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The National Household Education Survey (NHES) is a data collection system of the National Center for Education Statistics that is designed to provide information about educational issues best addressed through contacting households rather than institutions. In 1995, as in 1991, one of the components of this telephone survey was a study of adult education courses taken by respondents. For the 1995 survey, 19,722 interviews were completed with participants and nonparticipants in adult education. To provide data users with the ability to use the information collected on degree or certification courses, work-related courses, or courses for personal interests, the subject matter of courses was coded. A coding scheme containing 43 courses was developed, based on the Department of Education's College Course Map and the work of C. Adelman. The course code merge files for which this user guide has been developed contain the course code variables for each reported course. It is important to note that the course code merge files cannot be used by themselves for any analysis. Instead, they are designed to be used with the Adult Education public data files. This guide contains the following sections: (1) Background; (2) Adult Education Courses; (3) Course Codes; (4) Merge Files; (5) Statistical Analysis System example. Appendixes describe the course code merge file layout in position order and present the merge file codebook. (Contains five references.) (SLD)

Examines the nature of privileged communication in educational research under the laws, and provides guidelines for the development of a scholar's privilege for those engaged in academic research. Two court cases, Cohen v. Cowles Media Co., 1991, and Scare v. United States, 1993, illustrate the potential vulnerability of educational researchers. (SLD)

Basal-like invasive breast cancer is an important clinical group because of its association with a triple-negative phenotype defined by the lack of expression of estrogen, progesterone and human epidermal growth factor receptors 2, relative lack of therapeutic options and poor prognosis. However, depending on the method used to define these lesions, morphological assessment, immunohistochemical markers or gene expression, a different set of tumors is captured. The aim of this study was to investigate the consequences of using different methodological approaches to define basal-like lesions among triple-negative breast carcinomas with regard to their clinicopathological features and patient outcome. The cohort consisted of 142 invasive breast cancers with a triple-negative receptor status. First, each was reviewed histologically and those with morphological basal-like features were characterized as 'Path-Basal'. Second, the 'Core Basal' immunohistochemical lesions, defined as cytokeratin 5/6 and/or epidermal growth factor receptor 1 positive, within the triple-negative breast cancers were identified, and third their classification based on gene expression profiling was retrieved and those in the molecular 'PAM50 basal-like' subtype recorded. A total of 116 basal-like breast cancers were identified among the 142 triple-negative breast cancers by at least one of these three classifications (80%), but only 13 samples were defined as basal-like with all three methods. None of these 13 tumors were associated with lymphovascular invasion. The 34 morphological 'Path-Basal' lesions were significantly associated with a lack of nodal metastases. Comparing the estimates of death in the three classifications, the highest risk of death was seen for the 'Core Basal' group. In this study, we highlight that the definition of basal-like breast cancer based on different methodologies varies significantly and does not identify the same lesions. This incomplete overlap of cases emphasiz, De två första författarna delar förstaförfattarskapet.

OBJECTIVE: Long-term aim is to determine optimum interventions to reduce dental caries in children in disadvantaged communities and minimise the effects of exclusion from health care systems, of ethnic diversity, and health inequalities.DESIGN: Generation of initial explanatory models, study protocol and development of two standardised measures. First, to investigate how parental attitudes may impact on their children's oral health-related behaviours and second, to assess how dentists' attitudes may impact on the provision of dental care.SUBJECTS: Core research team, lead methodologists, 44 consortium members from 18 countries. To complete the development of the questionnaire, the initial set of items was administered to parents (n = 23) with children in nursery schools in Dundee, Scotland and sent to the same parents one week later. A standardised measure examining barriers to providing dental care for children aged 3 to 6 years was developed. 20 dentists working in primary dental care in Scotland completed the measure on two different occasions separated by one week.RESULTS: Explanatory models were developed. Family questionnaire: test-retest reliability excellent (r = 0.93 p < or = 0.001) with very good internal reliability (alpha = 0.89). Dentists questionnaire: excellent test-re-test reliability r = 0.88, (alpha = 0.90).CONCLUSIONS: Interaction between consortium members enhanced the validity of the questionnaires and protocols for different cultural locations. There were challenges in developing and delivering this multi-centre study. Experience gained will support the development of substantive trials and longitudinal studies to address the considerable international health disparity of childhood dental caries.