryna, YeS Alunt, Rodin, Stepovyi velet, Kozeroh and Odysei. The most drought-resistant is the cultivar of grass pea Ivolha, as well as most cultivars of horse beans, except Sirius and Fanfare, lentil cultivars, except YeS Maksymum, Antonina, and Harri, chickpeas, except Zehavit and Budzhak cultivars. Analysis of agroecological resistance of cultivars of sparsely distributed leguminous plants and their potential seed yield showed that to a large extent, high productivity is ensured by resistance to adverse agroecological factors: the influence of diseases, pests, and drought. The practical value of the study is to recommend the production of cultivars of sparsely distributed legumes with the highest indicators of resistance, Передумовою збільшення площ малопоширених зернобобових культур є аналіз їх сортів за агроекологічними показниками. Тому метою було опрацювання Державного реєстру сортів рослин, придатних для поширення в Україні на 2021 рік та Офіційних описів сортів рослин і показників господарської придатності, висвітлених в Інформаційно-довідковій системі «Сорт» щодо оцінки агроекологічної стійкості сортів малопоширених зернобобових культур. Найвищою потенційною урожайністю насіння, за даними Державного реєстру сортів рослин України, відзначаються сорти бобів кінських Тіффані та Фанфаре, сорти сочевиці харчової ЄС Максимум, Блонді та СНІМ 18, сорти нуту звичайного Гоксу, Арас, Зехавіт, ЄС Алунт і сорт чини посівної Іволга. Найвищою стійкістю до хвороб характеризуються сорти бобів кінських Біргіт, Аполло та Стелла, сорти сочевиці харчової Блонді, Хризоліт, СНІМ 18, Гаррі, Лінза, сорти нуту звичайного Одисей, Зодіак, Родін, Овен, Степовий велет та усі сорти чини посівної. Найбільш стійкими до шкідників є сорти бобів кінських Сіріус та Фанфаре, сорти сочевиці харчової Гаррі, Блонді, Хризоліт, СНІМ 18, сорти нуту звичайного Достаток, Зодіак, Лара, Ярина, ЄС Алунт, Родін, Степовий велет, Козерог та Одисей. Найбільш посухостійким є сорт чини посівної Іволга, а також більшість сортів бобів кінських, крім Сіріусу та Фанфаре, сортів сочевиці харчової, крім ЄС Максимум, Антоніни та Гаррі, нуту звичайного, крім сортів Зехавіт і Буджак. Аналіз агроекологічної стійкості сортів малопоширених зернобобових рослин та їхньої потенційної урожайності насіння показав, що значною мірою висока продуктивність забезпечується стійкістю до несприятливих агроекологічних чинників: впливу хвороб, шкідників і посухи. Практична цінність досліджень полягає у рекомендації виробництву сортів малопоширених зернобобових культур із найвищими показниками стійкості до впливу хвороб, шкідників і посухи з найбільшою потенційною урожайністю.

Interest in plant-based food products has risen significantly due to strong health, environmental, and social arguments. To supply this demand, cost-effective and efficient extraction processes need to be developed for plant-based substrates. Being a high source of proteins, starch, and fiber, chickpeas can be subjected to sustainable processing strategies to generate added value compounds for food, feed, and fuel applications. To date, there is limited information about the impact of key extraction parameters on extraction efficiency and functionality of chickpea proteins. In addition, current chickpea research has been conducted primarily with the use of flammable/neurotoxic hexane to produce defatted chickpea flour for subsequent extraction of proteins, which has raised health, environmental, and consumer concerns. The goal of this study was to develop aqueous (AEP) and enzyme-assisted extraction processes (EAEP) without flammable solvents that rely on the use of mechanical treatments, water, and specific enzymes to improve the extractability and functionality of oil, proteins, and carbohydrates from chickpea flour. Enzyme-based processes were developed to efficiently extract lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates from chickpea flour, enhance the solubility and digestibility of the extracted protein, reduce flatulence-related oligosaccharides, and release a more diverse pool of oligosaccharides in the extracts. Because high water usage is a major drawback, a two-stage countercurrent extraction process was developed, resulting in the reduction of nearly 60% of the water used in the extraction process and increase in the overall process extractability. The results presented herein signifies a starting point for the development of a mechanistic understanding of the impact of key extraction parameters on structural protein and carbohydrate modifications that can impact key functional and biological properties of chickpea extracts.

