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The internal surface of food and beverage cans is generally covered with polymeric coatings to preserve food and protect metal substrate from corrosion. Coating materials are complex formulations that contain different starting substances (e.g., monomers, prepolymers, additives, etc.) and in addition during the manufacture of the material several compounds can be formed (e.g., reaction products, degradation products, etc.). These substances have the potential to migrate into the food. Many of them have not been identified and only some have been toxicologically evaluated. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review on the analytical methods used for the identification of potential migrants in can coatings. The migration and exposure to chemicals migrating from can coatings are also reviewed and discussed so far, which is essential for risk assessment. Moreover, a brief section on the current status of the legislation on varnishes and coatings for food contact in Europe is also presented. Liquid chromatography coupled to diode array and fluorescence detectors and particularly to mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry seem to be the techniques of choice for the identification of potential migrants in can coatings. Some studies have reported migration levels of BPA (bisphenol A) and BADGE (bisphenol A diglycidyl ether) and derivatives exceeding the specific migration limits set in the European legislation. On the whole, low dietary exposure to migrants from can coatings has been reported. However, it is interesting to highlight that in these studies the combined exposure to multiple chemicals has not been considered

This research begins with the following question: How do Chilean school children in a public primary school in Santiago represent their Haitian migrant classmates? A quantitative approach was with a survey selected as the main data collection tool. The variables included gender and year level. The results show that female students and those aged between 6 and 9 tend to socially represent Haitian students in an evaluative manner while male students and those aged between 10 and 15 tend to generate prejudiced and dismissive representations of migrants., O artigo parte da seguinte pergunta: Como os escolares chilenos do ensino básico de uma escola pública de Santiago representam seus companheiros migrantes haitianos? É utilizada uma abordagem quantitativa que utiliza a pesquisa como um instrumento de estudo fundamental. As variáveis examinadas são gênero e nível escolar de acordo com a idade do corpo discente, resultando, por um lado, que estudantes do sexo feminino e entre 6 e 9 anos tendem a representar socialmente os alunos haitianos de forma avaliativa e, por outro lado, que estudantes do sexo masculino e entre 10 e 15 anos tendem a gerar representações preconceituosas e subestimadas dos migrantes., Se parte de la siguiente pregunta: ¿cómo representan las y los escolares chilenos de educación básica de una escuela pública de Santiago a sus compañeras y compañeros migrantes haitianos? Se utiliza un enfoque cuantitativo que recurre a la encuesta como instrumento fundamental de estudio. Las variables examinadas son el género y el nivel escolar según la edad del estudiantado, dando como resultado, por un lado, que las estudiantes de género femenino y quienes cursan de 1º a 4º año básico tienden a representar socialmente al estudiantado haitiano de modo positivo y, por otro lado, que los estudiantes de género masculino y quienes cursan de 5º a 8º año básico tienden a generar representaciones prejuiciosas y desestimadas de las y los migrantes.

Packaging materials are subject to risk assessment since they can transfer their components to the food, and they may constitute a risk for the consumers’ health. Therefore, estimating the exposure to chemicals migrating from packaging is required. In this study, a novel approach based on a total diet study (TDS)-like investigation to evaluate the exposure to chemicals transferred from the packaging was presented. The proposed methodology involved a non-targeted gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method to identify potential migrants and the determination of the migrants in composite food samples. The method was applied to evaluate the dietary exposure to chemicals from food packaging materials used for milk and dairy products in the Spanish child and adolescent populations. Several migrants identified in packaging materials were selected to determine their concentration in composite food samples. These chemicals included diethyl phthalate (DEP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), bis(2ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), benzophenone (BP), 1,3-diphenylpropane (1,3-DPP), and bis(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHT). The method exhibited a good sensitivity (limit of detection, LOD ≤ 0.05 µg/g) and a satisfactory recovery (78.4-124%). Finally, the exposure was estimated using the Spanish national dietary survey ENALIA. Phthalates DBP and DEHP showed the highest mean exposure, ranging from 2.42 (10–17 years)–4.40 (12–35 months) and 1.35 (10–17 years)–4.07 (12–35 months) µg/kg bw/day for DBP and DEHP, respectively

Food packaging has received special attention from the food safety standpoint since it could be a potential source of contamination through the migration of chemical substances from the packaging material into food. The assessment of the exposure through the diet to these contaminants from food packaging is necessary. In this work, an estimation of dietary exposure of the young Spanish population (1–17 years) to target chemicals from packaging for fatty dried foods based on cereals was assessed. For this purpose, a gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method was developed for screening of volatile and semivolatile compounds, potential migrants from the packaging. Then, this technique was used to quantify 8 target analytes, which were previously identified in the packaging (including phthalates, acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and octocrylene), in composite food samples of fatty cereals prepared according to the consumption data for different age groups. Among the phthalates, exposure to diethyl phthalate (DEP) was the highest for the three groups considered (0.0761–0.545 µg/kg body weight/day), followed by bis(2-ethylhxyl)phathalate (DEHP), while the lowest mean intake was found for di-n-octyl phathalate (DNOP; 0.00463–0.0209 µg/kg body weight/day). The estimated dietary exposures did not exceed for any of the analytes the corresponding established tolerable daily intakes

