Search

Since the discovery of two bronze chariots at Qin Shihuang’s mausoleum in 1978, the technical methods used by skilled artisans to construct them has remained a question of scholarly interest. While the parts and joints of the chariots have been studied, the complex metal technologies used to assemble the chariots has not been analysed in detail. This article examines the high-temperature connection technologies used to assemble the around 5500 metal parts of the two chariots and divides them into two major types: cast joints and welded joints. It categorises the cast joints, including embedded-casting and package-casting, and the welded joints as three types based on different methods. Through examination of the bronze chariots, this study demonstrates that the Qin Dynasty (221-206 BCE) built on Bronze Age technologies to reach new heights of excellence in a post-Bronze Age.

The paper proposes a common etymology for Old Norse Njǫrðr, the name of a Norse god associated with travel and wealth, and Vedic Sanskrit Nā́satya-, a byname of the Indic “Divine Horse Twins,” the Aśvins. The current analysis of Njǫrðr as a cognate of the theonym Nerthus attested in Tacitus’s Germania is rejected as a pseudo-equation (Scheingleichung); Njǫrðr may rather be traced back to a Proto- Germanic formation *nezēþ- (whose acc. sg. *nezēþ-un would have regularly developed into the acc. sg. Njǫrð), the expected reflex of Proto- Indo-European *nes-ḗt-/-ét- ‘(entity or act of) returning (safely home), arriving (at the desired goal)’. PIE *nes-ḗt-/-ét- may ultimately underlie Vedic Nā́satya- as well, as the reflex of a substantivized lengthened-grade -i̯ó- derivative *nēset-i̯ó- ‘pertaining to the (entity or act of) returning (safely home), arriving (at the desired goal)’. The etymological connection between Njǫrðr and Nā́satya- is supported by phraseological and mythological correspondences (some already noticed by Dumézil) between the characterizations of Njǫrðr, the Aśvins, and other related IE characters (the Greek Dioskouroi and the Latvian “Sons of Dievs”), allowing for the reconstruction of an inherited mythological figure associated with—among other things—the idea of ‘returning safely home’ and/or ‘arriving at the desired goal’.

The purpose of this paper is to trace the changes in the functions of “chariots” (vehicles pulled by horses during battles) in the ancient Mediterranean world, chiefly in Etruria. These chariots were inherently characterized by five elements: use in battle, transportability, high costs, high speed, and “rotatability.” To understand the significance of chariots in different areas and historical periods, it is important to determine which of these elements were emphasized. Thus, chariots were not simply war materiel, but were vehicles with extremely diverse functions, each reflecting the particular circumstances of a time and place. My immediate interest is the relationship between chariot racing and the origin of the city of Rome—as stated in legend to be 753 BCE—and this paper presents preliminary considerations in this direction. Two kinds of historical material serve as the basis for these considerations regarding “Etruscan chariots”—that is, chariots in the Italian Peninsula during the Etruscan era. Accordingly, they are: (1) excavated chariots, and (2) chariots depicted on walls of underground tombs. My conclusions begin with the emergence of chariots in the Near East at the beginning of the second millenium BCE; subsequently, chariot warfare on the plains was developed in Egypt from the 14th to 13th centuries BCE. At that time, chariots were either used as battle vehicles from which arrows were shot or for troop transportation. In Greece (Mycenae), which had comparatively few plains, arrows were not shot from chariots; instead, chariots were used to carry (transport) aristocratic warriors, who then fought on foot. However, from the 7th century BCE, with the spread of phalanx warfare (i.e., heavy-infantry soldiers fighting in close formation), the decline of the individual soldier also coincided with the decline of chariots used for transport. Rather, they became used for competitions such as races, where vehicle speed was emphasized at particular sites which in

Light chariots with spoked wheels were developed initially in Syria or Northern Mesopotamia at about the beginning of the 2nd millennium B.C. and quickly propagated all over Middle East. The two-wheeled horsedrawn chariot was one of the most important inventions in history. It gave humanity its first concept of personal transport, and for two thousand years it was the key technology of war. Information on chariots of Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Mycenaean and Archaic Greece, China, and Europe, with light and flexible spoked wheels from extant findings of ancient chariots, stone reliefs, and vase paintings is used for a design study of the dual chariot and its evolution in the centuries. Design reconstruction of the dual chariot found in Anyang China is incorporated herewith to prove that its development contains the seeds of a primitive design activity.

White text over red tinted, black and white photograph of men on motorcycles.

Very high-resolution image available.