The present research consists of the 25 genotypes of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) which was carried out at the field experimentation center, Department of the Genetics and Plant Breeding, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj during Rabi 2019-20 in Randomized Block Design with three replications with an aim to determine genetic variability, correlation, direct and indirect effects yield, biochemical and physiological characters on seed yield. All the genotypes of chickpea showed significant differences among them, significance variability existed for all the characters. Based on the mean performance, high yield was found for the C-18106 followed by C-18122, C-18103, and C-18101, genotypes C-18123, ICC-15896, C-18102 & GPF-02 showed against pod borer. High heritability (?70%) coupled with high genetic advance (?20%) were being observed for the number of seeds per plant, biological yield. Seed yield per plant exhibited positive and highly significant correlation with biological yield, chlorophyll index, starch content and number of seeds per plant at both genotypic and phenotypic level. Path analysis at phenotypic level identified hundred seed weight followed by chlorophyll index, number of seeds per plant, number of secondary branches, trypsin inhibitor and harvest index important direct components for seed yield per plant. Thus, due consideration should be given to these characters during the selection.

In the present study, the agronomic behavior of the Peruvian tropicalized chickpeaat different sowing distances was evaluated, underthe edaphoclimatic conditions of the area of El Limoncito, province of Santa Elena, Ecuador. The experimental design applied was the completely randomizedblock design (DBCA),where fivetreatments with different sowing distanceswere studied, which were T1 (0.1 x 0.5 m), T2 (0.2 x 0.5 m), T3 (0.3 x 0.5 m), T4 (0.4 x 0.5 m) and T5 (0.5 x 0.5 m). In each treatment, the variables of plant height, number of flowers, number of branches, number of pods and yield were analyzed. The results obtained show that T2 with distanceof 0.2 x 0.5 m gives optimal results in terms of plant height, number of flowers, number of branches, number of pods and yield., En el presente estudio se evaluó el comportamiento agronómico del garbanzo tropicalizado de ascendencia peruana a diferentes distancias de siembra, en las condiciones edafoclimáticas de la zona de El Limoncito, provincia de Santa Elena, Ecuador. El diseño experimental aplicado fue el de diseño de bloques completamente al azar (DBCA) donde se estudiaron cinco tratamientos con diferentes distanciamientos de siembra los cuales fueron T1 (0.1 x 0.5 m), T2 (0.2 x 0.5 m), T3 (0.3 x 0.5 m), T4 (0.4 x 0.5 m) y T5 (0.5 x 0.5 m). En cada tratamiento se analizaron las variables de altura de la planta, número de flores, numero de ramas, numero de vainas y rendimiento. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el T2 con distanciamiento de 0.2 x 0.5 m da resultados óptimos en cuanto a altura de la planta, número de flores, número de ramas, número de vainas y rendimiento.

Background The consumption of legumes is promoted as part of a healthy diet in many countries but associations of total and types of legume consumption with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are not well established. Analyses across diverse populations are lacking despite the availability of unpublished legume consumption data in prospective cohort studies. Objective To examine the prospective associations of total and types of legume intake with the risk of incident T2D. Methods Meta-analyses of associations between total legume, pulse, and soy consumption and T2D were conducted using a federated approach without physical data-pooling. Prospective cohorts were included if legume exposure and T2D outcome data were available and the cohort investigators agreed to participate. We estimated incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and CIs of associations using individual participant data including ≤42,473 incident cases among 807,785 adults without diabetes in 27 cohorts across the Americas, Eastern Mediterranean, Europe, and Western Pacific. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to combine effect estimates and estimate heterogeneity. Results Median total legume intake ranged from 0–140 g/d across cohorts. We observed a weak positive association between total legume consumption and T2D (IRR = 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.04) per 20 g/d higher intake, with moderately high heterogeneity (I2 = 74%). Analysis by region showed no evidence of associations in the Americas, Eastern Mediterranean, and Western Pacific. The positive association in Europe (IRR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.10, I2 = 82%) was mainly driven by studies from Germany, UK, and Sweden. No evidence of associations was observed for the consumption of pulses or soy. Conclusions These findings suggest no evidence of an association of legume intakes with T2D in several world regions. The positive association observed in some European studies warrants further investigation relating to overall dietary contexts in which legumes are consumed, inc