The coatings used in cans can release complex chemical mixtures into foodstuffs. Therefore, it is important to develop analytical methods for the identification of these potential migrant compounds in packaged food to guarantee the compliance with European food packaging legislation and ensure consumer safety. In the present work, the type of coating in a total of twelve cans collected in Santiago de Compostela (Spain) were evaluated using an ATR (attenuated total reflectance)-FTIR spectrometer. These samples were analysed after extraction with acetonitrile in order to identify potential migrants through a screening method by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of forty-seven volatile and semi-volatile compounds were identified in these samples, including plasticizers, photoinitiators, antioxidants, lubricants, etc. Then, in a second step, a targeted analysis was carried out for the simultaneous determination of 13 compounds, including bisphenols (BPA, BPB, BPC, BPE, BPF, BPG) and BADGEs (BADGE, BADGE.H2O, BADGE.2H2O, BADGE.HCl, BADGE.2HCl, BADGE.H2O.HCl, cyclo-di-BADGE) by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI) source. Among all the bisphenols analysed, only the bisphenol A was detected in four samples; while cyclo-di-BADGE was the predominant compound detected in all the samples analysed.

The Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) has reported many cases of different UV curing inks components in foodstuffs during the last few years. These contaminants reach foodstuffs mainly by set-off, their principal migration mechanism from the package. Under this premise, this work has tried to characterize the process of migration of two common UV ink components: a photoinitiator (4-Methylbenzophenone) and a coinitiator (Ethyl-4-(dimethylamino) benzoate), from the most common plastic material used in food packaging low-density polyethylene (LDPE) into six different food simulants. The migration kinetics tests were performed at four different common storage temperatures, obtaining the key migration parameters for both molecules: the coefficients of diffusion and partition. The migration process was highly dependent on the storage conditions, the photoinitiator properties and the pH of the foodstuff.

he educational experience presented in the article shows the modality of dialogue that is used as a didactic tool to approach national students with migrant students, especially Haitian children who have Creole as their mother tongue. he dialogue is led by university students who present games and conversations to students of the irst basic cycle to generate signiicant communication bridges from the daily experiences of the students. his space of intercultural coexistence is supported by the school and the university seeking the integration of diferent actors in the development of interculturality in the classroom. he qualitative methodology is prioritized through the observation of school children and it is observed that by participating in weekly workshops they accept each other sharing through the games and permanent dialogue about their daily lives, regardless of their diferences., La experiencia educativa que se presenta en el artículo muestra la modalidad de diálogo que se utiliza como herramienta didáctica para acercar a alumnos nacionales con alumnos migrantes, especialmente niños haitianos quienes tienen como lengua materna el creole. El diálogo es modulado por alumnos universitarios quienes presentan juegos y conversaciones a escolares de primer ciclo básico en un intento por generar puentes comunicativos signiicativos desde las vivencias cotidianas de los estudiantes. Este espacio de convivencia intercultural es apoyado por la escuela y la universidad en una búsqueda por integrar diferentes actores en el desarrollo de la interculturalidad en el aula. Se prioriza la metodología cualitativa a través de la observación de los escolares y se observa que, al participar en talleres de encuentros semanales, van aceptándose y conviviendo a través de los juegos y el diálogo permanente sobre sus vidas cotidianas, sin importar sus diferencias.

This opinion assesses whether the use of bisphenol A in medical devices such as implants, catheters, and dental devices could give reasons for safety concerns, to provide indications on limit values for BPA release from medical devices and to identify any patient group, e.g. infants, pregnant and breastfeeding women who would be particularly at risk. Several exposure scenarios have been evaluated taking into account the material used, information related to BPA leaching, the duration of a single treatment and the frequency of treatments, giving rise to toxicologically relevant acute, short and long term exposure. The SCENIHR concludes that risk for adverse effects of BPA may exist when the BPA is directly available for systemic exposure after non-oral exposure routes, especially for neonates in intensive care units, infants undergoing prolonged medical procedures and for dialysis patients. Although the benefit of medical devices has also to be considered, the SCENIHR recommends that, where practicable, medical devices that do not leach BPA should be used. The possibility of replacing BPA in these products should be considered against their efficiency in the treatment, as well as the toxicological profile of the alternative materials. However, better data on exposure would be beneficial for the refinement of the present risk assessment, to be carried out when new data on exposure via medical devices will be available.

Commission Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 of 14 January 2011 on plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with food contains four issues for which food inspectors and enforcement laboratories need further guidance. These issues are the concept of the fat reduction factor and the functional barrier, and the restrictions for certain phthalates and primary aromatic amines. The Regulation applies from 1 May 2011. The network of the European Union Reference Laboratory and the National Reference Laboratories for food contact materials created a Task Force in order to give guidance on these issues.

Commission Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 of 14 January 2011 on plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with food contains four issues for which food inspectors and enforcement laboratories need further guidance. These issues are the concept of the fat reduction factor and the functional barrier, and the restrictions for certain phthalates and primary aromatic amines. The Regulation applies from 1 May 2011. The network of the European Union Reference Laboratory and the National Reference Laboratories for food contact materials created a Task Force in order to give guidance on these issues.