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By Richardson's Theorem, there exists a dense open adjoint orbit in the nilpotent radical of any parabolic subalgebra of a semisimple Lie algebra. Elements contained in this orbit are called Richardson elements. Jensen, Su and Yu generalised the study of Richardson elements to seaweed (biparabolic) subalgebras, using ∆-filtered modules of a quasi-hereditary algebra arising as a quotient of the path algebra of a double quiver. In this thesis, we extend the study of these quiver representations to affine type A, providing an explicit construction for a general ∆-filtered representation and a classification of the existence of open orbits in terms of the ∆-dimension vector. This allows us to give a combinatorial classification for the existence of Richardson elements in proper standard seaweed subalgebras of non-twisted affine Lie algebras of type A.

This thesis aims to provide an evaluation of Brevard Childs' canonical approach, which is an approach to Theological Interpretation that aims to utilise the Bible as a vehicle to know the Christian God. This thesis is located in the academic discipline of Biblical Studies and has a substantial lean towards Old Testament (hereafter 'OT')/Hebrew Bible (hereafter 'HB') Studies as this was Childs' specialism and is also mine today. This thesis was not initially devoted to a study of Childs' approach, but his approach is so extensive that it warrants a thesis in itself. My argument is twofold: (i) Childs' approach consists of three main elements that were variously developed and implemented over time, and (ii) these elements, though rich and informed, ultimately fail to complete the aim that Childs set out to achieve. Regarding originality, this thesis introduces the idea that Childs' canonical approach is composed of these three main elements and provides what I hope is the most detailed evaluation of Childs' approach in light of Biblical Studies. A conclusion was established by firstly identifying that the canonical approach consists of three main elements. I then undertook detailed analyses of each of these elements and evaluated them in accordance with their reasonableness and in light of the evidence from Biblical Studies. This thesis is structured in two parts. Part A aims to provide the reader with a helpful foundation before one engages in a detailed study of Childs' canonical approach. Part B is then the main body of the thesis which analyses and evaluates each of the approach's main elements.

This thesis traces the history of Anglo-Australian racial science between 1850 and 1960, and examines evolving anthropological constructions of interracial marriage, as a lens through which we can re-evaluate gold rush histories and changing attitudes to East Asian migration throughout the British World, the British Empire’s geo-political relationship with China and Japan, and the transnational dissemination and contestation of the ‘‘yellow peril’’ trope. By decentring the histories of racial science and the British Empire from their North Atlantic moorings, and looking to anxious perceptions of East Asians emanating from antipodean Britons of the ‘global south’, the thesis builds a more trans-hemispheric narrative of the rise and fall of racial thinking. It does this by utilising two case studies. One examines the Sydney geographer Professor Griffith Taylor’s interwar problematisation of the White Australia Policy and the ‘transnational biopolitics’ of Asian immigration restriction in the Anglosphere, through his positive pronouncements about Eurasian intermarriage. Secondly, analysing the latter career of outcast former Kings College London racial scientist Professor Reginald ‘Ruggles’ Gates, and his ‘race crossing’ research in 1950s Australia and Japan, the thesis complicates histories of the global decline of racial thinking and survival of marginal scientific racists after the fall of Nazism.

