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Volunteer traffic controllers (Supeltas) continue to increment along with the increase in traffic flow. Their existence has a two-sided assessment, some welcoming their presence and others rejecting it. Departing from the opinion or information that supeltas have an explication legal basis in the traffic and transportation regulation, the researcher tries to analyze deeper. How is the legal framework of supeltas and how is the position of supeltas in terms of the principle of legal certainty. The purpose of this research is first, to see and describe the position of supeltas in terms of the principle of legal certainty. Second, as material for further research that focuses on the issue of traffic order in legal science perspective. This research uses descriptive analytical with normative juridical research, with a research approach used statue approach and library approach. The kind of data used is secondary consisting of primary legal materials such as regulations and undang-undang, secondary legal materials law like books, scientific journals of law, other scientific journals and tertiary materials such as websites, electronic mass media news, legal and general encyclopedias, language dictionaries. The results showed that the rules of supeltas has not fulfilled the principles of legal certainty and defined authority and has not fulfilled the elements of legal protection for all parties including the traffic control volunteers themselves.

Our times seem to be afflicted by scepticism. But what form of skepticism is it the one that truly affects us, and how have we inherited this legacy from ancient thought? This work explores the contemporary rise of the so-called post-truth, fake news, and other concerning phenomena from an epistemological standpoint. It delves into the historical influence of philosophical scepticism in its two main variants: Pyrrhonism and Academic skepticism. Special attention is paid to the relationship that each of these schools had with the infallibilist thesis, their revival during the Renaissance, and their influence through Descartes to the present day. Finally, it is claimed that it is the infallibilist interpretation of scepticism, as well as its disconnection from any practical motivation, rather than scepticism per se, to which these harmful effects should be attributed., La nuestra parece ser una época aquejada por el escepticismo. ¿Pero qué forma de escepticismo es propiamente la que nos afecta, y cómo recibimos esta herencia del pensamiento antiguo? En este trabajo exploro la cuestión atendiendo al origen histórico del escepticismo filosófico, su actualización durante el Renacimiento y su influencia en el presente. En la primera parte presento las dos variantes del escepticismo clásico, pirronismo y academicismo. En la segunda señalo cómo el primero dejó su impronta en el Renacimiento fomentando la crítica intelectual y la tolerancia social. En la tercera parte presento cómo, con Descartes, la discusión sobre el escepticismo partió de asunciones infalibilistas, confinándose en los límites de lo que Williams llamó «la investigación pura». En la cuarta parte esbozo el marco de la normatividad epistémica, señalando diversas patologías contemporáneas propias de lo que se ha denominado “la posverdad” (auge de las fake news, producción sistemática de incertidumbre, conspiracionismo…). Cuestiono ahí ese apelativo y presento estas patologías como efecto de lo que llamo “desnutrición epistémica”. En la quinta apunto en qué sentido estos males parecen ser resultado de aquella herencia escéptica. En la sexta parte descarto algunos diagnósticos fallidos de esta relación, y en la séptima afino finalmente el tiro, subrayando que es a la interpretación infalibilista del escepticismo, así como a su desvinculación de toda motivación práctica, y no al escepticismo per se, a lo que cabría, si acaso, atribuir estos perniciosos efectos.

La nuestra parece ser una época aquejada por el escepticismo. ¿Pero qué forma de escepticismo es propiamente la que nos afecta, y cómo hemos recibido esta herencia del pensamiento antiguo? Este trabajo explora el auge de la llamada posverdad, las fake news y otros fenómenos preocupantes desde el punto de vista de la epistemología social, atendiendo a la influencia histórica del escepticismo filosófico en sus dos principales variantes: pirronismo y academicismo. Se presta especial atención a la relación de estas dos escuelas con la tesis infalibilista, a su actualización durante el Renacimiento y a su influencia a través de Descartes en la actualidad. Finalmente, se sostiene la idea de que es a la interpretación infalibilista del escepticismo, así como a su desvinculación de toda motivación práctica, y no al escepticismo per se, a lo que cabría atribuir estos perniciosos efectos., Our times seem to be afflicted by scepticism. But what form of skepticism is it the one that truly affects us, and how have we inherited this legacy from ancient thought? This work explores the contemporary rise of the so-called post-truth, fake news, and other concerning phenomena from an epistemological standpoint. It delves into the historical influence of philosophical scepticism in its two main variants: Pyrrhonism and Academic skepticism. Special attention is paid to the relationship that each of these schools had with the infallibilist thesis, their revival during the Renaissance, and their influence through Descartes to the present day. Finally, it is claimed that it is the infallibilist interpretation of scepticism, as well as its disconnection from any practical motivation, rather tan scepticism per se, to which these harmful effects should be attributed.

When describing a situation (an event or a state) we express the degree of certainty (factuality) we have about that situation, presenting it as certain, uncertain or not certain. In this paper we analyse the factual value of the two clauses of conditional sentences in Spanish with si from different Spanish newspapers. Our hypothesis is that it is possible to determine factuality in these sentences taking into account the presence of si and the verb tenses of protasis and apodosis. The aim is to create formal rules to automatically annotate the factual values of the clauses of these sentences, which can be implemented in an automatic Spanish factual annotation tool. By doing so, this study contributes to the representation and analysis of the factuality of events mentioned in a text in the field of corpus linguistics and natural language processing. In addition, 20 new temporal combinations have been identified., Al describir una situación (un evento o un estado) expresamos el grado de certeza (factualidad) que poseemos sobre dicha situación, presentándola como cierta, incierta o no cierta. En este artículo analizamos el valor factual de las dos cláusulas de cerca de 500 oraciones condicionales en español con si procedentes de distintos periódicos españoles. Nuestra hipótesis es que es posible determinar la factualidad en estas oraciones teniendo en cuenta la presencia de si y los tiempos verbales de las prótasis y las apódosis. El objetivo es crear reglas formales para anotar de forma automática los valores factuales de las cláusulas de estas oraciones. Con ello, se pretende contribuir a la representación y al análisis de la factualidad de los eventos mencionados en un texto dentro de los ámbitos de la lingüística de corpus y el procesamiento del lenguaje natural. Además, se han identificado 20 combinaciones temporales que no habían sido descritas anteriormente.

Background: Covid-19 vaccination among health students is an example of a social change agent or role model. Health students must be certain and able to use their knowledge. As a result, it is vital to investigate the likelihood of health students receiving Covid-19 immunization as a form of government support for the health program from the Republic of Indonesia. Objectives: To find out the certainty of health students to receive the Covid-19 vaccination in Jayapura City in 2022. Methods: A descriptive survey was carried out to perform quantitative research at Cenderawasih University in Jayapura City in August 2022. A total of 270 samples were collected using the probability sampling method. The instrument utilized was a questionnaire containing questions concerning health students' opinions about adopting the Covid-19 immunization, which was delivered via Google form. The data was edited, coded, entered, and tabulated before being presented in tabular form and narrated. SPSS was used to perform a univariate analysis of the data. Results: There were 190 respondents (70.4%) who were confident in receiving the Covid-19 vaccination, whereas there were 80 respondents (29.6%) who were unsure. Fear of adverse effects such as fever and pain was the most common reason for being unsure about the Covid-19 vaccine, cited by 56 respondents (97.5%), while comorbidity was cited by only two respondents (2.5%). Conclusions: There are still health students who are not sure about the Covid-19 vaccination. Health students need KIE (communication, information, and education) among health students regarding the necessity of the Covid-19 vaccine.

