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The economic and environmental advantages of extrusion-based 3D concrete printing have made it a frontrunner in large-scale buildings. Nonetheless, this approach suffers from a contradictory rheological requirement and a high percentage of Portland cement (PC) in its mixture, which challenges its sustainability. It is claimed that the addition of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) to the mixture might solve this issue. Fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF), Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS), limestone, and calcined clay are examples of such materials. However, the production of certain of these SCMs, such as FA, SF, and GGBS, is restricted, while others, such as limestone and calcined clay, are plentiful. To address these challenges, the purpose of this research was to investigate two developed mixtures: limestone calcined clay cement (LC3-based) and limestone slag cement (slag-based) activated with limestone-based accelerator slurry (with calcium nitrate as an accelerator). The first phase of this work was the formulation of flowable and pumpable mixtures. The flowability of two cementitious materials (LC3 and slag-based) and limestone-based accelerator slurry was evaluated. For each mixture, the optimum superplasticizer/ accelerator dose was determined to ensure optimum flowability and pumpability. The optimal dose of superplasticizer for the LC3- and slag-based mixtures, as determined by flowability, pumping, and flow curve tests, was 0.6% and 0.3% of the binder’s mass, respectively. The recommended Ca(NO3)2 dose for limestone-based accelerator slurry was 7% of the cement weight. Part two of this research looked at how combining limestone-based accelerator slurry with cementitious materials affected the mixture’s fresh qualities. Here, the initial setting time and buildability of the formulated mixes were investigated. At last, a printable mixture of LC3 was developed containing just 275 kg/m3 of PC with compressive strength of more than 3

Recently, there has been increased use of calcium-nitrite and calcium-nitrate as the main components of chloride- and alkali-free anti-freezing agents to promote concrete hydration in cold weather concreting. As the amount of nitrite/nitrate-based accelerators increases, the hydration of tricalcium aluminate (C(3)A phase) and tricalcium silicate (C3S phase) in cement is accelerated, thereby improving the early strength of cement and effectively preventing initial frost damage. Nitrite/nitrate-based accelerators are used in larger amounts than usual in low temperature areas below -10 degrees C. However, the correlation between the hydration process and strength development in concrete containing considerable nitrite/nitrate-based accelerators remains to be clearly identified. In this study, the hydrate composition (via X-ray diffraction and nuclear magnetic resonance), pore structures (via mercury intrusion porosimetry), and crystal form (via scanning electron microscopy) were determined, and investigations were performed to elucidate the effect of nitrite/nitrate-based accelerators on the initial strength development and hydrate formation of cement. Nitrite/nitrate-AFm (aluminate-ferret-monosulfate; AFm) was produced in addition to ettringite at the initial stage of hydration of cement by adding a nitrite/nitrate-based accelerator. The amount of the hydrates was attributed to an increase in the absolute amounts of NO2- and NO3- ions reacting with Al2O3 in the tricalcium aluminate (C(3)A phase). Further, by effectively filling the pores, it greatly contributed to the enhancement of the strength of the hardened cement product, and the degree of the contribution tended to increase with the amount of addition. On the other hand, in addition to the occurrence of cracks due to the release of a large amount of heat of hydration, the amount of expansion and contraction may increase, and it is considered necessary to adjust the amount used for each concrete work.

The article has been carried out on physicochemical properties in binary, ternary and quaternary systems and over a wide temperature range in the presence of calcium nitrate and other fertilizers using the polythermal method and its physicochemical properties such as geometric position, density, concentration and viscosity, electrical conductivity changes were detected.

The article has been carried out on physicochemical properties in binary, ternary and quaternary systems and over a wide temperature range in the presence of calcium nitrate and other fertilizers using the polythermal method and its physicochemical properties such as geometric position, density, concentration and viscosity, electrical conductivity changes were detected.

The article has been carried out on physicochemical properties in binary, ternary and quaternary systems and over a wide temperature range in the presence of calcium nitrate and other fertilizers using the polythermal method and its physicochemical properties such as geometric position, density, concentration and viscosity, electrical conductivity changes were detected.

The article has been carried out on physicochemical properties in binary, ternary and quaternary systems and over a wide temperature range in the presence of calcium nitrate and other fertilizers using the polythermal method and its physicochemical properties such as geometric position, density, concentration and viscosity, electrical conductivity changes were detected.

The article has been carried out on physicochemical properties in binary, ternary and quaternary systems and over a wide temperature range in the presence of calcium nitrate and other fertilizers using the polythermal method and its physicochemical properties such as geometric position, density, concentration and viscosity, electrical conductivity changes were detected.

The article has been carried out on physicochemical properties in binary, ternary and quaternary systems and over a wide temperature range in the presence of calcium nitrate and other fertilizers using the polythermal method and its physicochemical properties such as geometric position, density, concentration and viscosity, electrical conductivity changes were detected.

The article has been carried out on physicochemical properties in binary, ternary and quaternary systems and over a wide temperature range in the presence of calcium nitrate and other fertilizers using the polythermal method and its physicochemical properties such as geometric position, density, concentration and viscosity, electrical conductivity changes were detected.

The article has been carried out on physicochemical properties in binary, ternary and quaternary systems and over a wide temperature range in the presence of calcium nitrate and other fertilizers using the polythermal method and its physicochemical properties such as geometric position, density, concentration and viscosity, electrical conductivity changes were detected.

Recently, there has been increased use of calcium-nitrite and calcium-nitrate as the main components of chloride- and alkali-free anti-freezing agents to promote concrete hydration in cold weather concreting. As the amount of nitrite/nitrate-based accelerators increases, the hydration of tricalcium aluminate (C(3)A phase) and tricalcium silicate (C3S phase) in cement is accelerated, thereby improving the early strength of cement and effectively preventing initial frost damage. Nitrite/nitrate-based accelerators are used in larger amounts than usual in low temperature areas below -10 degrees C. However, the correlation between the hydration process and strength development in concrete containing considerable nitrite/nitrate-based accelerators remains to be clearly identified. In this study, the hydrate composition (via X-ray diffraction and nuclear magnetic resonance), pore structures (via mercury intrusion porosimetry), and crystal form (via scanning electron microscopy) were determined, and investigations were performed to elucidate the effect of nitrite/nitrate-based accelerators on the initial strength development and hydrate formation of cement. Nitrite/nitrate-AFm (aluminate-ferret-monosulfate; AFm) was produced in addition to ettringite at the initial stage of hydration of cement by adding a nitrite/nitrate-based accelerator. The amount of the hydrates was attributed to an increase in the absolute amounts of NO2- and NO3- ions reacting with Al2O3 in the tricalcium aluminate (C(3)A phase). Further, by effectively filling the pores, it greatly contributed to the enhancement of the strength of the hardened cement product, and the degree of the contribution tended to increase with the amount of addition. On the other hand, in addition to the occurrence of cracks due to the release of a large amount of heat of hydration, the amount of expansion and contraction may increase, and it is considered necessary to adjust the amount used for each concrete work.