The intriguing similarity between the allegories of the soul chariot in Plato’s Phædrus and in the Kaṭha Upaniṣad has been pointed out — if not thoroughly investigated — by several scholars, accompanied with varying assessments, largely dependent on each individual scholar’s assumptions concerning the bare possibility or the degree of likelihood of contacts and influences between early Greek and Indian thought, the significance (or otherwise) of the intercultural comparative endeavour, or, indeed, the methodological soundness of even positing the question, in the almost complete absence of pertinent historical documentation. Because assessments are to such a great extent influenced by theoretical assumptions, the paper will start with some methodological considerations in order to define the grounds, scope and limits of the attempted comparison, also drawing on the methodological discourses of other related fields, like mythology and folklore. A review of the relevant texts of the Phædrus and the Kaṭhopaniṣad will come next, setting out both the congruencies and the discrepancies in the treatment of the chariot allegory. A detailed survey of kindred passages in both literary traditions (which I have presented elsewhere) lies outside the purview of this paper, but a summary reference to its results will help substantiate the contention that the allegory of the soul chariot is integral to upaniṣadic thought in a way that is unparalleled in Greek thought, thus supporting the conjecture of diffusion in a westward direction. Finally, the paper will briefly discuss what I regard as the paramount difference — i.e. the conspicuous absence of the idle passenger in the Phædrus allegory vs. his centrality to the allegory of the Kaṭha — and its significance as a theoretical watershed between Upaniṣad-based Indian and Plato-influenced Greek philosophy.

In this paper we put forward a proposal to use Near Earth Objects as radiation shield for deep space exploration. In principle these objects can provide also a spacious habitat for the astronauts and their supplies on their journeys. We undertake also a detailed assessment of this proposal for a mission from Earth to Mars.

Available for non-commercial, internal use by students, staff, and faculty at the University of Michigan for academic and research purposes only., Preliminaries omitted., Transcribed from : Monuments of Honor. Derived from remarkable Antiquity, and Celebrated in the Honorable City of London, at the sole Munificent charge and expences of the Right Worthy and Worshipfull Fraternity, of the Eminent Merchant-Taylors. Directed in their most affectionate Loue, at the Confirmation of their right Worthy Brother Iohn Gore in the High Office of His Maiesties Liuetenant over this His Royall Chamber. Expressing in a Magnificent Tryumph, all the Pageants, Chariots of Glory, Temples of Honor, besides a specious and goodly sea Tryumph, as well particularly to the Honor of the City, as generally to the Glory of this our Kingdome. Invented and Written by Iohn Webster Merchant-Taylor. London : Printed ... by Nicholas Okes, 1624., English verse drama database. Cambridge, England : Chadwyck-Healey Ltd., 1994., (DLPSID) V1.0755, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/BAY6520, Copyright (c) 1994-1995 Chadwyck-Healey, Inc. Do not export or print from this database without checking the Copyright Conditions to see what is permitted., This collection is restricted to use at licensed institutions.

Available for non-commercial, internal use by students, staff, and faculty at the University of Michigan for academic and research purposes only., Preliminaries omitted., Transcribed from : The Triumphs of Truth : A Solemnity vnparalleld for Cost, Art, and Magnificence, at the Confirmation and Establishment of that Worthy and true Nobly-minded Gentleman, Sir Thomas Middleton, Knight ; in the Honorable Office of his Maiesties Lieuetenant, the Lord Maior of the thrice Famous Citty of London. Taking Beginning at his Lord-ships going and proceeding after his Returne from receiuing the Oath of Maiority at Westminster, on the Morrow next after Simon and Iudes day, October 29. 1613. All the Showes, Pageants, Chariots, Morning, Noone and Night-Triumphes. Directed, Written, and redeem'd into Forme from the ignorance of some former times and their Common Writer. By Thomas Middleton. London : Printed by Nicholas Okes [etc.], 1613., English verse drama database. Cambridge, England : Chadwyck-Healey Ltd., 1994., (DLPSID) V1.0681, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/BAY6546, Copyright (c) 1994-1995 Chadwyck-Healey, Inc. Do not export or print from this database without checking the Copyright Conditions to see what is permitted., This collection is restricted to use at licensed institutions.