Discussions about AI development frequently bring up the question of ethics because it is difficult to predict how technological decisions might play out once AI systems are implemented and used in the world. Engineers of AI systems are increasingly expected to go beyond the traditions of requirement specifications, taking into account broader societal contexts and their complexities. In this paper we present findings from a hackathon event conducted with working engineers, exploring the gaps between existing guidelines and recommendations for addressing ethical issues with respect to AI technologies and the realities experienced by the engineers in practice. We found that when faced with the uncertainties of how to recognize and navigate ethical issues and challenges, engineers looked to identify the responsibilities that need to be in place to sustain trust and to hold the relevant parties to account for their misdeeds. We re-envision familiar engineering practices as nodes of certainty to accommodate the needs of responsible and ethical AI. Despite the desire for mechanisms for sustaining certainty in how to build AI technology responsibly by providing frameworks for action and accountability, there remains a need to ensure just enough spaces and opportunities to cultivate reasonable doubt. Space and capacity to doubt accepted certainties, in fact, is the very process of ethics, necessary for holding to account our standards, guidelines, and checklists as technology and society co-evolve.

Online discussions about politics and current events play a growing role in public life, and they can foster positive outcomes (e.g., civic engagement and political participation) and negative outcomes (e.g., hostility and polarization). The present research examines how the use of doubtful (vs. confident) language influences behavior in online discussions of current events. We examine the effects of doubtful language on comment popularity (i.e., recommendations from other users) and the use of emotional language in subsequent replies. We examine data from 1.9 million user comments from the New York Times website. Comments containing doubtful language were less popular, receiving fewer user recommendations. Additionally, replies to doubtful comments were less emotional (containing fewer positive emotions and fewer negative emotions). These results suggest that although doubtful authors are less likely to be recommended by other users, they may play an important role in helping to foster civility in online discussions.

Objective: The topic of this study is the obligations and role of a notary in the registration of electronic mortgages under the conditions of the 2019 Mortgage Law and the 2019 ATR/BPN Ministerial Regulation No. 9. Legal clarity in the procedures used to electronically register mortgages. Theoritical Framework: The author employed Gustav Radbruch's theory of legal certainty to analyse the issues with this study. Legal certainty can be attained through the application of penalties to legal subjects, including people and legal entities, which places more emphasis on the process of implementation than the results of it. When it comes to taking legal action when the contract's execution is in default or even when it has been achieved, certainty offers clarity. Method: This research is included in the category of normative legal research, which analyses laws and regulations in a coherent legal system. The comparative methodologies are used to compare laws and legal systems which contain the principles and governing norms that arise from a set of legal objectives. Result and Conclussion: Land is important and can even be used as development capital within the framework for national development. The registrant must complete a process and satisfy requirements relating to the registration of mortgage rights before a mortgage certificate can be realized. In general, the owner must grant the mortgage himself. This enables the mortgage giver to appoint a substitute should he be unable to attend the PPAT in person. Land deed making official (PPAT) is one of the users of electronic mortgage services. Officials for drafting land deeds (PPAT) are required to be registered in the Work Partner Application since they are the institution entitled to undertake the process of registering Mortgage services online. Regulation of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning / Head of the National Land Agency Number 5 of 2020 on Electronically Integrated Mortgage Services pro

El presente trabajo acoge a la teoría del conocimiento tomista y busca en ella la esencia misma del conocimiento, cuestionándose cómo se da y cómo se puede llegar a una posición de auténtica certeza, así como de lo contrario, de creencia infundada e incuestionada. Para ello se repasarán los artículos fundamentales que giran en torno a la mente, bastión indiscutible para ver cómo conoce el ser humano, qué tipo de conocimiento alberga en su memoria y cómo conoce las realidades materiales o sensibles., The present work embraces the Thomistic theory of knowledge and seeks in it the very essence of knowledge, questioning how it is given and how it is possible to arrive at a position of authentic certainty, as well as the opposite, of unfounded and unquestioned belief. To this end, the fundamental articles that revolve around the mind, the indisputable bastion for seeing how human beings know, what type of knowledge they store in their memory and how they know material or sensible realities.

En este artículo discrepo de Kusch (2016) en tres cuestiones relacionadas con las expresiones de certezas aritméticas –en el sentido de Wittgenstein– y los usos regulares de las expresiones aritméticas. Específicamente, explico por qué los cálculos no se convierten en certezas por el hecho de haber sido probados; Argumento que los cálculos probados constituyen enunciados de conocimiento; y, por último, pero no menos importante, concluyo de esto que tales cálculos probados son decibles, mientras que las certezas aritméticas son inefables o indecibles., In this paper I disagree with Kusch (2016) on three issues concerning expressions of arithmetical certainties – in Wittgenstein’s sense – and regular uses of arithmetical expressions. Specifically, I explain why calculations do not turn into certainties by the fact that they have been proved; I argue that proved calculations constitute knowledge-statements; and, last but not least, I conclude from this that such proved calculations are sayable, whilst arithmetical certainties are ineffable or unsayable.

What is ‘certainty’ in our everyday life and work? AI changing what it means to ‘be certain’. For example, when we engage with others and are doing our work, we make judgments in which we ‘trust our instinct’. Are we still able to do so if we engage with the ‘certainty’ of the machine? How is ‘being certain’ in ‘dialogue’ affected by our conceptions of what it means to be human in interaction with the ‘machine’, and consequent distinctions between body and mind? Descartes first likened the human body to a machine (albeit a machine created by God) and endowed reason as being a transcendent universal instrument. La Mettrie proposed that language and culture separates humans from ‘animals’. However, in Diderot’s writing, ‘knowledge’ is seen as embodied, coming from our senses and language, and where gesture and rhythm evolve in practice. For D’Alembert, human ‘instinct’ is a skill, a learnt practice, and Rousseau believes that human certainty is something that cannot be measured. These questionings of the dichotomies of body and mind and human and animal, that relate practice and knowledge, also question the place and meaning of ‘rules’ of engaged practice. For Wittgenstein, one learns to make judgments through personal experience, ‘rules in practice’, whereby language is necessarily culturally situated and embodied, and calculation and Judgement are part of each other., QC 20221214

Much has been written about the friendship between María Zambrano and José Lezama Lima, anecdotes and legends immersed in that “verba criolla” that becomes part of the “friendly company” that united them for life, links of intellect and heart that were decisive in sealing a pact. The council of light where María Zambrano and José Lezama Lima find their most certain dialogue, extended ties that began since their first meeting, is a matter of intense mystery that goes beyond a visible sign to reach the figurations that become an image from a disassociated presence and, as such, an absence that is later reconstructed. The image that María Zambrano unravels of Lezama, once the bridge from life to death has been crossed, is not the disintegration of the body or its identity, but the interweaving of substances that already in harmony reach a freedom of the soul. Thus arises the image of the “true man” of José Lezama Lima, when his earthly reality withdraws, a certain look that supports an understanding seen in Sufi mysticism, through whose patterns he can see the immense stature of the friend beyond his death, “illuminating feeling” that elevates the poet to the dimension of the “man of light”., El conciliábulo de luz donde María Zambrano y José Lezama Lima hallan su más cierto diálogo, extendidos lazos que comenzaron desde su primer encuentro, es asunto de intenso misterio que va más allá de un signo visible para llegar a las figuraciones que se hacen imagen a partir de una presencia desasida y, como tal, ausencia luego reconstruida. La imagen que desentraña María Zambrano de Lezama, ya traspasado el puente de la vida a la muerte, no es la desintegración del cuerpo ni de su identidad, sino el entrelazado de sustancias que ya en armonía alcanzan una libertad del alma. Surge así la imagen del «hombre verdadero» de José Lezama Lima, cuando su realidad terrenal se retira, mirada cierta que apoya un entendimiento avistado en la mística sufí, por cuyos patrones puede avistar la estatura inmensa del amigo más allá de su muerte, «sentir iluminante» que eleva al poeta hasta la dimensión del «hombre de luz».