Despite continual improvements in the shipping industry related to structural design, operational practices, onboard technology and regulations, accidents still occur that result in sinking or capsize. When this happens to passenger ships, the results are often shocking and devastating with loss of life, sometimes numbering in the thousands. For this reason, the International Maritime Organization (IMO), which regulates the maritime industry, provides guidelines for evacuation analyses for passenger ships [1]. The scope of work presented in this dissertation fills gaps in our understanding of human performance during the evacuation process on passenger ships, particularly as it relates to passengers' alarm response time, the influence of response time distributions on total assembly time predicted by the evacuation model maritimeEXODUS, passenger movement onboard during the assembly process, and methods for validation of evacuation models in general. The research carried-out was experimental in nature and involved a total of 5582 passengers onboard three large passengers ships - a ferry without cabins, a ferry with cabins and a cruise ship. All passengers had paid for their voyage and, prior to boarding, had no knowledge that an experiment was being conducted. The experiment was carried-out as a typical assembly exercise, which started with sounding of an alarm and ended when all passengers had been assembled. Passenger response to the alarm was recorded using digital video cameras and routes to assembly stations and associated times were captured using a novel infrared light detection tracking system. The dataset collected represents the most comprehensive collected to date for passenger response and movement during assembly trials at sea. Analysis of the data has provided important insights into the nature of response time distributions for passengers on ferries and cruise ships. It was found that response time distributions generally took a lognormal shape, which is consistent with response time distributions measured in the built environment. Response time distributions generated from repeat trials on the same ship were statistically similar and could be combined to produce a single distribution for each ship - a powerful result suggesting that if the response times and demographics of a sufficiently large number of people are characterised for a given type of structure, an assembly exercise repeated under similar notification conditions should result in a similar distribution. Another key finding was that response time in cabin areas was not similar to that in public areas on the same ship. In addition, response times for passengers in public areas on ferries was found to be statistically similar, while public space results for the cruise ship were different. This suggests that different response time distributions should be used for different ship types. Passenger movement results have enabled the development of two unique datasets for use in validating ship evacuation models - one validation dataset which is relevant for ferries without cabins and the other for cruise ships. The validation method developed enables a clear, yet objective means by which ship evacuation models can be assessed using the experimental data collected. It is felt that the suggested validation protocol and acceptance criteria developed form a reliable basis for validating ship evacuation simulation tools. This research has resulted in the submission of two information papers to the IMO suggesting credible response time distributions relevant for different ships and different areas onboard, as well as a detailed method for conducting validation of ship evacuation models. The recommendations being made from this work are significant since, if accepted by the IMO for inclusion in the regulations, will influence the design and construction of all new passenger ships worldwide.

Short-term fertility-building legume-grass leys are essential to organic farming as they provide the major nitrogen input into the system. Increasing the diversity of plant species within these leys can improve the stability of these mixtures for a range of environmental conditions. This thesis provides evidence that increased ley diversity can also provide additional benefits to pollination and decomposition services alongside fertility building. Compared to a farmers' standard ley, increased ley diversity provided a season-long forage resource for a range of pollinating insects, while also providing a stable environment for earthworm species. However, the scale of this benefit is dependent on management practice, with grazing negatively impacting on pollinator abundance. The preference of different pollinator groups for a range of legume species showed that the diverse mixture is able to offer a forage resource to a wider range of pollinator species with differing functional traits, than a simple legume monoculture. The mowing management of the ley significantly alters the benefit to pollinator species. A non-intensive management regime such as hay production provides the greatest forage resource. However, even under more intensive mowing regimes the diverse ley mixture provided a better forage resource than the farmers' standard ley. Diverse mixtures aiso benefit earthworm species, have a longer incorporation time by macrofauna after ploughing, and produced a wheat grain and forage with a greater protein content than the farmers' standard ley. The findings addressed in this thesis show that cross-disciplinary research can produce multiple ecosystem benefits from novel approaches to farm management. The study outlines recommendations to growers that benefit pollination and decomposition services, and highlights future research questions and opportunities.

