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The present proposal is based on proposing environmental management through bioremediation and ancestral practices in a segment of the Colta Lagoon through the use of ingahuachos with aquatic plants to improve the quality of water that leaves the lake system, considers the socio-economic and that the Colta lagoon has and the inhabitants who sustain it, what is proposed in this study is to demonstrate that through an ancestral agricultural technique such as the Ingahuachos, an adequate use of the water resource can be generated, lower the levels of water pollution, create an agro-ecosystem suitable for agricultural production in height, and in turn generate an environmental awareness of adaptation to climate change in the sector. Considering that elements of the environment will be used (Totora, Azolla, Papiro) accessible to the population of the sector, an ancestral knowledge is rescued and in turn a sustainable and sustainable alternative to the problem of the Colta lagoon is given. Once implemented, it is intended that it can be imitated or applied in all sectors of the lagoon. The surveys carried out validate the strategy of phytoremediation of the waters of the Colta Lagoon through the use of ingahuachos and native plants of the area. The projections of the project once implemented give a viable panorama of its feasibility, since it does not require a large investment and in turn complies with sustainability parameters., La presente propuesta se basa en plantear un manejo ambiental mediante biorremediación y prácticas ancestrales en un segmento de la Laguna de Colta mediante el uso de Ingahuachos con plantas acuáticas para mejorar la calidad de agua que sale del sistema lacustre, considera la problemática socioeconómica y ambiental que tiene la laguna de Colta y los habitantes que se sustentan de esta, lo que se plantea en este estudio es demostrar que a través de una técnica ancestral agrícola como los Ingahuachos se puede generar un uso adecuado del recurso hídrico, bajar los niveles de contaminación del agua, crear un agro ecosistema adecuado para la producción agrícola en altura, y a su vez generar una conciencia ambiental de adaptación al cambio climático en el sector. Tomando en cuenta que se utilizará elementos del entorno (Totora, Azolla, Papiro) accesibles a la población de sector, se rescata un conocimiento ancestral y a su vez se da una alternativa sustentable y sostenible a la problemática de la laguna de Colta. Una vez implementado se pretende que pueda ser imitado o aplicado en todos los sectores de la laguna. Las encuestas realizadas validan la estrategia de fitorremediación de las aguas de la Laguna de Colta mediante el uso de ingahuachos y plantas nativas de la zona. Las proyecciones del proyecto una vez implementado dan un panorama viable en la factibilidad de este, puesto que no requiere una gran inversión y a su vez cumple con parámetros de sustentabilidad.

Food production (chips) uses raw materials such as tapioca, cassava, banana, and many more, which contribute to excessive pollutants in the water. Thus, there is a need to treat effluent sufficiently to prevent undesired pollutants from being released into the receiving water bodies, such as rivers and agricultural drainage systems. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of cocopeat in removing targeted parameters such as suspended solids (SS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N), and total phosphorus (TP) from the chips processing effluent. Batch experiments were conducted to determine optimum operating parameters, including the adsorbent dosage, contact time, and shaking speed. This was done to identify the best removal rates of SS, COD, NH3-N and TP from effluent food processing samples taken from two different discharge points based on their usages. The experimental results show that at the optimum conditions of pH 7, cocopeat dosages of 800 mg/L, contact time of 30 minutes, and shaking speeds of 200 rpm, the unmodified cocopeat achieved 17.3% and 19.8% of SS removal, 35.5% and 28.9% of COD removal, 40.7% and 30.5% of NH3-N removal, and 53.5% and 59.2% of TP removal, from Point A and Point B effluent, respectively. Besides, the maximum adsorption capacity achieved by unmodified cocopeat towards SS (1.5-14.0 mg/g), COD (16.88-17.75 mg/g), NH3-N (0.31-0.32 mg/g) and TP (1.46-1.50 mg/g) are comparable to the adsorption capacities reported by previous researchers. This finding suggests that cocopeat could potentially replace the commercially developed adsorbents for the treatment. Furthermore, this study gave insights into the feasibility of sustainable treatment using cocopeat as an adsorbent for medium-strength effluent. However, it is suggested that further alteration of the cocopeat characteristics, either by chemical or physical modifications, and its sludge disposal method could be explored further to enhance the treatment perfo

Innovativa teknologier, produkter och processer krävs på grund av marknadens ökande behov av bioprodukter med låga koldioxidavtryck. Idén att producera flyktiga fettsyror via biologiska processer, främst genom anaerob fermentering med blandkulturer, har återupplivats på grund av den omfattande exploateringen av oljeresurser. Målet för denna studie var att utvärdera kvaliteten och livskraften för produktion av flyktiga fettsyror från enkla substrat. Flyktiga fettsyror-generering undersöktes i ett satsvis syrafermenteringssystem för tre enkla substrat (olja, stärkelse, och gelatin). Vi visade att ett initialt surt pH var fördelaktigt för acidogenes och den totala genereringen av flyktiga fettsyror för alla tre substraten. Den högsta produktionseffektiviteten av flyktiga fettsyror uppnåddes och flyktiga fettsyror genomgick evolutionär utveckling med blandad kulturfermentering som kördes vid ett initialt surt pH på 5,0. 7933,08 mg COD/L smörsyra producerades från stärkelse vid pH 3,87 på dag 15, vilket var den högsta nivån. Smörsyra och ättiksyra var de dominerande produkterna i det initiala sura pH-värdet 5. Alla tre substraten i batch-reaktorer visade högt produktionsutbyte av ättiksyra och smörsyra. Vid lågt initialt pH var propionsyra den vanligaste syratypen i olja., Innovative technology, products, and processes are required because of the market's rising need for bioproducts with low carbon footprints. The concept of producing volatile fatty acids (VFAs) via biological processes, primarily through anaerobic mixed culture fermentation, has been revived because of the extensive exploitation of oil resources. The goal of this study was to evaluate the quantity and efficiency of VFA production from simple substrates. The generation of VFA was examined using a batch type acid fermentation system for three simple substrates (oil, starch, and gelatin). We showed that an initial acidic pH was advantageous for acidogenesis and the total generation of VFAs for all three substrates. The VFA production efficiency was achieved and underwent evolutionary development with mixed culture fermentation (MCF) tests running at an initial acidic pH of 5.0. 7933.08 mgCOD/L butyric acid were produced from starch at pH 3.87 at day 15, which was the highest level. Butyric and acetic acids were the predominant products in the initial acidic pH 5. All the three substrates in reactors showed high VFA production yield of acetic acid and butyric acid. At low initial pH, propionic acid was the most prevalent acid type in oil.

