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Air salinity is one of the problems for horticulture production in coastal areas. Cabbage and Cauliflower are horticulture commodities that have the potential to develop in coastal areas. The present study aimed to examine the agro-physiological response of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) and cauliflower (B. oleracea var. botrytis) to different concentrations of air salinity. This research was a factorial experiment on polybags arranged according to a completely randomized block design with two factors. The first factor was the crop type, namely cabbage (Grand 22) and cauliflower (Larissa F1). The second factor was the concentration of air salinity, namely 0 dS. m-1, 6 dS. m-1, 12 dS. m-1, and 18 dS. m-1. The agro-physiological changes studied were crop yield, leaf chlorophyll content, stomata density, and proline content. A stress tolerance index was measured to determine the level of crop resistance to air salinity stress. The results explained that air salinity was not able to affect crop growth and yield, but it enabled to affect crops physiologically. The highest decrease in leaf chlorophyll content was at 18 dS. m-1 of 29.16% in the vegetative stage and 37.88% in the generative stage. There was an increase in proline accumulation of leaf (1,320.63%) when the air salinity was increased (18 dS. m-1). However, the accumulation of cabbage proline was lower than that of cauliflower. Based on the stress tolerance index, cabbage is included in the category of tolerant, while cauliflower is in the category of moderate tolerance to air salinity.

Cabbage is high in vitamin K, which can affect the ability of blood thinners like warfarin to prevent blood clots and vitamin A. It also provides fibre, folate, potassium, magnesium, and more doses. There are only 33 calories in a cup of cooked cabbage, which is low in fat, keeping you looking healthy, toned, blemish-free, and glowing. To make cabbage chips, tear leaves from the head of the cabbage into large pieces, toss with olive oil, season with salt, and arrange in a single layer on two wire racks set on rimmed baking sheets. Bake until leaves darken slightly and get crisp, removing them as they brown, 25 to 35 minutes. Purple cabbage, in particular, is a powerful brain food containing vitamin K and the antioxidant anthocyanin, which boosts mental function and concentration. Vitamin K, an often-forgotten vitamin, can also improve your defence against Alzheimer's and dementia. A study of food acceptability and the evaluation of its sensory measures is explained by the fact that foods are typically served in a situation, during a meal, and that the consumer typically brings to the dining situation a host of expectations based on previous experience, product and nutrition information, and packaging, all of which can influence food starting to love. Both male and female respondents have the same number, 25 or 25%, who came from the  students of Bestlink College of the Philippines.   Keywords: cabbage chips, cabbage

This study aims to categorize the morphological changes during cabbage (B. oleracea ssp. capitata) development, seedling, rosette, folding, and heading, and to elucidate the cellular mechanisms of the leaf curvature, essential for the formation of the leafy head. We followed the growth of two cabbage cultivars with distinct head shapes (round and pointed) and one non-heading collard cultivar; we phenotyped the size and volume of the whole plant as well as the size, shape, and curvature of the leaves during growth. By integrating these phenotypic data, we determined the four vegetative stages for both cabbages. The histological phenotypes of microtome sections from five distinct leaf positions of the rosette, folding, and heading leaves at two timepoints during leaf growth were quantified and revealed variations in cellular parameters among leaf types, between leaf positions, and between the adaxial and abaxial sides. We identified two synergistic cellular mechanisms contributing to the curvature of heading leaves: differential growth across the leaf blade, with increased growth at the leaf’s center relative to the margins; and the increased expansion of the spongy parenchyma layer compared to the palisade parenchyma layer, resulting in the direction of the curvature, which is inwards. These two processes together contribute to the typical leafy heads of cabbages.

Cabbage is one of the most important vegetables from Brassicaceae family to which biofertilisers is increasingly applied following the current trend in the cabbage organic farming. The main goal of our study was to examine whether solely applicated biofertilisers enhance head weight and other morphological parameters in cabbage. Experiment with three Bejo Zaden cultivars ('Farao' F1, 'Tiara' F1, and 'Excalibur' F1) were conducted under the open field conditions from April to June 2019. Two different microbiological fertilisers, Organic balance and FitoHelp, were applied foliar, six times during the vegetation period, with a battery sprayer. After harvest, several parameters were estimated: head weight, width and height, number of leaves, internal core height and width. The results showed the highest value of head weight (1264.89 g), head width (15.06 cm), head height (15.57 cm), number of leaves (22.56), internal core height (8.01 cm) and internal core width (3.51 cm) in cultivar 'Excalibur' F1 compared to other two cultivars for fresh market. Application of both fertilisers led to increased levels of all tested parameters compared to control. Furthermore, fertiliser Organic balance showed the highest impact on all tested parameters, resulting in increasing value of head weight by 78.6%. This study revealed that mixed culture fertiliser showed greater impact in terms of head weight, number of leaves, and internal core width compared to fertiliser containing a single strain of bacteria. Accordingly, with an exception in head and internal core height, all examined factors showed statistically significant impact on tested parameters, including their interaction.

Cabbage is one of the most important vegetables from the Brassicaceae family to which biofertilisers are increasingly applied following the current trend in cabbage organic farming. The main goal of our study was to examine whether solely applicated biofertilisers enhance head weight and other morphological parameters in cabbage. Experiment with three Bejo Zaden cultivars ('Farao' F 1 , 'Tiara' F 1 , and 'Excalibur' F 1 ) were conducted under the open field conditions from April to June 2019. Two different microbiological fertilisers, Organic balance and FitoHelp, were applied foliar, six times during the vegetation period, with a battery sprayer. After harvest, several parameters were estimated: head weight, width and height, number of leaves, internal core height and width. The results showed the highest value of head weight (1264.89 g), head width (15.06 cm), head height (15.57 cm), number of leaves (22.56), internal core height (8.01 cm) and internal core width (3.51 cm) in cultivar 'Excalibur' F1 compared to other two cultivars for fresh market. Application of both fertilisers led to increased levels of all tested parameters compared to the control. Furthermore, fertiliser Organic balance showed the highest impact on all tested parameters, resulting in an increasing value of head weight by 78.6%. This study revealed that mixed culture fertiliser showed a greater impact in terms of head weight, number of leaves, and internal core width compared to fertiliser containing a single strain of bacteria. Accordingly, with an exception in head and internal core height, all examined factors showed a statistically significant impact on tested parameters, including their interaction.

Background: White cabbage, scientifically known as Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. alba, is a cruciferous vegetable that has long been valued for its culinary and medicinal uses. For the treatment of numerous illnesses, such as diabetes, cancer, inflammation, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, bacteria, oxidation, and obesity, various preparations derived from various portions of the plant, including roots, shoots, leaves, and the entire plant, are utilized. Objective: Botany, distribution, traditional applications, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties of B. oleracea var. capitata are all going to be assessed in this review. In addition, the gaps in knowledge will be filled and new research opportunities in pharmacology will be highlighted by this review. Method: Through an internet search of internationally recognised scientific databases, a variety of resources were gathered to gain a comprehensive understanding of Brassica oleracea var. capitata. These resources included research papers, reviews, books, and reports.   Results: Alkaloids, flavonoids, organic acids, glucosinolates, steroids, hydrocarbons, and about forty-nine other phytochemical components of Brassica oleracea var. capitata have been culled from various sources. Bactericidal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-obesity, anticoagulant, hepatoprotective, and anticancer are only a few of the pharmacological activities exhibited by crude extracts and phytoconstituents of Brassica oleracea var. capitata. Here you may find a complete inventory of the phytochemical components and pharmacological information pertaining to Brassica oleracea var. capitata. Conclusion: Results showed that Brassica oleracea var. capitata is a significant medicinal plant with multiple pharmacological effects, and the study also looked at its phytochemistry, traditional applications, and pharmacological activity. Our goal in conducting this assessment of this plant was

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) and kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea Gongylodes group) take a very important place in vegetable farming around the world. Obtaining good-quality plants with minimal inputs is imperative in production. The experiment was set up in Sombor, on chernozem. The research analyzed the effect of 9 organic and mineral fertilizers (individually and in combinations), in the presence or absence of mulch, on the quality and the yield of cabbage (variety Adema) and kohlrabi (variety Volturno). The content of nitrates, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were determined after harvesting. The highest yield was obtained by using pig manure + 500 kg NPK/ha and mulch in cabbage, and by applying the same treatment without mulch in kohlrabi. Cabbage and kohlrabi fertilized with beef manure in combination with NPK (300 and 500 kg/ha) had a lower concentration of nitrate than with other kinds of fertilizing. The combination of organic and mineral fertilizers gave the best result both in terms of quality (the content of nitrates, N, P) and yield.