The induction of sprouting is a fundamental practice to grow temperate fruits in warmer regions, as the use of alternative products are necessary. This study aimed to verify the influence of foliar nitrogen fertilizer application to induce bud sprouting at different doses in three types of peach cultivars, regarding fruit quality, in Botucatu, state of Sao Paulo. This study occurred at the experimental orchard of Botucatu Agriculture School of Universidade Estadual Paulista (FCA/UNESP) in 2015 and 2016. Evaluations consisted of three cultivars Douradáo, BRS Kampai and BRS Rubimel; and four doses of foliar nitrogen fertilizer (0; 1.25; 2.50 and 3.75%) with 4% calcium nitrate in all treatments. A randomized experimental design was conducted with 12 treatments, 4 replicates and 5 fruits per plot, that is, 240 evaluated fruits in each productive cycle. Fruits produced by cultivar BRS Rubimel showed the highest mean mass among the others, being greater than 100 g, regardless of applied dose. In this study, different doses influenced physical, physicochemical and biochemical attributes of fruits in all cultivars. However, both cultivars showed good quality standards in terms of size, high soluble solids content and low acidity, being recommended for direct consumption in Botucatu, state of Sao Paulo., RESUMEN La inducción de brotación es una práctica fundamental en el cultivo de frutales en regiones de clima caliente. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de productos alternativos con la aplicación de diferentes dosis del fertilizante foliar nitrogenado (FFN), para inducir a la brotación y la calidad de frutos de tres cultivares de durazno en Botucatu - SP. El trabajo fue realizado durante los años 2015 y 2016, en la Estación Experimental de la Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas de la Universidad Estadual Paulista, campus de Botucatu, SP. Los cultivares evaluados fueron durazno Douradáo, BRS Kampai y BRS Rubimel, con cuatro dosis de FFN: 0; 1,25; 2,50 y 3,75%, asociadas al 4% de nitrato de calcio. El diseño experimental fue en bloques al azar, con 12 tratamientos, 4 repeticiones y 5 frutos por parcela, totalizando 240frutos evaluados, en cada ciclo productivo. Los frutos producidos por el cultivar BRS Rubimel presentaron el mayor peso medio de los tres cultivares analizados, y fue superior a 100 g, indepen dientemente de la dosis del FFN utilizada. Las diferentes dosis del FFN utilizadas en este trabajo afectaron las características organolépticas de los frutos de los cultivares evaluados, en aspectos físicos, fisicoquímicos y bioquímicos. Los cultivares BRS Kampai y BRS Rubimel presentaron frutos con patrones óptimos de calidad en cuanto al tamaño, contenido de sólidos solubles y baja acidez, y son recomendados para producción destinada al consumo fresco en la región de Botucatu - SP.

The induction of sprouting is a fundamental practice to grow temperate fruits in warmer regions, as the use of alternative products are necessary. This study aimed to verify the influence of foliar nitrogen fertilizer application to induce bud sprouting at different doses in three types of peach cultivars, regarding fruit quality, in Botucatu, state of Sao Paulo. This study occurred at the experimental orchard of Botucatu Agriculture School of Universidade Estadual Paulista (FCA/UNESP) in 2015 and 2016. Evaluations consisted of three cultivars Douradáo, BRS Kampai and BRS Rubimel; and four doses of foliar nitrogen fertilizer (0; 1.25; 2.50 and 3.75%) with 4% calcium nitrate in all treatments. A randomized experimental design was conducted with 12 treatments, 4 replicates and 5 fruits per plot, that is, 240 evaluated fruits in each productive cycle. Fruits produced by cultivar BRS Rubimel showed the highest mean mass among the others, being greater than 100 g, regardless of applied dose. In this study, different doses influenced physical, physicochemical and biochemical attributes of fruits in all cultivars. However, both cultivars showed good quality standards in terms of size, high soluble solids content and low acidity, being recommended for direct consumption in Botucatu, state of Sao Paulo., RESUMEN La inducción de brotación es una práctica fundamental en el cultivo de frutales en regiones de clima caliente. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de productos alternativos con la aplicación de diferentes dosis del fertilizante foliar nitrogenado (FFN), para inducir a la brotación y la calidad de frutos de tres cultivares de durazno en Botucatu - SP. El trabajo fue realizado durante los años 2015 y 2016, en la Estación Experimental de la Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas de la Universidad Estadual Paulista, campus de Botucatu, SP. Los cultivares evaluados fueron durazno Douradáo, BRS Kampai y BRS Rubimel, con cuatro dosis de FFN: 0; 1,25; 2,50 y 3,75%, asociadas al 4% de nitrato de calcio. El diseño experimental fue en bloques al azar, con 12 tratamientos, 4 repeticiones y 5 frutos por parcela, totalizando 240frutos evaluados, en cada ciclo productivo. Los frutos producidos por el cultivar BRS Rubimel presentaron el mayor peso medio de los tres cultivares analizados, y fue superior a 100 g, indepen dientemente de la dosis del FFN utilizada. Las diferentes dosis del FFN utilizadas en este trabajo afectaron las características organolépticas de los frutos de los cultivares evaluados, en aspectos físicos, fisicoquímicos y bioquímicos. Los cultivares BRS Kampai y BRS Rubimel presentaron frutos con patrones óptimos de calidad en cuanto al tamaño, contenido de sólidos solubles y baja acidez, y son recomendados para producción destinada al consumo fresco en la región de Botucatu - SP.

The effect of seed priming with calcium nitrate Ca (NO3)2 and potassium nitrate (KNO3) on germination and seedling vigour were studied in papaya varieties. Open pollinated local (gauty) papaya seeds were soaked in Ca (NO3)2 and KNO3 solutions (10000 ppm, 15000 ppm and 20000 ppm) up to 24 hours and germination percentage and seedling characteristics were recorded. The least number of days taken for seed germination (4.33 days), the highest germination percentage (82.56 % ), the highest shoot length (14.31 cm) the highest fresh biomass (1.36 g) and dry biomass (0.174 g) were recorded in 10000 ppm   Ca(NO3)2 treatment. Further, seeds of papaya varieties viz., Arka Surya, Arka Prabhat and Madhu bindhu were treated with 5000 ppm, 10000 ppm and 15000 ppm Ca (NO3)2 and observed that Arka Prabhat seeds treated with 10000 ppm Ca (NO3)2 hadtaken the least number of days for germination (4.75 days) and also the highest shoot length (25.2 cm). The results of the experiment proved the significant effect of calcium ions over potassium ions on papaya seed germination and seedling vigour.

The effect of seed priming with calcium nitrate Ca (NO3)2 and potassium nitrate (KNO3) on germination and seedling vigour were studied in papaya varieties. Open pollinated local (gauty) papaya seeds were soaked in Ca (NO3)2 and KNO3 solutions (10000 ppm, 15000 ppm and 20000 ppm) up to 24 hours and germination percentage and seedling characteristics were recorded. The least number of days taken for seed germination (4.33 days), the highest germination percentage (82.56 % ), the highest shoot length (14.31 cm) the highest fresh biomass (1.36 g) and dry biomass (0.174 g) were recorded in 10000 ppm   Ca(NO3)2 treatment. Further, seeds of papaya varieties viz., Arka Surya, Arka Prabhat and Madhu bindhu were treated with 5000 ppm, 10000 ppm and 15000 ppm Ca (NO3)2 and observed that Arka Prabhat seeds treated with 10000 ppm Ca (NO3)2 hadtaken the least number of days for germination (4.75 days) and also the highest shoot length (25.2 cm). The results of the experiment proved the significant effect of calcium ions over potassium ions on papaya seed germination and seedling vigour.

Hygroscopicity and deliquescence refer to the ability of a solid to absorb air moisture in which it dissolves and have long been recognised as properties having negative impacts on the product quality of explosives, pharmaceuticals, and fertilisers. Contrastingly, this thesis reconsiders and reappraises the hygroscopic effects of common mineral fertilisers, proposing hygroscopicity to beneficially enable quick dissolution under humid air conditions in absence of precipitation. Although precision fertilisation has improved, little is known about the dissolution dynamics of mineral nitrogen fertilisers in the field when exposed to either moist air or precipitation. In this thesis, dissolution rates of fertilisers based on ammonium nitrate (Axan™) and calcium nitrate (Kalksalpeter™), and of comparable pure salts, were recorded in a hygroscopicity test (≥90 % relative humidity at 25°C). Furthermore, dissolution rates of the fertilisers were also studied in a rain simulation (moderate intensity). In the hygroscopicity test, the pure reference salts had a higher hygroscopicity and shorter dissolution time relative the fertiliser products. The ammonium nitrate-based fertiliser and the pure ammonium nitrate salt moreover had higher dissolution rates (completely dissolved after 5.0 and 2.3 hours) compared to the corresponding calcium nitrate fertiliser and salt (21.1 and 4.3 hours respectively). All compounds tested dissolved within 24 hours. Endothermic properties, i.e. heat uptake during dissolution, seemed strongly correlated to the hygroscopic rates recorded. According to a thermodynamic calculation made, strongly endothermic salts had higher hygroscopicity compared to those with moderate or weak endothermic properties. In the rain simulation, the ammonium nitrate and calcium nitrate-based fertilisers required 5 and 6.5 mm of simulated precipitation, respectively. However, a theoretic estimation suggested less water to be sufficient at optimal application. For highly sol, Ett ämnes hygroskopicitet och delikvescens är dess förmåga att absorbera fukt ur luften och lösa sig i denna, en egenskap som i regel förknippas med kvalitetsförsämringar hos sprängmedel, läkemedel och mineralgödselprodukter. Under nederbördsfattiga förhållanden med tillräcklig luftfuktighet kan hygroskopiska egenskaper hos ett gödselmedel ändå vara mycket fördelaktiga och medge en snabb upplösning, även vid avsaknad av regn. Även om precisionsgödsling utvecklats på senare tid saknas fortfarande kunskap kring gödselmedlens upplösning i fält vid exponering för fuktig luft eller nederbörd. I denna uppsats har upplösningshastigheter bestämts för mineralgödselmedel baserade på ammoniumnitrat (Axan™) och kalciumnitrat (Kalksalpeter™) samt två rena referenssalter i en hygroskopimätning (≥90 % relativ luftfuktighet vid 25°C). Upplösningshastigheter för gödselmedel har vidare studerats i en regnsimulering med måttlig intensitet. I hygroskopitestet hade de rena referenssalterna högre hygroskopicitet och kortare upplösningstid än gödselprodukterna. Vidare hade det ammoniumnitratbaserade gödselmedlet och det rena ammoniumnitratsaltet högre upplösningshastighet jämfört med motsvarande kalciumnitratbaserade produkt och salt. Samtliga gödselmedel och salter löstes upp genom hygroskopi inom 24 timmar under ovan givna förutsättningar. Resultaten indikerar vidare att endoterma egenskaper, dvs. upptag av värme under upplösningsfasen, är en viktig faktor kopplad till uppmätta hygroskopiciteter. En termodynamisk beräkning visar att starkt endoterma salter verkar ha högre hygroskopicitet än svagt till måttligt endoterma salter. I regnsimuleringen krävde den ammoniumnitratbaserade gödselprodukten 5 mm simulerad nederbörd och den kalciumnitratbaserade 6,5 mm. Trots det visade en teoretisk uppskattning att långt mindre nederbörd skulle kunna vara tillräckligt för upplösning vid optimal applicering. För gödselmedel med hög löslighet skulle tiden under vilken de exponeras för vatten kunna va