This paper argues for a conceptual distinction between epistemic modality and discourse strategy, and aims to disentangle both notions by showing how they relate to each other on the basis of corpus data. The meanings of six Galician epistemic adverbs are studied using samples taken from an electronic corpus. 1800 observations were coded for the relevant meaning categories, including epistemic modality, mitigation, strengthening and other strategic and non-strategic uses, such as tendency and dynamic modality. The results reveal a relation between the epistemic value encoded by an adverb and the discourse strategic goals it serves: possibility adverbs feature several strategic uses, but only in a small portion of their occurrences; probability adverbs are almost purely epistemic; and certainty adverbs take on strategic functions most often. Thus, the study shows the viability and descriptive adequacy of distinguishing between modal and strategic uses of epistemic expressions.

Guatemala ratified, in 1996, the International Labor Organization Convention 169 regarding Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention. After 25 years of entering into force, the State of Guatemala has breached its international obligations by committing recurring violations to the rights of indigenous peoples and the certainty and security of investors coming, mainly, from the violation of the right of consultation contained in articles 6, 15 and 17 of the Convention. The Guatemalan Constitutional Court has developed several criteria regarding the prior consultation process of indigenous peoples, since 2005. Through the ruling in the case of Oxec hydroelectric plant (dossier 90, 91 and 92 – 2017), the Court tried to establish a unified consultation process to safeguard the certainty and security of investors, as well as the prior consultation process to indigenous communities. Guatemalan law, of civil law tradition, does not adopt the stare decisis principle. Although article 43 of the Ley de Amparo, Exhibición Personal y Constitucionalidad (Law of Amparo, Habeas Corpus and Constitutionality) regulates that once legal doctrine is set, Guatemalan courts are required to follow the criteria established by the Constitutional Court in three concurrent rulings. However, this regulation does not apply to the Court itself, as it can vary its criteria, reasoning its variation. The purpose of this article is to analyze the criteria that the Court has established, from the first ruling related to ILO Convention 169 up until the ruling rated to Oxec Hydroelectric plant, with its legal, caselaw and author’s opinions., Guatemala ratificó, en 1996, el Convenio 169 de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo, sobre Pueblos Indígenas y Tribales. Tras 25 años de vigencia, el Estado de Guatemala ha incumplido sus obligaciones internacionales, a través de las constantes violaciones a los derechos de las comunidades indígenas y la seguridad jurídica de inversionistas, derivado, principalmente, violaciones al derecho a consulta previa y al no tomar las reformas necesarias para adaptar el derecho interno al Convenio 169. La Corte de Constitucionalidad, ante la falta de legislación interna, ha desarrollado diversos criterios relativos al proceso de consulta previa a comunidades indígenas, desde el año 2005. A través de la sentencia del caso de Hidroeléctricas Oxec (expedientes acumulados 90, 91 y 92 – 2017), se pretendió establecer un proceso de consulta unificado con tal de garantizar la seguridad jurídica relacionada con proyectos de explotación recursos naturales, así como el derecho de consulta previa de las comunidades indígenas. El derecho guatemalteco, de tradición civil law, no adopta el principio de stare decisis. A pesar de que el artículo 43 de la Ley de Amparo, Exhibición Personal y Constitucionalidad establece que, al sentarse doctrina legal, los tribunales guatemaltecos están obligados a obedecer los criterios establecidos por la Corte de Constitucionalidad en tres sentencias contestes de amparo, este artículo no obliga a la Corte de Constitucionalidad, la cual puede variar sus criterios, razonándolo debidamente. A través de este artículo, se realizará un análisis de los criterios sentados por la Corte de Constitucionalidad, desde el primer precedente relacionado con el Convenio 169, hasta la sentencia estructurada relacionada con Hidroeléctricas Oxec, así como sus fundamentos legales, doctrinales y jurisprudenciales.

The concept of evidence, like other similar ones such as truth, certainty, or reason, are widely used, but poorly defined. The objective of this work is to clarify them and to propose new ones from alternative approaches, less known and less analyzed in Latin America. The method used is the exposition and analysis of historical, theoretical and empirical documents, which we present in the following structure: 1) a review of its philosophical evolution in the West under different streams of thought, 2) an analysis of the current role of evidence in Latin American public policies, and 3) a study specially focused on the use of evidence in evaluation of public policies, highlighting its communicational use. It is concluded that, at present, the ´evidence´ tends to be identified with the product of stochastic models and statistical tests. But in the communicative processes of policies, it has become a powerful symbol of persuasion, which characterizes a strongly positivist discourse. This is accompanied by another set of terms, considered valuable, with which it is identified, such as objectivity, rigor, scientific, robustness, experimentation and standardization, among others., El concepto de evidencia, al igual que otros cercanos como verdad, certeza o razón, se utiliza mucho pero se define poco. El objetivo del presente trabajo es aclararlos y proponer nuevos enfoques teóricos alternativos, que resultan poco conocidos y menos discutidos en América Latina, en materia de políticas y programas públicos, especialmente referidos a su evaluación. El método empleado es la exposición y el análisis de documentos históricos, teóricos y empíricos que se presentan según la siguiente estructura expositiva: 1) una revisión de su evolución filosófica en Occidente, bajo diferentes corrientes de pensamiento, 2) un análisis del papel actual que se le otorga a la evidencia en materia de políticas públicas en América Latina, y 3) un estudio focalizado en torno de su uso en la evaluación, resaltando su manejo comunicacional. Se concluye que en la actualidad la “evidencia” tiende a identificarse con el producto de modelos estocásticos y pruebas estadísticas, pero en los procesos comunicativos de políticas se ha vuelto un símbolo poderoso de persuasión que caracteriza un discurso fuertemente positivista, acompañado de otro conjunto de términos considerados valiosos con los que se identifica, como objetividad, rigurosidad, cientificidad, robustez, experimentación y estandarización, entre otros.

Objective: Simulated patients play a significant role in OSCE (Objective Standardized Clinical Examination) settings. Does the understanding of one's own role or task lead to more clarity for all protagonists involved in an OSCE?Methodology: Based on the range of professional experiences and qualifications of the training team it was possible to bundle medical, acting and didactic knowledge. It was against this background that the individual understanding of one's role was examined from its respective points of view. Result: As a result, the authors have developed the so-called Case Space Model, which encourages critical exchange and discussion. It is a visualization of the relationships between the simulated patients, examiners and candidates. During the course of the model's development a preference for the term believability instead of authenticity became clear.Conclusion: The Case Space Model can help to clarify the positions and provide certainty in the respective roles., Zielsetzung: Simulationspersonen spielen bei OSCE-Prüfungen (Objectiv Standardized Clinical Examination) eine tragende Rolle. Führt das Verständnis der eigenen Rolle oder Aufgabe der an einem OSCE beteiligten ProtagonistInnen zu mehr Klarheit? Methodik: Aus der Mischung der beruflichen Herkunft und Qualifikationen des TrainerInnenteams war es möglich, medizinisches, schauspielerisches und didaktisches Wissen zu bündeln. Ausgehend von diesem Hintergrund wurden die einzelnen Rollenverständnisse aus ihrer jeweiligen Sicht betrachtet. Ergebnis: Das Ergebnis ist das von den AutorInnen so genannte Rollenraum-Modell, welches zum Austausch und diskutieren anregen soll. Es macht die Beziehungen zwischen Simulationspersonen, PrüferInnen und KandidatInnen sichtbar. Im Verlauf der Entwicklung des Modells zeigte sich die Präferenz des Begriffs Glaubhaftigkeit anstelle von Authentizität.Schlussfolgerung: Das Rollenraum-Modell hilft dabei, die Positionen zu klären und gibt Sicherheit in der jeweiligen Rolle.