En este proyecto se busca diseñar una máquina separadora de granos de garbanzo de la especie Kabuli con el fin de disminuir el tiempo de separación y obtener una separación adecuada para el producto, ya que muchos agricultores realizan la separación de manera manual y esto le puede ocasionar problemas físicos, además que no se llega a cumplir con la demanda. Primero se caracterizó el producto a trabajar, investigando sobre sus propiedades físicas, morfología, humedad, como se cultivan y en qué países se produce con mayor frecuencia. También se consultó sobre el estado de producción del garbanzo en Colombia para conocer en que departamentos se lleva a cabo esta producción. Se realizó un análisis sobre que componentes son más aptos para la máquina y puedan desempeñarse adecuadamente juntos, tomando en cuenta máquinas ya existentes que realizan la separación de leguminosas análogas al garbanzo.

The market of plant based dairy alternatives such as yoghurt alternatives continues to grow as more information on the environmental impact of traditional dairy products become available. The plant-based yoghurt alternatives come with a new set of problems, including longer fermentation times and poor gel structure formation. The aim of the project was to see if fermented yoghurt alternatives could be created based on pea, oat and chickpea protein powders at different weight percentages using two different bacterial strain mixtures of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus. The addition of potato starch was also studied due to the poor gel structure formation in some recipes. The project included an investigation into the fermentation time, texture, microstructure, spontaneous syneresis and viability of the created yoghurt alternatives. Results showed satisfactory fermentation times regarding food safety for all protein sources and both bacterial strain mixtures, but not all fermentations reached a final pH of 4.6 within the desired timespan (600 min). The texture analysis results showed that an increased protein powder concentration resulted in an increase in the texture properties of firmness, consistency and cohesiveness. Only the recipes with chickpea powder resulted in proper gel structures for all tested protein concentrations, although syneresis occurred at 2.5 wt% protein content after 1 day of cold storage. For pea and oat, protein percentages of 5 wt% or below resulted in phase separation. The addition of potato starch to the recipes resulted in reduced spontaneous syneresis and reduced phase separation for all samples. The differences in texture properties and phase separations were to some extent explained by the microstructures. For pea yoghurt alternatives, the network was made from mainly protein interactions from both denatured and partially denatured proteins. For chickpea yoghurt alternatives, it was made from a, The impact of using chickpea, oat and pea proteins to create plant-based yoghurt alternatives. The interest in plant-based dairy products such as yoghurt, ice cream and cheese alternatives have increased by 53% in the US, between 2018-2020 and is thought to increase further. Plant-based yoghurt alternatives can be produced from a variety of different plant-sources used as a replacer for dairy and the properties of the final products will vary dependent on the source. But how do different ingredients affect the creation of yoghurt alternatives and the final product? The process of creating plant-based yoghurt alternatives is similar to the process used to make dairy yoghurt. The process is fermentation, which is when bacteria are added to the product and their activity will affect several properties, including the taste and pH. As a result of the pH change the typical yoghurt structure is created. However, some plant-based yoghurt alternatives require additional stabilizers, since the structure is too weak or will result in water separating from the yoghurt, which is regarded as a quality issue. It has also been observed that plant-based alternatives have longer fermentation times which has been seen as a problem for food safety and production. Chickpea, oat, and pea protein powders were used at 10, 5 and 2.5% protein content to investigate if plant-based yoghurt alternatives could be created and fermented within a reasonable time. The effect of two different commercial starter cultures and additional potato starch, as a stabilizer, was also looked at. The fermentation times were within limit when considering one of the main food safety issues commonly seen in plant-based yoghurt alternatives. It was also seen that fermentation took the longest for the yoghurt alternative made on pea than it took for the other two sources. Furthermore, higher protein content resulted in stronger textures. All chickpea recipes, no matter protein content, created structures without wat