The given research is devoted to the development of the technology of utilization of lime-softening sludge to obtain calcium nitrate.Water treatment waste by chemical composition differs from natural raw materials such as limestone, which is traditionally used to obtain calcium nitrate. Sludge obtained at the stage of lime-softening contains about 70% calcium carbonate, a fairly large amount of iron, which enters the precipitate with solutions of coagulants, as well as organic impurities. Organic impurities come from river water and precipitate as a result of coagulation.The process of extracting calcium by the acid solution is stable. The results are well reproduced on two kinds of waste from different enterprises. This is explained both by the high dissolution rate of calcium carbonate in nitric acid, and the similar chemical composition of the waste.Not only calcium compounds, but also iron ones together with the organic component of liming sludge fall into the solution. A process scheme is proposed for cleaning the solution, which should include the stages of oxidation of the solution and subsequent precipitation of iron.The concentration of iron in the experimental solutions was up to 6 g/l. With the help of the calculations of the precipitate-solution equilibrium, it has been stated that iron in the area of low concentrations of nitric acid precipitates in the solution, and calcium stays in it. The decrease of the acid concentration was carried out by the addition of pure calcium carbonate.Kinetic studies of the process of iron precipitation on model solutions of iron (III) nitrate have been carried out. The second-order kinetic equation is obtained. The calculation of the process activation energy is available in the paper. The value of the energy is ~37 kJ/ mole, which is the evidence of the precipitation process in the transition area. The undissolved residue contains about 40% iron and can be used to obtain coagulants.Thus, the application of the proposed, Исследование посвящено разработке технологии утилизации известкового шлама водоподготовки с получением кальциевой селитры.Установлено, что отходы водоподготовки по химическому составу отличаются от природного сырья – известняка, который традиционно используют для получения кальций нитрата. Шлам, получаемый в процессе известкования воды, содержит около 70 % кальций карбоната, достаточно большое количество железа, попадает в осадок с растворами коагулянтов, а также, органические примеси. Органические примеси поступают с речной водой и осаждаются в результате коагуляции.Процесс извлечения кальция раствором кислоты является устойчивым. Результаты хорошо воспроизводились на двух видах отходов различных предприятий. Это объясняется как высокой скоростью растворения кальций карбоната в азотной кислоте, так и схожим химическим составом отходов.В раствор попадают не только соединения кальция но и железа и органическая составляющая шламов известкования. Для очистки раствора предложена схема процесса, в которую должны входить стадии окисления раствора и последующего осаждения железа.Концентрация железа в экспериментальных растворах составляла до 6 г/л. С помощью расчетов равновесия осадок – раствор установлено, что в области низких концентраций азотной кислоты железо будет выпадать в раствор, а кальций в нем оставаться. Уменьшение концентрации кислоты проводили добавлением чистого кальций карбоната.Проведено кинетические исследования процесса осаждения железа на модельных растворах железо (III) нитрата. Получено кинетическое уравнение второго порядка. Рассчитана энергия активации процесса, значение которой ~ 37 кДж/моль свидетельствует о протекании процесса осаждения в переходной области. Нерастворившийся остаток содержит около 40 % железа и может использоваться для получения коагулянтов.Применение предложенного метода позволит наиболее полно использовать отходы водоподготовки, Дослідження присвячено розробці технології утилізації вапняного шламу водопідготовки з одержанням кальцієвої селітри.Встановлено, що відходи водопідготовки за хімічним складом відрізняються від природної сировини – вапняку, який традиційно використовують для одержання кальцій нітрату. Шлам, що утворюється на стадії вапнування води містить близько 70 % кальцій карбонату,досить велику кількість заліза, що потрапляє до осаду з розчинами коагулянтів, та органічні домішки. Органічні домішки надходять з річковою водою і осаджуються в результаті коагуляції.Процес вилучення кальцію розчином кислоти – сталий. Результати добре відтворювались на двох видах відходів різних підприємств. Це пояснюється як високою швидкістю розчинення кальцій карбонату в нітратній кислоті, так і схожим хімічним складом відходів.До розчину потрапляють не тільки сполуки кальцію але й заліза та органічна складова шламів вапнування. Для очищення розчину запропоновано схему процесу, до якої повинні входити стадії окиснення розчину та наступного осадження заліза.Концентрація заліза в експериментальних розчинах складала до 6 г/л. За допомогою розрахунків рівноваги осад – розчин з’ясовано, що в області низьких концентрацій нітратної кислоти залізо буде випадати в розчин, а кальцій в ньому лишатися. Зменшення концентрації проводили додаванням чистого кальцій карбонату.Проведено кінетичні дослідження процесу осадження заліза на модельних розчинах залізо (ІІІ) нітрату. Одержано кінетичне рівняння другого порядку. Розраховано енергію активації процесу, значення якої ~ 37 кДж/моль свідчить про перебіг процесу осадження в перехідній області. Залишок містить близько 40 % заліза і може застосовуватися для одержання коагулянтів.Застосування запропонованого методу дозволить найбільш повно використовувати відходи водопідготовки

he physicochemical characteristics and shelf life of mango[Mangifera indica L.] fruits treated with calci- um chloride (CaCl2-1%, 2%), calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2-1%, 2%), potassium nitrate (KNO3-1%, 2%) and carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC - 0.5, 1%) were studied. Untreated fruits served as the control. All tested treatments indicated a significant delay in the change of weight loss (16.84%), ripening (51.66%), decaying percentage (46.66) and retained firmness (3.23 kg/cm2) of fruits and biochemical qualities viz., total soluble solids(22.33Brix), sugar accumulation (18.17%) and tritratable acidity on 16th day in mango fruits compared to control. The significant (5%) impact of treatment is found on the least decay percentage in the order of fruits treated with calcium nitrate (2%) followed by 1% Ca(NO3)2, 2% CaCl2 and 1% CaCl2. Hence, it could be concluded that post harvest chemical treatment with calcium nitrate, calcium chloride (1%, 2%) has the potential to control spoilage, prolong the storage life and preserve valuable attributes of post harvest quality of mango, presumably because of its effect on inhibition of ripening and senescence processes by lowering the respiration rate.