El objetivo de este texto no es otro que ahondar mediante palabra y discurso filosófico en la vivencia estética de lo bello como hecho religioso, de carácter universal y dirigido a la trascendencia. Se expondrán las características de la operación de lo bello y su consecuencia en el corazón humano, para mostrar su relación con lo sacro y el amor. Con todo ello, se concluirá que la importancia de la belleza es capital en un mundo de miras inmanente., The aim of this text is none other than to deepen through words and philosophical discourse in the aesthetic experience of beauty as a religious experience; universal and directed to transcendence. The characteristics of the experience of beauty and its consequence in the human heart will be explained, in order to show its relationship with the sacred and the love. With all this, it will be concluded that the importance of beauty is capital in a world of immanent vision.

Humans possess a metacognitive sense of certainty which, for better or worse, influences behavior. This sense of certainty is often misleading and can leave us vulnerable to believing false information. In this dissertation, I study how humans form their sense of certainty and the types of false beliefs which we can be at times, highly certain of. This work spans across multiple domains, including concept learning, word-meaning, pseudoscience, and people’s metacognitive beliefs. Across seven experiments, I present empirical evidence that learners use heuristics over idealized model-based features when forming their sense of certainty, and that this leaves us prone to errors which can result in the adoption of misinformed beliefs as drastic as the belief that the Earth is flat.

This research aims to review blockchain, smart contracts and tokens from a technical-legal point of view, in order to highlight the importance of blockchain for the Law, comparable, in our opinion, only to the invention of writing itself or the birth and development of notarial Law in the Bologna School, which, in very different periods, have made legal relations more secure. Nevertheless, it is also our intention to show that smart contracts and tokens based on blockchain technology produce two effects that we consider fundamental: certainty and tokenisation., Esta investigación trata de realizar una revisión de blockchain, los contratos inteligentes y los tokens desde el punto de vista técnico-jurídico, para evidenciar la importancia que para el Derecho supone, tan solo comparable, en nuestra opinión, con la propia invención de la escritura o el nacimiento y desarrollo del Derecho notarial en la Escuela de Bolonia, que infirieron, en muy diferentes épocas, la seguridad de las relaciones jurídicas. Tratamos de explicar la tecnología blockchain aplicada al Derecho privado. Pero también, es nuestra intención mostrar que los contratos inteligentes y los tokens sustentados en la tecnología blockchain producen dos efectos que nos parecen fundamentales: certeza y simbolización.

«Insanity is doing the same thing over and over again hoping to get different results», Albert Einstein. Have you ever wondered how criminal investigation would change if we all used the same methodology? I assure you that the results would be very different, much better. For this reason, the O.D.I.S. method was created, which I describe below from a real case and whose purpose is to carry out a better criminal investigation., «Locura es hacer lo mismo una y otra vez esperando obtener resultados diferentes», Albert Einstein. Se han preguntado alguna vez ¿cómo cambiaría la investigación criminal si todos utilizáramos una misma metodología? Les aseguro que los resultados serían muy distintos, mucho mejores. Por ello, se creó el método O.D.I.S., el cual a continuación describo a partir de un caso real y que tiene como finalidad realizar una mejor investigación criminal.

People often learn about categories, particularly social categories, based on biased information. Unless people are able to correct for this, they may develop biased beliefs and inferences about these categories. The current research examines if potentially biased information about social groups makes groups appear more homogeneous, and makes people more confident in their inferences about group members. Two sources of biases are considered: due to lacking first-hand experience with a group, or due to having second-hand information from the media or other people. Both sources made groups appear more homogeneous, suggesting that information biases were present and not corrected for. However, only second-hand knowledge led to greater confidence about group members, because, when people lacked first-hand knowledge, their uncertainty about the group average counteracted this effect. This highlights the importance of understanding biases present in people’s information, and corrective processes that may allow people to continue to make unbiased inferences.

Purpose This paper provides a reflective comparison of the budgetary implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for three Nordic countries: Finland, Norway and Sweden. Design/methodology/approach By drawing from the notion of ambiguity and constructions of certainty, this study analyzes the most relevant budgetary allocations and packages implemented by the governments of Finland, Norway and Sweden in response to the COVID-19 crisis using empirical documentary data. Findings Influenced by the need to save citizens' lives and protect the economy, the three countries have interpreted the COVID-19 threat in different ways. While Finland and Norway seem to be fighting a war against the virus, Sweden appears to view COVID-19 as an exceptionally difficult flu. These different perspectives are reflected in the strategies and budgetary responses implemented in the three countries. Originality/value By elaborating on the ambiguities of reality, causality and intentionality, this paper shows how the budgeting mindset aimed at creating certainties among citizens varies among the Nordic countries, which are generally assumed to be similar., Funding: This work was supported by the Academy of Finland, Grant number 326525 (Jarmo Vakkuri) and the research project Digital Business, financed by Equinor (Daniela Argento and Katarina Kaarbøe).

Taking advantage of electronic health records in clinical research requires the development of natural language processing tools to extract data from unstructured text in different languages. A key task is the detection of contextual modifiers, such as understanding whether a concept is negated or if it belongs to the past. We present ContextMEL, a method to build classifiers for contextual modifiers that is independent of the specific task and the language, allowing for a fast model development cycle. ContextMEL uses annotation by experts to build a curated dataset, and state-of-the-art deep learning architectures to train models with it. We discuss the application of ContextMEL for three modifiers, namely Negation, Temporality and Certainty, on Spanish and Catalan medical text. The metrics we obtain show our models are suitable for industrial use, outperforming commonly used rule-based approaches such as the NegEx algorithm., Las historias clínicas electrónicas pueden traer grandes avances en la investigación médica, pero requieren el desarrollo de herramientas para procesar texto no estructurado en diferentes idiomas. Una tarea clave es la detección de distintos modificadores contextuales, como el aspecto temporal de un concepto, o si está negado. En este trabajo presentamos ContextMEL, un método para construir clasificadores para modificadores contextuales que es independiente tanto de la tarea específica como del lenguaje, permitiendo un ciclo de desarrollo dinámico. ContextMEL usa anotaciones de expertos para crear un dataset curado, y las últimas tecnologías en aprendizaje profundo. En este artículo discutimos la aplicación de ContextMEL para tres modificadores contextuales (temporalidad, negación, y certeza) en texto médico en castellano y catalán. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que nuestros modelos pueden utilizarse en un entorno industrial, y que son más precisos que conocidos métodos basados en reglas, como el algoritmo NegEx.