The primary identity of the Church as ‘Body of Christ’ in her relation with God is questioned. Understood somatically, since the Logos is the hypostasis of Christ, it fails to give the necessary ontological space for Creation to respond to God’s love. Congar’s ecclesial ontology, formulated as Body of Christ, is investigated. His hierarchical interpretation of the relation between church structure, whose ontos as visible Body derives apneumatically from the incarnate Logos, and the Spirit, which vivifies the mystical Body through faith and the sacraments, is drawn from the filioque, subordinating the Spirit to the Institution. Souls united with God are eschatological ‘brides’, the reality for which the institution temporarily exists. Christ, or the Spirit, is the ‘I’ of the Church, which is not a ‘person’. Ultimately, souls are to be catholic, transparent to each other and God’s love. There is no explicit relation of Church to Creation. Bulgakov identifies humanity as the hypostatic centre of Creation. In creating, God kenotically gives away his own being (Sophia) establishing temporality and otherness. Humanity is spirit-embodied earth, hypostasising created Sophia, drawn, through deification by the Spirit, into communion with God. The Trinitarian communion of the Godhead is imaged in Creation as the kenotic, hypostatic transparency of the Church. The Incarnation is a synergism between the Logos and Mary, who thereby participates in the salvific activity of the Son and the Spirit, as Spirit- bearer. She is the ‘Bride’ in whom all others participate. Congar’s eschatology and Bulgakov’s kenotically hypostasised Creation proffer an understanding of the Church as the invited ‘yes’ of the personalised cosmos, reborn from Christ through the Cross, eschatologically irradiated by the Spirit with the glory of God, unified in kenotic love, whose communion with the Trinity as the ‘fourth’ hypostasis, ‘the Bride,’ proceeds through her nuptial union with the Son.

G-Protein coupled receptors function by communicating the conformational changes induced during binding to an extracellular ligand through the phospholipid bilayer to the cell interior. Previous work has shown that synthetic oligomers of Aib (2-aminoisobutyric acid) can communicate stereochemical information over similar distances through thermodynamic control of their helical screw-sense preference. This thesis details the development of new membrane-compatible methods to control and detect conformational preferences in Aib oligomers, to allow the future construction of a synthetic GPCR mimic capable of signal transduction through an artificial vesicle membrane. A 13C-labelled NMR probe was synthesised and exploited to unequivocally determine that chiral tertiary and quaternary L-amino acid residues induce opposing screw-sense preferences from the N-terminus of the helix. The synthesis and characterisation of new N-terminal screw-sense controllers based on iminoboronate and cyclo-aminoboronate complexes is discussed. It was also shown that a synthetic N-terminal binding site constructed from an aminoboronate motif facilitates the switchable biomimetic input of stereochemical information from chiral vicinal diol or ribonucleoside ligands. Finally, the synthesis of new C-terminal bis-pyrene conformational reporters, and their successful fluorimetric detection of remotely induced screw-sense preferences are described.