An investigation was carried out at Fruit Research Farm, Department of Fruit Science at College of Horticulture and Forestry, Jhalawar during 16 September, 2014 to 1 March, 2015 to study the individual effect of Pre-harvest spray of Calcium nitrate, Zinc sulphate and Boric acid as well as their interaction on Storability of Nagpur mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) after fruit set stage. Among different pre-harvest treatments, T27 treatment (Ca 3.0% + B 0.6% + Zn 0.6%) treated fruits had the longest shelf-life of 15 days at ambient conditions with lowest PLW (9.27 %), decay per cent (15.23 %) and better organoleptic ratting (8.41/10) and higher retention of juice percent (39.12 %) till end of storage period.

To combat excessive vine vigor, many vintners have employed intensive cover cropping techniques. While cover crops provide a multitude of benefits to the farming system, they can compete for nutrients and water. The seemingly ubiquitous adoption of cover crops in the Eastern United States has led to vines and grape musts which are deficient in nitrogen (N). A must that is deficient in yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN) can lead to the production of off aromas and stuck or sluggish fermentations. It has also been suggested that musts with limited amino nitrogen sources can result in wines with less fruity aromas than those with a higher starting amino acid content. Varying rates of calcium nitrate were applied to the soil at bloom and foliar urea was sprayed at a Sauvignon blanc and Petit Manseng (Vitis vinifera L.) vineyard. Perennial White and Crimson clover as well as foliar urea applications at véraison were utilized at a Vidal blanc (Vitis spp.) site. Foliar urea was effective at significantly increasing YANs in all experiments with some year to year variation in efficacy. Foliar urea applications slightly favored the production of ammonia over primary amino nitrogen. While most of the measured amino acids in fruit increased in concentration with the application of either soil or foliar N, foliar applications were more effective at increasing fruit amino acids. Of the amino acids measured, arginine and glutamine were the most increased by foliar urea applications, whereas proline was relatively unaffected. The use of clover as a perennial under-vine cover crop did not increase berry YAN. The application of foliar urea sprays may present an effective means by which vintners can easily increase must YANs and amino acid contents.

Vineyards in the Eastern United States are often prone to excessive vegetative growth. In order to suppress excessive vine vigor, many viticulturists have employed cover cropping strategies. Cover crops provide a myriad of agronomic benefits, however they are known to compete with the vine for water and nutrients. Due to the widespread use of cover crops in Eastern vineyards, many vineyards experience nitrogen (N) deficiencies in both the vegetative vine tissue and yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN) in the juice. Soil applications of calcium nitrate and foliar applications of urea were assessed as a means of vineyard N amelioration at cover cropped sites comprised of Petit Manseng and Sauvignon blanc (Vitis vinifera L.). Perennial White and Crimson clover cover crops and foliar urea applications were also used in a Vidal blanc (Vitis spp.) vineyard. Treatments were imposed in the Sauvignon blanc vineyard for five years. The Petit Manseng and Vidal blanc vineyards were subjected to treatments for two years. Soil-applied N at bloom was most effective at increasing leaf petiole N at véraison, season-long chlorophyll content index (CCI), vine capacity and fruit yield. Fruit yield was increased due to more berries per cluster and greater berry weights. Increased rates of soil-applied N decreased the fruit weight:pruning weight ratio. Clover cover crops offered little to no benefit as a N source in the two-year period of evaluation. None of the N management schemes negatively impacted canopy density, fruit zone light interception, or botrytis bunch rot incidence. The combination of both a soil-applied and foliar-applied N fertilizer may be the most effective means to increase both vine capacity and YAN in vineyards where vineyard floor cover crops are compromising vine N status.

The impact of mineral salts potassium phosphite (6 mL L-1) phosphite calcium (10 g L-1), potassium sulfate (17 g L-1) and calcium nitrate (20 g L-1) was assessed on powdery mildew caused by Oidium sp. in cucumber cultivation. The experiment was established in greenhouse conditions under design randomized complete block with six replicates per treatment. The direct sowing, cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L.) cv 'Zapata' were grown in plastic bags with a capacity of 4.5 kg and coconut substrate (70% coarse fiber and 30% fine fiber); when plants (two per pot) had five true leaves, they were applied to foliage treatment solutions with a manual atomizer, five times at intervals of 7 days. The powdery mildew infection in plants evolved naturally. The plant height, leaf number, leaf area, leaf greenness, number of diseased leaves and incidence and severity of powdery mildew was evaluated. There was no significant difference (p≤ 0.05) in the variables height, leaf area, greenery and number of leaves in plants evaluated. The greatest protection against powdery mildew (Oidium sp.) was obtained with the application of calcium nitrate and potassium phosphite, phosphite surpassing that provided by calcium and potassium sulfate. Calcium nitrate and potassium phosphite in doses of 20 g and 6 mL L-1 water, respectively, are an alternative for handling powdery mildew in cucumber. Keywords: Cucumis sativus; calcium nitrate; potassium phosphite, Se evaluó el impacto de sales minerales fosfito de potasio (6 mL L-1), fosfito de calcio (10 g L-1), sulfato de potasio (17 g L-1) y nitrato de calcio (20 g L-1) en la cenicilla ocasionada por Oidium sp. en el cultivo de pepino. El experimento se estableció en condiciones de invernadero bajo diseño de bloques completos al azar con seis repeticiones por tratamiento. Por siembra directa, las plantas de pepino (Cucumis sativus L.) cv 'Zapata' se hicieron crecer en bolsas de plástico con capacidad de 4.5 kg y sustrato de coco (70% fibra gruesa y 30% fibra fina); cuando las plantas (dos por maceta) tuvieron cinco hojas verdaderas, se aplicaron al follaje soluciones de los tratamientos con un atomizador manual, en cinco ocasiones con intervalos de 7 días. La infección por cenicilla en las plantas se desarrolló de manera natural. Se evaluó la altura de planta, número de hojas, área foliar, verdor foliar, número de hojas enfermas e incidencia y severidad de cenicilla. No hubo diferencia significativa (p≤ 0.05) en las variables altura, área foliar, verdor y número de hojas en las plantas evaluadas. La mayor protección contra cenicilla (Oidium sp.) se obtuvo con las aplicaciones de nitrato de calcio y fosfito de potasio, superando aquella proporcionada por fosfito de calcio y sulfato de potasio. El nitrato de calcio y fosfito de potasio en dosis de 20 g y 6 mL L-1 de agua, respectivamente, constituyen una alternativa para el manejo de la cenicilla en pepino. Palabras clave: Cucumis sativus; fosfito de potasio; nitrato de calcio

The impact of mineral salts potassium phosphite (6 mL L-1) phosphite calcium (10 g L-1), potassium sulfate (17 g L-1) and calcium nitrate (20 g L-1) was assessed on powdery mildew caused by Oidium sp. in cucumber cultivation. The experiment was established in greenhouse conditions under design randomized complete block with six replicates per treatment. The direct sowing, cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L.) cv 'Zapata' were grown in plastic bags with a capacity of 4.5 kg and coconut substrate (70% coarse fiber and 30% fine fiber); when plants (two per pot) had five true leaves, they were applied to foliage treatment solutions with a manual atomizer, five times at intervals of 7 days. The powdery mildew infection in plants evolved naturally. The plant height, leaf number, leaf area, leaf greenness, number of diseased leaves and incidence and severity of powdery mildew was evaluated. There was no significant difference (p≤ 0.05) in the variables height, leaf area, greenery and number of leaves in plants evaluated. The greatest protection against powdery mildew (Oidium sp.) was obtained with the application of calcium nitrate and potassium phosphite, phosphite surpassing that provided by calcium and potassium sulfate. Calcium nitrate and potassium phosphite in doses of 20 g and 6 mL L-1 water, respectively, are an alternative for handling powdery mildew in cucumber. Keywords: Cucumis sativus; calcium nitrate; potassium phosphite, Se evaluó el impacto de sales minerales fosfito de potasio (6 mL L-1), fosfito de calcio (10 g L-1), sulfato de potasio (17 g L-1) y nitrato de calcio (20 g L-1) en la cenicilla ocasionada por Oidium sp. en el cultivo de pepino. El experimento se estableció en condiciones de invernadero bajo diseño de bloques completos al azar con seis repeticiones por tratamiento. Por siembra directa, las plantas de pepino (Cucumis sativus L.) cv 'Zapata' se hicieron crecer en bolsas de plástico con capacidad de 4.5 kg y sustrato de coco (70% fibra gruesa y 30% fibra fina); cuando las plantas (dos por maceta) tuvieron cinco hojas verdaderas, se aplicaron al follaje soluciones de los tratamientos con un atomizador manual, en cinco ocasiones con intervalos de 7 días. La infección por cenicilla en las plantas se desarrolló de manera natural. Se evaluó la altura de planta, número de hojas, área foliar, verdor foliar, número de hojas enfermas e incidencia y severidad de cenicilla. No hubo diferencia significativa (p≤ 0.05) en las variables altura, área foliar, verdor y número de hojas en las plantas evaluadas. La mayor protección contra cenicilla (Oidium sp.) se obtuvo con las aplicaciones de nitrato de calcio y fosfito de potasio, superando aquella proporcionada por fosfito de calcio y sulfato de potasio. El nitrato de calcio y fosfito de potasio en dosis de 20 g y 6 mL L-1 de agua, respectivamente, constituyen una alternativa para el manejo de la cenicilla en pepino. Palabras clave: Cucumis sativus; fosfito de potasio; nitrato de calcio