The present article is a critical analysis about the judgment SUP-REC- -1638/2018 and accumulated, in which the Upper Division of the Mexican Electoral Court of the Federal Judiciary declared the nullity of election, regarding the electoral process in the municipality of Monterrey in the State of Nuevo León, arguing that serious irregularities were found, constitutional principles were jeopardized and there was no certainty in the election results in 2018. The most important part of the Court’s argument is based on the study of the chain of custody violation by the administrative electoral authorities. This legal concept, usually associated with criminal law, is now being applied to electoral law, En el presente documento se realiza un análisis crítico de la sentencia SUP-REC-1638/2018 y acumulados, en la cual la Sala Superior del Tribunal Electoral del Poder Judicial de la Federación declara la nulidad de la elección del municipio de Monterrey, en Nuevo León, por considerar que hubo irregularidades graves que vulneraron principios constitucionales rectores de los procesos electorales y que no existió certeza en los resultados obtenidos en la jornada electoral de 2018. Se destaca en esta sentencia el estudio de la violación de la cadena de custodia en el ámbito administrativo-electoral como parte fundamental del razonamiento para anular o validar la elección, al ser una figura jurídica propia del derecho penal con implicaciones ahora en materia electoral

The concept of continuous planning (CP) refers to the periodic revisions of master plans in response to uncertainties faced by long-term urban planning. In this paper, we analyse CP practices in two European cities – Stavanger (Norway) and Belgrade (Serbia) and present how they cater for innovative planning tools which respond to the need to balance between both stability and change in long-term planning. We argue that in spite of its limitations, the CP approach adjusted to the local context, contributes to the certainty and stability of urban communities.

The grammatical structures scholars use to express their assertions are intended to convey various degrees of certainty or speculation. Prior studies have suggested a variety of categorization systems for scholarly certainty; however, these have not been objectively tested for their validity, particularly with respect to representing the interpretation by the reader, rather than the intention of the author. In this study, we use a series of questionnaires to determine how researchers classify various scholarly assertions, using three distinct certainty classification systems. We find that there are three distinct categories of certainty along a spectrum from high to low. We show that these categories can be detected in an automated manner, using a machine learning model, with a cross-validation accuracy of 89.2% relative to an author-annotated corpus, and 82.2% accuracy against a publicly-annotated corpus. This finding provides an opportunity for contextual metadata related to certainty to be captured as a part of text-mining pipelines, which currently miss these subtle linguistic cues. We provide an exemplar machine-accessible representation-a Nanopublication-where certainty category is embedded as metadata in a formal, ontology-based manner within text-mined scholarly assertions.

Predmet ovog istraživanja je inferencijalni kontekstualizam. Cilj je da se pokaže kako je, pored izvorne verzije koju zastupa Majkl Vilijams, moguća i drugačija, vitgenštajnovska verzija ovog stanovišta koja je prihvatljivija od Vilijamsove. Najpre ću prikazati u čemu se sastoji skeptički problem. Nakon toga ću skicirati osnovne pravce njegovog rešavanja, sa naglaskom na inferencijalnom kontekstualizmu. Izložiću osnovne ideje ovog stanovišta poput metodoloških nužnosti, epistemološkog realizma, prirodnih epistemičkih vrsti i epistemičke primarnosti. Potom ću se pozabaviti određenim internim kritikama Vilijamsovog stanovišta kako bih pokazao da im ono uspešno odoleva. Posle ovoga posvetiću se razvijanju alternativne verzije inferencijalnog kontekstualizma i utvrđivanju superiornosti ove teorije nad Vilijamsovom. Pokazaću kako se dolazi do pojmovnog prostora za formulisanje vitgenštajnovske teorije. Razmotriću prirodu neepistemičkog stava izvesnosti, ideje koja se prihvata unutar vitgenštajnovske ali ne i unutar Vilijamsove teorije, kao i način na koji je inferencijalni kontekstualizam u skladu sa ovom idejom čiji je tvorac Ludvig Vitgenštajn. Istaćiću prednost vitgenštajnovske teorije u odnosu na standardni tip interpretacije Vitgenštajnovog odgovora skeptiku. Na kraju, fokusiraću se na to da pokažem zašto vitgenštajnovska verzija predstavlja bolju teoriju od Vilijamsove. Tvrdiću da ona pruža verniji opis naše svakodnevne saznajne prakse, da je usklađenija sa načelnim antifundamentizmom inferencijalnog kontekstualizma, kao i da predstavlja uspešniju reakciju na skeptički problem u poređenju sa Vilijamsovom teorijom. U ovom istraživanju koristiću interpretativno-kritički metod, metod pojmovne i jezičke analize, kao i metod misaonog eksperimenta., The subject of this study is inferential contextualism. Its aim is to show that, in addition to the original version which is advocated by Michael Williams, a different, Wittgensteinian version of this standpoint is possible, and that it represents a more acceptable theory than Williams'. First of all I shall indicate what the sceptical problem consists of. Thereafter I shall sketch the basic directions which its solving takes, with the accent on inferential contextualism. I shall expose the basic ideas of this position such as methodological necessities, epistemological realism, natural epistemic kinds and epistemic primacy. Then I shall deal with certain internal criticisms of Williams' position in order to show that it is successfully resistant to them. After this I shall devote myself to the development of an alternative version of inferential contextualism and to demonstrating the superiority of this theory over Williams'. I shall point out how one can arrive to the conceptual space necessary for formulating the Wittgensteinian theory. Next I shall consider the nature of non-epistemic attitude of certainty, an idea which is accepted in Wittgensteinian but not in Williams' theory, as well as the way in which inferential contextualism is compatible with this idea whose originator is Ludwig Wittgenstein. Subsequently I shall highlight the advantage that Wittgensteinian theory has compared to the standard type of interpretating Wittgenstein's answer to the sceptic. Ultimately, I shall focus on demonstrating why the Wittgensteinian version represents a better theory than Williams'. I shall claim that it provides a truer description of our everyday epistemic practise, that it is to a greater extent in accordance with the principle anti-foundationalism of inferential contextualism, as well as that it represents a more successful reaction to the sceptical problem compared to Williams' theory. In this research I shall use the interpretative-critical method, the methods

Bertrand Russell’s conception of philosophy evolved dramatically in 1911 — the year he fell in love with Lady Ottoline Morrell. For many years Russell had been an ardent advocate of the view that philosophers ought to look for truths that are certain. The co-author of Principia Mathematica altered his commitment to certainty in philosophy in 1911. An analysis of his published views and correspondence from this time strongly suggests that the radical transformation was induced by an epiphany brought about by his emotional entanglement with his lover.

In some parts of his work Karl Popper seems to be providing a positive solution to the epistemic problem of truthlikeness, that is, the problem of how do we know or rationally claim that one theory is closer to the truth than another. However, in other parts he seems to be saying just the opposite. In this paper it will be argue that there is no contradiction between these Popper's assertions. It will be hold that the key of this matter lies in his very strict conception of knowledge, which supposes that something is only known when one is certain of it., En ciertas partes de su obra Karl Popper pareciera estar brindando una solución positiva al problema epistémico de la verosimilitud, es decir, el problema de cómo sabemos o afirmamos racionalmente que una teorı́a está más cerca de la verdad que otra. Sin embargo, en otras partes pareciera estar afirmando justamente lo contrario. En este trabajo se argumentará que no hay una contradicción entre estas afirmaciones llevadas a cabo por Popper. Se sostendrá que la clave de este asunto se encuentra en su muy estricta concepción del conocimiento, la cual supone que solo se conoce algo cuando se tiene certeza de ello.