It was tested with microbial consortia obtained from totora roots from an artificial wetland of a sanitary landfill (H1) and its sediment (S1), as well as from water (H2) and sediment (S2) from a natural lagoon (I), and the water (H3) and sediment (S3) of a natural lagoon (II). Samples were bioaugmented and pooled to form seven microbial consortia in assays E1 through E7. Subsequently, they were put in contact with the leachate and the Chemical Oxygen Demand-COD (APHA 5220-D method) and the Biochemical Oxygen Demand-BOD5 (APHA 5210-B method) were analyzed in three different periods: 15, 30 and 45 days; With the results obtained, an analysis of variance was applied, taking as factors the 7 trials and the 3 periods, showing that the most efficient microbial consortium in the removal of the Chemical Oxygen Demand is E2 with a removal percentage of around 88%. and for Biochemical Oxygen Demand it is E4 with about 81%. The consumption of the artificial wetland microorganisms was also calculated to reduce the Chemical Oxygen Demand for both winter and summer, they were similar at approximately 223 Kg/day; and for the reduction of the Biochemical Oxygen Demand, the consumption of microorganisms is close to 16 Kg/day during the winter as for the summer., Foi testado com consórcios microbianos obtidos de raízes de totora de um pântano artificial de um aterro (H1) e seu sedimento (S1), bem como de água (H2) e sedimento (S2) de uma lagoa natural (I). , e a água (H3) e o sedimento (S3) de uma lagoa natural (II). As amostras foram bioaumentadas e agrupadas para formar sete consórcios microbianos nos ensaios E1 a E7. Posteriormente, foram colocados em contato com o lixiviado e a Demanda Química de Oxigênio-DQO (método APHA 5220-D) e a Demanda Bioquímica de Oxigênio-DBO5 (método APHA 5210-B) foram analisadas em três períodos distintos: 15, 30 e 45 dias; Com os resultados obtidos, foi aplicada uma análise de variância, tomando como fatores os 7 ensaios e os 3 períodos, mostrando que o consórcio microbiano mais eficiente na remoção da Demanda Química de Oxigênio é o E2 com um percentual de remoção em torno de 88%. para Demanda Bioquímica de Oxigênio é E4 com cerca de 81%. Também foi calculado o consumo de microorganismos de áreas úmidas artificiais para reduzir a Demanda Química de Oxigênio tanto no inverno quanto no verão, que foram semelhantes em aproximadamente 223 Kg/dia; e para a redução da Demanda Bioquímica de Oxigênio, o consumo de microrganismos é próximo a 16 Kg/dia tanto no inverno quanto no verão., Se ensayó con consorcios microbianos obtenidos de las raíces de totora procedentes de un humedal artificial de un relleno sanitario (H1) y su sedimento (S1), así como, del agua (H2) y sedimento (S2) de una laguna natural (I), y del agua (H3) y sedimento (S3) de una laguna natural (II). Se bioaumentaron las muestras y se agruparon para formar siete consorcios microbianos en ensayos desde E1 hasta E7. Posteriormente se pusieron en contacto con el lixiviado y se analizó la Demanda Química de Oxígeno-DQO (método APHA 5220-D) y la Demanda Bioquímica de Oxígeno-DBO5 (método APHA 5210-B) en tres períodos diferentes: 15, 30 y 45 días; con los resultados obtenidos se aplicó un análisis de varianza tomando como factores a los 7 ensayos y los 3 períodos, evidenciándose que el consorcio microbiano más eficiente en la remoción de la Demanda Química de Oxígeno es el E2 con un porcentaje de remoción alrededor del 88% y para la Demanda Bioquímica de Oxígenoes el E4 con cerca de 81%. También se calculó el consumo de los microorganismos del humedal artificial para reducir la Demanda Química de Oxígeno tanto para el invierno como para el verano eran similares de aproximadamente de 223 Kg/día; y para la reducción del Demanda Bioquímica de Oxígeno el consumo de microorganismos es cercano a 16 Kg/día durante el invierno como para el verano.

[EN] Sustainability in the textile industry is a challenge with an imminent need to be tackled. One approach can be focused on replacing fossil-based dyes with renewable and less polluting alternatives. In this sense, this study focuses on validating the suitability of an innovative natural-based blue dye, phycocyanin, sourced from Spirulina platensis microalgae. The laboratory-based experimental approach envisages the exhaustion dyeing of pre-mordanted cotton and bleached wool with phycocyanin-rich extract, representing the sustainable blue dye. The color characterization of naturally blue-dyed fabrics was performed via CIELab coordinates, depth of color by color stregth valures (K/S), values of dye exhaustion, and colorfastness to laundering and light. The results indicate suitable dyeability with the natural blue dye, with process improvements a possibility. The main environmental character of this process was analyzed from the dyeing effluent characterization perspective. Measurements of chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, and metal content were performed on effluents resulting from dyeing processes with variable parameters, to analyze the influence of mordant use, process temperature, time, and pH. Findings indicate that the application of optimum dyeing process conditions results in the lowest oxygen demand values, suitable for further wastewater reuse, according to international industrial effluent limitations. The biological fungi wastewater treatment resulted in the reduction of biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand values by around 80%, comparable with the industrial process, validating the sustainable character of using algae-based phycocyanin in the bath exhaustion dyeing process.

From 2022, industrial wastewater discharge regulations in South Korea will replace chemical oxygen demand (CODMn) with total organic carbon (TOC). A shift from CODMn to TOC is a pioneering change in protecting water bodies from organic contaminants. However, several industries are struggling to meet these TOC requirements even though their effluents met the CODMn limits. Effluent CODMn/TOC ratios (1.28 ± 0.64) found in our study were lower than the CODMn/TOC coefficients (1.33–1.80) suggested by the Ministry of Environment in South Korea. Aliphatic and particulate organic matter contents in effluents likely influenced the CODMn/TOC ratio. Regardless of the industrial category, dissolved organic carbon often consists of low molecular weight neutrals, hydrophobic organic carbon, and protein-like substances in raw and treated industrial wastewaters. The present study also revealed that TOC and CODMn represented different organic matter fractions in the paper mill and oil refinery wastewater, whereas the industrial park wastewater showed similar dissolved organic matter characteristics. Specifically, CODMn was effective in the determination of humic content in paper mill wastewater but was underestimated in oil refinery wastewater. Additionally, only paper mill effluents exceeded the TOC requirements (4 of 6 samples) and required an additional post-treatment process owing to higher organic loads., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., BT/Environmental Biotechnology

Since 2021, national standards of South Korea for industrial wastewater discharge to surface water have changed from chemical oxygen demand to total organic carbon for the organic matter. Conventional organic matter parameters (e.g., biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand and total organic carbon) are limited means of understanding the behavior of dissolved organic matter in industrial wastewater treatment processes. Thus, the current study used advanced dissolved organic matter characterization tools (e.g., fluorescence excitation emission matrix and size exclusion chromatography-organic carbon detection) to scrutinize industrial wastewater characteristics from three full-scale industrial wastewater treatment plants (IWTPs). The tools were conducive to tracking industrial wastewater sources of total organic carbon, influencing the overall performance of IWTPs, and proposing alternative processes to lower total organic carbon concentration in the effluent. The results of this study suggest that the diagnosis of IWTPs based on dissolved organic matter characteristics could be a useful tool for providing more insight into total organic carbon management., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., BN/Cees Dekker Lab

Conventional wastewater treatment processes require extensive energy inputs for their operations. Biologically enhanced primary treatment (BEPT) is a promising technology to capture incoming organics that may be utilized to produce biogas and potentially hydrogen with further downstream processing. This study involved a biologically enhanced primary treatment (BEPT) of raw wastewater at bench and pilot-scale using activated sludge (AS) addition and dissolved air flotation (DAF) using raw wastewater at a municipal wastewater facility in Western Australia with average chemical oxygen demand of ~ 800 mg/L. The results of pilot-scale testing showed an improved removal performance for total chemical oxygen demand (COD-T), soluble chemical oxygen demand (COD-S), and total suspended solids (TSS) compared to conventional primary treatment (PT). Specifically, average COD-T, COD-S and TSS removals for BEPT were 33.3 %, 13.5 % and 45 %, respectively which was 10 %, 100 % and 6 % higher than PT. Moreover, the sludge produced from BEPT had a high solids content of 4.8 g/L, which might not need further thickening prior to anaerobic digestion. It is important to note that no chemicals were used during BEPT testing, which makes the process very cost-effective.

The increasing awareness of the importance of water for human and environmental health has prompted the need for developing fast, user-friendly and cost-effective analytical approaches for quality control and management. This work reports the fabrication and analytical assessment of a very simple sample-to-result electrochemical sensor for discrete and precise measurements of dissolved chemical oxygen demand (COD) in water samples of urban wastewater treatment plants (UWWTP). The device is fabricated by screen printing and shows a three-electrode cell configuration including a working electrode made of a composite material comprising a porous carbon matrix and copper nanoparticles, synthesized by a customized one-pot sol-gel process. The key feature of this device is the implementation of a paper disk loaded with sodium hydroxide covering the electrochemical cell area that allows sample filtering and pH conditioning. Thus, analytical measurements are carried out by casting a 20 µL sample drop without requiring any further user intervention. The overall sensor fabrication process can be scaled up for cost-effective mass manufacturing. The feasibility and performance of this integrated device are first evaluated using glucose as a standard analyte. A linear range up to 400 mg L− 1 O2 and a limit of detection of around 26 mg L− 1 O2 is achieved, this being well below the EU legal concentration limit of 125 mg L− 1 set for effluents of UWWTPs. Three real samples are analyzed in the lab as well as on-site and COD sensor values are in agreement with those obtained with the standard dichromate method at a certified laboratory, within the error limits. This miniaturized novel sensor platform greatly simplifies the standard analytical procedure for measuring COD, facilitating rapid decentralized analysis for precise control of urban wastewater treatment.