A decrease in stratospheric ozone over the past few decades has resulted in an increase in the quantity of UV-B (280-320 nm) reaching the surface of the Earth. Paradoxically, plants can both suffer from UV-B induced damage and benefit from utilizing UV-B as a trigger for developmental responses and gene expression. There is almost certainly more than one pathway by which plants transmit a signal after perceiving UV-B, in order to effect appropriate responses. Although it is not known how serious the implications of increased ambient UV-B will be for the yield of important crops in the future, our lack of understanding of the mechanisms by which UV-B elicits different responses from plants depending on fluence rate, wavelength and developmental stage ought to be redressed. In order to try to identify some of the proteinaceous components involved in UV-B perception and signal transduction in Arabidopsis we adopted a genetic approach. Various responses to UV-B were carefully investigated with a view to identifying those most suitable to form the bases for genetic screens. It was demonstrated that UV-B wavelengths are capable of stimulating positive phototropic hypocotyl curvature even in the absence of the phototropins (phot1 and phot2), although a screen for mutants lacking this response to UV-B proved unsuccessful. By contrast, a screen for mutants altered in UV-B induced CHALCONE SYNTHASE (CHS) gene expression facilitated by a CHS promoter - Luciferase (Luc) reporter gene, produced four under-expressing and two over-expressing mutants. The four under-expressing mutants were each shown to have single base pair changes in the UVRESISTANCE LOCUS 8 (UVR8) gene. An Arabidopsis uvrS mutant had previously been isolated by Kliebenstein et al. in a screen for plants exhibiting hypersensitivity to supplementary UV-B induced damage. Reduced levels of CHS transcript accumulation in response to UV-B had also been previously observed in the mutant. However, characterization of uvr8 mutants was substantially extended in the work described here. The involvement of UVRS in a UV-B specific branch of photoreception / signal transduction is strongly supported by the uvr8 mutants' retention of CHS expression in response to UV-A and cold treatment in mature plants and to far-red and sucrose treatment in seedlings. UVR8 was shown to be necessary for UV-B (but not UV-A) induced transcript accumulation of the LONG HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5) transcription factor, and the expression of genes important in UV-B photoprotection (eg. EARLY LIGHT INDUCIBLE PROTEINS, PHOTOREACTIVATING ENZYME 1 and flavonoid biosynthesis genes) is apparently stimulated via a signalling pathway which requires both UVR8 and HY5. Accordingly, in the absence of either UVR8 or HY5 plants show an increased susceptibility to supplementary UV-B induced growth inhibition and leaf damage. Microarray analyses of UV-B induced gene expression patterns in both the wr8 and hy5 mutants, compared to wild- type controls, have identified a subset of genes regulated by a UV-B signalling pathway in which UVR8 and HY5 each plays a critical role. The loss of this signalling pathway probably places the plant at a significant selective disadvantage in the wild. In addition to this work, the 30e5 mutant which had previously been isolated, using a CHS promoter beta-GLUCURONIDASE (GUS) reporter gene, as deficient in its response to UV-B was characterized. Although 30e5 was subsequently found to accumulate CHS transcripts normally in response to UV-B and UV-A, it proved to be more sensitive to supplementary UV-B induced growth inhibition and leaf damage than was uvr8. Crosses with the corresponding mutants demonstrated that the 30e5 mutant gene is an allele of the DIFFERENTIAL DEVELOPMENT OF VASCULAR-ASSOCIATED CELLS (DOV1) gene. Map-based cloning delimited the 30E5 gene to a 40 kb region of Arabidopsis chromosome IV which contained 12-14 genes. One of these candidate genes, ATase DEFICIENT 2 (ATD2), encodes 5-PHOSPHORIBOSYL-1-PYROPHOSPHATE AMIDOTRANSFERASE 2 (ATase2), an isoenzyme which catalyzes the first step of de novo purine biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. The atd2 mutant is strikingly similar in phenotype to 30e5 and crosses are being initiated to determine whether 30e5 is an allele of the ATD2 gene.

According to transaction cost economics, reduced transaction costs facilitate economic development. The focus of transaction costs, however, has been on the formal sector. This dissertation draws on research developed by transaction cost economics and applies it to uncertainty and to the informal sector. It concludes that economic development is positively impacted by reducing uncertainty and that this principle applies to both the formal and informal sector.

Traditionally it is not common to monitor fermentations closely, especially at the start of a process when biomass and product levels are low. Rapid, direct product monitoring is also uncommon during fermentation due to the time-consuming sample preparation and analysis procedures commonly required. This thesis aims to introduce the concept of rapid, direct data availability, and decision-making arising from this, to the early part of the fermentation process. If data is available in a rapid manner, decisions affecting the outcome of the process may be taken. Thus, conditions deviating from those desirable can be detected and appropriate actions taken. Fermentations have been performed on recombinant Escherichia coli producing a constitutively expressed product in both batch and fed-batch fermentation modes. The results have been used for fault detection, to ascertain as quickly as possible when an abnormal situation arises. Scale-up of fermentation has also been investigated. The fermentation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in fed-batch culture producing an induced product has also been investigated, with the results gained used to facilitate modelling of the growth and induction phases of the fermentation. Finally, rapid, real-time availability of product titres throughout a complete production process is used to illustrate the ability to describe bioprocesses in terms of product. This can be used for fault detection and estimation of the success of unit operations at all stages of the process. Also, the techniques used enable mass-balancing throughout the process and hence are a tool for increasing process confidence. Possibilities for decision making and control based on the data availability will also exist at certain stages within the process.