Ovo je sorta kupusa Futoški koja je priznata od strane Uprave za zaštitu zdravlja bilja Ministarstva spoljne trgovine i ekonomskih odnosa Bosne i Hercegovine., This is a cabbage cultivar Futoški released by the Administration of Bosnia and Herzegovina for Plant Health Protection of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The aim of this work was to identify and characterize the pectolytic bacteria responsible for the emergence of bacterial soft rot on two summer cabbage hybrids (Cheers F1 and Hippo F1) grown in the Futog locality (Baˇcka, Vojvodina), known for the five-century-long tradition of cabbage cultivation in Serbia. Symptoms manifesting as soft lesions on outer head leaves were observed during August 2021, while the inner tissues were macerated, featuring cream to black discoloration. As the affected tissue decomposed, it exuded a specific odor. Disease incidence ranged from 15% to 25%. A total of 67 isolates producing pits on crystal violet pectate (CVP) medium were characterized for their phenotypic and genotypic features. The pathogenicity was confirmed on cabbage heads. Findings yielded by the repetitive element palindromic-polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) technique confirmed interspecies diversity between cabbage isolates, as well as intraspecies genetic diversity within the P. carotovorum group of isolates. Based on multilocus sequence typing (MLST) using genes dnaX, mdh, icdA, and proA, five representative isolates were identified as Pectobacterium carotovorum (Cheers F1 and Hippo F1), while two were identified as Pectobacterium versatile (Hippo F1) and Pectobacterium odoriferum (Hippo F1), respectively, indicating the presence of diverse Pectobacterium species even in combined infection in the same field. Among the obtained isolates, P. carotovorum was the most prevalent species (62.69%), while P. versatile and P. odoriferum were less represented (contributing by 19.40% and 17.91%, respectively). Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) performed with concatenated sequences of four housekeeping genes (proA, dnaX, icdA, and mdh) and constructed a neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree enabled insight into the phylogenetic position of the Serbian cabbage Pectobacterium isolates. Bacterium P. odoriferum was found to be the most virulent species for cabbage, followed by P. ve

The aim of this study was to establish a link between genetic diversity and the geographic origin of Pectobacterium strains belonging to three species—P. carotovorum, P. versatile, and P. odoriferum—isolated from cabbage in Serbia by comparing their sequences with those of strains sourced from different hosts and countries in Europe, Asia, and North America. Phylogeographic relatedness was reconstructed using the Templeton, Crandall, and Sing’s (TCS) haplotype network based on concatenated sequences of the housekeeping genes dnaX, icdA, mdh, and proA, while pairwise genetic distances were computed by applying the p-distance model. The obtained TCS haplotype networks indicated the existence of high intra-species genetic diversity among strains of all three species, as reflected in the 0.2–2.3%, 0.2–2.5%, and 0.1–1.7% genetic distance ranges obtained for P. carotovorum, P. versatile, and P. odoriferum, respectively. Five new haplotypes (denoted as HPc1–HPc5) were detected among cabbage strains of P. carotovorum, while one new haplotype was identified for both P. versatile (HPv1) and P. odoriferum (HPo1). None of the TCS haplotype networks provided evidence of significant correlation between geographic origin and the determined haplotypes, i.e., the infection origin. However, as haplotype network results are affected by the availability of sequencing data in public databases for the used genes and the number of analyzed strains, these findings may also be influenced by small sample size.

This database was created for the Sureveg project. It collects existing data on cabbage intercropping regarding the configuration of the system and the productivity and product quality provisioning services. It was used in a meta-analyses to study the effect of intercropping on the provisioning services of cabbage.

Dating back to 10,000 B.C.E., fermentation has served as a vital tool primarily for food preservation. In the nineteenth century, Louis Pasteur put forth the proposition that the occurrence of fermentation is predominantly facilitated by the presence of microorganisms. Pasteur’s discovery spurred comprehensive studies on microorganisms, revealing their strategic roles in fermentation and microbial ecosystems. However, in striving for stable processes and consistent products, researchers largely focus on simple substrates and pure cultures, yet practical applications of fermentation face obstacles due to substrate complexity and culture maintenance. This research aims to provide insights into the intricate relationship between the microbial community and the complex substrate. It primarily focuses on the anaerobic acidogenic fermentation of cabbage, with the aim of identifying and understanding the key influences on microbial behavior and fermentation patterns. Cabbage was chosen as the feedstock for this investigation due to its historical and robust use as a substrate, specifically for the generation of lactic acid. This byproduct not only holds economic value but also presents intriguing scientific implications, such as serving as a promising raw material in biodegradable plastic manufacturing. The initial segment of our research endeavors to investigate the fermentation process and characterize the microbial community dynamics observed during the fermentation of chopped cabbage. Interestingly, our analysis of chopped cabbage fermentation revealed a triphasic progression, wherein the Bacilli class—predominant in the initial stages—facilitated lactic acid production, succeeded by Clostridia and Actinobacteria driving butyrate and propionate generation, respectively. Despite the principles of thermodynamics and ATP yield suggesting that the transformation of sugars into alternative end products, such as short-chain fatty acids, is more favourable, UNLOCK, Life Science and Technology (LST)

Uticaj genotipa i sredine (sezone, roka setve, tretmana hormonom GA3) na klijavost semena kupusa kod tri roditeljska genotipa i tri njihova hibrida, selekcionisanih u dialelnom ukrštanju, ispitivana je u sezonama koje su bile: jedna ekstremno hladna, jedna veoma topla i jedna prosečna. Seme kupusa proizvodeno je tako što je iskorišćena mogućnost vernalizacije, tj. pojava cvetnog mehanizma tipičnog za uljanu repicu. Ogled je postavljen u rokovima setve pogodnim za proizvodnju uljane repice, a jedan od ciljeva bio je da se izbegne forimiranje glavice iz razloga njene neotpornosti na niske temperature. Analizom varijanse potvrđena je statistička značajnost uticaja svih ispitivanih faktora na klijavost semena. Hibridi su pokazali izvesne vrednosti apsolutnog i relativnog heterozisa na osobinu klijavosti u odnosu na roditeljske genotipove. Analiza varijanse AMMI modela ukazala je na značajne razlike između genotipova i spoljne sredine: tretmana, rokova setve i godina kao i njihovih interakcija (genotip x spoljna sredina) na klijavost semena. U ukupnoj sumi kvadrata, 53,5% se odnosilo na efekat spoljne sredine, što je 6,14 puta više nego vrednost sume kvadrata genotipova., The influence of genotype and environment (season, sowing date, GA3 hormone treatment) on the germination of cabbage seeds in three parents and three F1 hybrids selected in a diallel cross was examined in seasons that were: one extremely cold, one very warm and one average. Cabbage seeds produced by utilizing the possibility of vernalization, i.e. the appearance of a flower mechanism typical of oilseed rape. The experiment was set up in the sowing dates typical for the production of oilseed rape, and one of the goals was to avoid the formation of the head due to its lack of resistance to low temperatures. Analysis of variance confirmed the statistical significance of the influence of all factors on seed germination. The hybrids showed certain values of absolute and relative heterosis for the germination trait in relation to the parental genotypes. Analysis of the variance of the AMMI model shows significant differences between genotypes and external environment: treatments, sowing dates and years, as well as their interactions (genotype x external environment) on seed germination. 53.5% of the sum of squares was related to the effect of the external environment, which is 6.14 times more than the value of the sum of squares of the genotypes.