Available for non-commercial, internal use by students, staff, and faculty at the University of Michigan for academic and research purposes only., Preliminaries omitted., Transcribed from : Troia-Noua Triumphans. London Triumphing, or The Solemne, Magnificent, and Memorable Receiving of that worthy Gentleman, Sir Iohn Svvinerton Knight, into the Citty of London, after his Returne from taking The Oath of Maioralty at Westminster, on the Morrow, next after Simon and Iudes day, being the 29. of October. 1612. All the Showes, Pageants, Chariots of Triumph, with other Deuices, (both on the Water and Land) here fully expressed. By Thomas Dekker. London : Printed by Nicholas Okes ... and are to be sold by Iohn Wright [etc.], 1612., English verse drama database. Cambridge, England : Chadwyck-Healey Ltd., 1994., (DLPSID) V1.0752, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/BAY6993, Copyright (c) 1994-1995 Chadwyck-Healey, Inc. Do not export or print from this database without checking the Copyright Conditions to see what is permitted., This collection is restricted to use at licensed institutions.

We reconsider the notion of technological trajectories by means of a detailed case-study of the evolution of tank technology between 1915 and 1945. We use principal component analysis to analyze the distribution of technical characteristics and how they map into specific service characteristics. We find that, despite the existence of differences in technical leadership, tank designs of different countries show a high degree of overlap and closeness along a common technological trajectory. In the conclusions, we speculate on whether this pattern can be explained by common heuristics that influenced the rate and direction of design activities or by doctrinal viewpoints influencing the development and use of tanks in the battlefield.

We revisit the notion of technological trajectories by means of a detailed case-study of the evolution of tank technology between 1915 and 1945. We use principal component analysis to analyze the distribution of technological characteristics and how they map into specific service characteristics. We find that, despite the existence of differences in technical leadership, tank designs of different countries show a high degree of overlap and closeness along a common technological trajectory. In the conclusions, we speculate on whether this pattern can be explained by common heuristics that influenced the rate and direction of design activities or by doctrinal viewpoints influencing the development and use of tanks on the battlefield. Keywords: Technological trajectories, Technological paradigms, Tanks.

lapis lazuli, shell, red limestone in bitumen over wooden core, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-AICT-X-NE202%5DNE200_IMG0002, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/aict/NE202/NE200_IMG0002/!250,250, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/a/aict?page=license, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html

lapis lazuli, shell, red limestone in bitumen over wooden core, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-AICT-X-NE201%5DNE200_IMG0001, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/aict/NE201/NE200_IMG0001/!250,250, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/a/aict?page=license, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html

lapis lazuli, shell, red limestone in bitumen over wooden core, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-AICT-X-NE201%5DNE200_IMG0001, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/aict/NE201/NE200_IMG0001/!250,250, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/a/aict?page=license, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html

lapis lazuli, shell, red limestone in bitumen over wooden core, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-AICT-X-NE202%5DNE200_IMG0002, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/aict/NE202/NE200_IMG0002/!250,250, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/a/aict?page=license, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html

sandstone, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-AICT-X-IRM221%5DIRM200_IMG0021, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/aict/IRM221/IRM200_IMG0021/!250,250, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/a/aict?page=license, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html

sandstone, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-AICT-X-IRM221%5DIRM200_IMG0021, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/aict/IRM221/IRM200_IMG0021/!250,250, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/a/aict?page=license, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html

Photograph of a race between hot-air balloons and horse-drawn chariots (possibly at the Tournament of Roses Parade), ca.1917. Two balloons are shown: one lower and closer to the left, the other farther back and higher to the right. Below them, two chariots can be seen racing on a track. One is prominently visible in the right hand corner, while the other is in the left distance. An automobile is visible on the other side of the track's fence to the right, while a small rancher-style building is visible in the left distance.

Groups of men pulling two chariots, men looking on, woman standing on one of the chariots. Stop sign at intersection of University Boulevard and Ash Street. Man standing on sawhorses, trees, cars, and unidentified building in background.