The evidence standard in the criminal procedure is a legal tool that measures the degree of sufficiency of evidence regarding an event deemed criminal. In our Code of Criminal Procedure a standard of evidence allowing measuring the sufficiency of evidence has not been expressly regulated. Such lack has had to be covered by jurisprudence through the Cassation Sentence No. 1-2017. This sentence established the evidence standard required to initiate preliminary proceedings (simple suspicion), formalization of the preparatory investigation (revealing suspicion), accusation (sufficient suspicion), preventive detention (serious suspicion) and sentence (certainty). The highest degree corresponds to the sentence, which in case of conviction, is based on a standard of evidence “beyond any reasonable doubt”, which in practical terms equals certainty, El estándar probatorio en el proceso penal es una herramienta legal que mide el grado de suficiencia de una prueba en un hecho considerado como delictuoso. En nuestro Código Proceso Penal no se ha regulado de manera expresa un estándar probatorio que permita medir la suficiencia de las pruebas. Tal falencia ha tenido que ser cubierta vía la jurisprudencia a través de la Sentencia Plenaria Casatoria N° 1-2017. De esta forma, esta sentencia fijó el estándar probatorio que se requiere para iniciar diligencias preliminares (sospecha simple), formalización de la investigación preparatoria (sospecha reveladora), acusación (sospecha suficiente), prisión preventiva (sospecha grave) y sentencia (certeza). El grado más alto es el de la sentencia, que en caso de ser condenatoria, se funda en un estándar de la prueba “más allá de toda duda razonable”, que en términos prácticos equivale a la certeza.

Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit Heideggers frühen Konzeptionen des Existentials Sorge, in denen er allmählich zu der Auffassung der Sorge als der Faktizität des Vollzugs der eigenen Existenz bzw. der eigenen Seinsmöglichkeiten gelangt. Dabei wird sichtbar, inwiefern sich Heidegger an dieser Stelle von den abstrakten Postulierungen von Sorge als der „Sorge um Gewissheit“ (Descartes), der „Sorge um die erkannte Erkenntnis“, aber auch von der Abstraktheit der phänomenologischen Ansätze wie etwa der von ihm selbst verwendeten formalen Anzeige abgrenzt. Von zentralen Bedeutung ist die Hervorhebung seiner Einsicht in den Umstand, dass solche Auffassungen der Sorge, die vor allem mit dem mathematischen Verständnis der Gewissheit durchsetzt sind, den ursprünglichen Zugang zu der Seinsfrage verdecken. Die Vorherrschaft des Theoretischen und die Idee der absoluten Geltung und der Evidenz bezeichnet Heidegger als das „Versäumnis“, die Seinsfrage zu stellen., The article deals with Heidegger’s early conceptions of existential concern, in which he gradually arrives at the conception of concern as the factuality of the realization of one’s own existence or one’s own possibilities of being. In the process, it becomes apparent to what extent Heidegger at this point of the abstract postulates of concern as the “concern for certainty” (Descartes), the “concern for the recognized knowledge”, but also of the abstractness of phenomenological approaches such as himself used formal display delimits. Of central importance is the emphasis on his insight into the fact that such views of concern, interspersed in particular with the mathematical understanding of certainty, obscure the original approach to the question of being. Heidegger describes the supremacy of the theoretical and the idea of absolute validity and evidence as the “omission” to pose the question of being.

Smart contracts are a new technology emerging with force due to the opportunities and benefits it can offer. The main innovation is that the terms parties agree to regulate their relations are executed automatically by a computer program. The intention of this Paper is to examine if the Spanish Contract Law is prepared for smart contracts or its modification is needed. First, it is necessary to understand the blockchain technology it can deploy on and the features of smart contracts. Then, under a legal perspective, it analyses if they comply with the essential contract elements -consent, object and cause- and main concerns during its existence regarding formation, performance and breach. Finally, it concludes by recognizing that smart contracts go along with existing Contract Law principles, offers some remedies and encourage legislators and jurists not to ignore these contracts for legal security.

El objetivo general de este proyecto es crear una herramienta para la anotación de la factualidad expresada en textos en español a través del procesamiento automático. Pretendemos que dicha representación sea muy rica, por lo que se llevará a cabo desde tres ejes distintos: multinivel, multidimensional y multitextual. El análisis multinivel da cuenta de las distintas marcas lingüísticas que expresan el grado de certeza de un evento a nivel morfológico y sintáctico, pero también discursivo; el análisis multidimensional, de un número variado de las voces que evalúan dicho evento; y el análisis multitextual, de distintos textos sobre un mismo evento, siendo este último uno de los aspectos más innovadores de la propuesta., The main aim of this project is to create a tool for the automatic annotation of factuality expressed in Spanish texts. We intend the representation to be very rich, so it will be carried out from three different perspectives: multilevel, multidimensional and multitextual. The multilevel analysis gives account of the various linguistic markers that express the degree of certainty of an event at the morphological and syntactic, as well as discourse, levels. The multidimensional analysis accounts for the varied number of voices that assess an event. Finally, the multitextual analysis will take into account the various texts about the same event, which is one of the most innovative aspects of our proposal.

Con carácter general, el proyecto investigador exigido para el acceso a los cuerpos docentes universitarios se centra en qué, o sobre qué, y cómo se pretende investigar en el ámbito de una determinada disciplina, describiendo las líneas maestras de la futura labor científica. Ello implica exponer los planteamientos investigadores propios, tanto sustantivos como metodológicos, es decir, la concepción personal de la investigación sobre la materia. En este sentido, se aboga por una investigación basada en un tratamiento de los retos y problemas fundamentales del Derecho Financiero en clave principialista, defendiendo una metodología que busca revisar el estado actual de la disciplina a la luz de los principios clásicos de justicia, legalidad y seguridad jurídica. A nuestro juicio, la investigación en Derecho Financiero debería incidir en sí, a día de hoy, la regulación positiva responde efectivamente a las exigencias derivadas de los principios rectores de la actividad financiera. Se trata de reivindicar la importancia crucial de los principios constitucionales en la investigación jurídica en este campo, puesto que la consecución del Estado social y democrático de Derecho depende, en buena medida, de la observancia de los principios de justicia financiera, legalidad y seguridad jurídica., In general terms, the research project required to accede to the academic career focuses on what, or about what and how it is intended to do a research in a particular subject, by describing the master lines of the future research task. That implies to show the own research reasonings, both the substantial and the methodological ones, that is to say, the personal idea of the research about the matter. In this sense, the author proposes a research based on the study of the challenges and fundamental problems of Tax Law, by defending a methodology aimed at revising the current status of the discipline in light of the classical principles of tax justice, legality and certainty. In the author's view, research on Tax Law should deal with the question of whether the regulation in force is adequate to the requirements derived from the main principles of the tax activity. The objective is to reclaim the relevance of the constitutional principles in the juridical research on Tax Law, due to the fact that the achievement of a social and democratic rule of law depends, in a high extent, on the compliance of the principles of tax justice, legality and certainty.