Plants perceive and respond to herbivore insect eggs. Upon egg deposition on leaves, a strong hypersensitive response (HR)-like cell death can be activated leading to egg desiccation and/or dropping. In Brassica spp., including many crops, the HR-like mechanism against eggs of cabbage white butterflies (Pieris spp.) is poorly understood. Using two Brassica species, the crop B. rapa and its wild relative B. nigra, we studied the cellular and molecular plant response to Pieris brassicae eggs and characterized potential insect egg-associated molecular patterns (EAMPs) inducing HR-like cell death. We found that eggs of P. brassicae induced typical hallmarks of early immune responses, such as callose deposition, production of reactive oxygen species and cell death in B. nigra and B. rapa leaf tissue, also in plants that did not express HR-like cell death. However, elevated levels of ethylene production and upregulation of salicylic acid-responsive genes were only detected in a B. nigra accession expressing HR-like cell death. Eggs and egg wash from P. brassicae contains compounds that induced such responses, but the eggs of the generalist moth Mamestra brassicae did not. Furthermore, wash made from hatched Pieris eggs, egg glue, and accessory reproductive glands (ARG) that produce this glue, induced HR-like cell death, whereas washes from unfertilized eggs dissected from the ovaries or removal of the glue from eggs resulted in no or a reduced response. This suggests that there is one or multiple egg associated molecular pattern (EAMP) located in the egg glue a that teresponse in B. nigra is specific to Pieris species. Lastly, our results indicate that the EAMP is neither lipidic nor proteinaceous. Our study expands the knowledge on the mechanism of Brassica-Pieris-egg interaction and is a step closer toward identification of EAMPs in Pieris egg glue and corresponding receptor(s) in Brassica.

Brassica vegetables are frequently consumed foods of nutritional interest, because they are rich in glucosinolates (GLSs). Among GLS breakdown products, especially isothiocyanates are known for their health-beneficial effects, while nitriles are less beneficial. To increase the understanding of the plant matrix's influence on GLS degradation, differently concentrated vegetable broths were prepared from selected Brassica vegetables (kohlrabi and red cabbage) and subsequently boiled. Altogether, heat stability and conversion of GLSs to the corresponding nitriles were both strongly influenced by vegetable type and plant matrix concentration in the broths. After boiling kohlrabi broths for 120 min, recovery of 4-(methylthio)butyl-GLS as nitrile was 55.5 % in 1 g/mL broth and 8.4 % in 0.25 g/mL broth. In follow-up experiments, a pronounced influence of the matrix's redox status was identified, with H2S being an important factor. A better understanding of these processes will help to preserve health-promoting effects of GLSs in Brassica vegetables in the future.

The European BrasExplor project aims to explore the genetic diversity present in two economically important Brassica crop species, Brassica oleracea and B. rapa, for sustainable crop production. This diversity is present in wild populations but also in cultivated landraces and has been shaped by contrasting environments. An international consortium of 11 partners has begun to collect and multiply wild populations extending from the French North Atlantic coast to the southern Algerian desert as well as local cultivars from 6 contributing countries in order to characterize the genetic diversity available over a wide soil-climate gradient. A total of 100 populations has been obtained for each species. Identifying the genetic variation and understanding the basis for it will allow the development of breeding strategies for a better adaptation of turnip (Brassica rapa) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) to climate change. One third of the collection has been already phenotyped for its germination traits of native seeds harvested in 2020 for wild populations or of local landraces provided by farmers and seed banks. In favourable conditions, a high diversity in germination capacity and germination rate was observed independently of seed age. The two species have a different germination profile: some turnip seeds can stand higher temperature and lower water potential than most cabbage seeds. Variation in flowering time has also been documented in these plants.

A field experiment was conducted to test the efficacy of microbial, botanical, safe chemical insecticide and some other potentially dangerous chemical insecticide against cabbage butterfly Pieris brassicae nepalensis (Doubleday) in cabbage under field condition. Six different commercially available pesticide: 1) Spinosad @ 0.2 ml/liter (Tracer 45% SC, semi-microbial), 2) Neemix 300 ppm @ 2ml/liter (Commercial product of neem), 3) Mahashakti @ 2ml/liter (Formulation of B. thuruingenesis), 4) Malathion 50% WP @ 2 ml/liter (safe chemical pesticide), 5) Dichlorvos 76% EC @ 1ml/liter (unsafe chemical pesticide), 6) Emamectin benzoate 5% SG @ 0.2 gm/l (bio- insecticide), and 7) Control were applied comprising 7 treatments and three replications. Cabbage variety Green Coronet was planted in plots of 3m × 3m with spacing of 40 cm × 40 cm in a randomized complete block design. Data collection regarding pests and natural enemies were done at 3, 6 and 9 days after spray. The results obtained from different treatments against cabbage butterfly showed that Diclorovus, Emamectin benzoate and Spinosad were the most effective and consistent in controlling larval population of Pieris brassicae nepalensis. Three insecticides [Diclorovus (87.56%), Emamectin benzoate (80.31%) and Spinosad (72.44%)] gave highly significant protection of cabbage butterfly over control all the time in all three sprays. The treatments Malathion (45.38%), B.t (38.08%) and Neemix (48.35%) failed to give significant reduction of larval population after 1st spray; however, after 2nd and 3rd spray all six treatments gave significant protection from cabbage butterfly larvae over control. Besides chemical pesticide Dichlorovus, Bio-Pesticides such as Emamectin benzoate and Spinosad were found to give effecient control over cabbage butterfly thus can be used as substitute of chemical pesticides for management of Pieris brassicae nepalensis under Chitwan condition.

Parasitoids lay their eggs in or on a host, usually another insect. During foraging, parasitoids can encounter insects that differ in terms of host suitability and quality. At one extreme end of this spectrum are non-hosts that are unsuitable for offspring development. Non-hosts are generally ignored but parasitization does occur and occasionally also results in egg deposition. Here, the authors investigate how oviposition in a non-host influences subsequent foraging behaviour of a parasitoid and whether this is mediated by learning. The study system consists of the endoparasitoid Cotesia glomerata and the presumed non-host caterpillar Mamestra brassicae. In the presence of Pieris brassicae hosts and/or their traces (frass), C. glomerata inserted its ovipositor into M. brassicae caterpillars. Eggs were deposited, but all eggs disappeared within 96 h, confirming the non-host status of M. brassicae. In contrast to the expectation, there was no memory retention after oviposition in a non-host and parasitoids did not alter their behaviour with respect to non-host contacts and ovipositions. Instead, C. glomerata became more motivated to forage on a non-host infested leaf. The authors propose that egg deposition in non-hosts by C. glomerata might be due to their high egg load, which is thought to make parasitoids less selective on host quality, especially when they have few reproductive opportunities. In such cases, fitness costs to individual females are low. Egg deposition in non-hosts might ultimately lead to host range expansion if parasitoids overcome the defence response of non-hosts over evolutionary time.

BACKGROUND Futog (Vojvodina, Serbia) is known for the five-century long tradition of cabbage cultivation, which is grown in two forms during the season, summer and autumn. Pectobacteriaceae causing soft rot disease are among the most destructive pathogens, influencing the yield and quality of this crop. These pectolytic bacteria cause maceration of attacked tissues, often followed by specific odor caused by the colonization of saprophytic bacteria that inhabit damaged tissues. OBJECTIVES Within this work, we aimed to identify soft rot-causing bacteria observed on two summer cabbage hybrids (Cheers F1 and Hippo F1) grown in Futog in 2021. METHODS Crystal Violet Pectate (CVP) medium was used for bacterial isolation from six collected cabbage samples showing soft rot. The pathogenicity of isolates was checked on cabbage heads by making holes at the top and filling them with bacterial suspensions. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of cabbage isolates was performed by sequencing of proA and dnaX genes. Additionally, the Neighbour-joining phylogenetic analysis was performed with concatenated sequences. RESULTS Isolations resulted in the prevalence of pit-forming colonies on CVP. Water-soaked lesions followed by a specific odor appeared on cabbage heads 24 h after inoculation with all tested isolates, and complete head destruction occurred after seven days. MLST performed with genes proA and dnaX, identified isolates as Pectobacterium carotovorum on hybrids Cheers F1 and Hippo F1 and Pectobacterium versatile only present on Hippo F1, indicating combined infection on this hybrid. On the phylogenetic tree, P. versatile isolates were separated from P. carotovorum isolates, clustered into four groups.