The near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) combined with modified partial least squares (modified PLS) regression was used for determining the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and the acid detergent fiber (ADF) fractions of the chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seed. Fifty chickpea accessions (24 desi and 26 kabuli types) and fifty recombinant inbred lines F5:6 derived from a kabuli × desi cross were evaluated for NDF and ADF, and scanned by NIRS. NDF and ADF values were regressed against different spectral transformations by modified partial least squares regression. The coefficients of determination in the cross-validation and the standard deviation from the standard error of cross-validation ratio were, for NDF, 0.91 and 3.37, and for ADF, 0.98 and 6.73, respectively, showing the high potential of NIRS to assess these components in chickpea for screening (NDF) or quality control (ADF) purposes. The spectral information provided by different chromophores existing in the chickpea seed highly correlated with the NDF and ADF composition of the seed, and, thus, those electronic transitions are highly influenced on model fitting for fiber.

Field experiments were conducted at two locations; University of Limpopo (Syferkuil) and University of Venda (Thohoyandou) during 2015 and 2016 winter cropping seasons. The objectives of this study were to determine; the effect of genotype (ACC# 1, 3, 4 and 7) and planting density (33, 25 and 20 plants/m2) on four chickpea genotypes having contrasting growth patterns and also to determine the effect genotype and planting density on water use and water use efficiency of four chickpea genotypes having contrasting growth patterns. The experimental design was randomized complete block design in factorial arrangement with three replications. Plant height, number of primary and secondary branches, grain yield and yield components (number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, Harvest Index and 100 seed weight [100-SW] and above ground biomass, and were determined at different growth stages. Data obtained was subjected to analyses of variance using the general linear model of Genstat 17th edition. Significant differences between the treatments means were compared using the standard error of difference (LSD) of the means at 5% level. Correlation analyses were performed to assess the relationship between parameters. Plant height varied with genotype from 41 cm (84 DAE) to 44 cm (118 cm) at Syferkuil and 41 (56 DAE) to 44 cm (63 DAE) at Thohoyandou. Primary branches was not significantly affected by genotype and planting density at both locations and seasons. Planting density had significant effect on number of secondary branches, greater number was recorded at low (32, 6) density at Syferkuil in 2016. Above ground biomass was significantly affected by planting density at Syferkuil during in 2015 (5344 kg ha-1) and 2016 (3701 kg ha-1) growing seasons. Genotype and planting density did not affect number of pods plant-1, number of seeds plant-1, 100 SW (100 seed weight), and Harvest index were not significant at both locations and seasons. Grain yield was significantly aff, National Research Foundation (NRF) and University of Venda Capacity Development

Legumes play an important role in ensuring food security, improving nutrition and enhancing ecosystem resilience. Chickpea is a globally important grain legume adapted to semi-arid regions under rain-fed conditions. A growing body of research shows that aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) represent a gene class with promising potential for plant adaptation improvement. Aldehyde dehydrogenases constitute a superfamily of proteins with important functions as ‘aldehyde scavengers’ by detoxifying aldehydes molecules, and thus play important roles in stress responses. We performed a comprehensive study of the ALDH superfamily in the chickpea genome and identified 27 unique ALDH loci. Most chickpea ALDHs originated from duplication events and the ALDH3 gene family was noticeably expanded. Based on the physical locations of genes and sequence similarities, our results suggest that segmental duplication is a major driving force in the expansion of the ALDH family. Supported by expression data, the findings of this study offer new potential target genes for improving stress tolerance in chickpea that will be useful for breeding programs.