The results of studying the processes of forming calcium hydroxide transportation suspensions and their neutralization by nitrate acid with the development of energy­saving technologies of obtaining calcium nitrate were presented.As a result of the research, the process of calcium oxide hydration in the calcium nitrate solution was substantiated and the mechanism of the suspension thickening was proposed.The limit lime concentrations in the calcium nitrate solutions were established, the process of calcium oxide hydration in these solutions was theoretically calculated. The mechanism of thickening of the prepared suspension (suspension of Са(ОН)2 in Са(NO3)2 solution), based on the formation of hydrogen bonds due to the presence of oxygen with unfilled orbitals, was explored.The degree of CaO conversion (kinetics of hydration) depending on the time and the intensity of mixing in 35 % solution of calcium nitrate, which increases from 0.67 to 0.89 o. n. with an increase in the intensity of mixing Re=1000÷13000 was established. The limit of the lime content for different concentrations of Са(NO3)2) was defined: for 15 %­solution of calcium nitrate, the highest possible lime concentration on conversion to СаО is 350 g/dm3, for 20 %­solution, it is 320 g/dm3, for 25 %­solution, it is 295 g/dm3, for 30 %­solution, it is 275 g/dm3, for 35 %­solution – 240 g/dm3 and for 40 %­solution, it is 200 g/dm3, respectively.The results of the experimental research presented in the form of graphical dependencies and tabular data may be used for the improvement of existing and design of the new production facilities of calcium nitrate., Розроблено технологію одержання кальцієвої селітри підвищеної концентрації. Встановлено граничні концентрації вапна в розчинах кальцієвої селітри, теоретично розраховано процес гідратації оксиду кальцію в цих розчинах. Досліджено механізм загустіння приготованої суспензії (суспензія Са(ОН)2 в розчині Са(NO3)2), яка утворюється на виробництвах кальцієвої селітри. Встановлено залежності концентрації Са(NO3)2 в розчині після нейтралізації від концентрації НNO3 та вмісту вапна в транспортному розчині. Запропоновано технологічну схему одержання кальцієвої селітри збагачену додатковими живильними компонентами, Разработана технология получения кальциевой селитры повышенной концентрации. Установлены предельные концентрации извести в растворах кальциевой селитры, теоретически рассчитан процесс гидратации оксида кальция в этих растворах. Исследован механизм загустения приготовленной суспензии (суспензия Са(ОН)2 в растворе Са(NO3)2), которая образуется на производствах кальциевой селитры. Установлены зависимости концентрации Са(NO3)2 в растворе после нейтрализации от концентрации НNO3 и содержания извести в транспортном растворе. Предложена технологическая схема получения кальциевой селитры обогащенной дополнительными питательными компонентами

Extended abstracts of 29 papers and 9 posters are included as well as short abstracts of 2 plenary and 2 technical presentations. Topics included lime binders, alternatives to Portland cement, paste rheology, creep in limestone and calcined clay blends, reactive sites in calcined kaolinite, predicting service life in chloride environments, potential of ultra-fine fly ash, mechanical behaviour of fibre-reinforced concrete with cement alternatives, EN459-1 standard for classifying natural hydraulic lime binders, recycled geopolymer aggregate; injecting nano-silica for crack healing and water transport, nanoscale simulation of cement hydrate structure and porosity, slag blends for nuclear waste immobilisation, phase evolution of slag-rich grouts for nuclear waste immobilisation, pastes for deep borehole disposal of radioactive wastes, characterisation of Nirex reference vault backfill, correlating chloride binding capacity and penetration, interaction of calcium nitrate and fly ashes, effects of slag composition on mortar strength in chloride-sulphate environments, Cs immobilisation in magnesium phosphate-based blends, hydration kinetics of oil-well cement paste, nanoscale simulation of geopolymers, influence of silica fume on properties of aerated concrete, effect of reinforcement spacers on mass transport properties, recycling air-pollution control residues, steel corrosion in alkali-activated concrete pore solutions, low-clinker cement microstructure during early carbonation, microstructural effects of improper curing, atomistic modelling of lime dissolution and carbonation, H-1 nuclear magnetic resonance characterisation of pore water, influence of curing temperature on C-S-H binder composition and density in oil wells, Cr immobilisation mechanism under microwave sintering, effect of cyclic freezing and thawing on composite cement microstructure, superplasticiser dispersants, slag concrete resistance to chlorides, modelling alite hydration, radiation damage of ceme, Extended abstracts of 29 papers and 9 posters are included as well as short abstracts of 2 plenary and 2 technical presentations. Topics included lime binders, alternatives to Portland cement, paste rheology, creep in limestone and calcined clay blends, reactive sites in calcined kaolinite, predicting service life in chloride environments, potential of ultra-fine fly ash, mechanical behaviour of fibre-reinforced concrete with cement alternatives, EN459-1 standard for classifying natural hydraulic lime binders, recycled geopolymer aggregate; injecting nano-silica for crack healing and water transport, nanoscale simulation of cement hydrate structure and porosity, slag blends for nuclear waste immobilisation, phase evolution of slag-rich grouts for nuclear waste immobilisation, pastes for deep borehole disposal of radioactive wastes, characterisation of Nirex reference vault backfill, correlating chloride binding capacity and penetration, interaction of calcium nitrate and fly ashes, effects of slag composition on mortar strength in chloride-sulphate environments, Cs immobilisation in magnesium phosphate-based blends, hydration kinetics of oil-well cement paste, nanoscale simulation of geopolymers, influence of silica fume on properties of aerated concrete, effect of reinforcement spacers on mass transport properties, recycling air-pollution control residues, steel corrosion in alkali-activated concrete pore solutions, low-clinker cement microstructure during early carbonation, microstructural effects of improper curing, atomistic modelling of lime dissolution and carbonation, H-1 nuclear magnetic resonance characterisation of pore water, influence of curing temperature on C-S-H binder composition and density in oil wells, Cr immobilisation mechanism under microwave sintering, effect of cyclic freezing and thawing on composite cement microstructure, superplasticiser dispersants, slag concrete resistance to chlorides, modelling alite hydration, radiation damage of ceme

An investigation was carried out to study the effect of foliar spray of micronutrients, viz, calcium and boron and sorbitol on fruit-set, yield and fruit quality in mango (Mangifera indica L). cv. Himsagar, at Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Regional Research Station, Gayeshpur. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD), with three replications. Results revealed that boric acid (0.02%) + sorbitol (2.0%) were the most effective for enhancing fruit-set (1.58%), yield (48.51 kg tree-1), fruit weight (165.6 g), TSS (18.59°Brix), total sugars (14.92%) and ascorbic acid content (20.32 mg 100 g-1), while, calcium nitrate (Ca-0.06%) + boric acid (B-0.02%) proved to be the most effective for increasing shelf life in mango cv. Himsagar, at ambient room temperature.

An investigation was carried out to study the effect of foliar spray of micronutrients, viz, calcium and boron and sorbitol on fruit-set, yield and fruit quality in mango (Mangifera indica L). cv. Himsagar, at Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Regional Research Station, Gayeshpur. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD), with three replications. Results revealed that boric acid (0.02%) + sorbitol (2.0%) were the most effective for enhancing fruit-set (1.58%), yield (48.51 kg tree-1), fruit weight (165.6 g), TSS (18.59°Brix), total sugars (14.92%) and ascorbic acid content (20.32 mg 100 g-1), while, calcium nitrate (Ca-0.06%) + boric acid (B-0.02%) proved to be the most effective for increasing shelf life in mango cv. Himsagar, at ambient room temperature.