Characterization at physiological and molecular level of a HR-like cell death induced by Pieris spp. butterfly eggs in Brassica plants., Characterization at physiological and molecular level of a HR-like cell death induced by Pieris spp. butterfly eggs in Brassica plants.

Cabbage is one of the most commonly produced vegetable crops worldwide due to its ability to adapt to a range of climatic conditions and soil types. As an intensive vegetable crop, cabbage can be produced all year round. Regarding the fact that cabbage needs optimum agroclimatic conditions during growing period for better yielding results, the paper aims to clarify and define the specific agroclimatic requirements, such as temperature, water, light and soil, suitable for cabbage production. Cabbage production should take place on a seasonal basis, as an early, summer, autumn, or winter production. Production goals should take into consideration whether the cabbage is intended for fresh consumption, pickling, storage or another specific method of consumption or processing. Growing the same cultivar in two different temperatures during one year should be avoided. The combination of suitable production conditions, intensive cultivation practices and mechanisation, can boost the genetic potential of the cabbage cultivars. Local climate conditions greatly affect cabbage production, primarily plant growth, occurrence and development of diseases, harmful insects, and weeds. Production planning must take into consideration both the regional (mean annual temperatures and precipitation) and the local climate conditions (frost occurrence). Cabbage is currently produced in the open field throughout the year, but we may be forced to change the course of cabbage production due to the increase of extreme local climate change. For this reason, the aim of this paper was to give recommendations of agricultural practices that could minimize the detrimental effects of climate change in cabbage production., Kupus je jedno od najpopularnijih povrća na svetu zbog prilagodljivosti širokom rasponu klimatskih uslova i vrsti zemljišta. Predstavlja povrtarsku vrstu koja može da se proizvodi tokom cele godine. Da bi se ostvarili što veći prinosi, kupus mora imati optimalne agroklimatske uslove tokom vegetacione sezone. Iz tog razloga u radu smo hteli da približimo i definišemo potrebe kupusa za agroklimatskim uslovima proizvodnje, kao što su temperatura, voda, svetlost i zemljište. Proizvodnja kupusa treba da se odvija po principu sezonskog karaktera, kao rana, letnja, jesenja, ili zimska. Sledeći kriterijum treba da bude cilj proizvodnje, tj. da li je kupus namenjen svežoj potrošnji, kišeljenju, lagerovanju ili određenom načinu potrošnje/prerade. Trebalo bi izbegavati proizvodnju jedne iste sorte u dve temperaturno različite sezone tokom godine. Uspešnost proizvodnje u određenim agro-klimatskim uslovima u velikoj meri zavisi upravo od pravilnog odabira sorte. Pravilnom kombinacijom uslova proizvodnje, intenzivne agrotehnike i odgovarajuće mehanizacije možemo doprineti boljem ostvarivanju genetskog potencijala sorte kupusa. Lokalni klimatski faktori su bitan činilac u proizvodnji kupusa, kako sa aspekta razvića samih biljaka, tako i sa apekta pojave i razvoja bolesti, štetnih insekata i korova. Prilikom planiranja proizvodnje potrebno je uzeti u obzir regionalne (srednja godišnja temperatura i količina padavina) i lokalne (opasnost od mraza) klimatske uslove. Kupus se trenutno proizvodi na otvorenom polju tokom cele godine, ali zbog sve većih ekstremnih lokalnih klimatskih promena možemo biti primorani da koriujemo određeni deo proizvodnje kupusa. Iz tog razloga, cilj ovog rada bio je da ukaže na preporuke poljoprivredne prakse koje bi mogle da minimiziraju štetne efekte klimatskih promena u proizvodnji kupusa.

The aim of the research was to evaluate the influence of the year and the seed lots on the most important indicators of cabbage seed quality. Quality testing of nine different seed lots of Potomac F1 cabbage was performed during three years (2019, 2020 and 2021). Analyses of variance showed a significant effect (p<0.01) of the year (Y), while seed lot (L) and their interaction (Y × L) showed a significant effect (p<0.05) on all observed parameters quality (germination energy, total germination, abnormal seedlings and dead seeds). The strongest correlation between the examined parameters was in the first year and weakened in the second and third years. In the first year as expected, significant positive correlation between germination energy and total germination was found (r = 0.84779, p<0.01). The highly and negative interdependence was achieved between total germination and dead seeds (r = -0.94363, p<0.001) and abnormal seedlings (r = -0.78019, p<0.05). Also negative interdependence was found between germination energy and dead seeds (r = -0.80000, p<0.01) and abnormal seedlings (r = -0.66144, p<0.05). The germination energy and the total germination of the cabbage seeds considered were found to decrease with the increasing seed age, in contrast to the numbers of their abnormal seedlings and dead seeds which continued to increase with seed aging. The obtained results indicate that the germination of highly hybrid conventional cabbage seeds decreases significantly during aging, as a direct consequence of a very significant increase in the number of abnormal seedlings.

Climate changes in coastal regions cause increased soil salinity, a well-known type of environmental stress for a high number of agricultural crop species, including Brassicaceae, whose growth and development, and consequently the crop quality and yield, are affected by salinity stress. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of salt stress on micro- and macro-element homeostasis in different Brassica crops. Kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala), white cabbage (B. oleracea var. capitata) and Chinese cabbage (B. rapa ssp. pekinensis) were grown hydroponically and treated with 200 mmol/L sodium chloride for 24 h to mimic short-term salt stress. The contents of Al, Ca, K, Mg, Na, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, V and Zn were determined in the roots and leaves of the salt-treated plants and corresponding controls by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. While Al, Ca, K, Mg and Na were determined in the mg/g range, the contents of the other elements were found at the µg/g level. A statistical analysis of the obtained data showed that the applied salt treatment significantly influenced the single-element contents in different plant parts. The major elements Ca, K and Mg were mainly unaffected in the more-salt-tolerant kale and white cabbage under salinity stress, while K and Mg were significantly decreased in the more-sensitive Chinese cabbage. The levels of micro-elements were found to be species/variety specific. In general, potentially toxic elements were accumulated in the roots of salt-treated plants to a higher extent than in the corresponding controls.

The human body needs calcium (Ca) to maintain strong bones and teeth and to build a strong structure, helping muscles contract and playing a crucial role in the structural and signalling process. However, low calcium consumption in the diet has related to a variety of disorders in humans, which can have long-term health repercussions. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the Ca biofortification capacity of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var capitata) supplied with different Ca-supplying inorganic fertilizer sources at various fixed levels based on soil liming potential grown in open field conditions where four hybrids of cabbage grown in Ca deficient acidic soil. Ca applied as Limestone (CaCO3) (150% and 175% liming potential) and Dolomitic limestone [CaMg(CO3)2]150% liming potential yield high Ca content in cabbage head and foliage (61.3 mg 100 g-1), high glucosinolates content (53.12 mg 100 g-1) and lower oxalate(0.31 mg 100 g-1) that produced firmer head as compared with Ca untreated control which also promoted high market value for Ca biofortified ones. On the other hand, Ca addition leads to lower Fe and Mg content in the cabbage tissues due to an antagonistic effect. All four hybrids of cabbage studied using the agronomic method of biofortification significantly(p≤0.05) improved Ca enrichment (20% more compared to control) without showing any toxicity symptoms making possibility to obtain Ca biofortified cabbage in acidic soil of a hilly ecosystem by application of liming.