The rapid expansion of urban areas has given rise to the generation of large amounts of wastewater that pose a growing pressure on the surrounding ecosystems. Effective water quality surveillance programs demand the implementation of in-field tests to monitor water safe discharge in the environment after being adequately treated. This paper describes the manufacturing and application of a miniaturized electrochemical sensor for measuring dissolved chemical oxygen demand (COD) in surface waters entering and exiting urban wastewater treatment plants (UWWTP). Thin-film carbon electrodes are produced on Si/SiO2 substrates by a combined sol–gel material synthesis and photolithography/dry etching process at the wafer level and show superior electrochemical performance compared with the glassy carbon standard electrode. Three-electrode electrochemical cells of planar configuration are produced and the COD sensor is manufactured by electrodepositing copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) on the working electrode under controlled potentiostatic conditions. A simple fluidic electrochemical sensor device is fabricated and allows for the Cu NPs electrodeposition as well as analytical sensor performance in an automatic fashion. A linear range up to 670 mg·L-1 O2 and a limit of detection of 30 mg·L-1 O2 are achieved. The ability of this electrochemical sensor approach to monitoring the soluble organic load of urban wastewater in real-time is evaluated by analyzing three samples collected in different locations of an UWWTP. The COD values estimated with the sensor are in excellent agreement with those obtained using the standard dichromate method provided by an accredited laboratory. This analytical platform provides a robust, user-friendly low-maintenance flow sensor approach for deployed analysis of COD that could aid to control the effectiveness of water treatment processes, especially when facing water influents containing organic overloads due to changing weather conditions or any ant

The rapid expansion of urban areas has given rise to the generation of large amounts of wastewater that pose a growing pressure on the surrounding ecosystems. Effective water quality surveillance programs demand the implementation of in-field tests to monitor water safe discharge in the environment after being adequately treated. This paper describes the manufacturing and application of a miniaturized electrochemical sensor for measuring dissolved chemical oxygen demand (COD) in surface waters entering and exiting urban wastewater treatment plants (UWWTP). Thin-film carbon electrodes are produced on Si/SiO2 substrates by a combined sol–gel material synthesis and photolithography/dry etching process at the wafer level and show superior electrochemical performance compared with the glassy carbon standard electrode. Three-electrode electrochemical cells of planar configuration are produced and the COD sensor is manufactured by electrodepositing copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) on the working electrode under controlled potentiostatic conditions. A simple fluidic electrochemical sensor device is fabricated and allows for the Cu NPs electrodeposition as well as analytical sensor performance in an automatic fashion. A linear range up to 670 mg⋅L-1 O2 and a limit of detection of 30 mg⋅L-1 O2 are achieved. The ability of this electrochemical sensor approach to monitoring the soluble organic load of urban wastewater in real-time is evaluated by analyzing three samples collected in different locations of an UWWTP. The COD values estimated with the sensor are in excellent agreement with those obtained using the standard dichromate method provided by an accredited laboratory. This analytical platform provides a robust, user-friendly low-maintenance flow sensor approach for deployed analysis of COD that could aid to control the effectiveness of water treatment processes, especially when facing water influents containing organic overloads due to changing weather conditions or any ant

To reduce undesired iron leaching in Fenton reaction and to realize reusability of catalyst, chitosan-coated activated carbon cloth support loaded with nano zero-valent iron (ACC–CH–nZVI) was applied as a heterogeneous Fenton catalyst to treat melanoidin wastewater. Chitosan coating on ACC by chemical crosslinking results in 6% chitosan on ACC subsequently loading 3.5% iron. At optimum conditions, ACC–CH–nZVI leads to 88.4% and 76.2% of color and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, respectively, upon treating synthetic melanoidin wastewater of 8000 mg/l COD. The corresponding weight ratio of consumed H2O2 to COD is 1.02, far below the stoichiometric ratio 2.125, indicating the economic value of this catalyst. Reusability of ACC–CH–nZVI is demonstrated for five cycles of treatment with minimal iron leaching (<2%). The high removal efficiency and very low levels of iron leaching suggests that ACC–CH–nZVI is a highly efficient and cost-effective catalyst for Fenton-like oxidation of non-biodegradable organic wastes in water., QC 20201202

The entrance of toxic substances such as metals, metalloids and others into biological wastewater treatment systems causes the inhibition of microbial activity, leading to a decrease in the efficiency of pollutant removal. Therefore, certain techniques can be implemented to check the physiological stability of microorganisms, such as the measurement of enzymatic activity, which is highly sensitive, reliable and representative to the changes that occur in bioreactors. In this work, the toxic effect of nickel (Ni) on urease activity was evaluated in a granular anaerobic sludge, through laboratory tests at mesophilic conditions in batch reactors. Five reactors fed with synthetic wastewater containing concentrations of 0 (control), 0.5 (R1),10 (R2), 50 (R3) and 100 (R4) mgNi(II)/L were used, applying a hydraulic retention time of 24 h for 30 d. Every 3 d the levels of pH, total alkalinity, chemical oxygen demand, volume of biogas and methane, inhibition of methane production (IMP) and urease activity were quantified. The increase in Ni(II) concentrations led to a significant decrease (p<0.001) in urease activity, from 1.21 (control) to 0.27 (R4) mg/dL, accompanied by an increase in IMP up to 13.3 %. The toxic effect of Ni(II) on the physiological state of anaerobic microorganisms present in the granular sludge was evidenced, with urease activity inhibition and impairment of anaerobic digestion process, which reduces the efficiency of these biological treatment systems., La entrada de sustancias tóxicas como metales, metaloides y otros, en los sistemas de tratamiento biológico de aguas residuales ocasiona la inhibición de la actividad microbiana, conduciendo a la disminución de la eficiencia de remoción de contaminantes. Ante esta situación, se pueden implementar ciertas técnicas para comprobar la estabilidad fisiológica microbiana, como la medición de la actividad enzimática, la cual es altamente sensible, confiable y representativa ante los cambios ocurridos en los biorreactores. En este trabajo se evaluó el efecto tóxico del níquel (Ni) sobre la actividad de la ureasa en un lodo anaeróbico granular, mediante ensayos de laboratorio a condiciones mesofílicas. Se utilizaron 5 reactores alimentados con agua residual sintética que contenía concentraciones de 0 (control); 0,5 (R1); 10 (R2); 50 (R3) y 100 (R4) mgNi(II)/L, aplicando un tiempo de retención hidráulico de 24 h durante 30 d. Cada 3 d se cuantificaron los niveles de pH, alcalinidad total, demanda química de oxígeno, volumen de biogás y metano, inhibición de la producción de metano (IPM) y actividad de la ureasa. El incremento de las concentraciones de Ni(II) condujo a la disminución significativa (p<0,001) de actividad de la ureasa, desde 1,21 (control) hasta 0,27 (R4) mg/dL, acompañado del aumento de la IPM hasta 13,3 %. Se evidenció el efecto tóxico de Ni(II) sobre el estado fisiológico de los microorganismos anaerobios presentes en el lodo granular, con inhibición de actividad de la ureasa y afectación del proceso de digestión anaeróbica, lo cual reduce la eficiencia de estos sistemas de tratamiento biológico.

Altres ajuts: ICREA Academia/Generalitat de Catalunya, This manuscript reports the use of nanoparticle-modified voltammetric sensors for the rapid and green determination of chemical oxygen demand in river waters and waters from agricultural waste. Four different variants of modified electrodes have been prepared: CuO nanoparticles electrogenerated over Cu and covered with Nafion film (CuO/Cu-Nf), and graphite-epoxy composites modified with Cu, CuO, and Cu-Ni alloy nanoparticles. The response features of these electrodes were assessed by calibrating them vs. glucose, glycine, ethyleneglycol, and hydrogenphtalate in alkaline media, as samples providing different difficulty in their (bio)degradation characteristics. The most sensitive electrode was demonstrated to be the (CuO/Cu-Nf) electrode, with an LOD of 12.3 mg O2·L−1. The joint information provided by the sensor array showed the ability of estimating both the organic load and the type of sample in terms of difficulty of degradation, in what can be named an intelligent sensor assembly.