In general terms, the research project required to accede to the academic career focuses on what, or about what and how it is intended to do a research in a particular subject, by describing the master lines of the future research task. That implies to show the own research reasonings, both the substantial and the methodological ones, that is to say, the personal idea of the research about the matter. In this sense, the author proposes a research based on the study of the challenges and fundamental problems of Tax Law, by defending a methodology aimed at revising the current status of the discipline in light of the classical principles of tax justice, legality and certainty. In the author´s view, research on Tax Law should deal with the question of whether the regulation in force is adequate to the requirements derived from the main principles of the tax activity. The objective is to reclaim the relevance of the constitutional principles in the juridical research on Tax Law, due to the fact that the achievement of a social and democratic rule of law depends, in a high extent, on the compliance of the principles of tax justice, legality and certainty., Con carácter general, el proyecto investigador exigido para el acceso a los cuerpos docentes universitarios se centra en qué, o sobre qué, y cómo se pretende investigar en el ámbito de una determinada disciplina, describiendo las líneas maestras de la futura labor científica. Ello implica exponer los planteamientos investigadores propios, tanto sustantivos como metodológicos, es decir, la concepción personal de la investigación sobre la materia. En este sentido, se aboga por una investigación basada en un tratamiento de los retos y problemas fundamentales del Derecho Financiero en clave principialista, defendiendo una metodología que busca revisar el estado actual de la disciplina a la luz de los principios clásicos de justicia, legalidad y seguridad jurídica. A nuestro juicio, la investigación en Derecho Financiero debería incidir en sí, a día de hoy, la regulación positiva responde efectivamente a las exigencias derivadas de los principios rectores de la actividad financiera. Se trata de reivindicar la importancia crucial de los principios constitucionales en la investigación jurídica en este campo, puesto que la consecución del Estado social y democrático de Derecho depende, en buena medida, de la observancia de los principios de justicia financiera, legalidad y seguridad jurídica.

With any hypothesis class one can associate a bipartite graph whose vertices are the hypotheses H on one side and all possible labeled examples X on the other side, and an hypothesis is connected to all the labeled examples that are consistent with it. We call this graph the hypotheses graph. We prove that any hypothesis class whose hypotheses graph is mixing cannot be learned using less than Omega(log^2 |H|) memory bits unless the learner uses at least a large number |H|^Omega(1) labeled examples. Our work builds on a combinatorial framework that we suggested in a previous work for proving lower bounds on space bounded learning. The strong lower bound is obtained by defining a new notion of pseudorandomness, the entropy sampler. Raz obtained a similar result using different ideas.

open, The subject of the research is the restoration of laws, which happens when an abrogated law re-enter into force following the repeal of the original abrogating law; the research particularly analyses the above subject in relation to legal certainty. The research identifies the restoration of laws according to its causes (ex: restoration due to the repeal of the abrogating law or due to the illegitimacy of the abrogating law…) by specifying how each case would impact the legal system. The research also tries to answer the question whether the restoration is the cause or, on the contrary, the effect of the legal certainty crisis and whether it should always be considered as an element of uncertainty. It will also highlight that in some situations the restoration could be rather considered as a positive factor to guarantee a better outcome than other solutions (especially regarding the restoration due to the illegitimacy of the abrogating law)., L’oggetto della ricerca è la reviviscenza delle norme, intesa come ripresa in vigore di norme già abrogate a seguito del venir meno della norma abrogatrice, soprattutto in relazione ai profili della certezza del diritto. Si individuano le varie tipologie di reviviscenza possibile a seconda della causa che la determina (per abrogazione della norma abrogatrice, per illegittimità della norma abrogatrice…), specificando caso per caso quali siano gli effetti prodotti in concreto nell’ordinamento. Si cerca infine di dare una risposta al quesito se la reviviscenza sia una causa o una conseguenza della crisi della certezza del diritto e, al contempo, se essa sia sempre e comunque da considerarsi come fattore di incertezza. Si evidenziano casi in cui la reviviscenza può essere considerata un fenomeno che garantisce esiti più solidi e certi rispetto ad altre soluzioni (ciò, in particolare, con riferimento alla reviviscenza a seguito di illegittimità di norma abrogatrice)., No, open, Canzian, N, Canzian, N

D. Pritchard holds that knowledge requires the satisfaction of an ability condition and an anti-luck condition that bear no relation of implication to each other. The article argues that the satisfaction of the anti-luck condition implies satisfying the ability conditionfor two reasons: first, that the main characteristics of Pritchard’s case (temp) against this implication are shared by cases in which there is ability; and, second, that although A. Goldman’s benevolent demon case is more effective than temp, it involves adifferent type of certainty than that required for knowledge. Finally, the article shows that Pritchard’s response to the generality problem blocks the implication between certainty and ability, and proposes a counterexample that draws on the epistemology of testimony., D. Pritchard ha sostenido que el conocimiento requiere la satisfacción de una condición de habilidad y una anti-suerte que no guardan relación de implicación entre sí. Se sostiene que la satisfacción de una condición anti-suerte implica cumplir conla condición de habilidad, primero, porque, las características centrales del caso de D. Pritchard (temp) en contra de esta implicación son compartidas con casos en los que hay habilidad; y segundo, el caso de A. Goldman del dios benevolente es másefectivo que temp, pero involucra un tipo de seguridad diferente a la requerida para el conocimiento. Por último, se muestra que la respuesta de D. Pritchard al problema de la generalidad bloquea la implicación de seguridad a habilidad. Se propone un contraejemplo, adaptando un caso tomado de la epistemología del testimonio.

Melancholy is described in the eighteenth century in Diderot and d'Alembert’s Encyclopedia as a “delirium of the soul” that can be noticed by others through one’s behavior, language, mood, etc. But how could one know whether or not one is delirious? This entry seems to be addressing: the very root of modern reason. Is this not the central theme in Descartes: the foundation of Reason and the possibility of madness? In Discourse on the Method and Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes starts from of a “fictitious” situations: his life, his experience in front of a fireplace with his robe, etc. Fictitious because it is not known exactly whether this is just a delusion or not. His work is described as a fable, as he himself says. All the time he is facing “ghosts”: the possibility of madness, an Evil Genie... It this not exactly the description of melancholy that Descartes feared – the possibility of one’s living with a “disease of the soul”? The present text goals to show that modern reason, rather than trying to exclude delirium from its interior, it owes a great deal to a reflection that takes the possibility of madness seriously., A melancolia é descrita no século XVII na Enciclopédia de Diderot e d’Alembert como um “delírio da alma” que pode ser notado por outra pessoa através do comportamento, da linguagem, do estado de humor, etc. Mas como eu mesmo poderia saber se estou delirando ou não? Esse verbete parece ter um endereço: a própria raiz da Razão moderna. Não é esse o tema central em Descartes: a fundamentação da Razão e a possibilidade da loucura? No Discurso do método e nas Meditações metafísicas, Descartes parte de situações “fictícias”: sua própria vida, sua experiência diante de uma lareira com seu robe, etc. – fictícias porque não se sabe exatamente se se trata de um delírio ou não. Sua obra é descrita como uma fábula, como ele mesmo o diz. O tempo todo ele está diante de “fantasmas”: a possibilidade da loucura, de um Gênio Maligno... Não é exatamente essa descrição da melancolia que Descartes temia – de uma possibilidade de se viver numa “doença da alma”? Este texto busca mostrar que a Razão moderna, ao invés de tentar excluir o delírio de seu interior, é credora, no fundo, de uma reflexão que leva a sério a possibilidade da loucura.