The aim of this paper was to examine the influence of the electrostatic field on seeds of soybean (Glycine max L), vetch (Vicia spp. L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.), grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) which were selected at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad. The DC voltage of 9V was used. The durations of seed treatment were 0 (control), 1, 2 and 3 minutes. The trial was set up as a randomized block design with four replications. 4x100 seeds of each variant and control (untreated seed) were treated. After treatment, seed quality was examined using a germination test (optimal temperature) and a cold test (low temperature). The results of the study showed that the effect of the electrostatic field on seed quality depended on the plant species, the time of seed treatment and the temperature conditions in which the seed germinated after treatment. The increase in germination energy ranged up to 18.18% in vetch, and a decrease of up to 12% was observed in chickpea. The application of the electrostatic field had a significantly greater impact on seeds that were exposed to low temperatures in the germination process after treatment. The increase in seed germination ranged up to 82.35% in chickpeas, and the decrease amounted to 92.68% in peas. In addition, the obtained results indicate that it is not possible to talk about the universal application of a certain duration of seed treatment., Cilj rada je bio ispitivanje uticaja elektrostatičkog polja na seme soje (Glycine max L.), grahorice (Vicia spp. L.), graška (Pisum sativum L.), sastrice (Lathyrus sativus L.) i nauta (Cicer arietinum L.) koji su selekcionisani na Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu. Za tretiranje je korišćen jednosmerni napon jačine 9 V. Vreme tretiranja semena iznosilo je 0 (kontrola), 1, 2 i 3 minuta. Nakon tretiranja, ispitan je kvalitet semena primenom standardnog testa klijavosti (optimalna temperatura) i hladnog testa (niska temperatura). Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da je efekat elektrostatičkog polja na kvalitet semena zavisio od biljne vrste, vremena tretiranja semena i temperaturnih uslova u kojima je seme klijalo nakon tretiranja. Povećanje energije klijanja se kretalo do 18,18% kod grahorice, a smanjenje do 12% kod nauta. Značajno veći uticaj primena elektrostatičkog polja imala je na semenu koje je posle tretiranja izloženo niskoj temperaturi u procesu klijanja. Povećanje klijavosti semena se kretalo do 82,35% kod nauta, a smanjenje do 92,68% kod graška. Takođe, dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na to da se ne može govoriti o univerzalnoj primeni određenog vremena tretiranja, jer se može dogoditi da ono ne odgovara određenoj biljnoj vrsti, pa može doći do pogoršanja kvaliteta semena.

Background The consumption of legumes is promoted as part of a healthy diet in many countries but associations of total and types of legume consumption with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are not well established. Analyses across diverse populations are lacking despite the availability of unpublished legume consumption data in prospective cohort studies. Objective To examine the prospective associations of total and types of legume intake with the risk of incident T2D. Methods Meta-analyses of associations between total legume, pulse, and soy consumption and T2D were conducted using a federated approach without physical data-pooling. Prospective cohorts were included if legume exposure and T2D outcome data were available and the cohort investigators agreed to participate. We estimated incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and CIs of associations using individual participant data including ≤42,473 incident cases among 807,785 adults without diabetes in 27 cohorts across the Americas, Eastern Mediterranean, Europe, and Western Pacific. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to combine effect estimates and estimate heterogeneity. Results Median total legume intake ranged from 0–140 g/d across cohorts. We observed a weak positive association between total legume consumption and T2D (IRR = 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.04) per 20 g/d higher intake, with moderately high heterogeneity (I2 = 74%). Analysis by region showed no evidence of associations in the Americas, Eastern Mediterranean, and Western Pacific. The positive association in Europe (IRR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.10, I2 = 82%) was mainly driven by studies from Germany, UK, and Sweden. No evidence of associations was observed for the consumption of pulses or soy. Conclusions These findings suggest no evidence of an association of legume intakes with T2D in several world regions. The positive association observed in some European studies warrants further investigation relating to ove