The quest for ever stronger and tougher steels has lead to an interest in the 'Acicular Ferrite' microstructure, its chaotic and disordered morphology imparting a high degree of toughness to the steel. To date, only complex and expensive materials and manufacturing processes have formed acicular ferrite within bulk cast steel. As such, the thrust of this research is to produce a cheap steel addition, an iron - titanium oxide metal-ceramic composite, that will facilitate the formation of acicular ferrite in conventionally manufactured bulk cast steels. The Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis (SHS) process has been utilised to manufacture the iron - titanium oxide material from compacts pressed from Fe203 + Ti powders. The fundamental reactions that occur as titanium powder and Fe203 + Ti powder compacts are heated in air and argon atmospheres have been investigated. The process’s involved are reported and have been modelled mathematically. A computer simulation of the reaction process has been developed and tested against experimental evidence. The effect of various compact parameters, the starting compact stoichiometry and other processing variables have been examined with respect to the composition of the products and their morphology.

This thesis essentially presents the experimental investigation of the fundamental phenomena of electric fuse element disintegration and its causation and influence on the subsequent fragmentation of the fuse elements when subjected to excessive fault currents. The basis of the study involved experimental observation of disintegration of fuse elements and the analysis of the dynamic responses of current-carrying conductors, which precipitate disintegration. The experimental techniques employed utilised commercially available video cameras to capture images of element disruptions during disintegration of fuse elements subjected to low short-circuit and high overload currents. Specialist experimental image capturing techniques and hardware implementations were developed to enable investigation of element disintegration caused by high short-circuit fault currents. Disintegration phenomena of fuse elements for all fault cases were compared within different time domains, which included specialist techniques to investigate disintegration of elements in sand and against glass substrates. Disintegration phenomena of elements in unconfined media such as air and water also constituted the studies. The studies diverged, finally, into experimental observations of the temporal development of arc initiation and extinction phenomena of fault current limiting of HBC fuses using spectroscopic analysis of the arc light radiation. The range of studies covered have led to new understandings of fundamental current limiting behaviour of HBC and open type fuses which contribute, in a small way, to the knowledge base of the subject and hopefully will be an aid to improved designs and development of new types of electric fuse.

The initial direction of this research was in the application of Quality tools and techniques, within the framework of the EFQM Model for Business Excellence. Three quality improvement projects managed by the author (Cost of Quality, BPR and Benchmarking) sought to identify the key elements of a process improvement methodology. However, the completion of the three case studies led the author to review the whole approach of the research. The review led to the need to develop an understanding of the culture and the environment of an organisation as a precursor to implementing quality improvement. The ability of an organisation to manage the process of continuous improvement or TQM implementation was fundamentally dependent on the culture of an organisation. Organisational culture is the bedrock upon which organisational change is based and an understanding of the culture could help the practitioner focus on key change issues at the outset. The main work in the research then set about attempting to develop and test a model of organisational culture and climate which would help practitioners develop a fuller understanding of organisational culture and internal environment before interventions were carried out. A process for developing an understanding of organisational culture and climate was derived, using information obtained from the culture, quality and climate literature and the review of the case studies. This process included the use of various tools and techniques such as multi-item questionnaire and focus groups. The process used Focus Groups to identify key issues within Lloyds TSB and to help develop a multi-item questionnaire, termed PCOC. The PCOC questionnaire was then tested in four different Areas of Lloyds TSB and the results were analysed and compared to identify similarities and differences across Business Areas. The implications for the implementation of quality improvement were identified and recommendations for managing change were made.