Baker's yeast production industry generates large quantities of high chemical oxygen demand (COD) wastewater. The integration of baker's yeast wastewater (BYW) for an innovative two-step waste biorefinery process by producing protein-rich fungal biomass and biogas along with COD and nutrients removal was the main object of the present research. In the first step, fungal biomass production from BYW was investigated using four species of filamentous fungi. The maximum biomass yield of 5.13 g/L BYW containing 43.8% mycoprotein and 36.3% COD removal was achieved by A. oryzae. In the second step, to produce biogas and further remove organic matter, the effluent of fungal fermentation was subjected to anaerobic digestion and COD removal between 22.4 and 44.2% was obtained. Overall, 1 m3 of BYW yielded 5.13 kg of protein-rich biomass and 1.42 m3 of methane. Additionally, pigment production using N. intermedia was investigated, and 1.54 mg carotenoids/g biomass was produced.

Huge quantities of apple orchard waste (AOW) generated could be regarded as a promising alternative energy source for fuel and material production. Conventional and traditional processes for disposal of these wastes are neither economical nor environment friendly. Hence, sustainable technologies are required to be developed to solve this long-term existence and continuous growing problem. In light of these issues, this review pays attention towards sustainable and renewable systems, various value-added products from an economic and environmental perspective. Refined bio-product derived from AOW contributes to resource and energy demand comprising of biomethane, bioethanol, biofuels, bio-fertilizers, biochar, and biochemicals, such as organic acid, and enzymes. However, the market implementation of biological recovery requires reliable process technology integrated with an eco-friendly and economic production chain, classified management.

Cow manure (CM) generation in large volumes has for long been considered a waste management challenge. However, the organic content of CM signals opportunities for the production of value-added bioproducts such as volatile fatty acids (VFAs) through anaerobic digestion (AD). However, a robust VFAs fermentation process requires effective methane formation inhibition and enhance VFAs recovery. In this study, thermal pretreatment was applied to inhibit methanogens for enhanced VFAs production and an immersed membrane bioreactor (iMBR) for in situ recovery of VFAs in a semi-continuous AD. Maximal VFAs yield of 0.41 g VFAs/g volatile solids (VS) was obtained from thermally-treated CM without inoculum addition. The CM was further fed to the iMBR operating at organic loading rates of 0.8–4.7 gVS/L.d. The VFAs concentration increased to 6.93 g/L by rising substrate loading to 4.7 g VS/L.d. The applied iMBR set-up was successfully used for stable long-term (114 days) VFAs production and recovery.

In this work, the sequential Electrocoagulation + Electro-oxidation + Activated carbon adsorption (EC + EO + AC) process was studied as an alternative for the treatment of an industrial textile wastewater (TWW) issuing from a manufacturing company located in Medellín (Colombia). The EC's and EO's operational conditions were optimized using a Box-Behnken experimental design, the Response Surface Methodology and a constrained nonlinear optimization algorithm in terms of organic matter degradation efficiency. The best performance for EC (i. e., dye removal = 94%, COD and TOC degradation of 45 and 40%, respectively) was obtained using Fe anode and Boron Doped Diamond (BDD) cathode, with current density, jEC, equals to 5 mA/cm2, pH = 9.3, 60 RPM and 10 min of electrolysis. After EC treatment, the effluent biodegradability (evaluated as the BOD5/COD ratio) increases from 0.14 to 0.23. Regrettably, EC was not effective for the removal of acute toxicity to Artemia salina since the treated effluent remained very toxic (100%). The treatment of EC's effluent by EO enhanced organic pollutant removal. For EC + EO sequential process, EO optimal operational conditions (jEO = 10 mA/cm2, pH = 3, 240 RPM, BDD as anode and Fe as cathode) allowed reduction of 100% of color, 88% of COD and 79% of TOC after 30 min of electrolysis. Moreover, the BOD5/COD ratio increased from 0.23 to 0.58; however, the treated effluent remained very toxic to the Artemia salina. Consequently, an activated carbon adsorption step was included to complete the treatment process. Thus, by coupling the EC + EO + AC process, effluent's acute toxicity decreased completely. From molecular weight distribution analysis, it was concluded that EC + EO was efficient in eliminating low molecular weight (< 5 kDa) compounds. Finally, the operation cost, which includes chemical reagents, electrodes, energy consumption, and sludge disposal, for the EC + EO + AC sequential process was estimated in 3.83 USD /m3. © 2020 Elsev

In this study, the industrial textile wastewater was treated using a chemical-based technique (coagulation-flocculation, C-F) sequential with an advanced oxidation process (AOP: Fenton or Photo-Fenton). During the C-F, Al2(SO4)3 was used as coagulant and its optimal dose was determined using the jar test. The following operational conditions of C-F, maximizing the organic matter removal, were determined: 700 mg/L of Al2(SO4)3 at pH = 9.96. Thus, the C-F allowed to remove 98% of turbidity, 48% of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and let to increase in the BOD5/COD ratio from 0.137 to 0.212. Subsequently, the C-F effluent was treated using each of AOPs. Their performances were optimized by the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) coupled with a Box-Behnken experimental design (BBD). The following optimal conditions of both Fenton (Fe2+/H2O2) and Photo-Fenton (Fe2+/H2O2/UV) processes were found: Fe2+ concentration = 1 mM, H2O2 dose = 2 mL/L (19.6 mM), and pH = 3. The combination of C-F pre-treatment with the Fenton reagent, at optimized conditions, let to remove 74% of COD during 90 min of the process. The C-F sequential with Photo-Fenton process let to reach 87% of COD removal, in the same time. Moreover, the BOD5/COD ratio increased from 0.212 to 0.68 and from 0.212 to 0.74 using Fenton and Photo-Fenton processes, respectively. Thus, the enhancement of biodegradability with the physico-chemical treatment was proved. The depletion of H2O2 was monitored during kinetic study. Strategies for improving the reaction efficiency, based on the H2O2 evolution, were also tested. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd

The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was applied as a tool for the optimization of the operational conditions of the photo-degradation of highly concentrated PY12 wastewater, resulting from a textile industry located in the suburbs of Medellin (Colombia). The Box-Behnken experimental Design (BBD) was chosen for the purpose of response optimization. The photo-Fenton process was carried out in a laboratory-scale batch photo-reactor. A multifactorial experimental design was proposed, including the following variables: the initial dyestuff concentration, the H(2)O(2) and the Fe(+2) concentrations, as well as the UV wavelength radiation. The photo-Fenton process performed at the optimized conditions resulted in ca. 100% of dyestuff decolorization, 92% of COD and 82% of TOC degradation. A kinetic study was accomplished, including the identification of some intermediate compounds generated during the oxidation process. The water biodegradability reached a final DBO(5)/DQO = 0.86 value.

The Fenton heterogeneous process in a fluidized bed reactor using Zero Valent Iron (ZVI), in the metallic state, for the treatment of textile wastewater has been used an analyzed. The aim of this work was to optimize the following operating parameters: initial dye concentration, H2O2 concentration, pH, amount of ZVI, and UV radiation, for the removal of dye and organic matter. At first, a fractional factorial experimental design allows defining the most influential factors. After that, they were optimized using the Response Surface Methodology coupled to the Box-Behnken experimental design. The optimal conditions were found to be as follows: initial dye concentration, 881 mg/L; pH 5; ZVI concentration, 5,31 g/L; H2O2 concentration, 0,86 mL/L. At these conditions, the degradation kinetics was performed, reaching 100% and 80,83% of dye and chemical oxygen demand respectively, in 150 minutes of reaction.