An investigation was carried out to study the effect of foliar spray of micronutrients, viz, calcium and boron and sorbitol on fruit-set, yield and fruit quality in mango (Mangifera indica L). cv. Himsagar, at Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Regional Research Station, Gayeshpur. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD), with three replications. Results revealed that boric acid (0.02%) + sorbitol (2.0%) were the most effective for enhancing fruit-set (1.58%), yield (48.51 kg tree-1), fruit weight (165.6 g), TSS (18.59°Brix), total sugars (14.92%) and ascorbic acid content (20.32 mg 100 g-1), while, calcium nitrate (Ca-0.06%) + boric acid (B-0.02%) proved to be the most effective for increasing shelf life in mango cv. Himsagar, at ambient room temperature.

Vineyards in the Eastern United States are often prone to excessive vegetative growth. In order to suppress excessive vine vigor, many viticulturists have employed cover cropping strategies. Cover crops provide a myriad of agronomic benefits, however they are known to compete with the vine for water and nutrients. Due to the widespread use of cover crops in Eastern vineyards, many vineyards experience nitrogen (N) deficiencies in both the vegetative vine tissue and yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN) in the juice. Soil applications of calcium nitrate and foliar applications of urea were assessed as a means of vineyard N amelioration at cover cropped sites comprised of Petit Manseng and Sauvignon blanc (Vitis vinifera L.). Perennial White and Crimson clover cover crops and foliar urea applications were also used in a Vidal blanc (Vitis spp.) vineyard. Treatments were imposed in the Sauvignon blanc vineyard for five years. The Petit Manseng and Vidal blanc vineyards were subjected to treatments for two years. Soil-applied N at bloom was most effective at increasing leaf petiole N at véraison, season-long chlorophyll content index (CCI), vine capacity and fruit yield. Fruit yield was increased due to more berries per cluster and greater berry weights. Increased rates of soil-applied N decreased the fruit weight:pruning weight ratio. Clover cover crops offered little to no benefit as a N source in the two-year period of evaluation. None of the N management schemes negatively impacted canopy density, fruit zone light interception, or botrytis bunch rot incidence. The combination of both a soil-applied and foliar-applied N fertilizer may be the most effective means to increase both vine capacity and YAN in vineyards where vineyard floor cover crops are compromising vine N status.

Дисертація присвячена розробленню енергозберігаючої технології одержання модифікованої кальцієвої селітри. На основі фізико-хімічних досліджень системи Са(NO3) – HNO3 – Ca(OH)2 – H2O встановлені співвідношення та концентрації вихідних реагентів (кожної складової системи), температурні параметри ведення процесу, а також часові характеристики процесу суспендування негашеного вапна в транспортному розчині кальцієвої селітри та нейтралізації отриманої суспензії нітратною кислотою. Встановлено оптимальні умови реалізації процесу. Технологія виробництва кальцієвої селітри включає обробку суспендованого циркулюючим розчином кальцієвої селітри негашеного вапна нітратною кислотою, відділення нерозчинних домішок від отриманого розчину, введення однієї із добавок, концентрування розчину та гранулювання. Перед суспендуванням негашеного вапна в циркулюючий розчин кальцієвої селітри вводять добавку солей: NH4NO3 у кількості 12-14 мас.%, або К2СО3 – 10-12 мас.%, або NaNO3 – 10-12 мас.%, або NaHCО3 – 10-12 мас.%, або КСІ – 5-6 мас.%, або КNO3 – 12-14 мас.%, а обробку здійснюють розчином HNO3 концентрацією 56 – 80%. Розроблена технологічна схема і визначений технологічний режим одержання модифікованої кальцієвої селітри різного складу.

Дисертація присвячена розробленню енергозберігаючої технології одержання модифікованої кальцієвої селітри. На основі фізико-хімічних досліджень системи Са(NO3) – HNO3 – Ca(OH)2 – H2O встановлені співвідношення та концентрації вихідних реагентів (кожної складової системи), температурні параметри ведення процесу, а також часові характеристики процесу суспендування негашеного вапна в транспортному розчині кальцієвої селітри та нейтралізації отриманої суспензії нітратною кислотою. Встановлено оптимальні умови реалізації процесу. Технологія виробництва кальцієвої селітри включає обробку суспендованого циркулюючим розчином кальцієвої селітри негашеного вапна нітратною кислотою, відділення нерозчинних домішок від отриманого розчину, введення однієї із добавок, концентрування розчину та гранулювання. Перед суспендуванням негашеного вапна в циркулюючий розчин кальцієвої селітри вводять добавку солей: NH4NO3 у кількості 12-14 мас.%, або К2СО3 – 10-12 мас.%, або NaNO3 – 10-12 мас.%, або NaHCО3 – 10-12 мас.%, або КСІ – 5-6 мас.%, або КNO3 – 12-14 мас.%, а обробку здійснюють розчином HNO3 концентрацією 56 – 80%. Розроблена технологічна схема і визначений технологічний режим одержання модифікованої кальцієвої селітри різного складу., The thesis is devoted to the development of energy saving technology of modified calcium nitrate. Based on the physics-chemical studies of Ca(NO3) – HNO3 – Ca(OH)2 – H2O correlations and concentrations of initial reagents (each component of the system), temperature parameters of process and time characteristics of the process of hydration of quicklime in a solution of calcium nitrate followed by neutralizing the resulting suspension nitric acid. Grounded hydration process of calcium oxide in solutions of calcium nitrate concentration of 15 ÷ 45% wt., based on calculations and taking into account the process conditions of the mechanism thickening suspension, based on the formation of hydrogen bonds and the formation encapsulated clusters. Established kinetic patterns and technological process of hydration calcium oxide in solution of calcium nitrate. The calculated value of the coefficient van't Hoff, which is significantly below the theoretical, indicating that diffusion limiting step of the process. Determined the maximum possible lime content in terms of CaO to calcium hydroxide slurry in a solution of calcium nitrate concentrations within it Ca(NO3)2 from 15% to 40% of software transportability obtained slurry pipelines. The increase content calcium hydroxide slurry introduced through a certain amount of salt, namely K2CO3, NH4NO3, NaHCO3, КCI, KNO3 and NaNO3. When using K2CO3 concentration of lime may increase from 245 to 290 g/dm3, NH4NO3 – from 250 to 320 g/dm3, NaHCO3 – from 250 to 320 g/dm3, KCI – from 250 to 450 g/dm3, KNO3 – from 290 to 380 g/dm3 and NaNO3 – from 260 to 350 g/dm3 in terms of CaO preserving their transportability. The introduction additives in appropriate transport solution calcium nitrate enables not only improve the content of lime in it, but also enriches it as additional fertilizer nutrients. The dependence of the concentration of Ca(NO3)2 in solution after neutralizing the concentration НNO3 and lime content in the transport solution b, Диссертация посвящена разработке энергосберегающей технологии производства модифицированной кальциевой селитры. На основе физико-химических исследований системы Са(NO3) – HNO3 – Ca(OH)2 – H2O установленные соотношения и концентрации исходных реагентов (каждой составной системы), температурные параметры ведения процесса, а также временные характеристики процесса суспендированием негашеной извести в транспортном растворе кальциевой селитры и нейтрализации полученной суспензии азотной кислотой. Установлено оптимальные условия реализации процесса. Технология производства кальциевой селитры включает обработку суспендированного циркулирующим раствором кальциевой селитры негашеной извести азотной кислотой, отделение нерастворимых примесей от полученного раствора, введение одной из добавок, концентрирование раствора и гранулирование, перед суспендированием негашеной извести в циркулирующий раствор кальциевой селитры вводят добавку солей: NH4NO3 в количестве 12-14 мас.%, или К2СО3 – 10-12 мас.%, или NaNO3 – 10-12 мас.%, или NaHCО3 – 10-12 мас.%, или КСІ – 5-6 21 мас.%, или КNO3 – 12-14 мас.%, а обработку осуществляют раствором HNO3 концентрацией 56 – 80%. Разработанная технологическая схема и определен технологический режим получения модифицированной кальциевой селитры разного состава.