Spectroscopic studies of novel rare earth doped glasses are presented. Such studies provide an important insight into the physical interaction between the rare earth and the glass host. The aim of this thesis is to assess rare earth doped glasses as media for active fibre devices, particularly as components for the telecommunications industry. Through spectroscopic studies it is shown that by careful selection of the glass host, the rare earth properties can be modified to meet specific device requirements. An optical 1.3µm fibre amplifier has already been demonstrated in praseodymium doped ZBLAN. However, a greatly improved device performance has been predicted in praseodymium doped gallium-lanthanum-sulphide (GLS) glass. Oxide impurities are common in this glass. Therefore, in this study the effects of lanthanum oxide in GLS glass are identified. Oxide provides a second, preferentially occupied praseodymium site within the GLS glass which increases the inhomogeneity of the system. Further, the oxide site has a reduced 1.3µm quantum efficiency because of an increase in the maximum vibrational energy of the bonds surrounding the praseodymium ion. For 1.3µm fibre amplifiers, if oxide levels can be controlled, praseodymium doped GLS is a potentially useful and flexible host. Erbium-ytterbium codoped phosphoaluminosilicate fibres have been demonstrated to be efficient hosts for 1.5µm fibre amplifiers and lasers. In this study the role of aluminium in such fibres is identified. Through direct studies of energy transfer, aluminium is shown to have a two fold effect on the 1.5µm efficiency of the fibres. Firstly, the phosphorus to aluminium ratio determines the site of the rare earth and the non-radiative properties experienced. Secondly, an increasing aluminium concentration below that of phosphorus changes the average distance between the rare earth dopants. In both cases. the effects of aluminium are correlated with the performance of 1.5µm fibre lasers. Finally, the pairing of erbium ions is shown to limit the maximum 1.5µm erbium inversion. This has consequences for 1.5µm devices in erbium-ytterbium germanosilicate fibres. Cooperative luminescence is demonstrated in ytterbium-terbium codoped silica fibres for the first time. Time resolved fluorescence measurements confirm the presence of the phenomenon, and allow a direct measurement of the cooperative energy transfer probability. The effect of glass structure on the process is explored. Theoretical modelling shows that the probability of the process is dependent upon the strength of the dipole-dipole coupling between the rare earths. The effect of glass structure on the cooperative process is explained in terms of the influence of the individual glass constituents upon the rare earth distribution.

The first two chapters of this thesis comprise a review of laser anemometry with particular reference to photon correlation techniques. Chapter 3 discusses the requirement for and design and performance predictions of a new, versatile backscatter laser anemometry optical system capable of both laser Doppler and laser transit modes of operation. Comparisons of the new laser anemometer with hot and pulsed wire anemometry in an axi-symmetric jet are presented in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 describes the theory and simulations of a new method of photon correlation laser Doppler-difference anemometry using polarisation coded laser beams. The new technique permits determination of the velocity probability density function under conditions of flow reversals, without the use of frequency shifting. Comparisons of this new technique with pulsed-wire anemometry in an axi-symmetric baffled jet are presented in Chapter 6. Chapter 7 discusses further the results of the research comprising this thesis and provides a brief account of applications of the new instrumentation and techniques to some difficult problems in fluid engineering.