The capacity of the electro-coagulation (EC) process for the treatment of the wastewater containing Cr3+, resulting from a leather tannery industry placed in Medellin (Colombia), was evaluated. In order to assess the effect of some parameters, such as: the electrode type (Al and/or Fe), the distance between electrodes, the current density, the stirring velocity, and the initial Cr3+ concentration on its efficiency of removal (%RCr+3), a multifactorial experimental design was used. The %RCr3+ was defined as the response variable for the statistical analysis. In order to optimise the operational values for the chosen parameters, the response surface method (RSM) was applied. Additionally, the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5), the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and the Total Organic Carbon (TOC) were monitored during the EC process. The electrodes made of aluminium appeared to be the most effective in the chromium removal from the wastewater under study. At pH equal to 4.52 and at 28 degrees C, the optimal conditions of Cr3+ removal using the EC process were found, as follows: the initial Cr3+ concentration=3,596 mg/L, the electrode gap=0.5 cm, the stirring velocity=382.3 rpm, and the current density=57.87 mA/cm2. At those conditions, it was possible to reach 99.76% of Cr3+ removal, and 64% and 61% of mineralisation (TOC) and COD removal, respectively. A kinetic analysis was performed in order to verify the response capacity of the EC process at optimised parameter values.

An electrocoagulation process was used for the treatment of oily wastewater generated from an automotive industry in Medellin (Colombia). An electrochemical cell consisting of four parallel electrodes (Fe and Al) in bipolar configuration was implemented. A multifactorial experimental design was used for evaluating the influence of several parameters including: type and arrangement of electrodes, pH, and current density. Oil and grease removal was defined as the response variable for the statistical analysis. Additionally, the BOD(5), COD, and TOC were monitored during the treatment process. According to the results, at the optimum parameter values (current density = 4.3 mA/cm(2), distance between electrodes = 1.5 cm, Fe as anode, and pH = 12) it was possible to reach a c.a. 95% oils removal, COD and mineralization of 87.4% and 70.6%, respectively. A final biodegradability (BOD(5)/COD) of 0.54 was reached.

In this study, the potential application of sequential Electrocoagulation + Fenton (F) or Photo-Fenton (PF) + Active carbon adsorption (EC + F/PF + AC) processes were analyzed as alternatives for the treatment of an industrial textile wastewater resulting from an industrial facility located in Medellín (Colombia). In order to maximize the organic matter degradation, each step of the treatment was optimized using the Response Surface Methodology. At first, the optimal performance of EC was achieved with Fe electrodes operating at pH = 7, jEC = 10 mA/cm2 and 60 rpm, during 10 min of electrolysis. At these conditions, EC let to remove 94% of the dye's color, 56% of the COD and 54% of the TOC. Next, sequentially applied Fenton or photo-Fenton process (i.e., EC + F/PF), operating at the optimized conditions (pH = 4.3, [Fe2+] = 1.1 mM, [H2O2] = 9.7 mM, stirring velocity = 100 rpm and reaction time = 60 min.), improved the quality of the treated effluent. The EC + F let to achieve total color reduction, as well as COD and TOC removals of 72 and 75%, respectively. The EC + PF reached 100% of color, 76% of COD and 78% of TOC reductions. The EC + F/PF processes were more efficient than EC in elimination of low molecular weight (<5 kDa) compounds from wastewater. Moreover, the BOD5/COD ratio increased from 0.21 to 0.42 and from 0.21 to 0.46 using EC + F and EC + PF processes, respectively. However, EC + F/PF were not fully effective for the removal of acute toxicity to Artemia salina: 20% and 60% of reduction in toxicity using EC + F and EC + PF, respectively, comparing to very toxic (100%) raw textile wastewater. Thus, activated carbon adsorption was applied as an additional step to complete the treatment. After AC adsorption, the acute toxicity decreased to 10% and 0% using EC + F and EC + PF, respectively. The total operational costs, including chemical reagents, electrodes, energy consumption and sludge disposal, were of 1.65 USD/m3 and 2.3 USD/m3 for EC + F and EC + PF

In this work, the Box–Behnken experimental design and the surface response methodology were applied for the optimization of the operational conditions of the electro-catalytic degradation of wastewaters, resulting from a local textile industry. The experiments were carried out in a laboratory scale batch cell reactor, with monopolar configuration, and electrodes made of boron-doped diamond (anode) and titanium (cathode). The multifactorial experimental design included the following variables: current density (i: 5–10 ?mA/cm2), pH (3–7), and submerged cathode area (CA: 8–24 ?cm2). To determine the process efficiency, the degradation percentage of: the chemical oxygen demand (%DCOD), the total organic carbon (%DTOC) and the color (%DC) were defined as response variables. The following optimal conditions for the electro-oxidation (EO) process were obtained: i ?= ?10 ?mA/cm2, pH = 3 and CA ?= ?16 ?cm2, reaching ca. 92 ?% of DC, 37 ?% of DCOD and 31 ?% of DTOC. The electro-Fenton (EF) and photo-electro-Fenton (PEF) processes were also evaluated at EO optimal conditions. For the EF process, with addition of iron (0.3 ?mM), the %DC, %DCOD and %DTOC was enhanced to 95, 52 and 45 ?%, respectively. For the PEF process (UV ?= ?365 ?nm), it was possible to reach 98 ?%DC, 56 ?%DCOD and 48 ?%DTOC. © 2014, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.

In this work, the operational conditions of the tartrazine electro-oxidation (EO) process were optimized. The batch reactor used has two electrodes: one made of diamond doped with boron and the other one of titanium, working at monopolar configuration. The initial dyestuff concentration (Ci), the current density (i) and the pH were defined as the main factors affecting the EO. Their optimal values were found as follows: Ci=30 ppm, i=5mA/cm2 and pH=6.0. At these conditions, a kinetic analysis was performed in the terms of: the percentage of the dyestuff decolorization (%DC), the percentage of the chemical oxygen demand (%DCOD), and the percentage of the total organic carbon (%TOC). Additionally, the effect of Fe2+ (electro- Fenton process, EF) and Fe2+/UV radiation (electro-photo-Fenton process, EFF) on the studied process were evaluated. The work demonstrates the validity of the hypothesis about the most significant parameters that affect the EO process.

In this work, the Box-Benkhen experimental Design (BBD) was applied for the optimization of the parameters of the electrocatalytic degradation of wastewaters resulting from a phenolic resins industry placed in the suburbs of Medellin (Colombia). The direct and the oxidant assisted electro-oxidation experiments were carried out in a laboratory scale batch cell reactor, with monopolar configuration, and electrodes made of graphite (anode) and titanium (cathode). A multifactorial experimental design was proposed, including the following experimental variables: initial phenol concentration, conductivity, and pH. The direct electro-oxidation process allowed to reach ca. 88% of phenol degradation, 38% of mineralization (TOC), 52% of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) degradation, and an increase in water biodegradability of 13%. The synergetic effect of the electro-oxidation process and the respective oxidant agent (Fenton reactant, potassium permanganate, or sodium persulfate) let to a significant increase in the rate of the degradation process. At the optimized variables values, it was possible to reach ca. 99% of phenol degradation, 80% of TOC and 88% of COD degradation. A kinetic study was accomplished, which included the identification of the intermediate compounds generated during the oxidation process.

Wastewater treatment plants are aimed to be transformed from sinks into sources of energy and material. For fostering corresponding engineering efforts and economic assessments, comprehensive knowledge of the energy content of wastewater is required. We show that this data can be gathered by combining micro-bomb combustion calorimetry with freeze-drying. Thereby, the methodology for measuring the combustion enthalpy (∆cH) of wastewater is improved significantly by decreasing the time demand for the drying process as only tiny amounts of samples are required. Here, the primary clarifier of a wastewater treatment plant mainly treating municipal wastewater was weekly sampled during one year yielding 53 composite samples that were analyzed for ∆cH and standard wastewater parameters. A robust correlation between chemical oxygen demand and ∆cH of −14.9±3.5 kJ gCOD−1 (r=0.51) was determined verifying previous results obtained with more laborious and time-demanding methodologies. A stronger correlation was observed between ∆_c H and the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5, r=0.64) suggesting its usage for predicting the potential of wastewater as feedstock for biotechnological applications. This demonstrates that micro-bomb combustion calorimetry can be applied for deriving precious information on the energy content of wastewater from simple COD measurements.