[ES] El kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa) es un fruto originario de China introducido recientemente en Europa. Su vida poscosecha tiene gran importancia económica ya que hace posible la comercialización escalonada de los frutos mucho tiempo después de su recolección. Por ello, es interesante el uso de técnicas que permitan controlar la maduración de este fruto en condiciones de pre y poscosecha. Por tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo es controlar el proceso de maduración de dos cultivares de kiwi, ¿Hayward¿ y¿ Summerkiwi¿, mediante tratamientos poscosecha que la aceleren y la retrasen. Para ello, se sometieron 10 frutos de ambos cultivares después de la recolección a un choque térmico de 4ºC durante un tiempo determinado. Una vez fuera de cámara y a temperatura ambiente se hicieron dos grupos de cada cultivar, uno que se trató en el momento de la salida de cámara con etephon para acelerar la maduración y con ácido giberélico y nitrato cálcico para retrasarla y otro al que se le aplicó los mismos, [EN] Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) is a species of China recently introduced in Europe. Postharvest life has great economic importance as it makes possible the orderly marketing of fruit long time after collection. Therefore, some techniques are very important to control this fruit ripening in preharvest and post-harvest conditions in order to prolong its commercialization period. The objective of this study was to control the ripening mechanism of two cultivars of kiwifruit, ‘Hayward’ and ‘Summerkiwi’, with hormonal treatments directly to the tree and to the freshly harvested fruits. Both cultivars were subjected to a thermal shock, remaining for 10 days in a cold room at 4ºC and later at room temperature. In another experiment, ‘Hayward’ and ‘Summerkiwi’ fruits remained in the cold room 7 and 14 days, respectively, being treated immediately after and one week later by etephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid), gibberellic acid (GA3) and calcium nitrate (Ca2NO3). In both cases, untreated fruits remained as control. Ethylene production and CO₂ production were frequently measured until the beginning of senescence. The evolution of the internal maturity parameters (°Brix, acidity and firmness) were also measured The results indicate this harvested fruit requires an abrupt temperature change to initiate ethylene synthesis and, thus, it is necessary for a hormonal response. Although treatments were able to alter the ethylene synthesis, the inner maturity characteristics did not change neither advance or delay maturation. However, hormonal response was affected by the time fruit remained at low temperatures conditions, being ‘Summerkiwi’ more sensitive.

[ES] El kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa) es un fruto originario de China introducido recientemente en Europa. Su vida poscosecha tiene gran importancia económica ya que hace posible la comercialización escalonada de los frutos mucho tiempo después de su recolección. Por ello, es interesante el uso de técnicas que permitan controlar la maduración de este fruto en condiciones de pre y poscosecha. Por tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo es controlar el proceso de maduración de dos cultivares de kiwi, ¿Hayward¿ y¿ Summerkiwi¿, mediante tratamientos poscosecha que la aceleren y la retrasen. Para ello, se sometieron 10 frutos de ambos cultivares después de la recolección a un choque térmico de 4ºC durante un tiempo determinado. Una vez fuera de cámara y a temperatura ambiente se hicieron dos grupos de cada cultivar, uno que se trató en el momento de la salida de cámara con etephon para acelerar la maduración y con ácido giberélico y nitrato cálcico para retrasarla y otro al que se le aplicó los mismos, [EN] Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) is a species of China recently introduced in Europe. Postharvest life has great economic importance as it makes possible the orderly marketing of fruit long time after collection. Therefore, some techniques are very important to control this fruit ripening in preharvest and post-harvest conditions in order to prolong its commercialization period. The objective of this study was to control the ripening mechanism of two cultivars of kiwifruit, ‘Hayward’ and ‘Summerkiwi’, with hormonal treatments directly to the tree and to the freshly harvested fruits. Both cultivars were subjected to a thermal shock, remaining for 10 days in a cold room at 4ºC and later at room temperature. In another experiment, ‘Hayward’ and ‘Summerkiwi’ fruits remained in the cold room 7 and 14 days, respectively, being treated immediately after and one week later by etephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid), gibberellic acid (GA3) and calcium nitrate (Ca2NO3). In both cases, untreated fruits remained as control. Ethylene production and CO₂ production were frequently measured until the beginning of senescence. The evolution of the internal maturity parameters (°Brix, acidity and firmness) were also measured The results indicate this harvested fruit requires an abrupt temperature change to initiate ethylene synthesis and, thus, it is necessary for a hormonal response. Although treatments were able to alter the ethylene synthesis, the inner maturity characteristics did not change neither advance or delay maturation. However, hormonal response was affected by the time fruit remained at low temperatures conditions, being ‘Summerkiwi’ more sensitive.

[ES] El kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa) es un fruto originario de China introducido recientemente en Europa. Su vida poscosecha tiene gran importancia económica ya que hace posible la comercialización escalonada de los frutos mucho tiempo después de su recolección. Por ello, es interesante el uso de técnicas que permitan controlar la maduración de este fruto en condiciones de pre y poscosecha. Por tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo es controlar el proceso de maduración de dos cultivares de kiwi, ¿Hayward¿ y¿ Summerkiwi¿, mediante tratamientos poscosecha que la aceleren y la retrasen. Para ello, se sometieron 10 frutos de ambos cultivares después de la recolección a un choque térmico de 4ºC durante un tiempo determinado. Una vez fuera de cámara y a temperatura ambiente se hicieron dos grupos de cada cultivar, uno que se trató en el momento de la salida de cámara con etephon para acelerar la maduración y con ácido giberélico y nitrato cálcico para retrasarla y otro al que se le aplicó los mismos, [EN] Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) is a species of China recently introduced in Europe. Postharvest life has great economic importance as it makes possible the orderly marketing of fruit long time after collection. Therefore, some techniques are very important to control this fruit ripening in preharvest and post-harvest conditions in order to prolong its commercialization period. The objective of this study was to control the ripening mechanism of two cultivars of kiwifruit, ‘Hayward’ and ‘Summerkiwi’, with hormonal treatments directly to the tree and to the freshly harvested fruits. Both cultivars were subjected to a thermal shock, remaining for 10 days in a cold room at 4ºC and later at room temperature. In another experiment, ‘Hayward’ and ‘Summerkiwi’ fruits remained in the cold room 7 and 14 days, respectively, being treated immediately after and one week later by etephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid), gibberellic acid (GA3) and calcium nitrate (Ca2NO3). In both cases, untreated fruits remained as control. Ethylene production and CO₂ production were frequently measured until the beginning of senescence. The evolution of the internal maturity parameters (°Brix, acidity and firmness) were also measured The results indicate this harvested fruit requires an abrupt temperature change to initiate ethylene synthesis and, thus, it is necessary for a hormonal response. Although treatments were able to alter the ethylene synthesis, the inner maturity characteristics did not change neither advance or delay maturation. However, hormonal response was affected by the time fruit remained at low temperatures conditions, being ‘Summerkiwi’ more sensitive.

Vaste meststoffen in bigbags zijn goedkoper dan vloeibare meststoffen en werken gemakkelijker dan het oude systeem in 25 kilo baaltjes. Er zijn twee systemen op de markt: het Multifeed systeem van Haifa Chemicals en het Quadruplex systeem van Yara. Beide systemen hebben voor- en nadelen

Met de hand en chemisch dunnen van vruchten bij appels wordt vergeleken met het dunnen door middel van ureum en kalksalpetermeststoffen

Het onderzoek is uitgevoerd met krulandijvie, radicchio rosso en ijssla.Met een extra bemesting met kalksalpeter probeert men "rand", een fysiologische ziekte, te voorkomen

Het onderzoek is uitgevoerd met krulandijvie, radicchio rosso en ijssla.Met een extra bemesting met kalksalpeter probeert men "rand", een fysiologische ziekte, te voorkomen

Kinetics of the basic hydrolysis of glyceryl trinitrate (TNG), 1,2- glyceryl dinitrate (1,2-DNG), 1,3-glyceryl dinitrate (1,3-DNG), 1-glyceryl mononitrate (1-MNG) and 2-glyceryl mononitrate (2-MNG) were investigated in CO2- free aqueous calcium hydroxide solutions. The hydrolysis reactions were carried out in a temperature controlled reactor vessel with provision for continuous N2 sparging of the reaction mixture. All glyceryl nitrate esters hydrolysed via second order reaction at 25 C. The activation energy of the TNG hydrolysis reaction was calculated from kinetic data at 10 C, 18 C, and 25 C. The 2-MNG and 1,2-DNG in basic solutions isomerized to 1-MNG and 1,3-DNG, respectively, which subsequently hydrolysed to yield products. The main hydrolysis product in the case of 1,3-DNG was identified as glycidyl nitrate.