Thermal stress causes the reduction in productivity and harvest quality. To adapt to different temperature ranges, plants activate protecting metabolic pathways. Previous studies have reported that stressful environments due to abiotic stresses have an impact on the accumulation of glucosinolates (GSLs) in Brassicaceae plants. In order to determine the role of GSLs in the plant response to thermal stress, we conducted a study comparing four populations with a high and low GSL content. The GSL levels were analysed at different temperatures [control (20), 12 and 32 °C], detecting that populations with a higher GSL content increased their resistance to the cold. In addition, populations subjected to the cold increased the content of indolic GSLs. Populations with high levels of GSLs show higher levels of glucobrassicin (GBS) and sinigrin (SIN) under cold temperatures than plants grown under control conditions. High temperatures have a lower impact on GSLs accumulation. To elucidate the induced metabolic changes due to the accumulation of GSLs under cold conditions, we performed an untargeted metabolomic analysis and identified 25 compounds differentially expressed under cold conditions in the populations with a high GSL content. Almost 50% of these compounds are classified as lipids (fatty amides, monoradylglycerols, diterpenes, glycosylglycerols, linoleic acids and derivatives). Organoheterocyclic and nitrogenous organic compounds are also over-represented. Therefore, the current results suggest that GSLs play a key role in cold tolerance. Although the associated molecular mechanisms have not been elucidated, the non-targeted metabolomics assay shows a significant change in the lipid profile, with compounds that need to be studied further.

Plants defend themselves from insect feeding by activating specific metabolic pathways. We performed a metabolomic analysis to compare the metabolome reorganization that occurs in the leaves of two genotypes of cabbage (one partially resistant and one susceptible) when attacked by Mamestra brassicae caterpillars.

Insect exuviae are a chitin-rich by-product of insect farming that is considered to have great potential for contributing to sustainable agriculture. When used as soil amendment, insect exuviae have been suggested to promote plant growth and health by stimulating naturally occurring beneficial microbes. In a greenhouse experiment, the exuviae of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L.), house crickets (Acheta domesticus L.), and yellow mealworms (Tenebrio molitor L.) were added to soil from an organically managed field. Brussels sprouts, Brassica oleracea L., plants were grown in amended soil to assess effects on plant growth and investigate bacterial abundance, diversity, and community composition in the rhizosphere. All soil amendments increased plant shoot biomass and stimulated bacterial growth. At the same time, bacterial diversity was diminished and the different amendments resulted in distinct bacterial communities. Most notably, soil amendment with house cricket exuviae increased the relative abundances of the genera Lysinibacillus and Paenibacillus, whereas the other amendments did not. The exuviae of black soldier fly larvae, however, stimulated the genus Pseudomonas and different genera belonging to the Burkholderiaceae for a longer period of time than the exuviae of either other insect species. In view of the differential enrichment of potentially plant growth-promoting or plant-protective bacteria, soil amendments with the exuviae of different insect species might have specific uses in agriculture. The present study provides a basis for investigating the combined application of insect exuviae with beneficial bacteria that are commonly used in crop production., Insect exuviae are a chitin-rich by-product of insect farming that is considered to have great potential for contributing to sustainable agriculture. When used as soil amendment, insect exuviae have been suggested to promote plant growth and health by stimulating naturally occurring beneficial microbes. In a greenhouse experiment, the exuviae of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L.), house crickets (Acheta domesticus L.), and yellow mealworms (Tenebrio molitor L.) were added to soil from an organically managed field. Brussels sprouts, Brassica oleracea L., plants were grown in amended soil to assess effects on plant growth and investigate bacterial abundance, diversity, and community composition in the rhizosphere. All soil amendments increased plant shoot biomass and stimulated bacterial growth. At the same time, bacterial diversity was diminished and the different amendments resulted in distinct bacterial communities. Most notably, soil amendment with house cricket exuviae increased the relative abundances of the genera Lysinibacillus and Paenibacillus, whereas the other amendments did not. The exuviae of black soldier fly larvae, however, stimulated the genus Pseudomonas and different genera belonging to the Burkholderiaceae for a longer period of time than the exuviae of either other insect species. In view of the differential enrichment of potentially plant growth-promoting or plant-protective bacteria, soil amendments with the exuviae of different insect species might have specific uses in agriculture. The present study provides a basis for investigating the combined application of insect exuviae with beneficial bacteria that are commonly used in crop production.

A method using modified QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, Safe) without clean-up step based on the sample dilution approach followed by the liquid chromatography coupled with the tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been established for determination of 179 pesticide residues in cabbage and rice samples. Two different LC columns were used and their sensitivity was investigated regarding the sample volume. Evaluation of the matrix effect in context of sample dilution and applied extraction solvents was investigated. The method was validated according to Document SANTE/12682/2019. For cabbage samples, recoveries were 70–120% for concentration level of 5 μg/kg; and 70–115% for concentration level of 50 μg/kg; precision RSDr <17%; limits of detection and quantification were in the ranges of 0.4–5.5 and 1.2–16.7 μg/kg, respectively. For rice samples, recoveries were 70–109% for 10 μg/kg concentration; 70–115% for 100 μg/kg concentration; precision RSDr <14%, while limits of detection and quantification were in the ranges of 0.5–4.2 and 1.5–12.7 μg/kg, respectively.

Large differences in COVID-19 death rates exist between countries and between regions of the same country. Some very low death rate countries such as Eastern Asia, Central Europe, or the Balkans have a common feature of eating large quantities of fermented foods. Although biases exist when examining ecological studies, fermented vegetables or cabbage have been associated with low death rates in European countries. SARS-CoV-2 binds to its receptor, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). As a result of SARS-CoV-2 binding, ACE2 downregulation enhances the angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT R) axis associated with oxidative stress. This leads to insulin resistance as well as lung and endothelial damage, two severe outcomes of COVID-19. The nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is the most potent antioxidant in humans and can block in particular the AT R axis. Cabbage contains precursors of sulforaphane, the most active natural activator of Nrf2. Fermented vegetables contain many lactobacilli, which are also potent Nrf2 activators. Three examples are: kimchi in Korea, westernized foods, and the slum paradox. It is proposed that fermented cabbage is a proof-of-concept of dietary manipulations that may enhance Nrf2-associated antioxidant effects, helpful in mitigating COVID-19 severity.

Red cabbage (B. oleracea) is one of the most distinct species among the numerous species of Brassica genus due to having high level of anthocyanins. Brassica species are widely consumed vegetable crops with great health benefits. However, they are highly vulnerable to high temperature and their production are limited to highland areas in Malaysia. Understanding how plants adjust their developmental programs in response to temperature variations is central to sustain crop productivity in the modern agriculture facing global climate change. Global climate change has generated significant fluctuations of ambient growth temperature, which can profoundly influence diverse developmental, physiological, and morphological responses, including modulations in plant growth and yield. In recent years, many crop genomes have been sequenced and innovative biotechnological approaches allowed to take a step forward towards the development of new improved cultivars harboring precise genome modifications. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 system, represents the main methods available for plant genome engineering through targeted modifications. Such technology, however, requires efficient transformation protocols and extensive genomic resources and accurate knowledge before they can be efficiently exploited in practical breeding programs. This study investigated on heat-tolerant/sensitive cultivars based on morphophysiological indicators and the action and interaction of different genes in the molecular network to serve as critical tools for genetic improvement in cabbage. The feasibility of DNA-free transcriptional activation method through delivery of CRISPR/dCas9-based transcriptional activation domains (TADs) ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) into the red cabbage protoplasts was also evaluated. To screen the morphophysiological indicators, the morphological and physiological performance of two different varieties of white and re