Об’єктом дослідження є стічні води м’ясокомбінату, їх об’єм та склад. Метою даної роботи є обгрунтування та вибір ефективної технології біологічного очищення стічних вод м’ясокомбінату, що задовольняє вимоги відповідних нормативних документів. Проект складено на основі літературного огляду науково-технічної літератури, нормативної документації з галузі очищення стічних вод. Надано характеристику вихідній сировині. Підібрано і розраховано обладнання запропонованої технології, вказані точки і параметри контролю етапів процесу, необхідні для забезпечення якості кінцевої продукції, охорони праці і довкілля. Обчислено собівартість очищеної стічної води та вартість реалізації технології., The master's thesis consists of an explanatory note in A4 format and five drawings in A1 format. The explanatory note contains 126 pages, 27 tables, 5 figures, 58 references. The object of the study is the wastewater of the meat-packing plant, their volume and composition. The purpose of this work is to substantiate and select an effective technology for biological wastewater treatment of the meat plant, which meets the requirements of relevant regulations. The project is based on a literature review of scientific and technical literature, regulatory documentation in the field of wastewater treatment. The characteristic of initial raw materials is given. The equipment of the offered technology is selected and calculated, the points and parameters of control of stages of process necessary for maintenance of quality of final products, labor protection and environment are specified. The cost of treated wastewater and the cost of technology implementation are calculated.

This work aimed to evaluate the applicability of Aeribacillus pallidus for the aerobic treatment of the concentrated beet vinasse with high chemical oxygen demand (COD 685 g.L−1) that is defined as an environmental pollutant. This bacterium is a polyextremophilic strain and grow aerobically up to 7.5% vinasse at high temperature (50 °C). In the bioreactor and under controlled conditions, A. pallidus reduced the soluble COD content of 5% vinasse up to 27% during 48 h and utilized glucose and glycerol, completely. Furthermore, a reduction of manganese, copper, aluminum, and nickel concentrations was observed in the treated vinasse with A. pallidus. The obtained results make this strain as an appropriate alternative to be used for the aerobic bioprocessing of the vinasse. © 2020 The Author(s)

[EN] Novel Sb-doped SnO2 ceramic electrodes sintered at different temperatures, are applied to the degradation of Reactive Black 5 in both divided and undivided electrochemical reactors. In the undivided reactor the discoloration of the solution took place via the oxidation of RB5 dye, without the corresponding reduction in the chemical oxygen demand for the ceramic electrodes. However, in the divided one, it was possible to achieve the discoloration of the solution while at the same time decreasing the chemical oxygen demand through the ·OH-mediated oxidation, although the chemical oxygen demand degradation took place at a slower rate.

In this study, electrocoagulation was evaluated for landfill leachate as a complex wastewater. Effects of all significant parameters including inter-electrode gap, current density, electrode material, time, pH, electrode numbers, salinity, and concentration were investigated. This study reports the changing patterns for chemical xxygen demand (COD) removal, temperature, voltage, and pH during EC for both Fe and Al electrodes under different conditions. According to the results, the best COD removals were achieved at shortest inter-electrode distance (0.5 cm), highest current density (1000 A m−2), highest number of electrodes (6 plates), longest time (60 min), and within acidic pH. Furthermore, for different NaCl concentrations (0–16 g l−1), both falling and rising patterns were observed. This study also provides separate results for the effect of operational parameters on pH, voltage, temperature, and energy consumption during EC. With higher inter-electrode distances, voltage and temperature rose to larger values, whereas pH fell. Besides, increases in initial pH caused rises in all voltage, temperature and pH parameters during EC. Experiments also displayed that higher values of voltage, temperature, and pH occurred at larger current densities. Additionally, with time, pH increased to more basic measures, and voltage similarly increased. Results also reported that although addition of NaCl into medium could drop the voltage and temperature, it formed both falling and rising patterns for pH at different NaCl concentrations. Plus, according to the results, voltage, temperature, and pH all experienced rising patterns in accordance with the increase in the number of electrodes. Finally, a comparative study of energy consumption was performed to analyse the operation parametric effect., Accepted Author Manuscript, BT/Environmental Biotechnology

In this article a robust regulation strategy of volatile fatty acids is proposed by an anaerobic digestion process. The proposed strategy is a control law via nonlinear feedback obtained by input-output linearization that allows the completion of the control goals despite the modeling errors (uncertainties in the kinetics of the reactions) and the actuator restrictions. The experiments were conducted with an pilot fixed anaerobic reactor and ascending flow (UAFBR) with an active volume of 0.947 m3 fully equipped, used for the treatment of residual waters coming from a wine distillery in Narbonne, France. With the goal of validating the models used, simulated and experimental results are presented and discussed. The performance parameters of the controller under the AM2 and ADM1 models (up time, establishment time, over-impulse and stationary state error) obtained from the numeric simulations that prove the efficiency and applicability of the proposed control strategy., Neste trabalho, apresenta-se uma estratégia de regulação robusta dos ácidos graxos voláteis (AGV) em um processo de digestão anaeróbia. A estratégia proposta é uma lei de controle por retroalimentação não linear obtida por linearização entrada-saída que permite atingir o objetivo de controle apesar de erros de modelagem (incertezas na cinética das reações) e das restrições do acionador. As experiências foram conduzidas com um reator anaeróbio-piloto de leito fixo e fluxo ascendente (UAFBR) com volume ativo de 0,947 m3, completamente equipado, utilizado para tratar águas residuais provenientes de uma destilaria de vinho em Narbonne, França. Com o objetivo de validar os modelos utilizados, resultados simulados e experimentais, são apresentados e discutidos os parâmetros de desempenho do controlador sob os modelos AM2 e ADM1 (tempo de subida, tempo de estabelecimento, sobre impulso e erro de estado estacionário) obtidos das simulações numéricas, que provam a eficiência e a aplicabilidade da estratégia de controle proposta., En este trabajo se presenta una estrategia de regulación robusta de los ácidos grasos volátiles (AGVs) en un proceso de digestión anaerobia. La estrategia propuesta es una ley de control por retroalimentación no lineal obtenida por linealización entrada-salida que permite alcanzar el objetivo de control a pesar de errores de modelado (incertidumbres en la cinética de las reacciones) y las restricciones del actuador. Los experimentos fueron conducidos con un reactor anaerobio piloto de lecho fijo y flujo ascendente (UAFBR) con volumen activo de 0.947 m3, completamente equipado, utilizado para el tratamiento de aguas residuales provenientes de una destilería de vino en Narbonne-Francia. Con el objetivo de validar los modelos utilizados, resultados simulados y experimentales son presentados y discutidos. Los parámetros de desempeño del controlador bajo los modelos AM2 y ADM1 (tiempo de subida, tiempo de establecimiento, sobre impulso y error en estado estacionario) obtenidos de las simulaciones numéricas, prueban la eficiencia y la aplicabilidad de la estrategia de control propuesta.

The present investigation was based on the degradation of wastewater obtained in the water hardness determination test carried out in the Analytical Chemistry Laboratory (ACL) of the Faculty of Engineering at the University of Carabobo, Carabobo state, Venezuela, through the photo-Fenton process. To achieve this, samples resulting from measurements of this property were collected and characterized, determining an initial chemical oxygen demand (COD) of (6750 ± 226) mgO2/L. After this, a star-type composite central experiment design was applied, with which a quadratic model was obtained that allowed to know the behavior of the process in the concentration ranges evaluated. It was verified that the highest percentage of COD degradation was obtained by using 25.24 g/L of hydrogen peroxide and 2.21 g/L of ferrous ions. Finally, the kinetic parameters governing the oxidation process were estimated taking COD as an indicator that groups together the contribution of all species that participate in the process., La presente investigación se basó en la degradación de los residuos líquidos obtenidos en los ensayos de determinación de la dureza del agua realizados en el Laboratorio de Química Analítica (LQA) de la Facultad de Ingeniería en la Universidad de Carabobo, estado Carabobo, Venezuela, mediante el proceso foto-Fenton. Para lograrlo, se recolectaron y caracterizaron muestras resultantes de las mediciones de dicha propiedad, determinándose una demanda química de oxígeno (DQO) inicial de (6750 ± 226) mgO2/L. Luego de esto, se aplicó un diseño de experimentos central compuesto tipo estrella, con el cual, se obtuvo un modelo cuadrático que permitió conocer el comportamiento del proceso en los rangos de concentración evaluados. Acto seguido, se verificó que el mayor porcentaje de degradación de la DQO se obtenía al emplear 25,24 g/L de peróxido de hidrógeno y 2,21 g/L de iones ferrosos. Por último, se estimaron los parámetros cinéticos que rigen el proceso de oxidación, tomando la DQO como un indicador que agrupa la contribución de todas las especies que participan en el proceso.

