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The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2021/22 is the fifth in this series of biennial publications. The Concise Guide provides concise overviews, mostly in tabular format, of the key properties of nearly 1900 human drug targets with an emphasis on selective pharmacology (where available), plus links to the open access knowledgebase source of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. Although the Concise Guide constitutes over 500 pages, the material presented is substantially reduced compared to information and links presented on the website. It provides a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates. The full contents of this section can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/bph.15541. Catalytic receptors are one of the six major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being: G protein-coupled receptors, ion channels, nuclear hormone receptors, enzymes and transporters. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. The landscape format of the Concise Guide is designed to facilitate comparison of related targets from material contemporary to mid-2021, and supersedes data presented in the 2019/20, 2017/18, 2015/16 and 2013/14 Concise Guides and previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in close conjunction with the Nomenclature and Standards Committee of the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (NC-IUPHAR), therefore, providing official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate.

BACKGROUND: Acute peritonitis is the most frequent complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD). Increased nitric oxide (NO) release by NO synthase (NOS) isoforms has been implicated in acute peritonitis, but the role played by the NOS isoforms expressed in the peritoneum is unknown. METHODS: We investigated the structural and functional consequences of acute peritonitis induced by LPS in wild-type (WT) mice versus knockout mice (KO) for the endothelial NOS (eNOS), the inducible NOS (iNOS) or the neuronal NOS (nNOS). RESULTS: The level of NO metabolites (NOx) in the dialysate was maximal 18 h after LPS injection. LPS induced a significant increase in the transport of small solutes and decreased ultrafiltration in WT mice. These changes, which occurred without vascular proliferation, were paralleled by the upregulation of nNOS and eNOS, and the induction of iNOS. The transport modifications induced by LPS were significantly reversed in eNOS KO mice, but not modified in mice lacking iNOS or nNOS. In contrast, the increase of dialysate NOx was abolished in iNOS KO mice and significantly reduced in eNOS KO mice, but left unchanged in mice lacking nNOS. Mice lacking iNOS also showed more severe inflammatory changes, and a trend towards increased mortality following LPS. CONCLUSION: These data demonstrate specific roles for NOS isoforms in the peritoneal membrane and suggest that selective eNOS inhibition may improve peritoneal transport during acute peritonitis.

In this publication, we review the activities of the European Uremic Toxin Work Group (EUTox) in the field of uremic toxin research. Founded in 1999 under the umbrella of the European Society of Artificial Organs (ESAO), and active since 2000, this group focuses essentially on questions related to solute retention and removal during chronic kidney disease, and on the deleterious impact of those solutes on biological/biochemical systems. As of January 1, 2009, the group had met 28 times; it organized the third meeting, "Uremic Toxins in Cardiovascular Disease," which took place in October 2008 in Amiens, France. The current group is composed of 25 members belonging to 23 European research institutions. As of November 1, 2008, in total 69 papers had been published to which at least two different research groups belonging to EUTox have contributed in a collaborative effort. Of these, 40 papers were on original research and eight were specific EUTox reviews or position statements. A website (http://www.eutox.info) summarizes all relevant information concerning the work group. EUTox also developed an interactive uremic toxin database, where concentrations of known toxins are displayed, to be used by researchers in the field. In the future, EUTox intends to continue its focus on bench to bedside research with specific consideration of proteomics, metabonomics, secretomics, and genomics.