Notre travail s'intéresse plus particulièrement à la problématique du transfert et à l'intégration des besoins des usagers dans un équipement industriel, afin qu'ils deviennent, soit des repères de conception pour les concepteurs et les fabricants, soit des repères de choix pour les sélectionneurs. Cette recherche trace un portrait des besoins des sélectionneurs et des usagers. Elle sert de base au développement d'une stratégie de transfert et de capitalisation harmonieuse de l'information entre les fabricants, les sélectionneurs et les usagers, de manière à intégrer systématiquement dans la dynamique des échanges, les données des évaluations des usagers de l'adaptation de l'outil à leur activité. L'utilisation des chariots élévateurs comme cadre d'application est justifié parce qu'ils sont considérés comme des équipements de base de la manutention grandement utilisés dans différents types de contexte de travail. De plus, les accidents liés à leur utilisation sont dans la plupart des cas mortels ou provoquent des lésions très graves. À partir de trois études, la recherche vise tout d'abord à analyser à partir du contenu des catalogues et des sites web, l'organisation des connaissances pour ces différents outils de transfert. Elle permet ensuite, à partir d'un questionnaire complété au cours d'entrevues menées auprès des sélectionneurs, de situer le rôle des catalogues et sites web tout en considérant l'utilisation et l'intégration des informations contenues lors de la sélection d'un chariot élévateur. Enfin, l'influence du contexte et de l'activité sur les caractéristiques du chariot a été vérifiée à partir d'un questionnaire d'évaluation de l'équipement appliqué aux caristes. Les résultats montrent qu'il existe une grande variabilité quant à la quantité et à la nature de l'information présentée dans les catalogues et sites web des fabricants. Il existe une perte d'information lors du passage d'un support à l'autre. Il a été aussi démontré que des caractéristiques d

Boy Scouts with chariots for Jamboree at Fans Field, 1929 Scouts: Dick Postlethwait, John Morris, Russell McBride, Kenneth Dunsinire, Burdette Shannon, Louis Drybread, James BArry, Jack Inguerich, Ralph Callaway and William Laskowski, image by United, published in Panatgraph

[Course des Chariots], Référence bibliographique : IFF18 LE BAS (Jacques-Philippe), 628, Illustration

This postcard from circa 1914 is labeled in handwriting, "Four Horse Roman Racing Chariots Hagenbeck-Wallace Shows" and also has handwritten names of performers.

Joseph E. Lowery's typed "Chariots of Fire: Lessons from the Old Year, Folks In The New Year Must Learn" sermon/speech and remarks for Shirley Franklin's mayoral inauguration. 5 pages., The Atlanta University Center Robert W. Woodruff Library acknowledges the generous support of the Joseph & Evelyn Lowery Institute for Justice and Human Rights, the Joseph Echols Lowery Irrevocable Trust, and other donors in supporting the processing and digitization of Morehouse College's Joseph Echols and Evelyn Gibson Lowery Collection.

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 25336, Appartient à l’ensemble documentaire : Pho20Rol

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 3168, Appartient à l’ensemble documentaire : Pho20Rol

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 45249, Appartient à l’ensemble documentaire : Pho20Rol

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 44105, Appartient à l’ensemble documentaire : Pho20Rol

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 44166, Appartient à l’ensemble documentaire : Pho20Rol

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 43476, Appartient à l’ensemble documentaire : Pho20Rol

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 43477, Appartient à l’ensemble documentaire : Pho20Rol

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 42297, Appartient à l’ensemble documentaire : Pho20Rol

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 41775, Appartient à l’ensemble documentaire : Pho20Rol

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 42427, Appartient à l’ensemble documentaire : Pho20Rol, Appartient à l’ensemble documentaire : Picardi1

Référence de l'image dans la banque d'images : med10947Bx03x0525. - Nombre d'images dans le lot : 1

Référence de l'image dans la banque d'images : medextaphpin019x0243. - Nombre d'images dans le lot : 1

Henan. Luoyang. Northeast suburb. Zhucun, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-UMDVRC1IC-X-D08-15055%5DD08-15055, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/umdvrc1ic/D08-15055/D08-15055/!250,250, Copyright limits viewing of most images in this collection to members of the University of Michigan community. The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, U.S. Code) governs the making of copies of copyrighted material. When using these images, it's your responsibility to observe the rights of the copyright holders and to comply with the University of Michigan Copyright Policy, University of Michigan Standard Practice Guide, http://spg.umich.edu/policy/601.07., http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html

Henan. Luoyang. Northeast suburb. Zhucun, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-UMDVRC1IC-X-D08-15055%5DD08-15055, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/umdvrc1ic/D08-15055/D08-15055/!250,250, Copyright limits viewing of most images in this collection to members of the University of Michigan community. The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, U.S. Code) governs the making of copies of copyrighted material. When using these images, it's your responsibility to observe the rights of the copyright holders and to comply with the University of Michigan Copyright Policy, University of Michigan Standard Practice Guide, http://spg.umich.edu/policy/601.07., http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html

h. 43”; marble, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-AICT-X-GAS241%5DGAS200_IMG0041, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/aict/GAS241/GAS200_IMG0041/!250,250, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/a/aict?page=license, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html