In this study, the treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW) was evaluated using two new down-flow high-rate anaerobic bioreactor systems (HRABS), including the down-flow expanded granular bed reactor (DEGBR) and the static granular bed reactor (SGBR). These two bioreactors have demonstrated a good performance for the treatment of PSW with removal percentages of the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), the chemical oxygen demand (COD), and fats, oil, and grease (FOG) exceeding 95% during peak performance days. This performance of down-flow HRABS appears as a breakthrough in the field of anaerobic treatment of medium to high-strength wastewater because down-flow anaerobic bioreactors have been neglected for the high-rate anaerobic treatment of such wastewater due to the success of up-flow anaerobic reactors such as the UASB and the EGSB as a result of the granulation of a consortium of anaerobic bacteria required for efficient anaerobic digestion and biogas production. Hence, to promote the recourse to such technologies and provide further explanation to their performance, this study approached the kinetic analysis of these two down-flow HRABS using the modified Stover-Kincannon and the Grau second-order multi-component substrate models. From a comparison between the two models investigated, the modified Stover-Kincannon model provided the best prediction for the concentration of the substrate in the effluent from the two HRABS. This analysis led to the determination of the kinetic parameters of the two models that can be used for the design of the two HRABS and the prediction of the performance of the SGBR and DEGBR. The kinetic parameters determined using the Modified Stover-Kincannon were Umax = 40.5 gCOD/L.day and KB = 47.3 gCOD/L.day for the DEGBR and Umax = 33.6 gCOD/L.day and KB = 44.9 gCOD/L.day for the SGBR; while, using the Grau second-order model, the kinetic models determined were a = 0.058 and b = 1.112 for the DEGBR and a = 0.135 and b = 1.33 fo

In this study, a lab-scale microbial fuel cell (MFC) was constructed and power generation output was investigated for 45 days of operation. Nanoscale zerovalent iron (NZVI) and Iron/copper nanoparticles (Cu/NZVI) were added to the anode chamber of the MFC with a concentration of 10 mg/L and their effects were investigated on the MFC performance. Results showed that the maximal power output density values increased by 43.33 % using copper/iron nanoparticles compared to the control MFC. Anode chamber was examined, and results proved that conductivity increased by 13.68% and 23.62% using NZVI and Cu/NZVI, respectively. The chemical oxygen demand COD was tested, and the removal efficiency reached 38.88%, 38.26%, and 52.40% for control, NZVI, and Cu/NZVI MFCs, respectively after 45 days of operation. This study highlights the effect of nanoparticles technology on power generation from activated sludge using microbial fuel cells (MFCs).

Wetlands are an important feature for our society that provides versatile benefits, such as habitat for diverse wildlife, shoreline erosion protection, flood control, and mitigation of climate change through capture and storage of carbon. The aim of this work was to assess the application of nanotechnologies for the restoration of the water quality in the CascajoWetlands, Peru, where the water quality was deteriorated. Ceramic-based bio-filters (CBBFs) were used to reduce and buffer the contamination rates of pollutants, whereas micro-nano bubbles (MNBs) were applied to increase the dissolved oxygen and release free radicals in water. Additionally, bio-fence was implemented to prevent water intrusion from the ocean. Remote sensing data through the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) was used to monitor the water surface condition. With treatment of CBBFs and MNBs for 13 months, we observed reduction in the chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphate (TP) in the water body, showing removal percentages of 98.5%, 97.5%, 98.1%, 98.5%, and 94.6%, respectively, in comparison with values before starting the implementation. The trends of NDVI and EVI over seasons are not completely aligned with the results taken from the wetlands treated with MNBs, CBBFs and bio-fence. While TN was highly correlated with the empirical value of TN based on remote sensing, no correlation was observed between COD and empirical COD. The use of eco-friendly techniques has performed efficiently to remove the pollutant.

Дипломний проект складається з пояснювальної записки формату А4 та п’яти креслень формату А1. Пояснювальна записка містить 109 сторінок, 27 таблиць, 5 рисунків, 47 посилань. Об’єктом дослідження є стічні води заводу по виробництву безалкогольних напоїв, їх об’єм та склад. Метою даної роботи є обгрунтування та вибір ефективної технології біологічного очищення стічних вод заводу по виробництву безалкогольних напоїв, що задовольняє вимоги відповідних нормативних документів. Проект складено на основі літературного огляду науково - технічної літератури, нормативної документаці ї з галузі очищення стічних вод. Надано характеристику вихідній сировині. Підібрано і розраховано обладнання запропонованої технології, вказані точки і параметри контролю етапів процесу, необхідні для забезпечення якості кінцевої продукції, охорони праці і довкілля. Обчислено собівартість очищеної стічної води та вартість реалізації технології., The degree project consists of explanatory note A4 and five drawings A1. Explanatory note contains 109 pages, 27 tables, 5 images, 47 references. The subject of the study is the non - alcoholic beverage was tewater plant, its volume and composition. The purpose of this work is to substantiate and select an effective technology of biological wastewater treatment plant for the production of soft drinks, which meets the requirements of the relevant regulatory do cuments. The project is based on the literature review of scientific and technical literature, regulatory documents in the field of wastewater treatment. The characteristic of the raw material is given. The equipment of the proposed technology was selected and calculated, the points and parameters of process stages control needed to ensure the quality of the final products, labor protection and the environment were specified. The cost of treated wastewater and the cost of technology implementation are calcu lated.

The presence of diesel in the water could reduce the growth of plant and thus phytoremediation efficacy. The toxicity of diesel to plant is commonly explained; because of hydrocarbons in diesel accumulate in various parts of plants, where they disrupt the plant cell especially, the epidemis, leaves, stem and roots of the plant. This study investigated the effect of bacterial augmentation in floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) on remediation of diesel oil contaminated water. A helophytic plant, Phragmites australis (P. australis), was vegetated on a floating mat to establish FTWs for the remediation of diesel (1%, w/v) contaminated water. The FTWs was inoculated with three bacterial strains (Acinetobacter sp. BRRH61, Bacillus megaterium RGR14 and Acinetobacter iwoffii AKR1), possessing hydrocarbon degradation and plant growth-enhancing capabilities. It was observed that the FTWs efficiently removed hydrocarbons from water, and bacterial inoculation further enhanced its hydrocarbons degradation efficacy. Diesel contaminated water samples collected after fifteen days of time interval for three months and were analyzed for pollution parameters. The maximum reduction in hydrocarbons (95.8%), chemical oxygen demand (98.6%), biochemical oxygen demand (97.7%), total organic carbon (95.2%), phenol (98.9%) and toxicity was examined when both plant and bacteria were employed in combination. Likewise, an increase in plant growth was seen in the presence of bacteria. The inoculated bacteria showed persistence in the water, root and shoot of P. australis. The study concluded that the augmentation of hydrocarbons degrading bacteria in FTWs is a better option for treatment of diesel polluted water.