The object of the research reported was the study of the ultrasonic relaxation of hydrated fused salts in order to investigate their dynamic behavior when subjected to a high frequency ultrasonic wave. In particular it was of interest to study the relaxation of molecular translation of processes like the formation of molecular complexes. The possibility of the occurrence of viscoelastic relaxation processes for ionic solutions, a study so far never performed, was also considered. This last type of research was important because of the paeudo-glass transition that could have been observed for these liquids if a viscoelastic relaxation occurred. Ca(NO3)2.4H2O was first investigated from room temperature to 75C. A relaxation of the sound absorption at 20MHz was noticed. This relaxation was classified as thermal namely due to the relaxation of some molecular complex after the passage of the sound wave. The barrier of energy of the process involving this molecular complex was found to be larger than the one forviscous flows. A later study established that 'after' the relaxation the residual volume viscosity showed the same barrier of energy as the viscous flow. In particular the non-Arrhenius behavior of the shear viscosity was also shown by the volume viscosity. (Author)

The viscosity of 60% NKO3 - 40% Ca(NO3)2 (% mole) was measured by the beam-bending method and found to be Arrhenius with an activation energy of 138 Kcal/mole. These new data were combined with previously reported capillary and rotation data and gave a smooth plot. The complete viscosity data were used to test the best-known viscosity theories but no reasonable fit was found. As a result of this study it was found that the temperature dependence of the viscosity is not controlled by structural effects such as free volume, configuration entropy, etc., but by activation energy effects in the viscous flow process. Finally, all theories are in error in predicting that the viscosity goes to infinity (in the annealing region) much faster than the measured values indicate. (Author)

A method is described for the recovery of lanthanides from the phosphohemihydrate formed in the extracted phosphoric acid during the processing of the Khibini Mountains apatite concentrate The phosphoric acid is leached for lanthanides using 20-24 % sulphuric acid solution and the lanthanides precipitated as sulphate concentrate by increasing the sulphuric acid concentration. The lanthanide sulphate compounds are converted into nitrates using calcium nitrate. The technology enables acid and water balances to be maintained during the production of mineral fertilisers., A method is described for the recovery of lanthanides from the phosphohemihydrate formed in the extracted phosphoric acid during the processing of the Khibini Mountains apatite concentrate The phosphoric acid is leached for lanthanides using 20-24 % sulphuric acid solution and the lanthanides precipitated as sulphate concentrate by increasing the sulphuric acid concentration. The lanthanide sulphate compounds are converted into nitrates using calcium nitrate. The technology enables acid and water balances to be maintained during the production of mineral fertilisers.

The process, developed by Amax, involves a hydrometallurgical route for recovery of silver, from sulphated copper refinery anode slimes, which avoids the high temperature required for pyrometallurgical silver recovery. A calcium nitrate lixiviant is employed which maintains the sulphate ion concentration at a level which allows silver to be freely soluble whilst depressing the solubility of lead ions. A water leach removes other metals (As, Sb, Te, Se) prior to silver recovery, and the remaining copper and iron are removed by hydrolysis after the calcium nitrate leach. High-purity silver is then won electrolytically., The process, developed by Amax, involves a hydrometallurgical route for recovery of silver, from sulphated copper refinery anode slimes, which avoids the high temperature required for pyrometallurgical silver recovery. A calcium nitrate lixiviant is employed which maintains the sulphate ion concentration at a level which allows silver to be freely soluble whilst depressing the solubility of lead ions. A water leach removes other metals (As, Sb, Te, Se) prior to silver recovery, and the remaining copper and iron are removed by hydrolysis after the calcium nitrate leach. High-purity silver is then won electrolytically.

A new hydrometallurgical process for recovering other metals of value, especially precious metals, from insoluble sludge was studied and developed in conjunction with the modified Flubor process for refining lead bullion. Components in residues from leaching and cementation were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. Large-scale leaching tests with ferric fluoborate solutions showed that 94.5% of Bi, 96.2% of As, 99.8% of Cu, 79.8% of Pb, 99.5% of Sb and about 50% of Sn could be extracted in a single stage to leave 40% silver along with gold, selenium and sulphur. Ag2S can then be directly solubilised with oxygen and calcium nitrate in dilute nitric acid. Tests achieved 95.2% extraction of Ag while more than 99% of Au was left in the residue for separate recovery by wet chlorination. Minor metals were selectively recovered by molecular recognition of bismuth, solvent extraction of copper, cementation of arsenic and precipitation of lead sulphate., A new hydrometallurgical process for recovering other metals of value, especially precious metals, from insoluble sludge was studied and developed in conjunction with the modified Flubor process for refining lead bullion. Components in residues from leaching and cementation were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. Large-scale leaching tests with ferric fluoborate solutions showed that 94.5% of Bi, 96.2% of As, 99.8% of Cu, 79.8% of Pb, 99.5% of Sb and about 50% of Sn could be extracted in a single stage to leave 40% silver along with gold, selenium and sulphur. Ag2S can then be directly solubilised with oxygen and calcium nitrate in dilute nitric acid. Tests achieved 95.2% extraction of Ag while more than 99% of Au was left in the residue for separate recovery by wet chlorination. Minor metals were selectively recovered by molecular recognition of bismuth, solvent extraction of copper, cementation of arsenic and precipitation of lead sulphate.

Examples are discussed of the use of evaporation and crystallisation in fertilizer production, including production of ammonium sulphate crystals by reactive crystallisation using pure ammonia and pure sulphuric acid or by evaporative crystallisation of a dilute ammonium sulphate stream by-product, production of crystalline mono-ammonium phosphate and di-ammonium phosphate by reactive crystallisation using technical-grade quality phosphoric acid and pure ammonia, cooling crystallisation to produce potash from solution mining or to generate a higher-grade KCl product from conventional mining, potassium sulphate production, evaporation to concentrate ammonium nitrate to produce products such as potassium nitrate and calcium nitrate, evaporation of dilute phosphoric acid for use as a raw material in phosphate fertilisers and evaporation of calcium chloride waste streams from the phosphoric acid process to generate a saleable product. The most common types of equipment used in the fertiliser industry are described, including falling film evaporators, forced circulation crystallisers, draft tube baffle crystallisers and the Oslo or HPD growth crystallisers. Equipment configurations and challenges in the design of a commercial plant are discussed. Three case studies are presented, a project in Saskatchewan, Canada, which uses solution mining to produce 2 000 000 tpa of potash, a reactive ammonium sulphate crystallisation unit with a production capacity of 300 000 tpa, and a process for the production of potassium sulphate from polyhalite ore., Examples are discussed of the use of evaporation and crystallisation in fertilizer production, including production of ammonium sulphate crystals by reactive crystallisation using pure ammonia and pure sulphuric acid or by evaporative crystallisation of a dilute ammonium sulphate stream by-product, production of crystalline mono-ammonium phosphate and di-ammonium phosphate by reactive crystallisation using technical-grade quality phosphoric acid and pure ammonia, cooling crystallisation to produce potash from solution mining or to generate a higher-grade KCl product from conventional mining, potassium sulphate production, evaporation to concentrate ammonium nitrate to produce products such as potassium nitrate and calcium nitrate, evaporation of dilute phosphoric acid for use as a raw material in phosphate fertilisers and evaporation of calcium chloride waste streams from the phosphoric acid process to generate a saleable product. The most common types of equipment used in the fertiliser industry are described, including falling film evaporators, forced circulation crystallisers, draft tube baffle crystallisers and the Oslo or HPD growth crystallisers. Equipment configurations and challenges in the design of a commercial plant are discussed. Three case studies are presented, a project in Saskatchewan, Canada, which uses solution mining to produce 2 000 000 tpa of potash, a reactive ammonium sulphate crystallisation unit with a production capacity of 300 000 tpa, and a process for the production of potassium sulphate from polyhalite ore.