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1. Redefining genera of cereal pathogens: Oculimacula, Rhynchosporium and Spermospora

Author: Crous, P.W., Braun, Uwe, McDonald, B.A., Lennox, C.L., Edwards, Jacqueline, Mann, Ross C., Zaveri, A, Linde, C.C., Dyer, P.S., Groenewald, Ewald, Crous, P.W., Braun, Uwe, McDonald, B.A., Lennox, C.L., Edwards, Jacqueline, Mann, Ross C., Zaveri, A, Linde, C.C., Dyer, P.S., and Groenewald, Ewald
Abstract: The taxonomy of Oculimacula, Rhynchosporium and Spermospora is re-evaluated, along with that of phylogenetically related genera. Isolates are identified using comparisons of DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer ribosomal RNA locus (ITS), partial translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1), actin (act), DNA-directed RNA polymerase II largest (rpb1) and second largest subunit (rpb2) genes, and the nuclear ribosomal large subunit (LSU), combined with their morphological characteristics. Oculimacula is restricted to two species, O. acuformis and O. yallundae, with O. aestiva placed in Cyphellophora, and O. anguioides accommodated in a new genus, Helgardiomyces. Rhynchosporium s. str. is restricted to species with 1-septate conidia and hooked apical beaks, while Rhynchobrunnera is introduced for species with 1–3-septate, straight conidia, lacking any apical beak. Rhynchosporium graminicola is proposed to replace the name R. commune applied to the barley scald pathogen based on nomenclatural priority. Spermospora is shown to be paraphyletic, representing Spermospora (type: S. subulata), with three new species, S. arrhenatheri, S. loliiphila and S. zeae, and Neospermospora gen. nov. (type: N. avenae). Ypsilina (type: Y. graminea), is shown to be monophyletic, but appears to be of minor importance on cereals. Finally, Vanderaaea gen. nov. (type: V. ammophilae), is introduced as a new coelomycetous fungus occurring on dead leaves of Ammophila arenaria.
Published: 2021

2. Redefining genera of cereal pathogens: Oculimacula, Rhynchosporium and Spermospora

Author: Crous, P.W., Braun, Uwe, McDonald, B.A., Lennox, C.L., Edwards, Jacqueline, Mann, Ross C., Zaveri, A, Linde, C.C., Dyer, P.S., Groenewald, Ewald, Crous, P.W., Braun, Uwe, McDonald, B.A., Lennox, C.L., Edwards, Jacqueline, Mann, Ross C., Zaveri, A, Linde, C.C., Dyer, P.S., and Groenewald, Ewald
Abstract: The taxonomy of Oculimacula, Rhynchosporium and Spermospora is re-evaluated, along with that of phylogenetically related genera. Isolates are identified using comparisons of DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer ribosomal RNA locus (ITS), partial translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1), actin (act), DNA-directed RNA polymerase II largest (rpb1) and second largest subunit (rpb2) genes, and the nuclear ribosomal large subunit (LSU), combined with their morphological characteristics. Oculimacula is restricted to two species, O. acuformis and O. yallundae, with O. aestiva placed in Cyphellophora, and O. anguioides accommodated in a new genus, Helgardiomyces. Rhynchosporium s. str. is restricted to species with 1-septate conidia and hooked apical beaks, while Rhynchobrunnera is introduced for species with 1–3-septate, straight conidia, lacking any apical beak. Rhynchosporium graminicola is proposed to replace the name R. commune applied to the barley scald pathogen based on nomenclatural priority. Spermospora is shown to be paraphyletic, representing Spermospora (type: S. subulata), with three new species, S. arrhenatheri, S. loliiphila and S. zeae, and Neospermospora gen. nov. (type: N. avenae). Ypsilina (type: Y. graminea), is shown to be monophyletic, but appears to be of minor importance on cereals. Finally, Vanderaaea gen. nov. (type: V. ammophilae), is introduced as a new coelomycetous fungus occurring on dead leaves of Ammophila arenaria.
Published: 2021

3. Australia: A Continent Without Native Powdery Mildews? The First Comprehensive Catalog Indicates Recent Introductions and Multiple Host Range Expansion Events, and Leads to the Re-discovery of Salmonomyces as a New Lineage of the Erysiphales

Author: Kiss, Levente, Vaghefi, Niloofar, Bransgrove, Kaylene, Dearnaley, John D. W., Takamatsu, Susumu, Tan, Yu Pei, Marston, Craig, Liu, Shu-Yan, Jin, Dan-Ni, Adorada, Dante L., Bailey, Jordan, Cabrera de Álvarez, Maria Graciela, Daly, Andrew, Dirchwolf, Pamela Maia, Jones, Lynne, Nguyen, Thuan Dat, Edwards, Jacqueline, Ho, Wellcome, Kelly, Lisa A., Mintoff, Sharl J. L., Morrison, Jennifer, Németh, Márk Z., Perkins, Sandy, Shivas, Roger G., Smith, Reannon, Stuart, Kara, Southwell, Ronald, Turaganivalu, Unaisi, Váczy, Kálmán Zoltán, Blommestein, Annie Van, Wright, Dominie, Young, Anthony, Braun, Uwe, Kiss, Levente, Vaghefi, Niloofar, Bransgrove, Kaylene, Dearnaley, John D. W., Takamatsu, Susumu, Tan, Yu Pei, Marston, Craig, Liu, Shu-Yan, Jin, Dan-Ni, Adorada, Dante L., Bailey, Jordan, Cabrera de Álvarez, Maria Graciela, Daly, Andrew, Dirchwolf, Pamela Maia, Jones, Lynne, Nguyen, Thuan Dat, Edwards, Jacqueline, Ho, Wellcome, Kelly, Lisa A., Mintoff, Sharl J. L., Morrison, Jennifer, Németh, Márk Z., Perkins, Sandy, Shivas, Roger G., Smith, Reannon, Stuart, Kara, Southwell, Ronald, Turaganivalu, Unaisi, Váczy, Kálmán Zoltán, Blommestein, Annie Van, Wright, Dominie, Young, Anthony, and Braun, Uwe
Abstract: In contrast to Eurasia and North America, powdery mildews (Ascomycota, Erysiphales) are understudied in Australia. There are over 900 species known globally, with fewer than currently 60 recorded from Australia. Some of the Australian records are doubtful as the identifications were presumptive, being based on host plant-pathogen lists from overseas. The goal of this study was to provide the first comprehensive catalog of all powdery mildew species present in Australia. The project resulted in (i) an up-to-date list of all the taxa that have been identified in Australia based on published DNA barcode sequences prior to this study; (ii) the precise identification of 117 specimens freshly collected from across the country; and (iii) the precise identification of 30 herbarium specimens collected between 1975 and 2013. This study confirmed 42 species representing 10 genera, including two genera and 13 species recorded for the first time in Australia. In Eurasia and North America, the number of powdery mildew species is much higher. Phylogenetic analyses of powdery mildews collected from Acalypha spp. resulted in the transfer of Erysiphe acalyphae to Salmonomyces, a resurrected genus. Salmonomyces acalyphae comb. nov. represents a newly discovered lineage of the Erysiphales. Another taxonomic change is the transfer of Oidium ixodiae to Golovinomyces. Powdery mildew infections have been confirmed on 13 native Australian plant species in the genera Acacia, Acalypha, Cephalotus, Convolvulus, Eucalyptus, Hardenbergia, Ixodia, Jagera, Senecio, and Trema. Most of the causal agents were polyphagous species that infect many other host plants both overseas and in Australia. All powdery mildews infecting native plants in Australia were phylogenetically closely related to species known overseas. The data indicate that Australia is a continent without native powdery mildews, and most, if not all, species have been introduced since the European colonization of the continent.
Published: 2020

4. Australia: A Continent Without Native Powdery Mildews? The First Comprehensive Catalog Indicates Recent Introductions and Multiple Host Range Expansion Events, and Leads to the Re-discovery of Salmonomyces as a New Lineage of the Erysiphales

Author: Kiss, Levente, Vaghefi, Niloofar, Bransgrove, Kaylene, Dearnaley, John D. W., Takamatsu, Susumu, Tan, Yu Pei, Marston, Craig, Liu, Shu-Yan, Jin, Dan-Ni, Adorada, Dante L., Bailey, Jordan, Cabrera de Álvarez, Maria Graciela, Daly, Andrew, Dirchwolf, Pamela Maia, Jones, Lynne, Nguyen, Thuan Dat, Edwards, Jacqueline, Ho, Wellcome, Kelly, Lisa A., Mintoff, Sharl J. L., Morrison, Jennifer, Németh, Márk Z., Perkins, Sandy, Shivas, Roger G., Smith, Reannon, Stuart, Kara, Southwell, Ronald, Turaganivalu, Unaisi, Váczy, Kálmán Zoltán, Blommestein, Annie Van, Wright, Dominie, Young, Anthony, Braun, Uwe, Kiss, Levente, Vaghefi, Niloofar, Bransgrove, Kaylene, Dearnaley, John D. W., Takamatsu, Susumu, Tan, Yu Pei, Marston, Craig, Liu, Shu-Yan, Jin, Dan-Ni, Adorada, Dante L., Bailey, Jordan, Cabrera de Álvarez, Maria Graciela, Daly, Andrew, Dirchwolf, Pamela Maia, Jones, Lynne, Nguyen, Thuan Dat, Edwards, Jacqueline, Ho, Wellcome, Kelly, Lisa A., Mintoff, Sharl J. L., Morrison, Jennifer, Németh, Márk Z., Perkins, Sandy, Shivas, Roger G., Smith, Reannon, Stuart, Kara, Southwell, Ronald, Turaganivalu, Unaisi, Váczy, Kálmán Zoltán, Blommestein, Annie Van, Wright, Dominie, Young, Anthony, and Braun, Uwe
Abstract: In contrast to Eurasia and North America, powdery mildews (Ascomycota, Erysiphales) are understudied in Australia. There are over 900 species known globally, with fewer than currently 60 recorded from Australia. Some of the Australian records are doubtful as the identifications were presumptive, being based on host plant-pathogen lists from overseas. The goal of this study was to provide the first comprehensive catalog of all powdery mildew species present in Australia. The project resulted in (i) an up-to-date list of all the taxa that have been identified in Australia based on published DNA barcode sequences prior to this study; (ii) the precise identification of 117 specimens freshly collected from across the country; and (iii) the precise identification of 30 herbarium specimens collected between 1975 and 2013. This study confirmed 42 species representing 10 genera, including two genera and 13 species recorded for the first time in Australia. In Eurasia and North America, the number of powdery mildew species is much higher. Phylogenetic analyses of powdery mildews collected from Acalypha spp. resulted in the transfer of Erysiphe acalyphae to Salmonomyces, a resurrected genus. Salmonomyces acalyphae comb. nov. represents a newly discovered lineage of the Erysiphales. Another taxonomic change is the transfer of Oidium ixodiae to Golovinomyces. Powdery mildew infections have been confirmed on 13 native Australian plant species in the genera Acacia, Acalypha, Cephalotus, Convolvulus, Eucalyptus, Hardenbergia, Ixodia, Jagera, Senecio, and Trema. Most of the causal agents were polyphagous species that infect many other host plants both overseas and in Australia. All powdery mildews infecting native plants in Australia were phylogenetically closely related to species known overseas. The data indicate that Australia is a continent without native powdery mildews, and most, if not all, species have been introduced since the European colonization of the continent.
Published: 2020

5. Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa.

Author: Zamora, Juan, Zamora, Juan, Svensson, Måns, Kirschner, Roland, Olariaga, Ibai, Ryman, Svengunnar, Parra, Luis, Geml, József, Rosling, Anna, Adamčík, Slavomír, Ahti, Teuvo, Aime, M, Ainsworth, A, Albert, László, Albertó, Edgardo, García, Alberto, Ageev, Dmitry, Agerer, Reinhard, Aguirre-Hudson, Begoña, Ammirati, Joe, Andersson, Harry, Angelini, Claudio, Antonín, Vladimír, Aoki, Takayuki, Aptroot, André, Argaud, Didier, Sosa, Blanca, Aronsen, Arne, Arup, Ulf, Asgari, Bita, Assyov, Boris, Atienza, Violeta, Bandini, Ditte, Baptista-Ferreira, João, Baral, Hans-Otto, Baroni, Tim, Barreto, Robert, Beker, Henry, Bell, Ann, Bellanger, Jean-Michel, Bellù, Francesco, Bemmann, Martin, Bendiksby, Mika, Bendiksen, Egil, Bendiksen, Katriina, Benedek, Lajos, Bérešová-Guttová, Anna, Berger, Franz, Berndt, Reinhard, Bernicchia, Annarosa, Biketova, Alona, Bizio, Enrico, Bjork, Curtis, Boekhout, Teun, Boertmann, David, Böhning, Tanja, Boittin, Florent, Boluda, Carlos, Boomsluiter, Menno, Borovička, Jan, Brandrud, Tor, Braun, Uwe, Brodo, Irwin, Bulyonkova, Tatiana, Burdsall, Harold, Buyck, Bart, Burgaz, Ana, Calatayud, Vicent, Callac, Philippe, Campo, Emanuele, Candusso, Massimo, Capoen, Brigitte, Carbó, Joaquim, Carbone, Matteo, Castañeda-Ruiz, Rafael, Castellano, Michael, Chen, Jie, Clerc, Philippe, Consiglio, Giovanni, Corriol, Gilles, Courtecuisse, Régis, Crespo, Ana, Cripps, Cathy, Crous, Pedro, da Silva, Gladstone, da Silva, Meiriele, Dam, Marjo, Dam, Nico, Dämmrich, Frank, Das, Kanad, Davies, Linda, De Crop, Eske, De Kesel, Andre, De Lange, Ruben, De Madrignac Bonzi, Bárbara, Dela Cruz, Thomas, Delgat, Lynn, Demoulin, Vincent, Desjardin, Dennis, Diederich, Paul, Dima, Bálint, Zamora, Juan, Zamora, Juan, Svensson, Måns, Kirschner, Roland, Olariaga, Ibai, Ryman, Svengunnar, Parra, Luis, Geml, József, Rosling, Anna, Adamčík, Slavomír, Ahti, Teuvo, Aime, M, Ainsworth, A, Albert, László, Albertó, Edgardo, García, Alberto, Ageev, Dmitry, Agerer, Reinhard, Aguirre-Hudson, Begoña, Ammirati, Joe, Andersson, Harry, Angelini, Claudio, Antonín, Vladimír, Aoki, Takayuki, Aptroot, André, Argaud, Didier, Sosa, Blanca, Aronsen, Arne, Arup, Ulf, Asgari, Bita, Assyov, Boris, Atienza, Violeta, Bandini, Ditte, Baptista-Ferreira, João, Baral, Hans-Otto, Baroni, Tim, Barreto, Robert, Beker, Henry, Bell, Ann, Bellanger, Jean-Michel, Bellù, Francesco, Bemmann, Martin, Bendiksby, Mika, Bendiksen, Egil, Bendiksen, Katriina, Benedek, Lajos, Bérešová-Guttová, Anna, Berger, Franz, Berndt, Reinhard, Bernicchia, Annarosa, Biketova, Alona, Bizio, Enrico, Bjork, Curtis, Boekhout, Teun, Boertmann, David, Böhning, Tanja, Boittin, Florent, Boluda, Carlos, Boomsluiter, Menno, Borovička, Jan, Brandrud, Tor, Braun, Uwe, Brodo, Irwin, Bulyonkova, Tatiana, Burdsall, Harold, Buyck, Bart, Burgaz, Ana, Calatayud, Vicent, Callac, Philippe, Campo, Emanuele, Candusso, Massimo, Capoen, Brigitte, Carbó, Joaquim, Carbone, Matteo, Castañeda-Ruiz, Rafael, Castellano, Michael, Chen, Jie, Clerc, Philippe, Consiglio, Giovanni, Corriol, Gilles, Courtecuisse, Régis, Crespo, Ana, Cripps, Cathy, Crous, Pedro, da Silva, Gladstone, da Silva, Meiriele, Dam, Marjo, Dam, Nico, Dämmrich, Frank, Das, Kanad, Davies, Linda, De Crop, Eske, De Kesel, Andre, De Lange, Ruben, De Madrignac Bonzi, Bárbara, Dela Cruz, Thomas, Delgat, Lynn, Demoulin, Vincent, Desjardin, Dennis, Diederich, Paul, and Dima, Bálint
Abstract: Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11th International Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN.
Published: 2018

6. Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa

Author: Zamora, Juan Carlos, Svensson, Måns, Kirschner, Roland, Olariaga, Ibai, Ryman, Svengunnar, Parra, Luis Alberto, Geml, József, Rosling, Anna, Adamčík, Slavomír, Ahti, Teuvo, Aime, M. Catherine, Ainsworth, A. Martyn, Albert, László, Albertó, Edgardo, Altés García, Alberto, Ageev, Dmitry, Agerer, Reinhard, Aguirre-Hudson, Begoña, Ammirati, Joe, Andersson, Harry, Angelini, Claudio, Antonín, Vladimír, Aoki, Takayuki, Aptroot, André, Argaud, Didier, Arguello Sosa, Blanca Imelda, Aronsen, Arne, Arup, Ulf, Asgari, Bita, Assyov, Boris, Atienza, Violeta, Bandini, Ditte, Baptista-Ferreira, João Luís, Baral, Hans-Otto, Baroni, Tim, Barreto, Robert Weingart, Beker, Henry, Bell, Ann, Bellanger, Jean-Michel, Bellù, Francesco, Bemmann, Martin, Bendiksby, Mika, Bendiksen, Egil, Bendiksen, Katriina, Benedek, Lajos, Bérešová-Guttová, Anna, Berger, Franz, Berndt, Reinhard, Bernicchia, Annarosa, Biketova, Alona Yu., Bizio, Enrico, Bjork, Curtis, Boekhout, Teun, Boertmann, David, Böhning, Tanja, Boittin, Florent, Boluda, Carlos G., Boomsluiter, Menno W., Borovička, Jan, Brandrud, Tor Erik, Braun, Uwe, Brodo, Irwin, Bulyonkova, Tatiana, Burdsall, Harold H., Buyck, Bart, Burgaz Moreno, Ana Rosa, Calatayud, Vicent, Callac, Philippe, Campo, Emanuele, Candusso, Massimo, Capoen, Brigitte, Carbó, Joaquim, Carbone, Matteo, Castañeda-Ruiz, Rafael F., Castellano, Michael A., Chen, Jie, Clerc, Philippe, Consiglio, Giovanni, Corriol, Gilles, Courtecuisse, Régis, Crespo De Las Casas, Ana María, Cripps, Cathy, Crous, Pedro W., da Silva, Gladstone Alves, da Silva, Meiriele, Dam, Marjo, Dam, Nico, Dämmrich, Frank, Das, Kanad, Davies, Linda, De Crop, Eske, De Kesel, Andre, De Lange, Ruben, De Madrignac BonziBárbara, Bárbara, de la Cruz, Thomas Edison E., Delgat, Lynn, Demoulin, Vincent, Desjardin, Dennis E., Diederich, Paul, Dima, Bálint, Dios, Maria Martha, Douanla-Meli, Clovis, Douglas, Brian, Drechsler-Santos, Elisandro Ricardo, Dulare Devi, Pradeep Divakar, Dyer, Paul S., Eberhardt, Ursula, Ertz, Damien, Esteve-Raventós, Fernando, Etayo Salazar, Javier Angel, Evenson, Vera, Eyssartier, Guillaume, Farkas, Edit, Favre, Alain, Fedosova, Anna G., Filippa, Mario, Finy, Péter, Flakus, Adam, Fos, Simón, Fournier, Jacques, Fraiture, André, Franchi, Paolo, Franco Molano, Ana Esperanza, Friebes, Gernot, Frisch, Andreas, Fryday, Alan, Furci, Giuliana, Galán Márquez, Ricardo, Garbelotto, Matteo, García-Martín, Joaquina María, García Otálora, Mónica A., García Sánchez, Dania, Gardiennet, Alain, Garnica, Sigisfredo, Garrido Benavent, Isaac, Gates, Genevieve, Lima da Gerlach, Alice Cruz, Ghobad-Nejhad, Masoomeh, Gibertoni, Tatiana B., Grebenc, Tine, Greilhuber, Irmgard, Grishkan, Bella, Groenewald, Johannes Z., Grube, Martin, Gruhn, Gérald, Gueidan, Cécile, Gulden, Gro, Gusmão, Luis F. P., Hafellner, Josef, Hairaud, Michel, Halama, Marek, Hallenberg, Nils, Halling, Roy E., Hansen, Karen, Harder, Christoffer Bugge, Heilmann-Clausen, Jacob, Helleman, Stip, Henriot, Alain, Hernandez-Restrepo, Margarita, Herve, Raphaël, Hobart, Caroline, Hoffmeister, Mascha, Høiland, Klaus, Holec, Jan, Holien, Håkon, Hughes, Karen, Hubka, Vit, Huhtinen, Seppo, Ivančević, Boris, Jagers, Marian, Jaklitsch, Walter, Jansen, Anna Elise, Jayawardena, Ruvishika S., Jiménez Rico, Víctor, Jeppesen, Thomas Stjernegaard, Jeppson, Mikael, Johnston, Peter, Jørgensen, Per Magnus, Kärnefelt, Ingvar, Kalinina, Liudmila B., Kantvilas, Gintaras, Karadelev, Mitko, Kasuya, Taiga, Kautmanová, Ivona, Kerrigan, Richard W., Kirchmair, Martin, Kiyashko, Anna, Knapp, Dániel G., Knudsen, Henning, Knudsen, Kerry, Knutsson, Tommy, Kolařík, Miroslav, Kõljalg, Urmas, Košuthová, Alica, Koszka, Attila, Kotiranta, Heikki, Kotkova, Vera, Koukol, Ondřej, Kout, Jiří, Kovács, Gábor M., Kříž, Martin, Kruys, Åsa, Kučera, Viktor, Kudzma, Linas, Kuhar, Francisco, Kukwa, Martin, Kumar, T. K. Arun, Kunca, Vladimír, Kušan, Ivana, Kuyper, Thomas W., Lado, Carlos, Læssøe, Thomas, Lainé, Patrice, Langer, Ewald, Larsson, Ellen, Larsson, Karl-Henrik, Laursen, Gary, Lechat, Christian, Lee, Serena, Lendemer, James C., Levin, Laura, Lindemann, Uwe, Lindström, Håkan, Liu, Xingzhong, Llarena Hernandez, Regulo Carlos, Llop, Esteve, Locsmándi, Csaba, Lodge, Deborah Jean, Loizides, Michael, Lőkös, László, Luangsa-ard, Jennifer, Lüderitz, Matthias, Lumbsch, Thorsten, Lutz, Matthias, Mahoney, Dan, Malysheva, Ekaterina, Malysheva, Vera, Manimohan, Patinjareveettil, Marin-Felix, Yasmina, Marques, Guilhermina, Martínez-Gil, Rubén, Marson, Guy, Mata, Gerardo, Matheny, P. Brandon, Mathiassen, Geir Harald, Matočec, Neven, Mayrhofer, Helmut, Mehrabi, Mehdi, Melo, Ireneia, Mešić, Armin, Methven, Andrew S., Miettinen, Otto, Millanes Romero, Ana M., Miller, Andrew N., Mitchell, James K., Moberg, Roland, Moreau, Pierre-Arthur, Moreno, Gabriel, Morozova, Olga, Morte, Asunción, Muggia, Lucia, Muñoz González, Guillermo, Myllys, Leena, Nagy, István, Nagy, László G., Neves, Maria Alice, Niemelä, Tuomo, Nimis, Pier Luigi, Niveiro, Nicolas, Noordeloos, Machiel E., Nordin, Anders, Noumeur, Sara Raouia, Novozhilov, Yuri, Nuytinck, Jorinde, Ohenoja, Esteri, Oliveira Fiuza, Patricia, Orange, Alan, Ordynets, Alexander, Ortiz-Santana, Beatriz, Pacheco, Leticia, Pál-Fám, Ferenc, Palacio, Melissa, Palice, Zdeněk, Papp, Viktor, Pärtel, Kadri, Pawlowska, Julia, Paz, Aurelia, Peintner, Ursula, Pennycook, Shaun, Liparini Pereira, Olinto, Pérez Daniëls, Pablo, Pérez-De-Gregorio Capella, Miquel À., Pérez del Amo, Carlos Manuel, Pérez Gorjón, Sergio, Pérez-Ortega, Sergio, Pérez-Vargas, Israel, Perry, Brian A., Petersen, Jens H., Petersen, Ronald H., Pfister, Donald H., Phukhamsakda, Chayanard, Piątek, Marcin, Piepenbring, Meike, Pino Bodas, Raquel, Pinzón Esquivel, Juan Pablo, Pirot, Paul, Popov, Eugene S., Popoff, Orlando, Prieto Álvaro, María, Printzen, Christian, Psurtseva, Nadezhda, Purahong, Witoon, Quijada, Luis, Rambold, Gerhard, Ramírez, Natalia A., Raja, Huzefa, Raspé, Olivier, Raymundo, Tania, Réblová, Martina, Rebriev, Yury A., Reyes García, Juan de Dios, Ribes Ripoll, Miguel Ángel, Richard, Franck, Richardson, Mike J., Robledo, Gerardo Lucio, Rodrigues Barbosa, Flavia, Rodriguez-Caycedo, Cristina, Rodriguez-Flakus, Pamela, Ronikier, Anna, Rubio Casas, Luis, Rusevska, Katerina, Saar, Günter, Saar, Irja, Salcedo, Isabel, Salcedo Martínez, Sergio M., Salvador Montoya, Carlos A., Sánchez-Ramírez, Santiago, Sandoval-Sierra, J. Vladimir, Santamaria, Sergi, Santana Monteiro, Josiane, Schroers, Hans Josef, Schulz, Barbara, Schmidt-Stohn, Geert, Schumacher, Trond, Senn-Irlet, Beatrice, Ševčíková, Hana, Shchepin, Oleg, Shirouzu, Takashi, Shiryaev, Anton, Siepe, Klaus, Sir, Esteban B., Sohrabi, Mohammad, Soop, Karl, Spirin, Viacheslav, Spribille, Toby, Stadler, Marc, Stalpers, Joost, Stenroos, Soili, Suija, Ave, Sunhede, Stellan, Svantesson, Sten, Svensson, Sigvard, Svetasheva, Tatyana Yu., Świerkosz, Krzysztof, Tamm, Heidi, Taskin, Hatira, Taudière, Adrien, Tedebrand, Jan-Olof, Tena Lahoz, Raúl, Temina, Marina, Thell, Arne, Thines, Marco, Thor, Göran, Thüs, Holger, Tibell, Leif, Tibell, Sanja, Timdal, Einar, Tkalčec, Zdenko, Tønsberg, Tor, Trichies, Gérard, Triebel, Dagmar, Tsurykau, Andrei, Tulloss, Rodham E., Tuovinen, Veera, Ulloa Sosa, Miguel, Urcelay, Carlos, Valade, François, Valenzuela Garza, Ricardo, van den Boom, Pieter, Van Vooren, Nicolas, Vasco-Palacios, Aida M., Vauras, Jukka, Velasco Santos, Juan Manuel, Vellinga, Else, Verbeken, Annemieke, Vetlesen, Per, Vizzini, Alfredo, Voglmayr, Hermann, Volobuev, Sergey, von Brackel, Wolfgang, Voronina, Elena, Walther, Grit, Watling, Roy, Weber, Evi, Wedin, Mats, Weholt, Øyvind, Westberg, Martin, Yurchenko, Eugene, Zehnálek, Petr, Zhang, Huang, Zhurbenko, Mikhail P., Ekman, Stefan, Zamora, Juan Carlos, Svensson, Måns, Kirschner, Roland, Olariaga, Ibai, Ryman, Svengunnar, Parra, Luis Alberto, Geml, József, Rosling, Anna, Adamčík, Slavomír, Ahti, Teuvo, Aime, M. Catherine, Ainsworth, A. Martyn, Albert, László, Albertó, Edgardo, Altés García, Alberto, Ageev, Dmitry, Agerer, Reinhard, Aguirre-Hudson, Begoña, Ammirati, Joe, Andersson, Harry, Angelini, Claudio, Antonín, Vladimír, Aoki, Takayuki, Aptroot, André, Argaud, Didier, Arguello Sosa, Blanca Imelda, Aronsen, Arne, Arup, Ulf, Asgari, Bita, Assyov, Boris, Atienza, Violeta, Bandini, Ditte, Baptista-Ferreira, João Luís, Baral, Hans-Otto, Baroni, Tim, Barreto, Robert Weingart, Beker, Henry, Bell, Ann, Bellanger, Jean-Michel, Bellù, Francesco, Bemmann, Martin, Bendiksby, Mika, Bendiksen, Egil, Bendiksen, Katriina, Benedek, Lajos, Bérešová-Guttová, Anna, Berger, Franz, Berndt, Reinhard, Bernicchia, Annarosa, Biketova, Alona Yu., Bizio, Enrico, Bjork, Curtis, Boekhout, Teun, Boertmann, David, Böhning, Tanja, Boittin, Florent, Boluda, Carlos G., Boomsluiter, Menno W., Borovička, Jan, Brandrud, Tor Erik, Braun, Uwe, Brodo, Irwin, Bulyonkova, Tatiana, Burdsall, Harold H., Buyck, Bart, Burgaz Moreno, Ana Rosa, Calatayud, Vicent, Callac, Philippe, Campo, Emanuele, Candusso, Massimo, Capoen, Brigitte, Carbó, Joaquim, Carbone, Matteo, Castañeda-Ruiz, Rafael F., Castellano, Michael A., Chen, Jie, Clerc, Philippe, Consiglio, Giovanni, Corriol, Gilles, Courtecuisse, Régis, Crespo De Las Casas, Ana María, Cripps, Cathy, Crous, Pedro W., da Silva, Gladstone Alves, da Silva, Meiriele, Dam, Marjo, Dam, Nico, Dämmrich, Frank, Das, Kanad, Davies, Linda, De Crop, Eske, De Kesel, Andre, De Lange, Ruben, De Madrignac BonziBárbara, Bárbara, de la Cruz, Thomas Edison E., Delgat, Lynn, Demoulin, Vincent, Desjardin, Dennis E., Diederich, Paul, Dima, Bálint, Dios, Maria Martha, Douanla-Meli, Clovis, Douglas, Brian, Drechsler-Santos, Elisandro Ricardo, Dulare Devi, Pradeep Divakar, Dyer, Paul S., Eberhardt, Ursula, Ertz, Damien, Esteve-Raventós, Fernando, Etayo Salazar, Javier Angel, Evenson, Vera, Eyssartier, Guillaume, Farkas, Edit, Favre, Alain, Fedosova, Anna G., Filippa, Mario, Finy, Péter, Flakus, Adam, Fos, Simón, Fournier, Jacques, Fraiture, André, Franchi, Paolo, Franco Molano, Ana Esperanza, Friebes, Gernot, Frisch, Andreas, Fryday, Alan, Furci, Giuliana, Galán Márquez, Ricardo, Garbelotto, Matteo, García-Martín, Joaquina María, García Otálora, Mónica A., García Sánchez, Dania, Gardiennet, Alain, Garnica, Sigisfredo, Garrido Benavent, Isaac, Gates, Genevieve, Lima da Gerlach, Alice Cruz, Ghobad-Nejhad, Masoomeh, Gibertoni, Tatiana B., Grebenc, Tine, Greilhuber, Irmgard, Grishkan, Bella, Groenewald, Johannes Z., Grube, Martin, Gruhn, Gérald, Gueidan, Cécile, Gulden, Gro, Gusmão, Luis F. P., Hafellner, Josef, Hairaud, Michel, Halama, Marek, Hallenberg, Nils, Halling, Roy E., Hansen, Karen, Harder, Christoffer Bugge, Heilmann-Clausen, Jacob, Helleman, Stip, Henriot, Alain, Hernandez-Restrepo, Margarita, Herve, Raphaël, Hobart, Caroline, Hoffmeister, Mascha, Høiland, Klaus, Holec, Jan, Holien, Håkon, Hughes, Karen, Hubka, Vit, Huhtinen, Seppo, Ivančević, Boris, Jagers, Marian, Jaklitsch, Walter, Jansen, Anna Elise, Jayawardena, Ruvishika S., Jiménez Rico, Víctor, Jeppesen, Thomas Stjernegaard, Jeppson, Mikael, Johnston, Peter, Jørgensen, Per Magnus, Kärnefelt, Ingvar, Kalinina, Liudmila B., Kantvilas, Gintaras, Karadelev, Mitko, Kasuya, Taiga, Kautmanová, Ivona, Kerrigan, Richard W., Kirchmair, Martin, Kiyashko, Anna, Knapp, Dániel G., Knudsen, Henning, Knudsen, Kerry, Knutsson, Tommy, Kolařík, Miroslav, Kõljalg, Urmas, Košuthová, Alica, Koszka, Attila, Kotiranta, Heikki, Kotkova, Vera, Koukol, Ondřej, Kout, Jiří, Kovács, Gábor M., Kříž, Martin, Kruys, Åsa, Kučera, Viktor, Kudzma, Linas, Kuhar, Francisco, Kukwa, Martin, Kumar, T. K. Arun, Kunca, Vladimír, Kušan, Ivana, Kuyper, Thomas W., Lado, Carlos, Læssøe, Thomas, Lainé, Patrice, Langer, Ewald, Larsson, Ellen, Larsson, Karl-Henrik, Laursen, Gary, Lechat, Christian, Lee, Serena, Lendemer, James C., Levin, Laura, Lindemann, Uwe, Lindström, Håkan, Liu, Xingzhong, Llarena Hernandez, Regulo Carlos, Llop, Esteve, Locsmándi, Csaba, Lodge, Deborah Jean, Loizides, Michael, Lőkös, László, Luangsa-ard, Jennifer, Lüderitz, Matthias, Lumbsch, Thorsten, Lutz, Matthias, Mahoney, Dan, Malysheva, Ekaterina, Malysheva, Vera, Manimohan, Patinjareveettil, Marin-Felix, Yasmina, Marques, Guilhermina, Martínez-Gil, Rubén, Marson, Guy, Mata, Gerardo, Matheny, P. Brandon, Mathiassen, Geir Harald, Matočec, Neven, Mayrhofer, Helmut, Mehrabi, Mehdi, Melo, Ireneia, Mešić, Armin, Methven, Andrew S., Miettinen, Otto, Millanes Romero, Ana M., Miller, Andrew N., Mitchell, James K., Moberg, Roland, Moreau, Pierre-Arthur, Moreno, Gabriel, Morozova, Olga, Morte, Asunción, Muggia, Lucia, Muñoz González, Guillermo, Myllys, Leena, Nagy, István, Nagy, László G., Neves, Maria Alice, Niemelä, Tuomo, Nimis, Pier Luigi, Niveiro, Nicolas, Noordeloos, Machiel E., Nordin, Anders, Noumeur, Sara Raouia, Novozhilov, Yuri, Nuytinck, Jorinde, Ohenoja, Esteri, Oliveira Fiuza, Patricia, Orange, Alan, Ordynets, Alexander, Ortiz-Santana, Beatriz, Pacheco, Leticia, Pál-Fám, Ferenc, Palacio, Melissa, Palice, Zdeněk, Papp, Viktor, Pärtel, Kadri, Pawlowska, Julia, Paz, Aurelia, Peintner, Ursula, Pennycook, Shaun, Liparini Pereira, Olinto, Pérez Daniëls, Pablo, Pérez-De-Gregorio Capella, Miquel À., Pérez del Amo, Carlos Manuel, Pérez Gorjón, Sergio, Pérez-Ortega, Sergio, Pérez-Vargas, Israel, Perry, Brian A., Petersen, Jens H., Petersen, Ronald H., Pfister, Donald H., Phukhamsakda, Chayanard, Piątek, Marcin, Piepenbring, Meike, Pino Bodas, Raquel, Pinzón Esquivel, Juan Pablo, Pirot, Paul, Popov, Eugene S., Popoff, Orlando, Prieto Álvaro, María, Printzen, Christian, Psurtseva, Nadezhda, Purahong, Witoon, Quijada, Luis, Rambold, Gerhard, Ramírez, Natalia A., Raja, Huzefa, Raspé, Olivier, Raymundo, Tania, Réblová, Martina, Rebriev, Yury A., Reyes García, Juan de Dios, Ribes Ripoll, Miguel Ángel, Richard, Franck, Richardson, Mike J., Robledo, Gerardo Lucio, Rodrigues Barbosa, Flavia, Rodriguez-Caycedo, Cristina, Rodriguez-Flakus, Pamela, Ronikier, Anna, Rubio Casas, Luis, Rusevska, Katerina, Saar, Günter, Saar, Irja, Salcedo, Isabel, Salcedo Martínez, Sergio M., Salvador Montoya, Carlos A., Sánchez-Ramírez, Santiago, Sandoval-Sierra, J. Vladimir, Santamaria, Sergi, Santana Monteiro, Josiane, Schroers, Hans Josef, Schulz, Barbara, Schmidt-Stohn, Geert, Schumacher, Trond, Senn-Irlet, Beatrice, Ševčíková, Hana, Shchepin, Oleg, Shirouzu, Takashi, Shiryaev, Anton, Siepe, Klaus, Sir, Esteban B., Sohrabi, Mohammad, Soop, Karl, Spirin, Viacheslav, Spribille, Toby, Stadler, Marc, Stalpers, Joost, Stenroos, Soili, Suija, Ave, Sunhede, Stellan, Svantesson, Sten, Svensson, Sigvard, Svetasheva, Tatyana Yu., Świerkosz, Krzysztof, Tamm, Heidi, Taskin, Hatira, Taudière, Adrien, Tedebrand, Jan-Olof, Tena Lahoz, Raúl, Temina, Marina, Thell, Arne, Thines, Marco, Thor, Göran, Thüs, Holger, Tibell, Leif, Tibell, Sanja, Timdal, Einar, Tkalčec, Zdenko, Tønsberg, Tor, Trichies, Gérard, Triebel, Dagmar, Tsurykau, Andrei, Tulloss, Rodham E., Tuovinen, Veera, Ulloa Sosa, Miguel, Urcelay, Carlos, Valade, François, Valenzuela Garza, Ricardo, van den Boom, Pieter, Van Vooren, Nicolas, Vasco-Palacios, Aida M., Vauras, Jukka, Velasco Santos, Juan Manuel, Vellinga, Else, Verbeken, Annemieke, Vetlesen, Per, Vizzini, Alfredo, Voglmayr, Hermann, Volobuev, Sergey, von Brackel, Wolfgang, Voronina, Elena, Walther, Grit, Watling, Roy, Weber, Evi, Wedin, Mats, Weholt, Øyvind, Westberg, Martin, Yurchenko, Eugene, Zehnálek, Petr, Zhang, Huang, Zhurbenko, Mikhail P., and Ekman, Stefan
Abstract: Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11th International Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN., Depto. de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Fac. de Farmacia, TRUE, pub
Published: 2018

7. Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa

Author: Zamora, Juan Carlos, Svensson, Måns, Kirschner, Roland, Olariaga, Ibai, Ryman, Svengunnar, Alberto Parra, Luis, Geml, Jozsef, Rosling, Anna, Adamcik, Slavomir, Ahti, Teuvo, Aime, M. Catherine, Ainsworth, A. Martyn, Albert, Laszlo, Alberto, Edgardo, Garcia, Alberto Altes, Ageev, Dmitry, Agerer, Reinhard, Aguirre-Hudson, Begona, Ammirati, Joe, Andersson, Harry, Angelini, Claudio, Antonin, Vladimir, Aoki, Takayuki, Aptroot, Andre, Argaud, Didier, Sosa, Blanca Imelda Arguello, Aronsen, Arne, Arup, Ulf, Asgari, Bita, Assyov, Boris, Atienza, Violeta, Bandini, Ditte, Baptista-Ferreira, Joao Luis, Baral, Hans-Otto, Baroni, Tim, Barreto, Robert Weingart, Baker, Henry, Bell, Ann, Bellanger, Jean-Michel, Bellu, Francesco, Bemmann, Martin, Bendiksby, Mika, Bendiksen, Egil, Bendiksen, Katriina, Benedek, Lajos, Beresova-Guttova, Anna, Berger, Franz, Berndt, Reinhard, Bernicchia, Annarosa, Biketova, Alona Yu, Bizio, Enrico, Bjork, Curtis, Boekhout, Teun, Boertmann, David, Bohning, Tanja, Boittin, Florent, Boluda, Carlos G., Boomsluiter, Menno W., Borovicka, Jan, Brandrud, Tor Erik, Braun, Uwe, Brodo, Irwin, Bulyonkova, Tatiana, Burdsall, Harold H., Jr., Buyck, Bart, Burgaz, Ana Rosa, Calatayud, Vicent, Callac, Philippe, Campo, Emanuele, Candusso, Massimo, Capoen, Brigitte, Carbo, Joaquim, Carbone, Matteo, Castaneda-Ruiz, Rafael F., Castellano, Michael A., Chen, Jie, Clerc, Philippe, Consiglio, Giovanni, Corriol, Gilles, Courtecuisse, Regis, Crespo, Ana, Cripps, Cathy, Crous, Pedro W., da Silva, Gladstone Alves, da Silva, Meiriele, Dam, Marjo, Dam, Nico, Dammrich, Frank, Das, Kanad, Davies, Linda, De Crop, Eske, De Kesel, Andre, De Lange, Ruben, Bonzi, Barbara De Madrignac, dela Cruz, Thomas Edison E., Delgat, Lynn, Demoulin, Vincent, Desjardin, Dennis E., Diederich, Paul, Dima, Balint, Dios, Maria Martha, Divakar, Pradeep Kumar, Douanla-Meli, Clovis, Douglas, Brian, Drechsler-Santos, Elisandro Ricardo, Dyer, Paul S., Eberhardt, Ursula, Ertz, Damien, Esteve-Raventos, Fernando, Salazar, Javier Angel Etayo, Evenson, Vera, Eyssartier, Guillaume, Farkas, Edit, Favre, Alain, Fedosova, Anna G., Filippa, Mario, Finy, Peter, Flakus, Adam, Fos, Simon, Fournier, Jacques, Fraiture, Andre, Franchi, Paolo, Molano, Ana Esperanza Franco, Friebes, Gernot, Frisch, Andreas, Fryday, Alan, Furci, Giuliana, Marquez, Ricardo Galan, Garbelotto, Matteo, Garcia-Martin, Joaquina Maria, Otalora, Monica A. Garcia, Sanchez, Dania Garcia, Gardiennet, Alain, Garnica, Sigisfredo, Benavent, Isaac Garrido, Gates, Genevieve, Gerlach, Alice da Cruz Lima, Ghobad-Nejhad, Masoomeh, Gibertoni, Tatiana B., Grebenc, Tine, Greilhuber, Irmgard, Grishkan, Bella, Groenewald, Johannes Z., Grube, Martin, Gruhn, Gerald, Gueidan, Cecile, Gulden, Gro, Gusmao, Luis F. P., Hafellner, Josef, Hairaud, Michel, Halama, Marek, Hallenberg, Nils, Halling, Roy E., Hansen, Karen, Harder, Christoffer Bugge, Heilmann-Clausen, Jacob, Helleman, Stip, Henriot, Alain, Hernandez-Restrepo, Margarita, Herve, Raphael, Hobart, Caroline, Hoffmeister, Mascha, Hoiland, Klaus, Holec, Jan, Holien, Hakon, Hughes, Karen, Hubka, Vit, Huhtinen, Seppo, Ivancevic, Boris, Jagers, Marian, Jaklitsch, Walter, Jansen, AnnaElise, Jayawardena, Ruvishika S., Jeppesen, Thomas Stjernegaard, Jeppson, Mikael, Johnston, Peter, Jorgensen, Per Magnus, Karnefelt, Ingvar, Kalinina, Liudmila B., Kantvilas, Gintaras, Karadelev, Mitko, Kasuya, Taiga, Kautmanova, Ivona, Kerrigan, Richard W., Kirchmair, Martin, Kiyashko, Anna, Knapp, Daniel G., Knudsen, Henning, Knudsen, Kerry, Knutsson, Tommy, Kolarik, Miroslav, Koljalg, Urmas, Kosuthova, Alica, Koszka, Attila, Kotiranta, Heikki, Kotkova, Vera, Koukol, Ondrej, Kout, Jiri, Kovacs, Gabor M., Kriz, Martin, Kruys, Asa, Kudera, Viktor, Kudzma, Linas, Kuhar, Francisco, Kukwa, Martin, Kumar, T. 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Perez-De-Gregorio, del Amo, Carlos Manuel Perez, Gorjon, Sergio Perez, Perez-Ortega, Sergio, Perez-Vargas, Israel, Perry, Brian A., Petersen, Jens H., Petersen, Ronald H., Pfister, Donald H., Phukhamsakda, Chayanard, Piatek, Marcin, Piepenbring, Meike, Pino-Bodas, Raquel, Esquivel, Juan Pablo Pinzon, Pirot, Paul, Popov, Eugene S., Popoff, Orlando, Alvaro, Maria Prieto, Printzen, Christian, Psurtseva, Nadezhda, Purahong, Witoon, Quijada, Luis, Rambold, Gerhard, Ramirez, Natalia A., Raja, Huzefa, Raspe, Olivier, Raymundo, Tania, Reblova, Martina, Rebriev, Yury A., Garcia, Juan de Dios Reyes, Ripoll, Miguel Angel Ribes, Richard, Franck, Richardson, Mike J., Rico, Victor J., Robledo, Gerardo Lucio, Barbosa, Flavia Rodrigues, Rodriguez-Caycedo, Cristina, Rodriguez-Flakus, Pamela, Ronikier, Anna, Casas, Luis Rubio, Rusevska, Katerina, Saar, Gunter, Saar, Irja, Salcedo, Isabel, Martinez, Sergio M. Salcedo, Montoya, Carlos A. Salvador, Sanchez-Ramirez, Santiago, Sandoval-Sierra, J. 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Catherine, Ainsworth, A. Martyn, Albert, Laszlo, Alberto, Edgardo, Garcia, Alberto Altes, Ageev, Dmitry, Agerer, Reinhard, Aguirre-Hudson, Begona, Ammirati, Joe, Andersson, Harry, Angelini, Claudio, Antonin, Vladimir, Aoki, Takayuki, Aptroot, Andre, Argaud, Didier, Sosa, Blanca Imelda Arguello, Aronsen, Arne, Arup, Ulf, Asgari, Bita, Assyov, Boris, Atienza, Violeta, Bandini, Ditte, Baptista-Ferreira, Joao Luis, Baral, Hans-Otto, Baroni, Tim, Barreto, Robert Weingart, Baker, Henry, Bell, Ann, Bellanger, Jean-Michel, Bellu, Francesco, Bemmann, Martin, Bendiksby, Mika, Bendiksen, Egil, Bendiksen, Katriina, Benedek, Lajos, Beresova-Guttova, Anna, Berger, Franz, Berndt, Reinhard, Bernicchia, Annarosa, Biketova, Alona Yu, Bizio, Enrico, Bjork, Curtis, Boekhout, Teun, Boertmann, David, Bohning, Tanja, Boittin, Florent, Boluda, Carlos G., Boomsluiter, Menno W., Borovicka, Jan, Brandrud, Tor Erik, Braun, Uwe, Brodo, Irwin, Bulyonkova, Tatiana, Burdsall, Harold H., Jr., Buyck, Bart, Burgaz, Ana Rosa, Calatayud, Vicent, Callac, Philippe, Campo, Emanuele, Candusso, Massimo, Capoen, Brigitte, Carbo, Joaquim, Carbone, Matteo, Castaneda-Ruiz, Rafael F., Castellano, Michael A., Chen, Jie, Clerc, Philippe, Consiglio, Giovanni, Corriol, Gilles, Courtecuisse, Regis, Crespo, Ana, Cripps, Cathy, Crous, Pedro W., da Silva, Gladstone Alves, da Silva, Meiriele, Dam, Marjo, Dam, Nico, Dammrich, Frank, Das, Kanad, Davies, Linda, De Crop, Eske, De Kesel, Andre, De Lange, Ruben, Bonzi, Barbara De Madrignac, dela Cruz, Thomas Edison E., Delgat, Lynn, Demoulin, Vincent, Desjardin, Dennis E., Diederich, Paul, Dima, Balint, Dios, Maria Martha, Divakar, Pradeep Kumar, Douanla-Meli, Clovis, Douglas, Brian, Drechsler-Santos, Elisandro Ricardo, Dyer, Paul S., Eberhardt, Ursula, Ertz, Damien, Esteve-Raventos, Fernando, Salazar, Javier Angel Etayo, Evenson, Vera, Eyssartier, Guillaume, Farkas, Edit, Favre, Alain, Fedosova, Anna G., Filippa, Mario, Finy, Peter, Flakus, Adam, Fos, Simon, Fournier, Jacques, Fraiture, Andre, Franchi, Paolo, Molano, Ana Esperanza Franco, Friebes, Gernot, Frisch, Andreas, Fryday, Alan, Furci, Giuliana, Marquez, Ricardo Galan, Garbelotto, Matteo, Garcia-Martin, Joaquina Maria, Otalora, Monica A. Garcia, Sanchez, Dania Garcia, Gardiennet, Alain, Garnica, Sigisfredo, Benavent, Isaac Garrido, Gates, Genevieve, Gerlach, Alice da Cruz Lima, Ghobad-Nejhad, Masoomeh, Gibertoni, Tatiana B., Grebenc, Tine, Greilhuber, Irmgard, Grishkan, Bella, Groenewald, Johannes Z., Grube, Martin, Gruhn, Gerald, Gueidan, Cecile, Gulden, Gro, Gusmao, Luis F. P., Hafellner, Josef, Hairaud, Michel, Halama, Marek, Hallenberg, Nils, Halling, Roy E., Hansen, Karen, Harder, Christoffer Bugge, Heilmann-Clausen, Jacob, Helleman, Stip, Henriot, Alain, Hernandez-Restrepo, Margarita, Herve, Raphael, Hobart, Caroline, Hoffmeister, Mascha, Hoiland, Klaus, Holec, Jan, Holien, Hakon, Hughes, Karen, Hubka, Vit, Huhtinen, Seppo, Ivancevic, Boris, Jagers, Marian, Jaklitsch, Walter, Jansen, AnnaElise, Jayawardena, Ruvishika S., Jeppesen, Thomas Stjernegaard, Jeppson, Mikael, Johnston, Peter, Jorgensen, Per Magnus, Karnefelt, Ingvar, Kalinina, Liudmila B., Kantvilas, Gintaras, Karadelev, Mitko, Kasuya, Taiga, Kautmanova, Ivona, Kerrigan, Richard W., Kirchmair, Martin, Kiyashko, Anna, Knapp, Daniel G., Knudsen, Henning, Knudsen, Kerry, Knutsson, Tommy, Kolarik, Miroslav, Koljalg, Urmas, Kosuthova, Alica, Koszka, Attila, Kotiranta, Heikki, Kotkova, Vera, Koukol, Ondrej, Kout, Jiri, Kovacs, Gabor M., Kriz, Martin, Kruys, Asa, Kudera, Viktor, Kudzma, Linas, Kuhar, Francisco, Kukwa, Martin, Kumar, T. K. Arun, Kunca, Vladimir, Kusan, Ivana, Kuyper, Thomas W., Lado, Carlos, Laessoe, Thomas, Laine, Patrice, Langer, Ewald, Larsson, Ellen, Larsson, Karl-Henrik, Laursen, Gary, Lechat, Christian, Lee, Serena, Lendemer, James C., Levin, Laura, Lindemann, Uwe, Lindstrom, Hakan, Liu, Xingzhong, Hernandez, Regulo Carlos Llarena, Llop, Esteve, Locsmandi, Csaba, Lodge, Deborah Jean, Loizides, Michael, Lokos, Laszlo, Luangsa-ard, Jennifer, Luderitz, Matthias, Lumbsch, Thorsten, Lutz, Matthias, Mahoney, Dan, Malysheva, Ekaterina, Malysheva, Vera, Manimohan, Patinjareveettil, Mann-Felix, Yasmina, Marques, Guilhermina, Martinez-Gil, Ruben, Marson, Guy, Mata, Gerardo, Matheny, P. Brandon, Mathiassen, Geir Harald, Matocec, Neven, Mayrhofer, Helmut, Mehrabi, Mehdi, Melo, Ireneia, Mesic, Armin, Methven, Andrew S., Miettinen, Otto, Romero, Ana M. Millanes, Miller, Andrew N., Mitchell, James K., Moberg, Roland, Moreau, Pierre-Arthur, Moreno, Gabriel, Morozova, Olga, Morte, Asuncion, Muggia, Lucia, Gonzalez, Guillermo Munoz, Myllys, Leena, Nagy, Istvan, Nagy, Laszlo G., Neves, Maria Alice, Niemela, Tuomo, Nimis, Pier Luigi, Niveiro, Nicolas, Noordeloos, Machiel E., Nordin, Anders, Noumeur, Sara Raouia, Novozhilov, Yuri, Nuytinck, Jorinde, Ohenoja, Esteri, Fiuza, Patricia Oliveira, Orange, Alan, Ordynets, Alexander, Ortiz-Santana, Beatriz, Pacheco, Leticia, Pal-Fam, Ferenc, Palacio, Melissa, Palice, Zdenek, Papp, Viktor, Partel, Kadri, Pawlowska, Julia, Paz, Aurelia, Peintner, Ursula, Pennycook, Shaun, Pereira, Olinto Liparini, Daniels, Pablo Perez, Capella, Miguel A. Perez-De-Gregorio, del Amo, Carlos Manuel Perez, Gorjon, Sergio Perez, Perez-Ortega, Sergio, Perez-Vargas, Israel, Perry, Brian A., Petersen, Jens H., Petersen, Ronald H., Pfister, Donald H., Phukhamsakda, Chayanard, Piatek, Marcin, Piepenbring, Meike, Pino-Bodas, Raquel, Esquivel, Juan Pablo Pinzon, Pirot, Paul, Popov, Eugene S., Popoff, Orlando, Alvaro, Maria Prieto, Printzen, Christian, Psurtseva, Nadezhda, Purahong, Witoon, Quijada, Luis, Rambold, Gerhard, Ramirez, Natalia A., Raja, Huzefa, Raspe, Olivier, Raymundo, Tania, Reblova, Martina, Rebriev, Yury A., Garcia, Juan de Dios Reyes, Ripoll, Miguel Angel Ribes, Richard, Franck, Richardson, Mike J., Rico, Victor J., Robledo, Gerardo Lucio, Barbosa, Flavia Rodrigues, Rodriguez-Caycedo, Cristina, Rodriguez-Flakus, Pamela, Ronikier, Anna, Casas, Luis Rubio, Rusevska, Katerina, Saar, Gunter, Saar, Irja, Salcedo, Isabel, Martinez, Sergio M. Salcedo, Montoya, Carlos A. Salvador, Sanchez-Ramirez, Santiago, Sandoval-Sierra, J. Vladimir, Santamaria, Sergi, Monteiro, Josiane Santana, Schroers, Hans Josef, Schulz, Barbara, Schmidt-Stohn, Geert, Schumacher, Trond, Senn-Irlet, Beatrice, Sevcikova, Hana, Shchepin, Oleg, Shirouzu, Takashi, Shiryaev, Anton, Siepe, Klaus, Sir, Esteban B., Sohrabi, Mohammad, Soop, Karl, Spirin, Viacheslav, Spribille, Toby, Stadler, Marc, Stalpers, Joost, Stenroos, Soili, Suija, Ave, Sunhede, Stellan, Svantesson, Sten, Svensson, Sigvard, Svetasheva, Tatyana Yu, Swierkosz, Krzysztof, Tamm, Heidi, Taskin, Hatira, Taudiere, Adrien, Tedebrand, Jan-Olof, Lahoz, Raul Tena, Temina, Marina, Thell, Arne, Thines, Marco, Thor, Goren, Thus, Holger, Tibell, Leif, Tibell, Sanja, Timdal, Einar, Tkalcec, Zdenko, Tonsberg, Tor, Trichies, Gerard, Triebel, Dagmar, Tsurykau, Andrei, Tulloss, Rodham E., Tuovinen, Veera, Sosa, Miguel Ulloa, Urcelay, Carlos, Valade, Francois, Garza, Ricardo Valenzuela, van den Boom, Pieter, Van Vooren, Nicolas, Vasco-Palacios, Aida M., Vauras, Jukka, Santos, Juan Manuel Velasco, Vellinga, Else, Verbeken, Annemieke, Vetlesen, Per, Vizzini, Alfredo, Voglmayr, Hermann, Volobuev, Sergey, von Brackel, Wolfgang, Voronina, Elena, Walther, Grit, Watling, Roy, Weber, Evi, Wedin, Mats, Weholt, Oyvind, Westberg, Martin, Yurchenko, Eugene, Zehnalek, Petr, Zhang, Huang, Zhurbenko, Mikhail P., and Ekman, Stefan
Abstract: Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11th International Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN.
Published: 2018

8. Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa

Author: Zamora, Juan Carlos, Svensson, Måns, Kirschner, Roland, Olariaga, Ibai, Ryman, Svengunnar, Alberto Parra, Luis, Geml, Jozsef, Rosling, Anna, Adamcik, Slavomir, Ahti, Teuvo, Aime, M. Catherine, Ainsworth, A. Martyn, Albert, Laszlo, Alberto, Edgardo, Garcia, Alberto Altes, Ageev, Dmitry, Agerer, Reinhard, Aguirre-Hudson, Begona, Ammirati, Joe, Andersson, Harry, Angelini, Claudio, Antonin, Vladimir, Aoki, Takayuki, Aptroot, Andre, Argaud, Didier, Sosa, Blanca Imelda Arguello, Aronsen, Arne, Arup, Ulf, Asgari, Bita, Assyov, Boris, Atienza, Violeta, Bandini, Ditte, Baptista-Ferreira, Joao Luis, Baral, Hans-Otto, Baroni, Tim, Barreto, Robert Weingart, Baker, Henry, Bell, Ann, Bellanger, Jean-Michel, Bellu, Francesco, Bemmann, Martin, Bendiksby, Mika, Bendiksen, Egil, Bendiksen, Katriina, Benedek, Lajos, Beresova-Guttova, Anna, Berger, Franz, Berndt, Reinhard, Bernicchia, Annarosa, Biketova, Alona Yu, Bizio, Enrico, Bjork, Curtis, Boekhout, Teun, Boertmann, David, Bohning, Tanja, Boittin, Florent, Boluda, Carlos G., Boomsluiter, Menno W., Borovicka, Jan, Brandrud, Tor Erik, Braun, Uwe, Brodo, Irwin, Bulyonkova, Tatiana, Burdsall, Harold H., Jr., Buyck, Bart, Burgaz, Ana Rosa, Calatayud, Vicent, Callac, Philippe, Campo, Emanuele, Candusso, Massimo, Capoen, Brigitte, Carbo, Joaquim, Carbone, Matteo, Castaneda-Ruiz, Rafael F., Castellano, Michael A., Chen, Jie, Clerc, Philippe, Consiglio, Giovanni, Corriol, Gilles, Courtecuisse, Regis, Crespo, Ana, Cripps, Cathy, Crous, Pedro W., da Silva, Gladstone Alves, da Silva, Meiriele, Dam, Marjo, Dam, Nico, Dammrich, Frank, Das, Kanad, Davies, Linda, De Crop, Eske, De Kesel, Andre, De Lange, Ruben, Bonzi, Barbara De Madrignac, dela Cruz, Thomas Edison E., Delgat, Lynn, Demoulin, Vincent, Desjardin, Dennis E., Diederich, Paul, Dima, Balint, Dios, Maria Martha, Divakar, Pradeep Kumar, Douanla-Meli, Clovis, Douglas, Brian, Drechsler-Santos, Elisandro Ricardo, Dyer, Paul S., Eberhardt, Ursula, Ertz, Damien, Esteve-Raventos, Fernando, Salazar, Javier Angel Etayo, Evenson, Vera, Eyssartier, Guillaume, Farkas, Edit, Favre, Alain, Fedosova, Anna G., Filippa, Mario, Finy, Peter, Flakus, Adam, Fos, Simon, Fournier, Jacques, Fraiture, Andre, Franchi, Paolo, Molano, Ana Esperanza Franco, Friebes, Gernot, Frisch, Andreas, Fryday, Alan, Furci, Giuliana, Marquez, Ricardo Galan, Garbelotto, Matteo, Garcia-Martin, Joaquina Maria, Otalora, Monica A. Garcia, Sanchez, Dania Garcia, Gardiennet, Alain, Garnica, Sigisfredo, Benavent, Isaac Garrido, Gates, Genevieve, Gerlach, Alice da Cruz Lima, Ghobad-Nejhad, Masoomeh, Gibertoni, Tatiana B., Grebenc, Tine, Greilhuber, Irmgard, Grishkan, Bella, Groenewald, Johannes Z., Grube, Martin, Gruhn, Gerald, Gueidan, Cecile, Gulden, Gro, Gusmao, Luis F. P., Hafellner, Josef, Hairaud, Michel, Halama, Marek, Hallenberg, Nils, Halling, Roy E., Hansen, Karen, Harder, Christoffer Bugge, Heilmann-Clausen, Jacob, Helleman, Stip, Henriot, Alain, Hernandez-Restrepo, Margarita, Herve, Raphael, Hobart, Caroline, Hoffmeister, Mascha, Hoiland, Klaus, Holec, Jan, Holien, Hakon, Hughes, Karen, Hubka, Vit, Huhtinen, Seppo, Ivancevic, Boris, Jagers, Marian, Jaklitsch, Walter, Jansen, AnnaElise, Jayawardena, Ruvishika S., Jeppesen, Thomas Stjernegaard, Jeppson, Mikael, Johnston, Peter, Jorgensen, Per Magnus, Karnefelt, Ingvar, Kalinina, Liudmila B., Kantvilas, Gintaras, Karadelev, Mitko, Kasuya, Taiga, Kautmanova, Ivona, Kerrigan, Richard W., Kirchmair, Martin, Kiyashko, Anna, Knapp, Daniel G., Knudsen, Henning, Knudsen, Kerry, Knutsson, Tommy, Kolarik, Miroslav, Koljalg, Urmas, Kosuthova, Alica, Koszka, Attila, Kotiranta, Heikki, Kotkova, Vera, Koukol, Ondrej, Kout, Jiri, Kovacs, Gabor M., Kriz, Martin, Kruys, Asa, Kudera, Viktor, Kudzma, Linas, Kuhar, Francisco, Kukwa, Martin, Kumar, T. K. Arun, Kunca, Vladimir, Kusan, Ivana, Kuyper, Thomas W., Lado, Carlos, Laessoe, Thomas, Laine, Patrice, Langer, Ewald, Larsson, Ellen, Larsson, Karl-Henrik, Laursen, Gary, Lechat, Christian, Lee, Serena, Lendemer, James C., Levin, Laura, Lindemann, Uwe, Lindstrom, Hakan, Liu, Xingzhong, Hernandez, Regulo Carlos Llarena, Llop, Esteve, Locsmandi, Csaba, Lodge, Deborah Jean, Loizides, Michael, Lokos, Laszlo, Luangsa-ard, Jennifer, Luderitz, Matthias, Lumbsch, Thorsten, Lutz, Matthias, Mahoney, Dan, Malysheva, Ekaterina, Malysheva, Vera, Manimohan, Patinjareveettil, Mann-Felix, Yasmina, Marques, Guilhermina, Martinez-Gil, Ruben, Marson, Guy, Mata, Gerardo, Matheny, P. Brandon, Mathiassen, Geir Harald, Matocec, Neven, Mayrhofer, Helmut, Mehrabi, Mehdi, Melo, Ireneia, Mesic, Armin, Methven, Andrew S., Miettinen, Otto, Romero, Ana M. Millanes, Miller, Andrew N., Mitchell, James K., Moberg, Roland, Moreau, Pierre-Arthur, Moreno, Gabriel, Morozova, Olga, Morte, Asuncion, Muggia, Lucia, Gonzalez, Guillermo Munoz, Myllys, Leena, Nagy, Istvan, Nagy, Laszlo G., Neves, Maria Alice, Niemela, Tuomo, Nimis, Pier Luigi, Niveiro, Nicolas, Noordeloos, Machiel E., Nordin, Anders, Noumeur, Sara Raouia, Novozhilov, Yuri, Nuytinck, Jorinde, Ohenoja, Esteri, Fiuza, Patricia Oliveira, Orange, Alan, Ordynets, Alexander, Ortiz-Santana, Beatriz, Pacheco, Leticia, Pal-Fam, Ferenc, Palacio, Melissa, Palice, Zdenek, Papp, Viktor, Partel, Kadri, Pawlowska, Julia, Paz, Aurelia, Peintner, Ursula, Pennycook, Shaun, Pereira, Olinto Liparini, Daniels, Pablo Perez, Capella, Miguel A. Perez-De-Gregorio, del Amo, Carlos Manuel Perez, Gorjon, Sergio Perez, Perez-Ortega, Sergio, Perez-Vargas, Israel, Perry, Brian A., Petersen, Jens H., Petersen, Ronald H., Pfister, Donald H., Phukhamsakda, Chayanard, Piatek, Marcin, Piepenbring, Meike, Pino-Bodas, Raquel, Esquivel, Juan Pablo Pinzon, Pirot, Paul, Popov, Eugene S., Popoff, Orlando, Alvaro, Maria Prieto, Printzen, Christian, Psurtseva, Nadezhda, Purahong, Witoon, Quijada, Luis, Rambold, Gerhard, Ramirez, Natalia A., Raja, Huzefa, Raspe, Olivier, Raymundo, Tania, Reblova, Martina, Rebriev, Yury A., Garcia, Juan de Dios Reyes, Ripoll, Miguel Angel Ribes, Richard, Franck, Richardson, Mike J., Rico, Victor J., Robledo, Gerardo Lucio, Barbosa, Flavia Rodrigues, Rodriguez-Caycedo, Cristina, Rodriguez-Flakus, Pamela, Ronikier, Anna, Casas, Luis Rubio, Rusevska, Katerina, Saar, Gunter, Saar, Irja, Salcedo, Isabel, Martinez, Sergio M. Salcedo, Montoya, Carlos A. Salvador, Sanchez-Ramirez, Santiago, Sandoval-Sierra, J. Vladimir, Santamaria, Sergi, Monteiro, Josiane Santana, Schroers, Hans Josef, Schulz, Barbara, Schmidt-Stohn, Geert, Schumacher, Trond, Senn-Irlet, Beatrice, Sevcikova, Hana, Shchepin, Oleg, Shirouzu, Takashi, Shiryaev, Anton, Siepe, Klaus, Sir, Esteban B., Sohrabi, Mohammad, Soop, Karl, Spirin, Viacheslav, Spribille, Toby, Stadler, Marc, Stalpers, Joost, Stenroos, Soili, Suija, Ave, Sunhede, Stellan, Svantesson, Sten, Svensson, Sigvard, Svetasheva, Tatyana Yu, Swierkosz, Krzysztof, Tamm, Heidi, Taskin, Hatira, Taudiere, Adrien, Tedebrand, Jan-Olof, Lahoz, Raul Tena, Temina, Marina, Thell, Arne, Thines, Marco, Thor, Goren, Thus, Holger, Tibell, Leif, Tibell, Sanja, Timdal, Einar, Tkalcec, Zdenko, Tonsberg, Tor, Trichies, Gerard, Triebel, Dagmar, Tsurykau, Andrei, Tulloss, Rodham E., Tuovinen, Veera, Sosa, Miguel Ulloa, Urcelay, Carlos, Valade, Francois, Garza, Ricardo Valenzuela, van den Boom, Pieter, Van Vooren, Nicolas, Vasco-Palacios, Aida M., Vauras, Jukka, Santos, Juan Manuel Velasco, Vellinga, Else, Verbeken, Annemieke, Vetlesen, Per, Vizzini, Alfredo, Voglmayr, Hermann, Volobuev, Sergey, von Brackel, Wolfgang, Voronina, Elena, Walther, Grit, Watling, Roy, Weber, Evi, Wedin, Mats, Weholt, Oyvind, Westberg, Martin, Yurchenko, Eugene, Zehnalek, Petr, Zhang, Huang, Zhurbenko, Mikhail P., Ekman, Stefan, Zamora, Juan Carlos, Svensson, Måns, Kirschner, Roland, Olariaga, Ibai, Ryman, Svengunnar, Alberto Parra, Luis, Geml, Jozsef, Rosling, Anna, Adamcik, Slavomir, Ahti, Teuvo, Aime, M. Catherine, Ainsworth, A. Martyn, Albert, Laszlo, Alberto, Edgardo, Garcia, Alberto Altes, Ageev, Dmitry, Agerer, Reinhard, Aguirre-Hudson, Begona, Ammirati, Joe, Andersson, Harry, Angelini, Claudio, Antonin, Vladimir, Aoki, Takayuki, Aptroot, Andre, Argaud, Didier, Sosa, Blanca Imelda Arguello, Aronsen, Arne, Arup, Ulf, Asgari, Bita, Assyov, Boris, Atienza, Violeta, Bandini, Ditte, Baptista-Ferreira, Joao Luis, Baral, Hans-Otto, Baroni, Tim, Barreto, Robert Weingart, Baker, Henry, Bell, Ann, Bellanger, Jean-Michel, Bellu, Francesco, Bemmann, Martin, Bendiksby, Mika, Bendiksen, Egil, Bendiksen, Katriina, Benedek, Lajos, Beresova-Guttova, Anna, Berger, Franz, Berndt, Reinhard, Bernicchia, Annarosa, Biketova, Alona Yu, Bizio, Enrico, Bjork, Curtis, Boekhout, Teun, Boertmann, David, Bohning, Tanja, Boittin, Florent, Boluda, Carlos G., Boomsluiter, Menno W., Borovicka, Jan, Brandrud, Tor Erik, Braun, Uwe, Brodo, Irwin, Bulyonkova, Tatiana, Burdsall, Harold H., Jr., Buyck, Bart, Burgaz, Ana Rosa, Calatayud, Vicent, Callac, Philippe, Campo, Emanuele, Candusso, Massimo, Capoen, Brigitte, Carbo, Joaquim, Carbone, Matteo, Castaneda-Ruiz, Rafael F., Castellano, Michael A., Chen, Jie, Clerc, Philippe, Consiglio, Giovanni, Corriol, Gilles, Courtecuisse, Regis, Crespo, Ana, Cripps, Cathy, Crous, Pedro W., da Silva, Gladstone Alves, da Silva, Meiriele, Dam, Marjo, Dam, Nico, Dammrich, Frank, Das, Kanad, Davies, Linda, De Crop, Eske, De Kesel, Andre, De Lange, Ruben, Bonzi, Barbara De Madrignac, dela Cruz, Thomas Edison E., Delgat, Lynn, Demoulin, Vincent, Desjardin, Dennis E., Diederich, Paul, Dima, Balint, Dios, Maria Martha, Divakar, Pradeep Kumar, Douanla-Meli, Clovis, Douglas, Brian, Drechsler-Santos, Elisandro Ricardo, Dyer, Paul S., Eberhardt, Ursula, Ertz, Damien, Esteve-Raventos, Fernando, Salazar, Javier Angel Etayo, Evenson, Vera, Eyssartier, Guillaume, Farkas, Edit, Favre, Alain, Fedosova, Anna G., Filippa, Mario, Finy, Peter, Flakus, Adam, Fos, Simon, Fournier, Jacques, Fraiture, Andre, Franchi, Paolo, Molano, Ana Esperanza Franco, Friebes, Gernot, Frisch, Andreas, Fryday, Alan, Furci, Giuliana, Marquez, Ricardo Galan, Garbelotto, Matteo, Garcia-Martin, Joaquina Maria, Otalora, Monica A. Garcia, Sanchez, Dania Garcia, Gardiennet, Alain, Garnica, Sigisfredo, Benavent, Isaac Garrido, Gates, Genevieve, Gerlach, Alice da Cruz Lima, Ghobad-Nejhad, Masoomeh, Gibertoni, Tatiana B., Grebenc, Tine, Greilhuber, Irmgard, Grishkan, Bella, Groenewald, Johannes Z., Grube, Martin, Gruhn, Gerald, Gueidan, Cecile, Gulden, Gro, Gusmao, Luis F. P., Hafellner, Josef, Hairaud, Michel, Halama, Marek, Hallenberg, Nils, Halling, Roy E., Hansen, Karen, Harder, Christoffer Bugge, Heilmann-Clausen, Jacob, Helleman, Stip, Henriot, Alain, Hernandez-Restrepo, Margarita, Herve, Raphael, Hobart, Caroline, Hoffmeister, Mascha, Hoiland, Klaus, Holec, Jan, Holien, Hakon, Hughes, Karen, Hubka, Vit, Huhtinen, Seppo, Ivancevic, Boris, Jagers, Marian, Jaklitsch, Walter, Jansen, AnnaElise, Jayawardena, Ruvishika S., Jeppesen, Thomas Stjernegaard, Jeppson, Mikael, Johnston, Peter, Jorgensen, Per Magnus, Karnefelt, Ingvar, Kalinina, Liudmila B., Kantvilas, Gintaras, Karadelev, Mitko, Kasuya, Taiga, Kautmanova, Ivona, Kerrigan, Richard W., Kirchmair, Martin, Kiyashko, Anna, Knapp, Daniel G., Knudsen, Henning, Knudsen, Kerry, Knutsson, Tommy, Kolarik, Miroslav, Koljalg, Urmas, Kosuthova, Alica, Koszka, Attila, Kotiranta, Heikki, Kotkova, Vera, Koukol, Ondrej, Kout, Jiri, Kovacs, Gabor M., Kriz, Martin, Kruys, Asa, Kudera, Viktor, Kudzma, Linas, Kuhar, Francisco, Kukwa, Martin, Kumar, T. K. Arun, Kunca, Vladimir, Kusan, Ivana, Kuyper, Thomas W., Lado, Carlos, Laessoe, Thomas, Laine, Patrice, Langer, Ewald, Larsson, Ellen, Larsson, Karl-Henrik, Laursen, Gary, Lechat, Christian, Lee, Serena, Lendemer, James C., Levin, Laura, Lindemann, Uwe, Lindstrom, Hakan, Liu, Xingzhong, Hernandez, Regulo Carlos Llarena, Llop, Esteve, Locsmandi, Csaba, Lodge, Deborah Jean, Loizides, Michael, Lokos, Laszlo, Luangsa-ard, Jennifer, Luderitz, Matthias, Lumbsch, Thorsten, Lutz, Matthias, Mahoney, Dan, Malysheva, Ekaterina, Malysheva, Vera, Manimohan, Patinjareveettil, Mann-Felix, Yasmina, Marques, Guilhermina, Martinez-Gil, Ruben, Marson, Guy, Mata, Gerardo, Matheny, P. Brandon, Mathiassen, Geir Harald, Matocec, Neven, Mayrhofer, Helmut, Mehrabi, Mehdi, Melo, Ireneia, Mesic, Armin, Methven, Andrew S., Miettinen, Otto, Romero, Ana M. Millanes, Miller, Andrew N., Mitchell, James K., Moberg, Roland, Moreau, Pierre-Arthur, Moreno, Gabriel, Morozova, Olga, Morte, Asuncion, Muggia, Lucia, Gonzalez, Guillermo Munoz, Myllys, Leena, Nagy, Istvan, Nagy, Laszlo G., Neves, Maria Alice, Niemela, Tuomo, Nimis, Pier Luigi, Niveiro, Nicolas, Noordeloos, Machiel E., Nordin, Anders, Noumeur, Sara Raouia, Novozhilov, Yuri, Nuytinck, Jorinde, Ohenoja, Esteri, Fiuza, Patricia Oliveira, Orange, Alan, Ordynets, Alexander, Ortiz-Santana, Beatriz, Pacheco, Leticia, Pal-Fam, Ferenc, Palacio, Melissa, Palice, Zdenek, Papp, Viktor, Partel, Kadri, Pawlowska, Julia, Paz, Aurelia, Peintner, Ursula, Pennycook, Shaun, Pereira, Olinto Liparini, Daniels, Pablo Perez, Capella, Miguel A. Perez-De-Gregorio, del Amo, Carlos Manuel Perez, Gorjon, Sergio Perez, Perez-Ortega, Sergio, Perez-Vargas, Israel, Perry, Brian A., Petersen, Jens H., Petersen, Ronald H., Pfister, Donald H., Phukhamsakda, Chayanard, Piatek, Marcin, Piepenbring, Meike, Pino-Bodas, Raquel, Esquivel, Juan Pablo Pinzon, Pirot, Paul, Popov, Eugene S., Popoff, Orlando, Alvaro, Maria Prieto, Printzen, Christian, Psurtseva, Nadezhda, Purahong, Witoon, Quijada, Luis, Rambold, Gerhard, Ramirez, Natalia A., Raja, Huzefa, Raspe, Olivier, Raymundo, Tania, Reblova, Martina, Rebriev, Yury A., Garcia, Juan de Dios Reyes, Ripoll, Miguel Angel Ribes, Richard, Franck, Richardson, Mike J., Rico, Victor J., Robledo, Gerardo Lucio, Barbosa, Flavia Rodrigues, Rodriguez-Caycedo, Cristina, Rodriguez-Flakus, Pamela, Ronikier, Anna, Casas, Luis Rubio, Rusevska, Katerina, Saar, Gunter, Saar, Irja, Salcedo, Isabel, Martinez, Sergio M. Salcedo, Montoya, Carlos A. Salvador, Sanchez-Ramirez, Santiago, Sandoval-Sierra, J. Vladimir, Santamaria, Sergi, Monteiro, Josiane Santana, Schroers, Hans Josef, Schulz, Barbara, Schmidt-Stohn, Geert, Schumacher, Trond, Senn-Irlet, Beatrice, Sevcikova, Hana, Shchepin, Oleg, Shirouzu, Takashi, Shiryaev, Anton, Siepe, Klaus, Sir, Esteban B., Sohrabi, Mohammad, Soop, Karl, Spirin, Viacheslav, Spribille, Toby, Stadler, Marc, Stalpers, Joost, Stenroos, Soili, Suija, Ave, Sunhede, Stellan, Svantesson, Sten, Svensson, Sigvard, Svetasheva, Tatyana Yu, Swierkosz, Krzysztof, Tamm, Heidi, Taskin, Hatira, Taudiere, Adrien, Tedebrand, Jan-Olof, Lahoz, Raul Tena, Temina, Marina, Thell, Arne, Thines, Marco, Thor, Goren, Thus, Holger, Tibell, Leif, Tibell, Sanja, Timdal, Einar, Tkalcec, Zdenko, Tonsberg, Tor, Trichies, Gerard, Triebel, Dagmar, Tsurykau, Andrei, Tulloss, Rodham E., Tuovinen, Veera, Sosa, Miguel Ulloa, Urcelay, Carlos, Valade, Francois, Garza, Ricardo Valenzuela, van den Boom, Pieter, Van Vooren, Nicolas, Vasco-Palacios, Aida M., Vauras, Jukka, Santos, Juan Manuel Velasco, Vellinga, Else, Verbeken, Annemieke, Vetlesen, Per, Vizzini, Alfredo, Voglmayr, Hermann, Volobuev, Sergey, von Brackel, Wolfgang, Voronina, Elena, Walther, Grit, Watling, Roy, Weber, Evi, Wedin, Mats, Weholt, Oyvind, Westberg, Martin, Yurchenko, Eugene, Zehnalek, Petr, Zhang, Huang, Zhurbenko, Mikhail P., and Ekman, Stefan
Abstract: Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11th International Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN.
Published: 2018
Full Text: View/download PDF

9. Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa

Author: Zamora, Juan Carlos, Svensson, Måns, Kirschner, Roland, Olariaga, Ibai, Ryman, Svengunnar, Alberto Parra, Luis, Geml, Jozsef, Rosling, Anna, Adamcik, Slavomir, Ahti, Teuvo, Aime, M. Catherine, Ainsworth, A. Martyn, Albert, Laszlo, Alberto, Edgardo, Garcia, Alberto Altes, Ageev, Dmitry, Agerer, Reinhard, Aguirre-Hudson, Begona, Ammirati, Joe, Andersson, Harry, Angelini, Claudio, Antonin, Vladimir, Aoki, Takayuki, Aptroot, Andre, Argaud, Didier, Sosa, Blanca Imelda Arguello, Aronsen, Arne, Arup, Ulf, Asgari, Bita, Assyov, Boris, Atienza, Violeta, Bandini, Ditte, Baptista-Ferreira, Joao Luis, Baral, Hans-Otto, Baroni, Tim, Barreto, Robert Weingart, Baker, Henry, Bell, Ann, Bellanger, Jean-Michel, Bellu, Francesco, Bemmann, Martin, Bendiksby, Mika, Bendiksen, Egil, Bendiksen, Katriina, Benedek, Lajos, Beresova-Guttova, Anna, Berger, Franz, Berndt, Reinhard, Bernicchia, Annarosa, Biketova, Alona Yu, Bizio, Enrico, Bjork, Curtis, Boekhout, Teun, Boertmann, David, Bohning, Tanja, Boittin, Florent, Boluda, Carlos G., Boomsluiter, Menno W., Borovicka, Jan, Brandrud, Tor Erik, Braun, Uwe, Brodo, Irwin, Bulyonkova, Tatiana, Burdsall, Harold H., Jr., Buyck, Bart, Burgaz, Ana Rosa, Calatayud, Vicent, Callac, Philippe, Campo, Emanuele, Candusso, Massimo, Capoen, Brigitte, Carbo, Joaquim, Carbone, Matteo, Castaneda-Ruiz, Rafael F., Castellano, Michael A., Chen, Jie, Clerc, Philippe, Consiglio, Giovanni, Corriol, Gilles, Courtecuisse, Regis, Crespo, Ana, Cripps, Cathy, Crous, Pedro W., da Silva, Gladstone Alves, da Silva, Meiriele, Dam, Marjo, Dam, Nico, Dammrich, Frank, Das, Kanad, Davies, Linda, De Crop, Eske, De Kesel, Andre, De Lange, Ruben, Bonzi, Barbara De Madrignac, dela Cruz, Thomas Edison E., Delgat, Lynn, Demoulin, Vincent, Desjardin, Dennis E., Diederich, Paul, Dima, Balint, Dios, Maria Martha, Divakar, Pradeep Kumar, Douanla-Meli, Clovis, Douglas, Brian, Drechsler-Santos, Elisandro Ricardo, Dyer, Paul S., Eberhardt, Ursula, Ertz, Damien, Esteve-Raventos, Fernando, Salazar, Javier Angel Etayo, Evenson, Vera, Eyssartier, Guillaume, Farkas, Edit, Favre, Alain, Fedosova, Anna G., Filippa, Mario, Finy, Peter, Flakus, Adam, Fos, Simon, Fournier, Jacques, Fraiture, Andre, Franchi, Paolo, Molano, Ana Esperanza Franco, Friebes, Gernot, Frisch, Andreas, Fryday, Alan, Furci, Giuliana, Marquez, Ricardo Galan, Garbelotto, Matteo, Garcia-Martin, Joaquina Maria, Otalora, Monica A. Garcia, Sanchez, Dania Garcia, Gardiennet, Alain, Garnica, Sigisfredo, Benavent, Isaac Garrido, Gates, Genevieve, Gerlach, Alice da Cruz Lima, Ghobad-Nejhad, Masoomeh, Gibertoni, Tatiana B., Grebenc, Tine, Greilhuber, Irmgard, Grishkan, Bella, Groenewald, Johannes Z., Grube, Martin, Gruhn, Gerald, Gueidan, Cecile, Gulden, Gro, Gusmao, Luis F. P., Hafellner, Josef, Hairaud, Michel, Halama, Marek, Hallenberg, Nils, Halling, Roy E., Hansen, Karen, Harder, Christoffer Bugge, Heilmann-Clausen, Jacob, Helleman, Stip, Henriot, Alain, Hernandez-Restrepo, Margarita, Herve, Raphael, Hobart, Caroline, Hoffmeister, Mascha, Hoiland, Klaus, Holec, Jan, Holien, Hakon, Hughes, Karen, Hubka, Vit, Huhtinen, Seppo, Ivancevic, Boris, Jagers, Marian, Jaklitsch, Walter, Jansen, AnnaElise, Jayawardena, Ruvishika S., Jeppesen, Thomas Stjernegaard, Jeppson, Mikael, Johnston, Peter, Jorgensen, Per Magnus, Karnefelt, Ingvar, Kalinina, Liudmila B., Kantvilas, Gintaras, Karadelev, Mitko, Kasuya, Taiga, Kautmanova, Ivona, Kerrigan, Richard W., Kirchmair, Martin, Kiyashko, Anna, Knapp, Daniel G., Knudsen, Henning, Knudsen, Kerry, Knutsson, Tommy, Kolarik, Miroslav, Koljalg, Urmas, Kosuthova, Alica, Koszka, Attila, Kotiranta, Heikki, Kotkova, Vera, Koukol, Ondrej, Kout, Jiri, Kovacs, Gabor M., Kriz, Martin, Kruys, Asa, Kudera, Viktor, Kudzma, Linas, Kuhar, Francisco, Kukwa, Martin, Kumar, T. K. Arun, Kunca, Vladimir, Kusan, Ivana, Kuyper, Thomas W., Lado, Carlos, Laessoe, Thomas, Laine, Patrice, Langer, Ewald, Larsson, Ellen, Larsson, Karl-Henrik, Laursen, Gary, Lechat, Christian, Lee, Serena, Lendemer, James C., Levin, Laura, Lindemann, Uwe, Lindstrom, Hakan, Liu, Xingzhong, Hernandez, Regulo Carlos Llarena, Llop, Esteve, Locsmandi, Csaba, Lodge, Deborah Jean, Loizides, Michael, Lokos, Laszlo, Luangsa-ard, Jennifer, Luderitz, Matthias, Lumbsch, Thorsten, Lutz, Matthias, Mahoney, Dan, Malysheva, Ekaterina, Malysheva, Vera, Manimohan, Patinjareveettil, Mann-Felix, Yasmina, Marques, Guilhermina, Martinez-Gil, Ruben, Marson, Guy, Mata, Gerardo, Matheny, P. Brandon, Mathiassen, Geir Harald, Matocec, Neven, Mayrhofer, Helmut, Mehrabi, Mehdi, Melo, Ireneia, Mesic, Armin, Methven, Andrew S., Miettinen, Otto, Romero, Ana M. Millanes, Miller, Andrew N., Mitchell, James K., Moberg, Roland, Moreau, Pierre-Arthur, Moreno, Gabriel, Morozova, Olga, Morte, Asuncion, Muggia, Lucia, Gonzalez, Guillermo Munoz, Myllys, Leena, Nagy, Istvan, Nagy, Laszlo G., Neves, Maria Alice, Niemela, Tuomo, Nimis, Pier Luigi, Niveiro, Nicolas, Noordeloos, Machiel E., Nordin, Anders, Noumeur, Sara Raouia, Novozhilov, Yuri, Nuytinck, Jorinde, Ohenoja, Esteri, Fiuza, Patricia Oliveira, Orange, Alan, Ordynets, Alexander, Ortiz-Santana, Beatriz, Pacheco, Leticia, Pal-Fam, Ferenc, Palacio, Melissa, Palice, Zdenek, Papp, Viktor, Partel, Kadri, Pawlowska, Julia, Paz, Aurelia, Peintner, Ursula, Pennycook, Shaun, Pereira, Olinto Liparini, Daniels, Pablo Perez, Capella, Miguel A. Perez-De-Gregorio, del Amo, Carlos Manuel Perez, Gorjon, Sergio Perez, Perez-Ortega, Sergio, Perez-Vargas, Israel, Perry, Brian A., Petersen, Jens H., Petersen, Ronald H., Pfister, Donald H., Phukhamsakda, Chayanard, Piatek, Marcin, Piepenbring, Meike, Pino-Bodas, Raquel, Esquivel, Juan Pablo Pinzon, Pirot, Paul, Popov, Eugene S., Popoff, Orlando, Alvaro, Maria Prieto, Printzen, Christian, Psurtseva, Nadezhda, Purahong, Witoon, Quijada, Luis, Rambold, Gerhard, Ramirez, Natalia A., Raja, Huzefa, Raspe, Olivier, Raymundo, Tania, Reblova, Martina, Rebriev, Yury A., Garcia, Juan de Dios Reyes, Ripoll, Miguel Angel Ribes, Richard, Franck, Richardson, Mike J., Rico, Victor J., Robledo, Gerardo Lucio, Barbosa, Flavia Rodrigues, Rodriguez-Caycedo, Cristina, Rodriguez-Flakus, Pamela, Ronikier, Anna, Casas, Luis Rubio, Rusevska, Katerina, Saar, Gunter, Saar, Irja, Salcedo, Isabel, Martinez, Sergio M. Salcedo, Montoya, Carlos A. Salvador, Sanchez-Ramirez, Santiago, Sandoval-Sierra, J. Vladimir, Santamaria, Sergi, Monteiro, Josiane Santana, Schroers, Hans Josef, Schulz, Barbara, Schmidt-Stohn, Geert, Schumacher, Trond, Senn-Irlet, Beatrice, Sevcikova, Hana, Shchepin, Oleg, Shirouzu, Takashi, Shiryaev, Anton, Siepe, Klaus, Sir, Esteban B., Sohrabi, Mohammad, Soop, Karl, Spirin, Viacheslav, Spribille, Toby, Stadler, Marc, Stalpers, Joost, Stenroos, Soili, Suija, Ave, Sunhede, Stellan, Svantesson, Sten, Svensson, Sigvard, Svetasheva, Tatyana Yu, Swierkosz, Krzysztof, Tamm, Heidi, Taskin, Hatira, Taudiere, Adrien, Tedebrand, Jan-Olof, Lahoz, Raul Tena, Temina, Marina, Thell, Arne, Thines, Marco, Thor, Goren, Thus, Holger, Tibell, Leif, Tibell, Sanja, Timdal, Einar, Tkalcec, Zdenko, Tonsberg, Tor, Trichies, Gerard, Triebel, Dagmar, Tsurykau, Andrei, Tulloss, Rodham E., Tuovinen, Veera, Sosa, Miguel Ulloa, Urcelay, Carlos, Valade, Francois, Garza, Ricardo Valenzuela, van den Boom, Pieter, Van Vooren, Nicolas, Vasco-Palacios, Aida M., Vauras, Jukka, Santos, Juan Manuel Velasco, Vellinga, Else, Verbeken, Annemieke, Vetlesen, Per, Vizzini, Alfredo, Voglmayr, Hermann, Volobuev, Sergey, von Brackel, Wolfgang, Voronina, Elena, Walther, Grit, Watling, Roy, Weber, Evi, Wedin, Mats, Weholt, Oyvind, Westberg, Martin, Yurchenko, Eugene, Zehnalek, Petr, Zhang, Huang, Zhurbenko, Mikhail P., Ekman, Stefan, Zamora, Juan Carlos, Svensson, Måns, Kirschner, Roland, Olariaga, Ibai, Ryman, Svengunnar, Alberto Parra, Luis, Geml, Jozsef, Rosling, Anna, Adamcik, Slavomir, Ahti, Teuvo, Aime, M. Catherine, Ainsworth, A. Martyn, Albert, Laszlo, Alberto, Edgardo, Garcia, Alberto Altes, Ageev, Dmitry, Agerer, Reinhard, Aguirre-Hudson, Begona, Ammirati, Joe, Andersson, Harry, Angelini, Claudio, Antonin, Vladimir, Aoki, Takayuki, Aptroot, Andre, Argaud, Didier, Sosa, Blanca Imelda Arguello, Aronsen, Arne, Arup, Ulf, Asgari, Bita, Assyov, Boris, Atienza, Violeta, Bandini, Ditte, Baptista-Ferreira, Joao Luis, Baral, Hans-Otto, Baroni, Tim, Barreto, Robert Weingart, Baker, Henry, Bell, Ann, Bellanger, Jean-Michel, Bellu, Francesco, Bemmann, Martin, Bendiksby, Mika, Bendiksen, Egil, Bendiksen, Katriina, Benedek, Lajos, Beresova-Guttova, Anna, Berger, Franz, Berndt, Reinhard, Bernicchia, Annarosa, Biketova, Alona Yu, Bizio, Enrico, Bjork, Curtis, Boekhout, Teun, Boertmann, David, Bohning, Tanja, Boittin, Florent, Boluda, Carlos G., Boomsluiter, Menno W., Borovicka, Jan, Brandrud, Tor Erik, Braun, Uwe, Brodo, Irwin, Bulyonkova, Tatiana, Burdsall, Harold H., Jr., Buyck, Bart, Burgaz, Ana Rosa, Calatayud, Vicent, Callac, Philippe, Campo, Emanuele, Candusso, Massimo, Capoen, Brigitte, Carbo, Joaquim, Carbone, Matteo, Castaneda-Ruiz, Rafael F., Castellano, Michael A., Chen, Jie, Clerc, Philippe, Consiglio, Giovanni, Corriol, Gilles, Courtecuisse, Regis, Crespo, Ana, Cripps, Cathy, Crous, Pedro W., da Silva, Gladstone Alves, da Silva, Meiriele, Dam, Marjo, Dam, Nico, Dammrich, Frank, Das, Kanad, Davies, Linda, De Crop, Eske, De Kesel, Andre, De Lange, Ruben, Bonzi, Barbara De Madrignac, dela Cruz, Thomas Edison E., Delgat, Lynn, Demoulin, Vincent, Desjardin, Dennis E., Diederich, Paul, Dima, Balint, Dios, Maria Martha, Divakar, Pradeep Kumar, Douanla-Meli, Clovis, Douglas, Brian, Drechsler-Santos, Elisandro Ricardo, Dyer, Paul S., Eberhardt, Ursula, Ertz, Damien, Esteve-Raventos, Fernando, Salazar, Javier Angel Etayo, Evenson, Vera, Eyssartier, Guillaume, Farkas, Edit, Favre, Alain, Fedosova, Anna G., Filippa, Mario, Finy, Peter, Flakus, Adam, Fos, Simon, Fournier, Jacques, Fraiture, Andre, Franchi, Paolo, Molano, Ana Esperanza Franco, Friebes, Gernot, Frisch, Andreas, Fryday, Alan, Furci, Giuliana, Marquez, Ricardo Galan, Garbelotto, Matteo, Garcia-Martin, Joaquina Maria, Otalora, Monica A. Garcia, Sanchez, Dania Garcia, Gardiennet, Alain, Garnica, Sigisfredo, Benavent, Isaac Garrido, Gates, Genevieve, Gerlach, Alice da Cruz Lima, Ghobad-Nejhad, Masoomeh, Gibertoni, Tatiana B., Grebenc, Tine, Greilhuber, Irmgard, Grishkan, Bella, Groenewald, Johannes Z., Grube, Martin, Gruhn, Gerald, Gueidan, Cecile, Gulden, Gro, Gusmao, Luis F. P., Hafellner, Josef, Hairaud, Michel, Halama, Marek, Hallenberg, Nils, Halling, Roy E., Hansen, Karen, Harder, Christoffer Bugge, Heilmann-Clausen, Jacob, Helleman, Stip, Henriot, Alain, Hernandez-Restrepo, Margarita, Herve, Raphael, Hobart, Caroline, Hoffmeister, Mascha, Hoiland, Klaus, Holec, Jan, Holien, Hakon, Hughes, Karen, Hubka, Vit, Huhtinen, Seppo, Ivancevic, Boris, Jagers, Marian, Jaklitsch, Walter, Jansen, AnnaElise, Jayawardena, Ruvishika S., Jeppesen, Thomas Stjernegaard, Jeppson, Mikael, Johnston, Peter, Jorgensen, Per Magnus, Karnefelt, Ingvar, Kalinina, Liudmila B., Kantvilas, Gintaras, Karadelev, Mitko, Kasuya, Taiga, Kautmanova, Ivona, Kerrigan, Richard W., Kirchmair, Martin, Kiyashko, Anna, Knapp, Daniel G., Knudsen, Henning, Knudsen, Kerry, Knutsson, Tommy, Kolarik, Miroslav, Koljalg, Urmas, Kosuthova, Alica, Koszka, Attila, Kotiranta, Heikki, Kotkova, Vera, Koukol, Ondrej, Kout, Jiri, Kovacs, Gabor M., Kriz, Martin, Kruys, Asa, Kudera, Viktor, Kudzma, Linas, Kuhar, Francisco, Kukwa, Martin, Kumar, T. K. Arun, Kunca, Vladimir, Kusan, Ivana, Kuyper, Thomas W., Lado, Carlos, Laessoe, Thomas, Laine, Patrice, Langer, Ewald, Larsson, Ellen, Larsson, Karl-Henrik, Laursen, Gary, Lechat, Christian, Lee, Serena, Lendemer, James C., Levin, Laura, Lindemann, Uwe, Lindstrom, Hakan, Liu, Xingzhong, Hernandez, Regulo Carlos Llarena, Llop, Esteve, Locsmandi, Csaba, Lodge, Deborah Jean, Loizides, Michael, Lokos, Laszlo, Luangsa-ard, Jennifer, Luderitz, Matthias, Lumbsch, Thorsten, Lutz, Matthias, Mahoney, Dan, Malysheva, Ekaterina, Malysheva, Vera, Manimohan, Patinjareveettil, Mann-Felix, Yasmina, Marques, Guilhermina, Martinez-Gil, Ruben, Marson, Guy, Mata, Gerardo, Matheny, P. Brandon, Mathiassen, Geir Harald, Matocec, Neven, Mayrhofer, Helmut, Mehrabi, Mehdi, Melo, Ireneia, Mesic, Armin, Methven, Andrew S., Miettinen, Otto, Romero, Ana M. Millanes, Miller, Andrew N., Mitchell, James K., Moberg, Roland, Moreau, Pierre-Arthur, Moreno, Gabriel, Morozova, Olga, Morte, Asuncion, Muggia, Lucia, Gonzalez, Guillermo Munoz, Myllys, Leena, Nagy, Istvan, Nagy, Laszlo G., Neves, Maria Alice, Niemela, Tuomo, Nimis, Pier Luigi, Niveiro, Nicolas, Noordeloos, Machiel E., Nordin, Anders, Noumeur, Sara Raouia, Novozhilov, Yuri, Nuytinck, Jorinde, Ohenoja, Esteri, Fiuza, Patricia Oliveira, Orange, Alan, Ordynets, Alexander, Ortiz-Santana, Beatriz, Pacheco, Leticia, Pal-Fam, Ferenc, Palacio, Melissa, Palice, Zdenek, Papp, Viktor, Partel, Kadri, Pawlowska, Julia, Paz, Aurelia, Peintner, Ursula, Pennycook, Shaun, Pereira, Olinto Liparini, Daniels, Pablo Perez, Capella, Miguel A. Perez-De-Gregorio, del Amo, Carlos Manuel Perez, Gorjon, Sergio Perez, Perez-Ortega, Sergio, Perez-Vargas, Israel, Perry, Brian A., Petersen, Jens H., Petersen, Ronald H., Pfister, Donald H., Phukhamsakda, Chayanard, Piatek, Marcin, Piepenbring, Meike, Pino-Bodas, Raquel, Esquivel, Juan Pablo Pinzon, Pirot, Paul, Popov, Eugene S., Popoff, Orlando, Alvaro, Maria Prieto, Printzen, Christian, Psurtseva, Nadezhda, Purahong, Witoon, Quijada, Luis, Rambold, Gerhard, Ramirez, Natalia A., Raja, Huzefa, Raspe, Olivier, Raymundo, Tania, Reblova, Martina, Rebriev, Yury A., Garcia, Juan de Dios Reyes, Ripoll, Miguel Angel Ribes, Richard, Franck, Richardson, Mike J., Rico, Victor J., Robledo, Gerardo Lucio, Barbosa, Flavia Rodrigues, Rodriguez-Caycedo, Cristina, Rodriguez-Flakus, Pamela, Ronikier, Anna, Casas, Luis Rubio, Rusevska, Katerina, Saar, Gunter, Saar, Irja, Salcedo, Isabel, Martinez, Sergio M. Salcedo, Montoya, Carlos A. Salvador, Sanchez-Ramirez, Santiago, Sandoval-Sierra, J. Vladimir, Santamaria, Sergi, Monteiro, Josiane Santana, Schroers, Hans Josef, Schulz, Barbara, Schmidt-Stohn, Geert, Schumacher, Trond, Senn-Irlet, Beatrice, Sevcikova, Hana, Shchepin, Oleg, Shirouzu, Takashi, Shiryaev, Anton, Siepe, Klaus, Sir, Esteban B., Sohrabi, Mohammad, Soop, Karl, Spirin, Viacheslav, Spribille, Toby, Stadler, Marc, Stalpers, Joost, Stenroos, Soili, Suija, Ave, Sunhede, Stellan, Svantesson, Sten, Svensson, Sigvard, Svetasheva, Tatyana Yu, Swierkosz, Krzysztof, Tamm, Heidi, Taskin, Hatira, Taudiere, Adrien, Tedebrand, Jan-Olof, Lahoz, Raul Tena, Temina, Marina, Thell, Arne, Thines, Marco, Thor, Goren, Thus, Holger, Tibell, Leif, Tibell, Sanja, Timdal, Einar, Tkalcec, Zdenko, Tonsberg, Tor, Trichies, Gerard, Triebel, Dagmar, Tsurykau, Andrei, Tulloss, Rodham E., Tuovinen, Veera, Sosa, Miguel Ulloa, Urcelay, Carlos, Valade, Francois, Garza, Ricardo Valenzuela, van den Boom, Pieter, Van Vooren, Nicolas, Vasco-Palacios, Aida M., Vauras, Jukka, Santos, Juan Manuel Velasco, Vellinga, Else, Verbeken, Annemieke, Vetlesen, Per, Vizzini, Alfredo, Voglmayr, Hermann, Volobuev, Sergey, von Brackel, Wolfgang, Voronina, Elena, Walther, Grit, Watling, Roy, Weber, Evi, Wedin, Mats, Weholt, Oyvind, Westberg, Martin, Yurchenko, Eugene, Zehnalek, Petr, Zhang, Huang, Zhurbenko, Mikhail P., and Ekman, Stefan
Abstract: Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11th International Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN.
Published: 2018
Full Text: View/download PDF

10. Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa

Author: Zamora, Juan Carlos, Svensson, Måns, Kirschner, Roland, Olariaga, Ibai, Ryman, Svengunnar, Alberto Parra, Luis, Geml, Jozsef, Rosling, Anna, Adamcik, Slavomir, Ahti, Teuvo, Aime, M. Catherine, Ainsworth, A. Martyn, Albert, Laszlo, Alberto, Edgardo, Garcia, Alberto Altes, Ageev, Dmitry, Agerer, Reinhard, Aguirre-Hudson, Begona, Ammirati, Joe, Andersson, Harry, Angelini, Claudio, Antonin, Vladimir, Aoki, Takayuki, Aptroot, Andre, Argaud, Didier, Sosa, Blanca Imelda Arguello, Aronsen, Arne, Arup, Ulf, Asgari, Bita, Assyov, Boris, Atienza, Violeta, Bandini, Ditte, Baptista-Ferreira, Joao Luis, Baral, Hans-Otto, Baroni, Tim, Barreto, Robert Weingart, Baker, Henry, Bell, Ann, Bellanger, Jean-Michel, Bellu, Francesco, Bemmann, Martin, Bendiksby, Mika, Bendiksen, Egil, Bendiksen, Katriina, Benedek, Lajos, Beresova-Guttova, Anna, Berger, Franz, Berndt, Reinhard, Bernicchia, Annarosa, Biketova, Alona Yu, Bizio, Enrico, Bjork, Curtis, Boekhout, Teun, Boertmann, David, Bohning, Tanja, Boittin, Florent, Boluda, Carlos G., Boomsluiter, Menno W., Borovicka, Jan, Brandrud, Tor Erik, Braun, Uwe, Brodo, Irwin, Bulyonkova, Tatiana, Burdsall, Harold H., Jr., Buyck, Bart, Burgaz, Ana Rosa, Calatayud, Vicent, Callac, Philippe, Campo, Emanuele, Candusso, Massimo, Capoen, Brigitte, Carbo, Joaquim, Carbone, Matteo, Castaneda-Ruiz, Rafael F., Castellano, Michael A., Chen, Jie, Clerc, Philippe, Consiglio, Giovanni, Corriol, Gilles, Courtecuisse, Regis, Crespo, Ana, Cripps, Cathy, Crous, Pedro W., da Silva, Gladstone Alves, da Silva, Meiriele, Dam, Marjo, Dam, Nico, Dammrich, Frank, Das, Kanad, Davies, Linda, De Crop, Eske, De Kesel, Andre, De Lange, Ruben, Bonzi, Barbara De Madrignac, dela Cruz, Thomas Edison E., Delgat, Lynn, Demoulin, Vincent, Desjardin, Dennis E., Diederich, Paul, Dima, Balint, Dios, Maria Martha, Divakar, Pradeep Kumar, Douanla-Meli, Clovis, Douglas, Brian, Drechsler-Santos, Elisandro Ricardo, Dyer, Paul S., Eberhardt, Ursula, Ertz, Damien, Esteve-Raventos, Fernando, Salazar, Javier Angel Etayo, Evenson, Vera, Eyssartier, Guillaume, Farkas, Edit, Favre, Alain, Fedosova, Anna G., Filippa, Mario, Finy, Peter, Flakus, Adam, Fos, Simon, Fournier, Jacques, Fraiture, Andre, Franchi, Paolo, Molano, Ana Esperanza Franco, Friebes, Gernot, Frisch, Andreas, Fryday, Alan, Furci, Giuliana, Marquez, Ricardo Galan, Garbelotto, Matteo, Garcia-Martin, Joaquina Maria, Otalora, Monica A. Garcia, Sanchez, Dania Garcia, Gardiennet, Alain, Garnica, Sigisfredo, Benavent, Isaac Garrido, Gates, Genevieve, Gerlach, Alice da Cruz Lima, Ghobad-Nejhad, Masoomeh, Gibertoni, Tatiana B., Grebenc, Tine, Greilhuber, Irmgard, Grishkan, Bella, Groenewald, Johannes Z., Grube, Martin, Gruhn, Gerald, Gueidan, Cecile, Gulden, Gro, Gusmao, Luis F. P., Hafellner, Josef, Hairaud, Michel, Halama, Marek, Hallenberg, Nils, Halling, Roy E., Hansen, Karen, Harder, Christoffer Bugge, Heilmann-Clausen, Jacob, Helleman, Stip, Henriot, Alain, Hernandez-Restrepo, Margarita, Herve, Raphael, Hobart, Caroline, Hoffmeister, Mascha, Hoiland, Klaus, Holec, Jan, Holien, Hakon, Hughes, Karen, Hubka, Vit, Huhtinen, Seppo, Ivancevic, Boris, Jagers, Marian, Jaklitsch, Walter, Jansen, AnnaElise, Jayawardena, Ruvishika S., Jeppesen, Thomas Stjernegaard, Jeppson, Mikael, Johnston, Peter, Jorgensen, Per Magnus, Karnefelt, Ingvar, Kalinina, Liudmila B., Kantvilas, Gintaras, Karadelev, Mitko, Kasuya, Taiga, Kautmanova, Ivona, Kerrigan, Richard W., Kirchmair, Martin, Kiyashko, Anna, Knapp, Daniel G., Knudsen, Henning, Knudsen, Kerry, Knutsson, Tommy, Kolarik, Miroslav, Koljalg, Urmas, Kosuthova, Alica, Koszka, Attila, Kotiranta, Heikki, Kotkova, Vera, Koukol, Ondrej, Kout, Jiri, Kovacs, Gabor M., Kriz, Martin, Kruys, Asa, Kudera, Viktor, Kudzma, Linas, Kuhar, Francisco, Kukwa, Martin, Kumar, T. K. Arun, Kunca, Vladimir, Kusan, Ivana, Kuyper, Thomas W., Lado, Carlos, Laessoe, Thomas, Laine, Patrice, Langer, Ewald, Larsson, Ellen, Larsson, Karl-Henrik, Laursen, Gary, Lechat, Christian, Lee, Serena, Lendemer, James C., Levin, Laura, Lindemann, Uwe, Lindstrom, Hakan, Liu, Xingzhong, Hernandez, Regulo Carlos Llarena, Llop, Esteve, Locsmandi, Csaba, Lodge, Deborah Jean, Loizides, Michael, Lokos, Laszlo, Luangsa-ard, Jennifer, Luderitz, Matthias, Lumbsch, Thorsten, Lutz, Matthias, Mahoney, Dan, Malysheva, Ekaterina, Malysheva, Vera, Manimohan, Patinjareveettil, Mann-Felix, Yasmina, Marques, Guilhermina, Martinez-Gil, Ruben, Marson, Guy, Mata, Gerardo, Matheny, P. Brandon, Mathiassen, Geir Harald, Matocec, Neven, Mayrhofer, Helmut, Mehrabi, Mehdi, Melo, Ireneia, Mesic, Armin, Methven, Andrew S., Miettinen, Otto, Romero, Ana M. Millanes, Miller, Andrew N., Mitchell, James K., Moberg, Roland, Moreau, Pierre-Arthur, Moreno, Gabriel, Morozova, Olga, Morte, Asuncion, Muggia, Lucia, Gonzalez, Guillermo Munoz, Myllys, Leena, Nagy, Istvan, Nagy, Laszlo G., Neves, Maria Alice, Niemela, Tuomo, Nimis, Pier Luigi, Niveiro, Nicolas, Noordeloos, Machiel E., Nordin, Anders, Noumeur, Sara Raouia, Novozhilov, Yuri, Nuytinck, Jorinde, Ohenoja, Esteri, Fiuza, Patricia Oliveira, Orange, Alan, Ordynets, Alexander, Ortiz-Santana, Beatriz, Pacheco, Leticia, Pal-Fam, Ferenc, Palacio, Melissa, Palice, Zdenek, Papp, Viktor, Partel, Kadri, Pawlowska, Julia, Paz, Aurelia, Peintner, Ursula, Pennycook, Shaun, Pereira, Olinto Liparini, Daniels, Pablo Perez, Capella, Miguel A. Perez-De-Gregorio, del Amo, Carlos Manuel Perez, Gorjon, Sergio Perez, Perez-Ortega, Sergio, Perez-Vargas, Israel, Perry, Brian A., Petersen, Jens H., Petersen, Ronald H., Pfister, Donald H., Phukhamsakda, Chayanard, Piatek, Marcin, Piepenbring, Meike, Pino-Bodas, Raquel, Esquivel, Juan Pablo Pinzon, Pirot, Paul, Popov, Eugene S., Popoff, Orlando, Alvaro, Maria Prieto, Printzen, Christian, Psurtseva, Nadezhda, Purahong, Witoon, Quijada, Luis, Rambold, Gerhard, Ramirez, Natalia A., Raja, Huzefa, Raspe, Olivier, Raymundo, Tania, Reblova, Martina, Rebriev, Yury A., Garcia, Juan de Dios Reyes, Ripoll, Miguel Angel Ribes, Richard, Franck, Richardson, Mike J., Rico, Victor J., Robledo, Gerardo Lucio, Barbosa, Flavia Rodrigues, Rodriguez-Caycedo, Cristina, Rodriguez-Flakus, Pamela, Ronikier, Anna, Casas, Luis Rubio, Rusevska, Katerina, Saar, Gunter, Saar, Irja, Salcedo, Isabel, Martinez, Sergio M. Salcedo, Montoya, Carlos A. Salvador, Sanchez-Ramirez, Santiago, Sandoval-Sierra, J. Vladimir, Santamaria, Sergi, Monteiro, Josiane Santana, Schroers, Hans Josef, Schulz, Barbara, Schmidt-Stohn, Geert, Schumacher, Trond, Senn-Irlet, Beatrice, Sevcikova, Hana, Shchepin, Oleg, Shirouzu, Takashi, Shiryaev, Anton, Siepe, Klaus, Sir, Esteban B., Sohrabi, Mohammad, Soop, Karl, Spirin, Viacheslav, Spribille, Toby, Stadler, Marc, Stalpers, Joost, Stenroos, Soili, Suija, Ave, Sunhede, Stellan, Svantesson, Sten, Svensson, Sigvard, Svetasheva, Tatyana Yu, Swierkosz, Krzysztof, Tamm, Heidi, Taskin, Hatira, Taudiere, Adrien, Tedebrand, Jan-Olof, Lahoz, Raul Tena, Temina, Marina, Thell, Arne, Thines, Marco, Thor, Goren, Thus, Holger, Tibell, Leif, Tibell, Sanja, Timdal, Einar, Tkalcec, Zdenko, Tonsberg, Tor, Trichies, Gerard, Triebel, Dagmar, Tsurykau, Andrei, Tulloss, Rodham E., Tuovinen, Veera, Sosa, Miguel Ulloa, Urcelay, Carlos, Valade, Francois, Garza, Ricardo Valenzuela, van den Boom, Pieter, Van Vooren, Nicolas, Vasco-Palacios, Aida M., Vauras, Jukka, Santos, Juan Manuel Velasco, Vellinga, Else, Verbeken, Annemieke, Vetlesen, Per, Vizzini, Alfredo, Voglmayr, Hermann, Volobuev, Sergey, von Brackel, Wolfgang, Voronina, Elena, Walther, Grit, Watling, Roy, Weber, Evi, Wedin, Mats, Weholt, Oyvind, Westberg, Martin, Yurchenko, Eugene, Zehnalek, Petr, Zhang, Huang, Zhurbenko, Mikhail P., Ekman, Stefan, Zamora, Juan Carlos, Svensson, Måns, Kirschner, Roland, Olariaga, Ibai, Ryman, Svengunnar, Alberto Parra, Luis, Geml, Jozsef, Rosling, Anna, Adamcik, Slavomir, Ahti, Teuvo, Aime, M. Catherine, Ainsworth, A. Martyn, Albert, Laszlo, Alberto, Edgardo, Garcia, Alberto Altes, Ageev, Dmitry, Agerer, Reinhard, Aguirre-Hudson, Begona, Ammirati, Joe, Andersson, Harry, Angelini, Claudio, Antonin, Vladimir, Aoki, Takayuki, Aptroot, Andre, Argaud, Didier, Sosa, Blanca Imelda Arguello, Aronsen, Arne, Arup, Ulf, Asgari, Bita, Assyov, Boris, Atienza, Violeta, Bandini, Ditte, Baptista-Ferreira, Joao Luis, Baral, Hans-Otto, Baroni, Tim, Barreto, Robert Weingart, Baker, Henry, Bell, Ann, Bellanger, Jean-Michel, Bellu, Francesco, Bemmann, Martin, Bendiksby, Mika, Bendiksen, Egil, Bendiksen, Katriina, Benedek, Lajos, Beresova-Guttova, Anna, Berger, Franz, Berndt, Reinhard, Bernicchia, Annarosa, Biketova, Alona Yu, Bizio, Enrico, Bjork, Curtis, Boekhout, Teun, Boertmann, David, Bohning, Tanja, Boittin, Florent, Boluda, Carlos G., Boomsluiter, Menno W., Borovicka, Jan, Brandrud, Tor Erik, Braun, Uwe, Brodo, Irwin, Bulyonkova, Tatiana, Burdsall, Harold H., Jr., Buyck, Bart, Burgaz, Ana Rosa, Calatayud, Vicent, Callac, Philippe, Campo, Emanuele, Candusso, Massimo, Capoen, Brigitte, Carbo, Joaquim, Carbone, Matteo, Castaneda-Ruiz, Rafael F., Castellano, Michael