Large differences in COVID-19 death rates exist between countries and between regions of the same country. Some very low death rate countries such as Eastern Asia, Central Europe, or the Balkans have a common feature of eating large quantities of fermented foods. Although biases exist when examining ecological studies, fermented vegetables or cabbage have been associated with low death rates in European countries. SARS-CoV-2 binds to its receptor, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). As a result of SARS-CoV-2 binding, ACE2 downregulation enhances the angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT₁R) axis associated with oxidative stress. This leads to insulin resistance as well as lung and endothelial damage, two severe outcomes of COVID-19. The nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is the most potent antioxidant in humans and can block in particular the AT₁R axis. Cabbage contains precursors of sulforaphane, the most active natural activator of Nrf2. Fermented vegetables contain many lactobacilli, which are also potent Nrf2 activators. Three examples are: kimchi in Korea, westernized foods, and the slum paradox. It is proposed that fermented cabbage is a proof-of-concept of dietary manipulations that may enhance Nrf2-associated antioxidant effects, helpful in mitigating COVID-19 severity., ARIA group Amir Hamzah Abdul Latiff, Baharudin Abdullah, Werner Aberer, Nancy Abusada, Ian Adcock, Alejandro Afani, IoanaAgache, XenofonAggelidis, Jenifer Agustin, Cezmi A. Akdis, Mübeccel Akdis, Mona Al-Ahmad, Abou Al-Zahab Bassam, Hussam Alburdan, Oscar Aldrey-Palacios, Emilio Alvarez Cuesta, Hiba Alwan Salman, Ashraf Alzaabi, Salma Amade, Gene Ambrocio, Rosana Angles, Isabella Annesi-Maesano, Ignacio J Ansotegui, JosepAnto, Paula Ara Bardajo, Stefania Arasi, Hasan Arshad, Maria Cristina Artesani, Estrella Asayag, Francesca Avolio, KhuzamaAzhari, Claus Bachert, Diego Bagnasco, Ilaria Baiardini, NisseraBajrović, Petros Bakakos, Sergio BakeyalaMongono, Christine Balotro-Torres, Sergio Barba, Cristina Barbara, Elsa Barbosa, Bruno Barreto, Joan Bartra, Eric D Bateman, LkhagvaaBattur, Anna Bedbrook, Martín Bedolla Barajas, Bianca Beghé, Antra Bekere, Elizabeth Bel, Ali Ben Kheder, Mikael Benson, Elena Camelia Berghea, Karl-Christian Bergmann, Roberto Bernardini, David Bernstein, Mike Bewick, Slawomir Bialek, Artur Białoszewski, Thomas Bieber, Nils E Billo, Maria Beatrice Bilo, Carsten Bindslev-Jensen, Leif Bjermer, Hubert Blain, Irina Bobolea, Malgorzata Bochenska Marciniak, Christine Bond, Attilio Boner, Matteo Bonini, Sergio Bonini, SinthiaBosnic-Anticevich, Isabelle Bosse, Sofia Botskariova, Jacques Bouchard, Louis-Philippe Boulet, Rodolphe Bourret, Philippe Bousquet, FulvioBraido, Andrew Briggs, Christopher E Brightling, Jan Brozek, Luisa Brussino, Roland Buhl, Roxana Bumbacea, Rosalva Buquicchio, María-Teresa Burguete Cabañas, Andrew Bush, William W Busse, Jeroen Buters, Fernan Caballero-Fonseca, Moïses A Calderon, Mario Calvo, Paulo Camargos, Thierry Camuzat, FR Canevari, Antonio Cano, G Walter Canonica, Arnaldo Capriles-Hulett, Luis Caraballo, Vicky Cardona, Kai-Hakon Carlsen, Jonas Carmon Pirez, Jorge Caro, Warner Carr, Pedro Carreiro-Martins, Fredelita Carreon-Asuncion, Ana-Maria Carriazo, Thomas Casale, Mary-Ann Castor, Elizabeth Castro, A.G. Caviglia, Lorenz

The main purpose of this work is to thoroughly describe the implementation protocol of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) method in the plant analysis. Numerous feasibility studies and recent progress in instrumentation and trends in chemical analysis make LIBS an established method in plant bioimaging. In this work, we present an easy and straightforward phytotoxicity case study with a focus on LIBS method. We intend to demonstrate in detail how to manipulate with plants after exposures and how to prepare them for analyses. Moreover, we aim to achieve 2D maps of spatial element distribution with a good resolution without any loss of sensitivity. The benefits of rapid, low-cost bioimaging are highlighted. In this study, cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) was treated with an aqueous dispersion of photon-upconversion nanoparticles (NaYF4 doped with Yb3+ and Tm3+ coated with carboxylated silica shell) in a hydroponic shortterm toxicity test. After a 72-hour plant exposure, several macroscopic toxicity end-points were monitored. The translocation of Y, Yb, and Tm across the whole plant was set by employing LIBS with a lateral resolution 100 um. The LIBS maps of rare-earth elements in B.oleracea plant grown with 50 ug/mL nanoparticle-treated and ion-treated exposures showed the root as the main storage, while the transfer via stem into leaves was minimal. On the contrary, the LIBS maps of plants exposed to the 500 ug/mL nanoparticle-treated and ion-treated uncover slightly different trends, nanoparticles as well as ions were transferred through the stem into leaves. However, the main storage organ was a root as well.

The main purpose of this work is to thoroughly describe the implementation protocol of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) method in the plant analysis. Numerous feasibility studies and recent progress in instrumentation and trends in chemical analysis make LIBS an established method in plant bioimaging. In this work, we present an easy and straightforward phytotoxicity case study with a focus on LIBS method. We intend to demonstrate in detail how to manipulate with plants after exposures and how to prepare them for analyses. Moreover, we aim to achieve 2D maps of spatial element distribution with a good resolution without any loss of sensitivity. The benefits of rapid, low-cost bioimaging are highlighted. In this study, cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) was treated with an aqueous dispersion of photon-upconversion nanoparticles (NaYF4 doped with Yb3+ and Tm3+ coated with carboxylated silica shell) in a hydroponic shortterm toxicity test. After a 72-hour plant exposure, several macroscopic toxicity end-points were monitored. The translocation of Y, Yb, and Tm across the whole plant was set by employing LIBS with a lateral resolution 100 um. The LIBS maps of rare-earth elements in B.oleracea plant grown with 50 ug/mL nanoparticle-treated and ion-treated exposures showed the root as the main storage, while the transfer via stem into leaves was minimal. On the contrary, the LIBS maps of plants exposed to the 500 ug/mL nanoparticle-treated and ion-treated uncover slightly different trends, nanoparticles as well as ions were transferred through the stem into leaves. However, the main storage organ was a root as well.

The main purpose of this work is to thoroughly describe the implementation protocol of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) method in the plant analysis. Numerous feasibility studies and recent progress in instrumentation and trends in chemical analysis make LIBS an established method in plant bioimaging. In this work, we present an easy and straightforward phytotoxicity case study with a focus on LIBS method. We intend to demonstrate in detail how to manipulate with plants after exposures and how to prepare them for analyses. Moreover, we aim to achieve 2D maps of spatial element distribution with a good resolution without any loss of sensitivity. The benefits of rapid, low-cost bioimaging are highlighted. In this study, cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) was treated with an aqueous dispersion of photon-upconversion nanoparticles (NaYF4 doped with Yb3+ and Tm3+ coated with carboxylated silica shell) in a hydroponic shortterm toxicity test. After a 72-hour plant exposure, several macroscopic toxicity end-points were monitored. The translocation of Y, Yb, and Tm across the whole plant was set by employing LIBS with a lateral resolution 100 um. The LIBS maps of rare-earth elements in B.oleracea plant grown with 50 ug/mL nanoparticle-treated and ion-treated exposures showed the root as the main storage, while the transfer via stem into leaves was minimal. On the contrary, the LIBS maps of plants exposed to the 500 ug/mL nanoparticle-treated and ion-treated uncover slightly different trends, nanoparticles as well as ions were transferred through the stem into leaves. However, the main storage organ was a root as well.