The aim of this research is to analyze the behavioral finances key elements using the Prospect Theory, developed by Kahneman and Tversky (1979) in order to identify if the accountants present the certainty, reflection and isolation effects. For this study of a descriptive nature, a questionnaire of 15 closed questions was applied, where participants should make decisions on the given prospects. The data collection tool was sent to 250 accounting, administration and economy professionals. There were 145 survey respondents, being 65% of them accountants. Through the descriptive statistics and the Chi-square independence test, the study revealed that gender and educational background have influence over the prospect frequency, where in certain cases, women and accountants were more risk averse. Moreover, it showed that this Brazilian sample presents the bias certainty, reflection and isolation found in the original Kahneman and Tversky sample, which enhances the evidences that the behavioral aspects can influence the individuals’ choice., Esta pesquisa analisa elementos fundamentais de finanças comportamentais e, utiliza a Teoria do Prospecto, desenvolvida por Tversky e Kahneman (1979) para identificar se os contadores apresentam o efeito certeza, reflexão e isolamento. Para este estudo de natureza descritiva, aplicou-se um questionário constituído de 15 perguntas fechadas, onde os participantes deveriam tomar uma decisão acerca dos prospectos apresentados. O instrumento de coleta de dados foi enviado para 310 profissionais da área de contabilidade, administração e economia. Houve retorno de 145 respondentes, sendo que 65% dos respondentes eram contadores. Através da estatística descritiva e do teste Qui-quadrado, de aderência e independência, o estudo revelou que o gênero e a formação influenciam na frequência dos prospectos, onde em determinadas situações, as mulheres e os contadores mostram-se mais avessos ao risco, além de denotar que a amostra brasileira indica a existência dos vieses certeza, reflexão e isolamento encontrados pela amostra original de Kahneman e Tversky, o que fortalece as inferências de que os aspectos comportamentais podem influenciar as escolhas dos indivíduos., Esta investigación analiza elementos fundamentales de finanzas comportamentales y, utiliza la Teoría Prospectiva, desarrollada por Kahneman y Tversky (1979) para identificar si los contadores presentan el efecto certeza, reflexión y aislamiento. Para este estudio de naturaleza descriptiva, se aplicó un cuestionario constituído de 15 preguntas cerradas, en las que los participantes deberian tomar una decisión acerca de las variables presentadas. El instrumento de colecta de datos fue enviado para 250 profesionales del área de contabilidad, administración y economía. Hubo el retorno de 145 inquiridos, siendo que 65% de los inquiridos era de contadores. A través de la estadística descriptiva y de la prueba ji-cuadrado, de adherencia e independencia, el estudio reveló que el gênero y la formación, influencian en la frecuencia de las variables, en las que en determinadas situaciones, las mujeres y los contadores se muestran más aversos al riesgo, además de denotar que la muestra brasileña indica la existencia los certeza, reflexión y aislamiento rasgos encontrados por la muestra original de Kahneman y Tversky, lo que fortalece las evidencias de que los aspectos comportamentales pueden influenciar las decisiones de los individuos.

The Australian Takeovers Panel (‘the Panel’) has been the primary forum for resolving takeover disputes since reforms to Australian corporate law on 13 March 2000. This thesis makes a sustained scholarly contribution to the evaluation of takeover regulation under Australian corporate law by analysing the extent to which the Panel has been an effective forum for dispute resolution. The thesis addresses two overarching research questions, namely to determine the criteria that should be used to measure the effectiveness of the Panel in resolving takeover disputes and the extent to which the Panel has satisfied these criteria. The work in the thesis is original and is based on a detailed evaluation of the Panel’s decisions from 13 March 2000 to 30 June 2016. It is the first major academic study of the Panel since it became the primary forum for resolving takeover disputes. Chapter 1 provides an explanation of the key concepts relevant to the analysis in the thesis, explains the research questions and methodology used to answer them, and sets out the structure of the thesis. Chapter 2 informs the assessment of the effectiveness of the Panel in the thesis by analysing the policy goals underlying the historical development of Australian takeover regulation and the establishment of the Panel and its predecessors. Chapter 3 examines the historical development of the Panel on Takeovers and Mergers (‘UK Panel’), which is the key comparator for the Australian Panel for the purposes of establishing the criteria to be applied to determine the effectiveness of the Panel. It concludes that the three objectives for the UK Panel, namely speed, flexibility and certainty, can be used as the criteria to be applied to the Australian Panel to determine its effectiveness. Chapter 4 assesses the speed of Panel decision-making based on an empirical analysis of the timing of the announcement of Panel decisions and publication of the reasons. It concludes that the Panel has achieved a strong f

L’oggetto della ricerca è la reviviscenza delle norme, intesa come ripresa in vigore di norme già abrogate a seguito del venir meno della norma abrogatrice, soprattutto in relazione ai profili della certezza del diritto. Si individuano le varie tipologie di reviviscenza possibile a seconda della causa che la determina (per abrogazione della norma abrogatrice, per illegittimità della norma abrogatrice...), specificando caso per caso quali siano gli effetti prodotti in concreto nell’ordinamento. Si cerca infine di dare una risposta al quesito se la reviviscenza sia una causa o una conseguenza della crisi della certezza del diritto e, al contempo, se essa sia sempre e comunque da considerarsi come fattore di incertezza. Si evidenziano casi in cui la reviviscenza può essere considerata un fenomeno che garantisce esiti più solidi e certi rispetto ad altre soluzioni (ciò, in particolare, con riferimento alla reviviscenza a seguito di illegittimità di norma abrogatrice)., The subject of the research is the restoration of laws, which happens when an abrogated law re-enter into force following the repeal of the original abrogating law; the research particularly analyses the above subject in relation to legal certainty. The research identifies the restoration of laws according to its causes (ex: restoration due to the repeal of the abrogating law or due to the illegitimacy of the abrogating law...) by specifying how each case would impact the legal system. The research also tries to answer the question whether the restoration is the cause or, on the contrary, the effect of the legal certainty crisis and whether it should always be considered as an element of uncertainty. It will also highlight that in some situations the restoration could be rather considered as a positive factor to guarantee a better outcome than other solutions (especially regarding the restoration due to the illegitimacy of the abrogating law).

The scientific advances have greatly influenced the perception of the facts, generating some objectivation of the perception of the proof . In the past, many decisions were made on the basis of common sense and presumptions. This is reduced by the performance of more reliable evidence, which can generate a better conviction in the judge or legal operator. In this article, the author develops the effects that scientific evidence has had on legal practitioners, such as judges. Also, a theoretical framework will be proposed to understand this type of test, taking as reference emblematic cases., Los avances científicos han influenciado enormemente la percepción de los hechos, generando cierta objetivación de la percepción de la prueba. En el pasado, muchas decisiones se tomaban sobre la base del sentido común y las presunciones. Ello se ve reducido con la actuación de medios probatorios más certeros y fiables, los cuales pueden generar una mejor convicción en el juez u operador jurídico. En el presente artículo, el autor desarrolla los efectos que ha tenido la prueba científica en los operadores del derecho, como los jueces. Asimismo, se planteará un marco teórico para comprender a dicho tipo de prueba, tomando como referencia casos emblemáticos.

Judgment sc-16690 of 2016 of the Civil Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice condemned medical institutions for negligence in the treatment provided to a newborn, but, because their parents delayed the search for medical care, reduced the amount Compensatory to 70 % and abstained from condemning the loss of profit for lack of certainty. The actions of the parents, in front of their children, do not configure the fact of the victim, but the solidarity. With regard to loss of profit, it is perfectly logical and reasonable to understand that, when he turns 18, he will begin his productive life, La Sentencia SC-16690 de 2016 de la Sala Civil de la Corte Suprema de Justicia condenó a unas entidades médicas por negligencia en el tratamiento brindado a un recién nacido, pero, debido a que sus progenitores demoraron la búsqueda de atención médica, redujo el monto indemnizatorio al 70 % y se abstuvo de condenar al lucro cesante por falta de certeza. Las actuaciones de los padres, frente a sus hijos, no configuran el hecho de la víctima, sino la solidaridad. Con relación al lucro cesante, es perfectamente lógico y razonable entender que, cuando cumpla 18 años, empezará su vida productiva.