Rinderpest immunity in calves was investigated by a study of neutralizing antibodies. In young calves aged from 1 day to 2 months, the progeny of rinderpest susceptible dams, the serological response to viable lapinised rinderpest virus, as measured by the serum titres 21 days after inoculation, did not differ from those of adult susceptible cattle. Maternally- derived rinderpest antibodies were found to be transferred from the Cam to the calf via the colostrum, No antibodies were detected in the sera of calves before suckling. The colostra of immune dams contained rinderpest antibodies to a higher titre than that of the dams' sera; 30-40 hours after the ingestion of such colostra, newborn calves possessed high antibody levels in their sera, levels greater than those of their dams' sera, approaching but less than those of the colostra ingested. Thereafter the antibody levels in the calves' sera declined linearly. The mean half -life of maternally derived rinderpest antibody in calves was 36.7 days and the extinction point 10.9 months (the extinction point was the thane calculated for, the titre to fall to 100.0, 1 month being equal to 30 days). Two young calves, from susceptible dams, which each . ingested daily for 5 weeks 1 gallon of milk containing rinderpest antibodies failed to show evidence of their absorption from the intestinal tract. In calves which were the progeny of rinderpest-immune dams the serological response to viable caprinized rinderpest virus depended upon the level of maternally-derived passive immunity at the time of inoculation. All calves aged & months or more at the time of inoculation produced antibodies, whereas no calves aged 3 months or less do so. Some calves aged between 4 and 7 months were, and others were not, actively immunized. Two critical levels of maternally-derived antibodies occurred, one below which all calves produced antibodies and another above which no calf produced antibodies. The response in calves with preinoculation titres between these two levels varied. There was a significant relationship between the level of maternally - derived antibody at the ti :e of inoculation of vaccine and the amount of antibody produced during the following 3 weeks, the greater the preinoculation titre the smaller the amount of antibody produced. Similarly there was also a significant relationship between the preinoculation titre and the 1 year post -inoculation titre. Also, where calves possessed a high level of antibody before inoculation, but were actively immunized, antibody was produced at a slower rate than in those calves possessing little or no maternally- derived antibody. The development of an active immunity to rinderpest by those calves possessing maternally-derived antibody was not necessarily associated with a clinical reaction. When passively immune calves failed to produce antibodies following caprinized rinderpest virus inoculation, sensitization of the antibody-forming mechanism did not occur as was demonstrated by failure to show an anamnestic response following later exposure to rinderpest antigen.

1. INTRODUCTION. The development of the British Broadcasting Company from a Public Utility Company created under the Companies Acts into a Corporation established by Royal Charter with an account of the part played in the metamorphosis by the Sykes and Crawford Committees. 2. THE CORPORATION and the STATE. The formula defining the duty of the Corporation, Governors, Director General. Ministerial control, including right of veto. Parliamentary control. Editorial Rights. Advisory Committees. 3. THE CORPORATION and the BROADCASTING OF POLITICAL CONTROVERSY. Party Broadcasting by Members of Parliament. Political Broadcasting at Election time. Broadcasting of Parliamentary Reports and Political Broadcasting generally. 4. THE CORPORATION in the IMPERIAL and INTERNATIONAL SPIERE. Empire and Foreign Broadcasting. The Corporation's part as a Member of International Broadcasting Union and as an expert on International Committees, technics.] political, legal. 5. THE CORPORATION and its LEGAL STATUS. Powers of Chartered Corporation, public and private. Rights in respect of corporeal and incorporeal property in peace and wartime - Persons - Staff and Third Parties. Wartime Legislation. Libel and Slander of persons and goods. Jurisdiction. 6. THE CORPORATION as an OPERATING CONCERN. Publications, Public Concerts and other Public Entertainments, News, including its transmission. Copy- :right, Artists, including Children and Staff. 7. THE CORPORATION and, its FINAJCES with SUBSIDIARY CHAPTER on SPONSORING. Financial history with note of exemptions from ordinary taxation. History of Sponsoring. 8. THE CORPORATION and RELAY EXCHANGES. History of development and changes in relations between Corporation and Operating Companies. 9. THE CORPORATION and TELEVISION. History of development and note of special problems relating to Television. 10. THE CORPORATION and the BROADCASTING ORGANISATIONS in the DOMINIONS. A comparison in some detail of principal points of constitutional interest. 11. Short ESSAY on future development of BROADCASTING in GREAT BRITAIN. 12. The FREEDOM of the ETHER - An Article published July 1946 in the B.B.C. QUARTERLY.