The main purpose of this work is to thoroughly describe the implementation protocol of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) method in the plant analysis. Numerous feasibility studies and recent progress in instrumentation and trends in chemical analysis make LIBS an established method in plant bioimaging. In this work, we present an easy and straightforward phytotoxicity case study with a focus on LIBS method. We intend to demonstrate in detail how to manipulate with plants after exposures and how to prepare them for analyses. Moreover, we aim to achieve 2D maps of spatial element distribution with a good resolution without any loss of sensitivity. The benefits of rapid, low-cost bioimaging are highlighted. In this study, cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) was treated with an aqueous dispersion of photon-upconversion nanoparticles (NaYF4 doped with Yb3+ and Tm3+ coated with carboxylated silica shell) in a hydroponic shortterm toxicity test. After a 72-hour plant exposure, several macroscopic toxicity end-points were monitored. The translocation of Y, Yb, and Tm across the whole plant was set by employing LIBS with a lateral resolution 100 um. The LIBS maps of rare-earth elements in B.oleracea plant grown with 50 ug/mL nanoparticle-treated and ion-treated exposures showed the root as the main storage, while the transfer via stem into leaves was minimal. On the contrary, the LIBS maps of plants exposed to the 500 ug/mL nanoparticle-treated and ion-treated uncover slightly different trends, nanoparticles as well as ions were transferred through the stem into leaves. However, the main storage organ was a root as well.

The main purpose of this work is to thoroughly describe the implementation protocol of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) method in the plant analysis. Numerous feasibility studies and recent progress in instrumentation and trends in chemical analysis make LIBS an established method in plant bioimaging. In this work, we present an easy and straightforward phytotoxicity case study with a focus on LIBS method. We intend to demonstrate in detail how to manipulate with plants after exposures and how to prepare them for analyses. Moreover, we aim to achieve 2D maps of spatial element distribution with a good resolution without any loss of sensitivity. The benefits of rapid, low-cost bioimaging are highlighted. In this study, cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) was treated with an aqueous dispersion of photon-upconversion nanoparticles (NaYF4 doped with Yb3+ and Tm3+ coated with carboxylated silica shell) in a hydroponic shortterm toxicity test. After a 72-hour plant exposure, several macroscopic toxicity end-points were monitored. The translocation of Y, Yb, and Tm across the whole plant was set by employing LIBS with a lateral resolution 100 um. The LIBS maps of rare-earth elements in B.oleracea plant grown with 50 ug/mL nanoparticle-treated and ion-treated exposures showed the root as the main storage, while the transfer via stem into leaves was minimal. On the contrary, the LIBS maps of plants exposed to the 500 ug/mL nanoparticle-treated and ion-treated uncover slightly different trends, nanoparticles as well as ions were transferred through the stem into leaves. However, the main storage organ was a root as well.

The main purpose of this work is to thoroughly describe the implementation protocol of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) method in the plant analysis. Numerous feasibility studies and recent progress in instrumentation and trends in chemical analysis make LIBS an established method in plant bioimaging. In this work, we present an easy and straightforward phytotoxicity case study with a focus on LIBS method. We intend to demonstrate in detail how to manipulate with plants after exposures and how to prepare them for analyses. Moreover, we aim to achieve 2D maps of spatial element distribution with a good resolution without any loss of sensitivity. The benefits of rapid, low-cost bioimaging are highlighted. In this study, cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) was treated with an aqueous dispersion of photon-upconversion nanoparticles (NaYF4 doped with Yb3+ and Tm3+ coated with carboxylated silica shell) in a hydroponic shortterm toxicity test. After a 72-hour plant exposure, several macroscopic toxicity end-points were monitored. The translocation of Y, Yb, and Tm across the whole plant was set by employing LIBS with a lateral resolution 100 um. The LIBS maps of rare-earth elements in B.oleracea plant grown with 50 ug/mL nanoparticle-treated and ion-treated exposures showed the root as the main storage, while the transfer via stem into leaves was minimal. On the contrary, the LIBS maps of plants exposed to the 500 ug/mL nanoparticle-treated and ion-treated uncover slightly different trends, nanoparticles as well as ions were transferred through the stem into leaves. However, the main storage organ was a root as well.

The main purpose of this work is to thoroughly describe the implementation protocol of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) method in the plant analysis. Numerous feasibility studies and recent progress in instrumentation and trends in chemical analysis make LIBS an established method in plant bioimaging. In this work, we present an easy and straightforward phytotoxicity case study with a focus on LIBS method. We intend to demonstrate in detail how to manipulate with plants after exposures and how to prepare them for analyses. Moreover, we aim to achieve 2D maps of spatial element distribution with a good resolution without any loss of sensitivity. The benefits of rapid, low-cost bioimaging are highlighted. In this study, cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) was treated with an aqueous dispersion of photon-upconversion nanoparticles (NaYF4 doped with Yb3+ and Tm3+ coated with carboxylated silica shell) in a hydroponic shortterm toxicity test. After a 72-hour plant exposure, several macroscopic toxicity end-points were monitored. The translocation of Y, Yb, and Tm across the whole plant was set by employing LIBS with a lateral resolution 100 um. The LIBS maps of rare-earth elements in B.oleracea plant grown with 50 ug/mL nanoparticle-treated and ion-treated exposures showed the root as the main storage, while the transfer via stem into leaves was minimal. On the contrary, the LIBS maps of plants exposed to the 500 ug/mL nanoparticle-treated and ion-treated uncover slightly different trends, nanoparticles as well as ions were transferred through the stem into leaves. However, the main storage organ was a root as well.

Large differences in COVID-19 death rates exist between countries and between regions of the same country. Some very low death rate countries such as Eastern Asia, Central Europe, or the Balkans have a common feature of eating large quantities of fermented foods. Although biases exist when examining ecological studies, fermented vegetables or cabbage have been associated with low death rates in European countries. SARS-CoV-2 binds to its receptor, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). As a result of SARS-CoV-2 binding, ACE2 downregulation enhances the angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT(1)R) axis associated with oxidative stress. This leads to insulin resistance as well as lung and endothelial damage, two severe outcomes of COVID-19. The nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is the most potent antioxidant in humans and can block in particular the AT(1)R axis. Cabbage contains precursors of sulforaphane, the most active natural activator of Nrf2. Fermented vegetables contain many lactobacilli, which are also potent Nrf2 activators. Three examples are: kimchi in Korea, westernized foods, and the slum paradox. It is proposed that fermented cabbage is a proof-of-concept of dietary manipulations that may enhance Nrf2-associated antioxidant effects, helpful in mitigating COVID-19 severity.

Large differences in COVID-19 death rates exist between countries and between regions of the same country. Some very low death rate countries such as Eastern Asia, Central Europe, or the Balkans have a common feature of eating large quantities of fermented foods. Although biases exist when examining ecological studies, fermented vegetables or cabbage have been associated with low death rates in European countries. SARS-CoV-2 binds to its receptor, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). As a result of SARS-CoV-2 binding, ACE2 downregulation enhances the angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R) axis associated with oxidative stress. This leads to insulin resistance as well as lung and endothelial damage, two severe outcomes of COVID-19. The nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is the most potent antioxidant in humans and can block in particular the AT1R axis. Cabbage contains precursors of sulforaphane, the most active natural activator of Nrf2. Fermented vegetables contain many lactobacilli, which are also potent Nrf2 activators. Three examples are: kimchi in Korea, westernized foods, and the slum paradox. It is proposed that fermented cabbage is a proof-of-concept of dietary manipulations that may enhance Nrf2-associated antioxidant effects, helpful in mitigating COVID-19 severity.

1. Plant-soil feedback (PSF) may influence plant-insect interactions. Although plant defense differs between shoot and root tissues, few studies have examined root-feeding insect herbivores in a PSF context. We examined here how plant growth and resistance against root-feeding Delia radicum larvae was influenced by PSF. 2. We conditioned soil with cabbage plants that were infested with herbivores that affect D. radicum through plant-mediated effects: leaf-feeding Plutella xylostella caterpillars and Brevicoryne brassicae aphids, root-feeding D. radicum larvae, and/or added rhizobacterium Pseudomonas simiae WCS417r. We analyzed the rhizosphere microbial community, and in a second set of conspecific plants exposed to conditioned soil, we assessed growth, expression of defense-related genes, and D. radicum performance. 3. The rhizosphere microbiome differed mainly between shoot- and root herbivory treatments. Addition of P. simiae did not influence rhizosphere microbiome composition. Plant shoot biomass, gene expression, and plant resistance against D. radicum larvae was affected by PSF in a treatment-specific manner. Soil conditioning overall reduced plant shoot biomass, P. simiae-amended soil causing the largest growth reduction. 4. In conclusion, shoot- and root insect herbivores alter the rhizosphere microbiome differently, with consequences for growth and resistance of plants subsequently exposed to conditioned soil.