The direct discharge of wastewater from livestock into freshwater and surface runoff originating from processing areas threaten aquatic ecosystems and the quality of drinking water taken from streams. The present work studied the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and cypermethrin (Cyp) from livestock wastewater generated after cattle baths by a continuous electrocoagulation (EC) process. The effect of pH, retention time, and voltage on COD and Cyp removal was examined. Under the optimal operating conditions, EC effectively removed COD (93 %) and cypermethrin (96 %). Thus, continuous EC was successfully applied to treat livestock wastewater. © 2019 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

We modified and evaluated the performance of a CuO/Cu electrochemical electrode for chemical oxygen demand (COD) determination by covering it with a Nafion (Nf) film. The resulting modified CuONf/Cu electrode sensor was used for the electrochemical determination of COD in river, slaughterhouse and estuarine water samples in order to evaluate its performance for this particular task. It was compared with the CuO/Cu sensor with no Nafion. The main electrochemical characteristics of interest, resistance, sensitivity, accuracy and reproducibility, were assessed by means of Linear Sweep Voltammetry using glucose as a standard. Results of these essays indicate that the procedure used produced smooth and firmly attached Nf films covering the whole copper surface. This sensor was shown to be resistant to interferences and effective in electro-oxidation of a wide range of organic compounds and therefore very useful for COD determination. Using the newly developed CuONf/Cu electrode an analytical linear range of 50 to 1000 mg·L-1 COD, with a detection limit of 2.11 mg·L-1 (n = 6) COD was achieved. The comparison shows that the CuONf/Cu sensor is more appropriate for COD determination than its counterpart with no Nafion., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Death rate of infant in Bangladesh is higher among developing countries. It is said that children die from diarrhca and other water-related diseases. Then authors investigated the water quality in 116 ponds and a few of reivers in 2002 where people daily use water for washing foodstuffs, eating utensils, clothes and bathing. The followings are obtained. 1) Pond water is contaminated with organic matter, coliform group colonies and unsuitable for daily use. 2) As surgace water and rainwater are safer than groud water, it is expected to set up tanks storing rainwater, and to develop the apparatus purifying the contaminated surface water.

The study focused on acute inhibition mechanism and effect of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and tetracycline (TET) on the carboxylic acid utilization and the methanogenic activity. Duplicate batch reactors were operated in a range of 1–1000 mg/L for each antibiotic. Short chain fatty acid removal was determined in terms of soluble Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and specific fatty acid measurements together with methane generation. Additionally, seed sludge was characterized by Fluorescent in situ Hybridization (FISH). The inhibitory impacts of two antibiotics were variable with the initial dose. While in the lower sulfamethoxazole dosage, inhibition was observed in methanogenesis step. 35.8% and 46.8% inhibition in methane production were observed at 25 mg/L and 50 mg/L of SMX amended reactors. In higher SMX doses, short chain fatty acid utilization was inhibited even no acetate produced in the system. Inhibitory effect of tetracycline started at lower dose. 25% inhibition in methane production started at 1 mg/L of TET concentration. Additionally, it affected utilization of butyrate, propionate and acetate together. Tetracycline inhibited total microbial metabolism in terms of substrate utilization and methane generation between 500 mg/L and 1000 mg/L. FISH results showed that the dominant methanogenic group in the sludge was acetoclastic methanogens in term of Methanosarcina and Methanosaeta spp., Export Date: 9 May 2018; Article; Correspondence Address: Cetecioglu, Z.; School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of TechnologySweden; email: zeynepcg@kth.se. QC 20180528

In order to study the simultaneous removal of nitrate and organic matter from a dairy effluent containing 670 mg∙L-1 of nitrate (NO3--N) and 5 760 mg∙L-1 of dissolved chemical oxygen demand (CODd), denitrification in a laboratory scale bioreactor consisting of an immersed bacterial bed colonized by an heterotrophic denitrifying flora (HDF) selected for NO3- reduction, COD consumption and adapted to grow on an effluent produced by a dairy industry was investigated. The obtained results indicated that at the optimal conditions of temperature (30°C), pH (7), COD/NO3--N ratio (5), the operation lasted 108h with total reduction of nitrate in 72h, no nitrite accumulation, and 92% of soluble COD removal in 96h. This indicates that the biodenitrification was accompanied with a high efficiency of matter organic removal as an electron donor, and thereby satisfies the applicable standards., Dans le but d’étudier la biodénitrification d'un effluent industriel laitier à fortes concentrations en nitrates (670 mg∙L-1 de N-NO3-) et en matière organique biodégradable (5 760 mg∙L-1 de DCO soluble), un procédé de type lit bactérien immergé (fonctionnant en mode continu et colonisé par une flore hétérotrophe dénitrifiante) a été mis en oeuvre au laboratoire BIOMARE de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université Chouaib Doukkali d’El Jadida (Maroc). Lorsque le procédé fonctionne dans des conditions optimales (pH 7, température = 30 °C, rapport massique DCO/N-NO3- = 5), des taux d’abattement des nitrates de l’ordre de 100 % sans accumulation de nitrites, couplés à l’enlèvement de 92 % de la DCO soluble ont été obtenus au bout de 72 h et 96 h respectivement, ce qui permet de respecter les normes en vigueur pour ces deux paramètres.

Objective Our study evaluated the performance of different two-chambered microbial fuel cell (MFC) prototypes, operated with variable distance between electrodes and Nafion membrane and specific inoculum concentration, applied for vinasse treatment. Results The performance of the developed MFC resulted in a maximum current density of 1200 mA m−2 and power density of 800 mW m−2 in a period of 61 days. MFC performed a chemical oxygen demand removal at a rate ranging from 51 to 60%. Conclusions Taking our preliminary results into consideration, we concluded that the MFC technology presents itself as highly promising for the treatment of vinasse.

En esta investigación se evaluó la eficiencia de un biorreactor de membrana (MBR, por sus siglas en inglés), para eliminar pesticidas. Además, se comprobó que la presencia de pesticidas no influyera en la eficiencia de eliminación de materia orgánica. Se estudió un total de 16 pesticidas, con los que se dopó agua residual urbana sintética. La investigación se llevó a cabo en una planta MBR a escala piloto, operada a tiempos de retención celular (TRC) de 30 y 60 días, carga másica de 0.23 kgDQO∙kgSSV-1·d-1 y flujo promedio de 5.44 l∙m-2h-1. Los resultados demostraron que las triazinas y el linurón presentan menor grado de eliminación, siendo los mejores resultados a TRC de 60 días con valores entre 73 y 82%; los organoclorados se reducen en el orden de 90 y 99%. Esta tecnología puede alcanzar una calidad óptima del efluente, permitiendo su reutilización, o bien puede contribuir en el mantenimiento del estado ecológico adecuado del medio receptor., This research evaluated the efficiency of a membrane bioreactor (MBR) to eliminate pesticides. It also demonstrated that the presence of pesticides did not influence the efficiency of elimination of organic matter. Sixteen pesticides were studied, which were used to dope a synthetic urban residual water. The research was carried out in a pilot scale MBR plant, operated at a sludge retention time (SRT) of 30 and 60 days, with a mass loading of 0.23 kgCOD∙kgVSS-1·d-1 and average flow of 5.44 L∙m-2h-1. The results showed that triazines and linuron have a lower degree of elimination, with the best results being 60 days TRC with values between 73% and 82%, while organochlorines were reduced in the order of 90% and 99%. This technology can result in an excellent effluent quality, allowing it to be reused and contributing to maintain the good ecological state of the receiving environment.

For wastewater-related issues (WRI), life cycle assessment (LCA) is often used to evaluate environmental impacts and derive optimization strategies. To promote the application of LCA for WRI, it is critical to incorporate local impact of water pollutants. Organic pollution, a main type of water pollution, has not been given much consideration in current LCA systems. This paper investigates the necessity of setting a regionalized impact category to reflect the local impact of organic pollution. A case study is conducted concerning an upgraded wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in China, which is assumed to meet different sewage control strategies. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is selected to represent the organic pollution and treated as an individual impact category. CML 2002 is used to quantify the environmental impacts of different strategies. Results show that abnormal LCA results are generated with the traditional eutrophication impact category, and after the introduction of COD, more reasonable LCA results are obtained, making the entire comparison of different control strategies more meaningful and compelling. Moreover, BEES, Ecovalue 08, and Chinese factors are adopted here as different weighting methods. Different weighting results exhibited various trade-offs for the increasingly strict control strategies; the results of BEES and Ecovalue08 underlined the potential environmental burden, but the results of Chinese factors only emphasized the local environmental improvement. It is concluded that setting regionalized impact category for organic pollution can make LCA results more reasonable in wastewater treatment, especially in evaluating Chinese cases because of the serious water pollution caused by large quantities of COD emission., Sanitary Engineering