Le rejet d’allogreffe dépend de la reconnaissance d’antigènes d’histocompatibilité étrangers par le système immunitaire du receveur. En l'absence de thérapies immunosuppressives, la réaction inflammatoire éventuelle conduit à la destruction rapide du tissu transplanté. Le rôle critique joué par les lymphocytes T CD4+ dans le rejet aigu d'allogreffe est bien établi. Cependant, les contributions respectives des lymphocytes CD4+ Th1 et Th2 dans la réaction de rejet sont controversées. Alors que le rôle des cellules Th1 dans la pathogénèse du rejet est bien établi, l'hypothèse que les cellules Th2 favorisent l'acceptation de la greffe est invalide puisque ces cellules sont capables de déclencher des voies alternatives de rejet. En effet, la fonction effectrice des lymphocytes Th2 a été démontrée dans beaucoup de modèles de rejet de greffe ou de tumeur, et dans la maladie du greffon contre l'hôte. Les caractéristiques principales du rejet de type Th2 sont sa dépendance envers la production d'IL-4 et d'IL-5, le recrutement d'éosinophiles au site du rejet, et son inhibition par les lymphocytes T CD8+ alloréactifs. Les éosinophiles activés exercent leur activité cytotoxique par la libération de plusieurs molécules cytotoxiques comme l’EDN, l’ECP, la MBP et l’EPO. Ces molécules sont probablement responsables de la capacité des éosinophies à affecter la perméabilité vasculaire et à induire des dégâts tissulaires dans les organes rejetés.L'interleukine 9 (IL-9) est une cytokine produite par les lymphocytes T qui joue un rôle important dans les voies effectrices Th2. Dans la littérature, l’IL-9 est fortement associée au développement de l’éosinophilie tissulaire. Dans notre première étude, nous avons analysé le rôle joué par l'IL-9 dans le rejet d'allogreffe bm12 par des souris B6 (pour C57BL/6), un modèle dans le lequel une simple disparité au niveau de la molécule du CMH de classe II favorise une réaction inflammatoire de type Th2. Dans ce modèle, de faible alloantigéni, Doctorat en sciences biomédicales, info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Le rejet d’allogreffe dépend de la reconnaissance d’antigènes d’histocompatibilité étrangers par le système immunitaire du receveur. En l'absence de thérapies immunosuppressives, la réaction inflammatoire éventuelle conduit à la destruction rapide du tissu transplanté. Le rôle critique joué par les lymphocytes T CD4+ dans le rejet aigu d'allogreffe est bien établi. Cependant, les contributions respectives des lymphocytes CD4+ Th1 et Th2 dans la réaction de rejet sont controversées. Alors que le rôle des cellules Th1 dans la pathogénèse du rejet est bien établi, l'hypothèse que les cellules Th2 favorisent l'acceptation de la greffe est invalide puisque ces cellules sont capables de déclencher des voies alternatives de rejet. En effet, la fonction effectrice des lymphocytes Th2 a été démontrée dans beaucoup de modèles de rejet de greffe ou de tumeur, et dans la maladie du greffon contre l'hôte. Les caractéristiques principales du rejet de type Th2 sont sa dépendance envers la production d'IL-4 et d'IL-5, le recrutement d'éosinophiles au site du rejet, et son inhibition par les lymphocytes T CD8+ alloréactifs. Les éosinophiles activés exercent leur activité cytotoxique par la libération de plusieurs molécules cytotoxiques comme l’EDN, l’ECP, la MBP et l’EPO. Ces molécules sont probablement responsables de la capacité des éosinophies à affecter la perméabilité vasculaire et à induire des dégâts tissulaires dans les organes rejetés.L'interleukine 9 (IL-9) est une cytokine produite par les lymphocytes T qui joue un rôle important dans les voies effectrices Th2. Dans la littérature, l’IL-9 est fortement associée au développement de l’éosinophilie tissulaire. Dans notre première étude, nous avons analysé le rôle joué par l'IL-9 dans le rejet d'allogreffe bm12 par des souris B6 (pour C57BL/6), un modèle dans le lequel une simple disparité au niveau de la molécule du CMH de classe II favorise une réaction inflammatoire de type Th2. Dans ce modèle, de faible alloantigéni, Doctorat en sciences biomédicales, info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

In experimental murine trypanosomiasis, resistance is often scored as the capacity to control peak parasitemia levels, which results in prolonged survival. Infection-induced pathology has not systematically been used as a resistance criterion. Because this parameter could be the most relevant for comparative analysis of natural and experimental infections, as well as for understanding of pathology-associated immune alterations, we analyzed Trypanosoma brucei infections in 4 different established conventional mouse models, as well as in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-deficient and TNF-receptor-deficient mice. Results indicate the following: (1) there is no correlation between peak parasitemia control or survival and the induction of infection-associated anemia, loss of body weight, liver pathology, reduced locomotor activity, and general morbidity; (2) serum levels of TNF, interferon- gamma, and interleukin-10, which are known to affect survival, do not correlate with induction of pathology; and (3) infection-induced occurrence of lipopolysaccharide hypersensitivity does not correlate with survival. However, one parameter that was found to correlate with the inhibition of trypanosomiasis-associated pathology in all models was the shedding of soluble p75 TNF-receptor during peak parasitemia stages. These results are important for future cytokine and trypanosomiasis pathology studies, because the interplay between TNF and the soluble receptors it sheds has not been considered in either human clinical sleeping sickness studies or in veterinary trypanosomiasis research., Comparative Study, Journal Article, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

In experimental murine trypanosomiasis, resistance is often scored as the capacity to control peak parasitemia levels, which results in prolonged survival. Infection-induced pathology has not systematically been used as a resistance criterion. Because this parameter could be the most relevant for comparative analysis of natural and experimental infections, as well as for understanding of pathology-associated immune alterations, we analyzed Trypanosoma brucei infections in 4 different established conventional mouse models, as well as in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-deficient and TNF-receptor-deficient mice. Results indicate the following: (1) there is no correlation between peak parasitemia control or survival and the induction of infection-associated anemia, loss of body weight, liver pathology, reduced locomotor activity, and general morbidity; (2) serum levels of TNF, interferon- gamma, and interleukin-10, which are known to affect survival, do not correlate with induction of pathology; and (3) infection-induced occurrence of lipopolysaccharide hypersensitivity does not correlate with survival. However, one parameter that was found to correlate with the inhibition of trypanosomiasis-associated pathology in all models was the shedding of soluble p75 TNF-receptor during peak parasitemia stages. These results are important for future cytokine and trypanosomiasis pathology studies, because the interplay between TNF and the soluble receptors it sheds has not been considered in either human clinical sleeping sickness studies or in veterinary trypanosomiasis research., Comparative Study, Journal Article, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published