Flavour is an important aspect in the consumption of fruits and vegetables. However, the current regulatory context within EU for the quality of fruit and vegetables involve standards that lay primary emphasis on visual properties but limited focus on flavour and nutrition. Despite its importance to consumers, the flavour aspect of quality is commonly overlooked. The limited availability and use of a vocabulary hinder a consensus concerning flavour quality within the supply chain as well as to consumers. The present thesis presents the outcomes of the project A culinary roadmap to Swedish vegetables. The project was initiated by top chef Daniel Berlin by reason of his experienced challenges to find exceptional and consistent flavour quality in local horticultural products and communicating this aspect of quality with colleagues and suppliers. A sensory language for fruits and vegetables could be a helpful tool to describe flavour variations. By identifying variations in flavour, the chance to attain customer satisfaction as well as contribute to a consensus within the supply chain may be increased. The main objectives of the present thesis were to a) examine the flavour and aroma characteristics of cultivars of vegetables which are commonly used in restaurant cuisines, being carrot, cabbage and onion and b) investigate whether consensus can be obtained by a sensory panel with limited training, on the characteristics of the chosen vegetables. Achieving consensus indicates that the perceptions by the panel could act as a guidance of the sensory descriptions. Using a descriptive sensory method, the characteristics and differences in flavour and aroma of heat-treated varieties of carrot, cabbage and onion were examined. Previous studies indicate that the genetic material is one of the most decisive factors for sensory characteristics, which motivated the current study to explore the differences between varieties of vegetables. The samples were cooked through sous vide t

Sulphur is the fourth most important plant nutrient after nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and it is becoming increasingly crucial in high-quality crop production (Bhoyar., 2019). Since limited work has been carried out regarding different sulphur sources on cabbage production in the Coimbatore district, the present study was undertaken to investigate the sulphur sources and levels on various biochemical constituents of cabbage. Hence a field experiment was conducted in the farmer’s field at Viraliyur village, Thondamuthur block of Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu to assess the effect of sulphur fertilization on improving the biochemical constituents of cabbage hybrid Saint. There were four different S sources (Elemental sulphur, Potassium sulphate, Gypsum, Single super phosphate) applied at five levels (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg ha-1) and replicated thrice in a factorial randomized block design. The crop was fertilized with a Soil Test Crop Response-prescribed dose of NPK (200:125:25 kg ha-1). The crop was harvested on 90th day and cabbage heads were analysed for various biochemical constituents like ascorbic acid, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), chlorophyll content, glucosinolates (GLs), total phenol content (TPC), sulphur containing amino acid (methionine) and antioxidant enzyme activity (peroxidase). The influence of S fertilizers on biochemical constituents increased significantly with increasing levels of sulphur fertilization up to 80 kg S ha-1 excluding ascorbic acid content. The pooled data showed that gypsum applied at 80 kg ha-1 registered the maximum GLs (69.0 µmol g-1), TPC (31.9 mM 100g-1), methionine (32.3%), peroxidase activity (0.70 units min-1mg-1), TSS (7.64 0Brix), TA (0.64%), ascorbic acid (61.4 mg 100g-1) and total chlorophyll (1.21 mg g-1) in cabbage head. The lowest content of biochemical constituents viz., GLs (34.1 µmol g-1), TPC (8.10 mM 100g-1), methionine (17.6%) and peroxidase (0.31 units min-1mg-1) were observed

Background: Brassica oleracea includes several morphologically diverse, economically important vegetable crops, such as the cauliflower and cabbage. However, genetic variants, especially large structural variants (SVs), that underlie the extreme morphological diversity of B. oleracea remain largely unexplored. Results: Here we present high-quality chromosome-scale genome assemblies for two B. oleracea morphotypes, cauliflower and cabbage. Direct comparison of these two assemblies identifies ~ 120 K high-confidence SVs. Population analysis of 271 B. oleracea accessions using these SVs clearly separates different morphotypes, suggesting the association of SVs with B. oleracea intraspecific divergence. Genes affected by SVs selected between cauliflower and cabbage are enriched with functions related to response to stress and stimulus and meristem and flower development. Furthermore, genes affected by selected SVs and involved in the switch from vegetative to generative growth that defines curd initiation, inflorescence meristem proliferation for curd formation, maintenance and enlargement, are identified, providing insights into the regulatory network of curd development. Conclusions: This study reveals the important roles of SVs in diversification of different morphotypes of B. oleracea, and the newly assembled genomes and the SVs provide rich resources for future research and breeding.

The article examines the important qualities of an ideal person, such as generosity, nobility, kindness, generosity. The science of futuwvat is analyzed, and on the basis of the sources the generality of generosity is substantiated, which is its practical expression. The importance of these qualities in the upbringing of modern youth is emphasized.

Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), the causal agent of black rot disease of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.), is one of the most important bacteria which affect proper cabbage growth, leading to head weight and quality losses and thereby drastically reducing its marketing value. The pathogen is genetically diverse, which is evident from the presence of eleven races worldwide and more than thirty combinations of allelic profiles. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the allelic profiles of Serbian cabbage Xcc strains obtained in 2014. The analysis was done on three selected Xcc strains whose DNA was first amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with four housekeeping genes - P-XdnaK, fyuA, gyrB, and rpoD, then sequenced, and the obtained sequences were finally used to determine allelic profiles. Allelic profiles were determined by comparison with 33 Xcc strains obtained from different hosts and regions, whose allelic profiles had been determined previously. A non-redundant database (NRDB) from the pubMLST was used for allelic profile determination and Phyloviz software for constructing a minimum spanning tree. The obtained allelic profile of all Serbian Xcc cabbage strains was 1, 3, 1, 1 for the P-X-dnaK, fyuA, gyrB and rpoD genes, respectively. This profile is assigned as sequence type 2 (ST2) and it coincides with a Portuguese B. oleracea Xcc strain, CPBF 213, originating from B. oleracea var. costata. No connection between sequence type (ST) and the host was detected., Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), prouzrokovač crne truleži kupusa (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) svrstava se među najvažnije fitopatogene bakterije koje utiču na pravilno razviće kupusa, dovodeći do gubitka težine glavice i njenog kvaliteta i na taj način drastično smanjuje njegovu ekonomsku vrednost. Ovaj patogen je genetički heterogen, što se ogleda kroz prisustvo dokazanih jedanaest rasa i više od trideset kombinacija alelskih profila širom sveta. Zbog svega navedenog, cilj ovog rada je determinacija alelskih profila Xcc sojeva poreklom sa kupusa prikupljenih 2014. godine. Analiza je vršena kod tri reprezentativna Xcc soja čija je DNK amplifikovana primenom lančane reakcije polimeraze (PCR) sa četiri konzervativna gena - dnaK, fyuA, gyrB i rpoD, a zatim sekvencirana i korišćena za determinaciju alelskih profila. Alelski profili su određivani poređenjem sa 33 Xcc soja izolovana sa različitih domaćina i regiona, čiji su alelski profili prethodno utvrđeni. Nonredundant baza podataka (NRDB) od pubMLST je korišćena za determinaciju alaleskih profila, a Phyloviz softver za konstrukciju Minimum Spanning stabla. Dobijeni alelski profil za sve Xcc sojeve sa kupusa iz Srbije je 1, 3, 1, 1 za gene dnaK, fyuA, gyrB i rpoD, redom. Ovaj profil je označen kao tip sekvence 2 (ST2) i podudara se sa portugalskim B. oleracea Xcc sojem CPBF 213 poreklom sa B. oleracea var. costata. Veza između tipa sekvence (ST) i biljke domaćina nije pronađena.