In modern obstetric practice the aim of the accoucheur is to obtain a vaginal delivery where possible, but only if this object can be reached without injury to mother or child. Because of this attempt to obtain delivery per vias naturalis the maternal pelvis has been the subject of close study by obstetricians for many years. Attempts to measure the pelvis in the living subject has resulted in many varieties of pelvimeter and manual methods of measurement, but it was not until the improvement in X -ray technique that an accurate study of the pelvic architecture was Possible and reliable measurements made. A large bibliography has accumulated on the study of radiological technique in the pregnant woman, both in this country, Europe and America, and some of these papers will be referred to later. On studying the published series, especially from Britain, it was apparent that there was a consider able variation in the results, and it seemed to me that it would be worth studying the problem in this area, i.e. the South -East of Scotland. I considered that by obtaining a fairly large series of cases and correlating this with various findings such as maternal height, baby weight and duration of labour, one would have a basis on which to assess future cases in our own hospital. Another valuable contribution that X -ray pelvimetry makes possible to us in this region in which all the maternity hospitals are congregated in a small area, is to be able to assess a case that may be delivered elsewhere. Many cases are delivered in Cottage hospitals or at home, often at a distance of 50 miles from the main centres, and one is frequently sent cases by their general practitioner with a request to ascertain whether labour will be normal or not. While I do not underestimate the value of abdominal and vaginal examination with an estimate of cephalo- pelvic disproportion, the fact remains that in many women there is pelvic contraction at a lower level than the brim of the pelvis, and this may be difficult to assess antenatally in some patients. Nowadays many general practitioners are unwilling to under - take any operative delivery themselves, even a low forceps, and they expect an obstetric opinion to eliminate these when possible. 'Even in a good home a forceps delivery is often undesirable,and this point was brought out by Aitken (1955) speaking on behalf of the general practitioners of South Lincolnshire at the British Congress of Obstetrics at Oxford.

A brief historical survey of the concept of muscle-tone is given. Muscle-tone is defined as: "the capacity of a muscle to resist extension," An instrument, the Tonometer, working on the "hardness" principle, is described and assessed. It is shown to provide an effective measure of differences in muscle-tone. It is further shown that measures of tone based on "hardness" and based on "resistance to extension" may, under limited conditions, give equivalent results. Clinical work is described in which the effect on muscle-tone of ether anaesthesia and of resaxants is assessed by the Tonometer. It is found that the increase in tone common in second stage anaesthesia may persist into the first plane of the third stage. No decrease in tone below the level in the relaxed conscious patient was shown to occur with anaesthesia. (Objects (1) and (3), page 1). No decrease in tone below the level found in the relaxed, conscious patient was shown to occur with relaxants. (Objects (2) and (3), page 1). It is concluded that the purpose both of anaesthesia and of relaxant drugs is, not the obtaining of muscular relaxation, but its maintenance by preventing reflex increases in tone. Part 2 of the thesis is devoted to a consideration of the effects of relaxants and the way in which reflex increases in tone are prevented. This is an expansion of object (2). As relaxants produce no decrease in muscle-tone beyond that found in the relaxed conscious patient, the activity of the drugs was judged by the effect on the tendon-jerks; the effect on the response to stimulation of peripheral nerves; and by the presence or absence of conditions satisfactory for upper abdominal surgery. It is shown that tendon-jerks are gradually abolished under the influence of relaxants. When d-tubocurarine or gallamine are used, abdominal protective reflexes may be abolished while the tendon-jerks are still present. (stage of Bremer). This is not true in the case of decamethoniura. Relaxation satisfactory for upper abdominal surgery may begin while the threshold for response to stimulation of the ulnar nerve is unaltered, or is even temporarily lowered, and while both hand and abdominal muscles can still maintain an imposed tetanus. It is concluded that the peripheral blocking action of d-tubocurarine and gallamine is not sufficient to explain the abolishing of protective reflexes by these drugs, but no site is assigned for any central action which might be responsible for this effect.