Hard textural attributes of chickpea necessitate the employment of specialized pretreatment prior to roasting. As compared to frying, the Intensification of Vaporization by Decompression to the Vacuum (IVDV) as a vacuum expansion (VE) technique was utilized to improve and preserve the nutritional, textural, and structural properties of chickpeas. It was clearly demonstrated that frying (FR) caused decrease in degrees of lightness in chickpeas as compared to VE samples. Raw and VE samples showed a combination of green and red colors. VE caused C=O stretching in chickpeas and imparted desirable color. The surface fissures were more evident in FR grains as compared to VE grains. The grain structure was modified from largely ovoid to round or spherical forms. Enhanced cross-linking was observed in VE samples due to stable rheological properties. IVDV improved nutritional, color and structural attributes of chickpeas were preserved after texturization.

Producción Científica, The influence of heat-moisture treatment (HMT) and flour hydration (DY) on the restoration of dough viscoelasticity of wheat/non-wheat binary matrices was investigated by applying fundamental and empirical rheological procedures, and the protein structural reorganisation was monitored by measuring residual protein solubility in different media, and by assessing the accessibility of thiol groups inside the protein network. Single chestnut (CN), chickpea (CP), millet (MI) and teff (T) flour samples submitted to HMT (15% moisture content, 1 h and 120ºC) were blended with wheat flour at 10% (CN, CP) and 30% (MI, T) of replacement, and binary matrices hydrated at low (L), medium (M) and high (H) DY. Structuring ability of HMT was mainly observed in cereal flour blends (T, MI), where higher elastic moduli and lower loss tangent together with solid-like elastic structure over higher shear stress were observed as compared with treated non-cereal flour blends (CN. CP). Increased flour hydration significantly weakened blends structure, inducing a stepped decrease in dynamic moduli values particularly noticed in cereal blends at highest level of flour hydration, and a shift from elastic-like to viscous-like structure at lower shear stress in non-wheat cereal matrices. The formation of a protein network with reinforced compact structure associated to the presence or formation of intramolecular (CN, CP, T) and intermolecular disulphide bonds (CN, CP, MI, T), water soluble (CN, MI) and water insoluble aggregates (CP, T) is feasible to achieve with proteins of non-wheat flours submitted to HMT, particularly in high DY doughs. The lower the amount of free thiols in high molecular weight proteins encompassing high degree of crosslinking, corresponded to thermally treated samples (T, MI) blended at L and M hydration levels. For thermally treated samples, the lower the amount of free thiols in high molecular weight proteins encompassing high degree of crosslinking, corresponded to T a, This study is financially supported by the Institutions Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) and Federación Europea de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) through the Projects AGL2015-63849-C2-1-R and AGL2015-63849-C2-2-R, and the Junta de Castilla y León/FEDER VA072P17

Recently, milk consumption has been declining and there is a high demand for non-dairy beverages. However, market offers are mainly cereal and nut-based beverages, which are essentially poor in protein (typically, less than 1.5% against the 3.5% in milk) and are not true milk replacers in that sense. In this work, new beverages from different pulses (i.e., pea, chickpea and lupin) were developed using technologies that enable the incorporation of a high level of seed components, with low or no discharge of by-products. Different processing steps were sequentially tested and discussed for the optimization of the sensorial features and stability of the beverage, considering the current commercial non-dairy beverages trends. The lupin beverage protein contents ranged from 1.8% to 2.4% (w/v) and the chickpea beverage varied between 1.0% and 1.5% (w/v). The “milk” yield obtained for the optimized procedure B was 1221 g/100 g of dry seed and 1247 g/100 g of dry seed, for chickpea beverage and lupin beverage, respectively. Sensory results show that chickpea beverage with cooking water has the best taste. All pulses-based beverages are typical non-Newtonian fluids, similarly to current non-dairy alternative beverages. In this respect, the sprouted chickpea beverage, without the cooking water, presents the most pronounced shear-thinning behavior of all formulations.