A., Chen, Jie, Clerc, Philippe, Consiglio, Giovanni, Corriol, Gilles, Courtecuisse, Regis, Crespo, Ana, Cripps, Cathy, Crous, Pedro W., da Silva, Gladstone Alves, da Silva, Meiriele, Dam, Marjo, Dam, Nico, Dammrich, Frank, Das, Kanad, Davies, Linda, De Crop, Eske, De Kesel, Andre, De Lange, Ruben, Bonzi, Barbara De Madrignac, dela Cruz, Thomas Edison E., Delgat, Lynn, Demoulin, Vincent, Desjardin, Dennis E., Diederich, Paul, Dima, Balint, Dios, Maria Martha, Divakar, Pradeep Kumar, Douanla-Meli, Clovis, Douglas, Brian, Drechsler-Santos, Elisandro Ricardo, Dyer, Paul S., Eberhardt, Ursula, Ertz, Damien, Esteve-Raventos, Fernando, Salazar, Javier Angel Etayo, Evenson, Vera, Eyssartier, Guillaume, Farkas, Edit, Favre, Alain, Fedosova, Anna G., Filippa, Mario, Finy, Peter, Flakus, Adam, Fos, Simon, Fournier, Jacques, Fraiture, Andre, Franchi, Paolo, Molano, Ana Esperanza Franco, Friebes, Gernot, Frisch, Andreas, Fryday, Alan, Furci, Giuliana, Marquez, Ricardo Galan, Garbelotto, Matteo, Garcia-Martin, Joaquina Maria, Otalora, Monica A. Garcia, Sanchez, Dania Garcia, Gardiennet, Alain, Garnica, Sigisfredo, Benavent, Isaac Garrido, Gates, Genevieve, Gerlach, Alice da Cruz Lima, Ghobad-Nejhad, Masoomeh, Gibertoni, Tatiana B., Grebenc, Tine, Greilhuber, Irmgard, Grishkan, Bella, Groenewald, Johannes Z., Grube, Martin, Gruhn, Gerald, Gueidan, Cecile, Gulden, Gro, Gusmao, Luis F. P., Hafellner, Josef, Hairaud, Michel, Halama, Marek, Hallenberg, Nils, Halling, Roy E., Hansen, Karen, Harder, Christoffer Bugge, Heilmann-Clausen, Jacob, Helleman, Stip, Henriot, Alain, Hernandez-Restrepo, Margarita, Herve, Raphael, Hobart, Caroline, Hoffmeister, Mascha, Hoiland, Klaus, Holec, Jan, Holien, Hakon, Hughes, Karen, Hubka, Vit, Huhtinen, Seppo, Ivancevic, Boris, Jagers, Marian, Jaklitsch, Walter, Jansen, AnnaElise, Jayawardena, Ruvishika S., Jeppesen, Thomas Stjernegaard, Jeppson, Mikael, Johnston, Peter, Jorgensen, Per Magnus, Karnefelt, Ingvar, Kalinina, Liudmila B., Kantvilas, Gintaras, Karadelev, Mitko, Kasuya, Taiga, Kautmanova, Ivona, Kerrigan, Richard W., Kirchmair, Martin, Kiyashko, Anna, Knapp, Daniel G., Knudsen, Henning, Knudsen, Kerry, Knutsson, Tommy, Kolarik, Miroslav, Koljalg, Urmas, Kosuthova, Alica, Koszka, Attila, Kotiranta, Heikki, Kotkova, Vera, Koukol, Ondrej, Kout, Jiri, Kovacs, Gabor M., Kriz, Martin, Kruys, Asa, Kudera, Viktor, Kudzma, Linas, Kuhar, Francisco, Kukwa, Martin, Kumar, T. K. Arun, Kunca, Vladimir, Kusan, Ivana, Kuyper, Thomas W., Lado, Carlos, Laessoe, Thomas, Laine, Patrice, Langer, Ewald, Larsson, Ellen, Larsson, Karl-Henrik, Laursen, Gary, Lechat, Christian, Lee, Serena, Lendemer, James C., Levin, Laura, Lindemann, Uwe, Lindstrom, Hakan, Liu, Xingzhong, Hernandez, Regulo Carlos Llarena, Llop, Esteve, Locsmandi, Csaba, Lodge, Deborah Jean, Loizides, Michael, Lokos, Laszlo, Luangsa-ard, Jennifer, Luderitz, Matthias, Lumbsch, Thorsten, Lutz, Matthias, Mahoney, Dan, Malysheva, Ekaterina, Malysheva, Vera, Manimohan, Patinjareveettil, Mann-Felix, Yasmina, Marques, Guilhermina, Martinez-Gil, Ruben, Marson, Guy, Mata, Gerardo, Matheny, P. Brandon, Mathiassen, Geir Harald, Matocec, Neven, Mayrhofer, Helmut, Mehrabi, Mehdi, Melo, Ireneia, Mesic, Armin, Methven, Andrew S., Miettinen, Otto, Romero, Ana M. Millanes, Miller, Andrew N., Mitchell, James K., Moberg, Roland, Moreau, Pierre-Arthur, Moreno, Gabriel, Morozova, Olga, Morte, Asuncion, Muggia, Lucia, Gonzalez, Guillermo Munoz, Myllys, Leena, Nagy, Istvan, Nagy, Laszlo G., Neves, Maria Alice, Niemela, Tuomo, Nimis, Pier Luigi, Niveiro, Nicolas, Noordeloos, Machiel E., Nordin, Anders, Noumeur, Sara Raouia, Novozhilov, Yuri, Nuytinck, Jorinde, Ohenoja, Esteri, Fiuza, Patricia Oliveira, Orange, Alan, Ordynets, Alexander, Ortiz-Santana, Beatriz, Pacheco, Leticia, Pal-Fam, Ferenc, Palacio, Melissa, Palice, Zdenek, Papp, Viktor, Partel, Kadri, Pawlowska, Julia, Paz, Aurelia, Peintner, Ursula, Pennycook, Shaun, Pereira, Olinto Liparini, Daniels, Pablo Perez, Capella, Miguel A. Perez-De-Gregorio, del Amo, Carlos Manuel Perez, Gorjon, Sergio Perez, Perez-Ortega, Sergio, Perez-Vargas, Israel, Perry, Brian A., Petersen, Jens H., Petersen, Ronald H., Pfister, Donald H., Phukhamsakda, Chayanard, Piatek, Marcin, Piepenbring, Meike, Pino-Bodas, Raquel, Esquivel, Juan Pablo Pinzon, Pirot, Paul, Popov, Eugene S., Popoff, Orlando, Alvaro, Maria Prieto, Printzen, Christian, Psurtseva, Nadezhda, Purahong, Witoon, Quijada, Luis, Rambold, Gerhard, Ramirez, Natalia A., Raja, Huzefa, Raspe, Olivier, Raymundo, Tania, Reblova, Martina, Rebriev, Yury A., Garcia, Juan de Dios Reyes, Ripoll, Miguel Angel Ribes, Richard, Franck, Richardson, Mike J., Rico, Victor J., Robledo, Gerardo Lucio, Barbosa, Flavia Rodrigues, Rodriguez-Caycedo, Cristina, Rodriguez-Flakus, Pamela, Ronikier, Anna, Casas, Luis Rubio, Rusevska, Katerina, Saar, Gunter, Saar, Irja, Salcedo, Isabel, Martinez, Sergio M. Salcedo, Montoya, Carlos A. Salvador, Sanchez-Ramirez, Santiago, Sandoval-Sierra, J. Vladimir, Santamaria, Sergi, Monteiro, Josiane Santana, Schroers, Hans Josef, Schulz, Barbara, Schmidt-Stohn, Geert, Schumacher, Trond, Senn-Irlet, Beatrice, Sevcikova, Hana, Shchepin, Oleg, Shirouzu, Takashi, Shiryaev, Anton, Siepe, Klaus, Sir, Esteban B., Sohrabi, Mohammad, Soop, Karl, Spirin, Viacheslav, Spribille, Toby, Stadler, Marc, Stalpers, Joost, Stenroos, Soili, Suija, Ave, Sunhede, Stellan, Svantesson, Sten, Svensson, Sigvard, Svetasheva, Tatyana Yu, Swierkosz, Krzysztof, Tamm, Heidi, Taskin, Hatira, Taudiere, Adrien, Tedebrand, Jan-Olof, Lahoz, Raul Tena, Temina, Marina, Thell, Arne, Thines, Marco, Thor, Goren, Thus, Holger, Tibell, Leif, Tibell, Sanja, Timdal, Einar, Tkalcec, Zdenko, Tonsberg, Tor, Trichies, Gerard, Triebel, Dagmar, Tsurykau, Andrei, Tulloss, Rodham E., Tuovinen, Veera, Sosa, Miguel Ulloa, Urcelay, Carlos, Valade, Francois, Garza, Ricardo Valenzuela, van den Boom, Pieter, Van Vooren, Nicolas, Vasco-Palacios, Aida M., Vauras, Jukka, Santos, Juan Manuel Velasco, Vellinga, Else, Verbeken, Annemieke, Vetlesen, Per, Vizzini, Alfredo, Voglmayr, Hermann, Volobuev, Sergey, von Brackel, Wolfgang, Voronina, Elena, Walther, Grit, Watling, Roy, Weber, Evi, Wedin, Mats, Weholt, Oyvind, Westberg, Martin, Yurchenko, Eugene, Zehnalek, Petr, Zhang, Huang, Zhurbenko, Mikhail P., and Ekman, Stefan
Abstract: Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11th International Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN.
Published: 2018
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11. From leaf to continent : The multi-scale distribution of an invasive cryptic pathogen complex on oak

Author: Desprez-Loustau, Marie-Laure, Massot, Marie, Toigo, Maude, Fort, Tania, Kaya, Ayse Gulden Aday, Boberg, Johanna, Braun, Uwe, Capdevielle, Xavier, Cech, Thomas, Chandelier, Anne, Christova, Petya, Corcobado, Tamara, Dogmus, Tugba, Dutech, Cyril, Fabreguettes, Olivier, d'Arcier, Julie Faivre, Gross, Andrin, Jung, Marilia Horta, Iturritxa, Eugenia, Jung, Thomas, Junker, Corina, Kiss, Levente, Kostov, Kaloyan, Lehtijarvi, Asko, Lyubenova, Aneta, Marcais, Benoit, Oliva, Jonas, Oskay, Funda, Pastircak, Martin, Pastircakova, Katarina, Piou, Dominique, Saint-Jean, Gilles, Sallafranque, Arnaud, Slavov, Slavtcho, Stenlid, Jan, Talgo, Venche, Takamatsu, Susumu, Tack, Ayco J. M., Desprez-Loustau, Marie-Laure, Massot, Marie, Toigo, Maude, Fort, Tania, Kaya, Ayse Gulden Aday, Boberg, Johanna, Braun, Uwe, Capdevielle, Xavier, Cech, Thomas, Chandelier, Anne, Christova, Petya, Corcobado, Tamara, Dogmus, Tugba, Dutech, Cyril, Fabreguettes, Olivier, d'Arcier, Julie Faivre, Gross, Andrin, Jung, Marilia Horta, Iturritxa, Eugenia, Jung, Thomas, Junker, Corina, Kiss, Levente, Kostov, Kaloyan, Lehtijarvi, Asko, Lyubenova, Aneta, Marcais, Benoit, Oliva, Jonas, Oskay, Funda, Pastircak, Martin, Pastircakova, Katarina, Piou, Dominique, Saint-Jean, Gilles, Sallafranque, Arnaud, Slavov, Slavtcho, Stenlid, Jan, Talgo, Venche, Takamatsu, Susumu, and Tack, Ayco J. M.
Abstract: The spatial distribution and niche differentiation of three closely related species (Erysiphe alphitoides, Erysiphe quercicola and Erysiphe hypophylla) causing oak powdery mildew was studied at scales ranging from the European continent, where they are invasive, to a single leaf. While E. alphitoides was dominant at all scales, E. quercicola and E. hypophylla had restricted geographic, stand and leaf distributions. The large-scale distributions were likely explained by climatic factors and species environmental tolerances, with E. quercicola being more frequent in warmer climates and E. hypophylla in colder climates. The extensive sampling and molecular analyses revealed the cryptic invasion of E. quercicola in nine countries from which it had not previously been recorded. The presence of the three species was also strongly affected by host factors, such as oak species and developmental stage. Segregation patterns between Erysiphe species were observed at the leaf scale, between and within leaf surfaces, suggesting competitive effects.
Published: 2018
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12. Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa

Author: Zamora, Juan Carlos, Svensson, Måns, Kirschner, Roland, Olariaga, Ibai, Ryman, Svengunnar, Parra, Luis Alberto, Geml, József, Rosling, Anna, Adamčík, Slavomír, Ahti, Teuvo, Aime, M. Catherine, Ainsworth, A. Martyn, Albert, László, Albertó, Edgardo, García, Alberto Altés, Ageev, Dmitry, Agerer, Reinhard, Aguirre-Hudson, Begoña, Ammirati, Joe, Andersson, Harry, Angelini, Claudio, Antonín, Vladimír, Aoki, Takayuki, Aptroot, André, Argaud, Didier, Sosa, Blanca Imelda Arguello, Aronsen, Arne, Arup, Ulf, Asgari, Bita, Assyov, Boris, Atienza, Violeta, Bandini, Ditte, Baptista-Ferreira, João Luís, Baral, Hans-Otto, Baroni, Tim, Barreto, Robert Weingart, Beker, Henry, Bell, Ann, Bellanger, Jean-Michel, Bellù, Francesco, Bemmann, Martin, Bendiksby, Mika, Bendiksen, Egil, Bendiksen, Katriina, Benedek, Lajos, Bérešová-Guttová, Anna, Berger, Franz, Berndt, Reinhard, Bernicchia, Annarosa, Biketova, Alona Yu, Bizio, Enrico, Bjork, Curtis, Boekhout, Teun, Boertmann, David, Böhning, Tanja, Boittin, Florent, Boluda, Carlos G, Boomsluiter, Menno W, Borovička, Jan, Brandrud, Tor Erik, Braun, Uwe, Brodo, Irwin, Bulyonkova, Tatiana, Burdsall, Harold H, Buyck, Bart, Burgaz, Ana Rosa, Calatayud, Vicent, Callac, Philippe, Campo, Emanuele, Candusso, Massimo, Capoen, Brigitte, Carbó, Joaquim, Carbone, Matteo, Castañeda-Ruiz, Rafael F., Castellano, Michael A, Chen, Jie, Clerc, Philippe, Consiglio, Giovanni, Corriol, Gilles, Courtecuisse, Régis, Crespo, Ana, Cripps, Cathy, Crous, Pedro W, da Silva, Gladstone Alves, da Silva, Meiriele, Dam, Marjo, Dam, Nico, Dämmrich, Frank, Das, Kanad, Davies, Linda, De Crop, Eske, De Kesel, Andre, De Lange, Ruben, De Madrignac Bonzi, Bárbara, Dela Cruz, Thomas Edison E, Delgat, Lynn, Demoulin, Vincent, Desjardin, Dennis E., Diederich, Paul, Dima, Bálint, Dios, Maria Martha, Divakar, Pradeep Kumar, Douanla-Meli, Clovis, Douglas, Brian, Drechsler-Santos, Elisandro Ricardo, Dyer, Paul S, Eberhardt, Ursula, Ertz, Damien, Esteve-Raventós, Fernando, Salazar, Javier Angel Etayo, Evenson, Vera, Eyssartier, Guillaume, Farkas, Edit, Favre, Alain, Fedosova, Anna G, Filippa, Mario, Finy, Péter, Flakus, Adam, Fos, Simón, Fournier, Jacques, Fraiture, André, Franchi, Paolo, Molano, Ana Esperanza Franco, Friebes, Gernot, Frisch, Andreas, Fryday, Alan, Furci, Giuliana, Márquez, Ricardo Galán, Garbelotto, Matteo, García-Martín, Joaquina María, Otálora, Mónica A García, Sánchez, Dania García, Gardiennet, Alain, Garnica, Sigisfredo, Benavent, Isaac Garrido, Gates, Genevieve, da Cruz Lima Gerlach, Alice, Ghobad-Nejhad, Masoomeh, Gibertoni, Tatiana B, Grebenc, Tine, Krisai-Greilhuber, Irmgard, Grishkan, Bella, Groenewald, Johannes Z, Grube, Martin, Gruhn, Gérald, Gueidan, Cécile, Gulden, Gro, Gusmão, Luis Fp, Hafellner, Josef, Hairaud, Michel, Halama, Marek, Hallenberg, Nils, Halling, Roy E, Hansen, Karen, Harder, Christoffer Bugge, Heilmann-Clausen, Jacob, Helleman, Stip, Henriot, Alain, Hernandez-Restrepo, Margarita, Herve, Raphaël, Hobart, Caroline, Hoffmeister, Mascha, Høiland, Klaus, Holec, Jan, Holien, Håkon, Hughes, Karen, Hubka, Vit, Huhtinen, Seppo, Ivančević, Boris, Jagers, Marian, Jaklitsch, Walter M., Jansen, AnnaElise, Jayawardena, Ruvishika S., Jeppesen, Thomas Stjernegaard, Jeppson, Mikael, Johnston, Peter R., Jørgensen, Per Magnus, Kärnefelt, Ingvar, Kalinina, Liudmila B, Kantvilas, Gintaras, Karadelev, Mitko, Kasuya, Taiga, Kautmanová, Ivona, Kerrigan, Richard W, Kirchmair, Martin, Kiyashko, Anna, Knapp, Dániel G, Knudsen, Henning, Knudsen, Kerry, Knutsson, Tommy, Kolařík, Miroslav, Kõljalg, Urmas, Košuthová, Alica, Koszka, Attila, Kotiranta, Heikki, Kotkova, Vera, Koukol, Ondřej, Kout, Jiří, Kovács, Gábor M, Kříž, Martin, Kruys, Åsa, Kučera, Viktor, Kudzma, Linas, Kuhar, Francisco, Kukwa, Martin, Arun Kumar, T K, Kunca, Vladimír, Kušan, Ivana, Kuyper, Thomas W., Lado, Carlos, Læssøe, Thomas, Lainé, Patrice, Langer, Ewald, Larsson, Ellen, Larsson, Karl-Henrik, Laursen, Gary, Lechat, Christian, Lee, Serena, Lendemer, James C, Levin, Laura, Lindemann, Uwe, Lindström, Håkan, Liu, Xingzhong, Hernandez, Regulo Carlos Llarena, Llop, Esteve, Locsmándi, Csaba, Lodge, Deborah Jean, Loizides, Michael, Lőkös, László, Luangsa-ard, Jennifer, Lüderitz, Matthias, Lumbsch, H. Thorsten, Lutz, Matthias, Mahoney, Dan, Malysheva, Ekaterina, Malysheva, Vera, Manimohan, Patinjareveettil, Marin-Felix, Yasmina, Marques, Guilhermina, Martínez-Gil, Rubén, Marson, Guy, Mata, Gerardo, Matheny, P Brandon, Mathiassen, Geir Harald, Matočec, Neven, Mayrhofer, Helmut, Mehrabi, Mehdi, Melo, Ireneia, Mešić, Armin, Methven, Andrew S, Miettinen, Otto, Romero, Ana M Millanes, Miller, Andrew N., Mitchell, James K, Moberg, Roland, Moreau, Pierre-Arthur, Moreno, Gabriel, Morozova, Olga, Morte, Asunción, Muggia, Lucia, González, Guillermo Muñoz, Myllys, Leena, Nagy, István, Nagy, László G, Neves, Maria Alice, Niemelä, Tuomo, Nimis, Pier Luigi, Niveiro, Nicolas, Noordeloos, Machiel E, Nordin, Anders, Noumeur, Sara Raouia, Novozhilov, Yuri, Nuytinck, Jorinde, Ohenoja, Esteri, Fiuza, Patricia Oliveira, Orange, Alan, Ordynets, Alexander, Ortiz-Santana, Beatriz, Pacheco, Leticia, Pál-Fám, Ferenc, Palacio, Melissa, Palice, Zdeněk, Papp, Viktor, Pärtel, Kadri, Pawlowska, Julia, Paz, Aurelia, Peintner, Ursula, Pennycook, Shaun R., Pereira, Olinto Liparini, Daniëls, Pablo Pérez, Pérez-De-Gregorio Capella, Miquel À, Del Amo, Carlos Manuel Pérez, Gorjón, Sergio Pérez, Pérez-Ortega, Sergio, Pérez-Vargas, Israel, Perry, Brian A, Petersen, Jens H, Petersen, Ronald H, Pfister, Donald H., Phukhamsakda, Chayanard, Piątek, Marcin, Piepenbring, Meike, Pino-Bodas, Raquel, Esquivel, Juan Pablo Pinzón, Pirot, Paul, Popov, Eugene S, Popoff, Orlando, Álvaro, María Prieto, Printzen, Christian, Psurtseva, Nadezhda, Purahong, Witoon, Quijada, Luis, Rambold, Gerhard, Ramírez, Natalia A, Raja, Huzefa A., Raspé, Olivier, Raymundo, Tania, Réblová, Martina, Rebriev, Yury A, de Dios Reyes García, Juan, Ripoll, Miguel Ángel Ribes, Richard, Franck, Richardson, Mike J, Rico, Víctor J, Robledo, Gerardo Lucio, Barbosa, Flavia Rodrigues, Rodriguez-Caycedo, Cristina, Rodriguez-Flakus, Pamela, Ronikier, Anna, Casas, Luis Rubio, Rusevska, Katerina, Saar, Günter, Saar, Irja, Salcedo, Isabel, Martínez, Sergio M Salcedo, Montoya, Carlos A Salvador, Sánchez-Ramírez, Santiago, Sandoval-Sierra, J Vladimir, Santamaria, Sergi, Monteiro, Josiane Santana, Schroers, Hans Josef, Schulz, Barbara, Schmidt-Stohn, Geert, Schumacher, Trond, Senn-Irlet, Beatrice, Ševčíková, Hana, Shchepin, Oleg, Shirouzu, Takashi, Shiryaev, Anton, Siepe, Klaus, Sir, Esteban B, Sohrabi, Mohammad, Soop, Karl, Spirin, Viacheslav, Spribille, Toby, Stadler, Marc, Stalpers, Joost, Stenroos, Soili, Suija, Ave, Sunhede, Stellan, Svantesson, Sten, Svensson, Sigvard, Svetasheva, Tatyana Yu, Świerkosz, Krzysztof, Tamm, Heidi, Taskin, Hatira, Taudière, Adrien, Tedebrand, Jan-Olof, Lahoz, Raúl Tena, Temina, Marina, Thell, Arne, Thines, Marco, Thor, Göran, Thüs, Holger, Tibell, Leif, Tibell, Sanja, Timdal, Einar, Tkalčec, Zdenko, Tønsberg, Tor, Trichies, Gérard, Triebel, Dagmar, Tsurykau, Andrei, Tulloss, Rodham E, Tuovinen, Veera, Sosa, Miguel Ulloa, Urcelay, Carlos, Valade, François, Garza, Ricardo Valenzuela, van den Boom, Pieter, Van Vooren, Nicolas, Vasco, Aida, Vauras, Jukka, Velasco Santos, Juan Manuel, Vellinga, Else, Verbeken, Annemieke, Vetlesen, Per, Vizzini, Alfredo, Voglmayr, Hermann, Volobuev, Sergey, von Brackel, Wolfgang, Voronina, Elena, Walther, Grit, Watling, Roy, Weber, Evi, Wedin, Mats, Weholt, Øyvind, Westberg, Martin, Yurchenko, Eugene, Zehnálek, Petr, Zhang, Huang, Zhurbenko, Mikhail P, Ekman, Stefan, Zamora, Juan Carlos, Svensson, Måns, Kirschner, Roland, Olariaga, Ibai, Ryman, Svengunnar, Parra, Luis Alberto, Geml, József, Rosling, Anna, Adamčík, Slavomír, Ahti, Teuvo, Aime, M. Catherine, Ainsworth, A. Martyn, Albert, László, Albertó, Edgardo, García, Alberto Altés, Ageev, Dmitry, Agerer, Reinhard, Aguirre-Hudson, Begoña, Ammirati, Joe, Andersson, Harry, Angelini, Claudio, Antonín, Vladimír, Aoki, Takayuki, Aptroot, André, Argaud, Didier, Sosa, Blanca Imelda Arguello, Aronsen, Arne, Arup, Ulf, Asgari, Bita, Assyov, Boris, Atienza, Violeta, Bandini, Ditte, Baptista-Ferreira, João Luís, Baral, Hans-Otto, Baroni, Tim, Barreto, Robert Weingart, Beker, Henry, Bell, Ann, Bellanger, Jean-Michel, Bellù, Francesco, Bemmann, Martin, Bendiksby, Mika, Bendiksen, Egil, Bendiksen, Katriina, Benedek, Lajos, Bérešová-Guttová, Anna, Berger, Franz, Berndt, Reinhard, Bernicchia, Annarosa, Biketova, Alona Yu, Bizio, Enrico, Bjork, Curtis, Boekhout, Teun, Boertmann, David, Böhning, Tanja, Boittin, Florent, Boluda, Carlos G, Boomsluiter, Menno W, Borovička, Jan, Brandrud, Tor Erik, Braun, Uwe, Brodo, Irwin, Bulyonkova, Tatiana, Burdsall, Harold H, Buyck, Bart, Burgaz, Ana Rosa, Calatayud, Vicent, Callac, Philippe, Campo, Emanuele, Candusso, Massimo, Capoen, Brigitte, Carbó, Joaquim, Carbone, Matteo, Castañeda-Ruiz, Rafael F., Castellano, Michael A, Chen, Jie, Clerc, Philippe, Consiglio, Giovanni, Corriol, Gilles, Courtecuisse, Régis, Crespo, Ana, Cripps, Cathy, Crous, Pedro W, da Silva, Gladstone Alves, da Silva, Meiriele, Dam, Marjo, Dam, Nico, Dämmrich, Frank, Das, Kanad, Davies, Linda, De Crop, Eske, De Kesel, Andre, De Lange, Ruben, De Madrignac Bonzi, Bárbara, Dela Cruz, Thomas Edison E, Delgat, Lynn, Demoulin, Vincent, Desjardin, Dennis E., Diederich, Paul, Dima, Bálint, Dios, Maria Martha, Divakar, Pradeep Kumar, Douanla-Meli, Clovis, Douglas, Brian, Drechsler-Santos, Elisandro Ricardo, Dyer, Paul S, Eberhardt, Ursula, Ertz, Damien, Esteve-Raventós, Fernando, Salazar, Javier Angel Etayo, Evenson, Vera, Eyssartier, Guillaume, Farkas, Edit, Favre, Alain, Fedosova, Anna G, Filippa, Mario, Finy, Péter, Flakus, Adam, Fos, Simón, Fournier, Jacques, Fraiture, André, Franchi, Paolo, Molano, Ana Esperanza Franco, Friebes, Gernot, Frisch, Andreas, Fryday, Alan, Furci, Giuliana, Márquez, Ricardo Galán, Garbelotto, Matteo, García-Martín, Joaquina María, Otálora, Mónica A García, Sánchez, Dania García, Gardiennet, Alain, Garnica, Sigisfredo, Benavent, Isaac Garrido, Gates, Genevieve, da Cruz Lima Gerlach, Alice, Ghobad-Nejhad, Masoomeh, Gibertoni, Tatiana B, Grebenc, Tine, Krisai-Greilhuber, Irmgard, Grishkan, Bella, Groenewald, Johannes Z, Grube, Martin, Gruhn, Gérald, Gueidan, Cécile, Gulden, Gro, Gusmão, Luis Fp, Hafellner, Josef, Hairaud, Michel, Halama, Marek, Hallenberg, Nils, Halling, Roy E, Hansen, Karen, Harder, Christoffer Bugge, Heilmann-Clausen, Jacob, Helleman, Stip, Henriot, Alain, Hernandez-Restrepo, Margarita, Herve, Raphaël, Hobart, Caroline, Hoffmeister, Mascha, Høiland, Klaus, Holec, Jan, Holien, Håkon, Hughes, Karen, Hubka, Vit, Huhtinen, Seppo, Ivančević, Boris, Jagers, Marian, Jaklitsch, Walter M., Jansen, AnnaElise, Jayawardena, Ruvishika S., Jeppesen, Thomas Stjernegaard, Jeppson, Mikael, Johnston, Peter R., Jørgensen, Per Magnus, Kärnefelt, Ingvar, Kalinina, Liudmila B, Kantvilas, Gintaras, Karadelev, Mitko, Kasuya, Taiga, Kautmanová, Ivona, Kerrigan, Richard W, Kirchmair, Martin, Kiyashko, Anna, Knapp, Dániel G, Knudsen, Henning, Knudsen, Kerry, Knutsson, Tommy, Kolařík, Miroslav, Kõljalg, Urmas, Košuthová, Alica, Koszka, Attila, Kotiranta, Heikki, Kotkova, Vera, Koukol, Ondřej, Kout, Jiří, Kovács, Gábor M, Kříž, Martin, Kruys, Åsa, Kučera, Viktor, Kudzma, Linas, Kuhar, Francisco, Kukwa, Martin, Arun Kumar, T K, Kunca, Vladimír, Kušan, Ivana, Kuyper, Thomas W., Lado, Carlos, Læssøe, Thomas, Lainé, Patrice, Langer, Ewald, Larsson, Ellen, Larsson, Karl-Henrik, Laursen, Gary, Lechat, Christian, Lee, Serena, Lendemer, James C, Levin, Laura, Lindemann, Uwe, Lindström, Håkan, Liu, Xingzhong, Hernandez, Regulo Carlos Llarena, Llop, Esteve, Locsmándi, Csaba, Lodge, Deborah Jean, Loizides, Michael, Lőkös, László, Luangsa-ard, Jennifer, Lüderitz, Matthias, Lumbsch, H. Thorsten, Lutz, Matthias, Mahoney, Dan, Malysheva, Ekaterina, Malysheva, Vera, Manimohan, Patinjareveettil, Marin-Felix, Yasmina, Marques, Guilhermina, Martínez-Gil, Rubén, Marson, Guy, Mata, Gerardo, Matheny, P Brandon, Mathiassen, Geir Harald, Matočec, Neven, Mayrhofer, Helmut, Mehrabi, Mehdi, Melo, Ireneia, Mešić, Armin, Methven, Andrew S, Miettinen, Otto, Romero, Ana M Millanes, Miller, Andrew N., Mitchell, James K, Moberg, Roland, Moreau, Pierre-Arthur, Moreno, Gabriel, Morozova, Olga, Morte, Asunción, Muggia, Lucia, González, Guillermo Muñoz, Myllys, Leena, Nagy, István, Nagy, László G, Neves, Maria Alice, Niemelä, Tuomo, Nimis, Pier Luigi, Niveiro, Nicolas, Noordeloos, Machiel E, Nordin, Anders, Noumeur, Sara Raouia, Novozhilov, Yuri, Nuytinck, Jorinde, Ohenoja, Esteri, Fiuza, Patricia Oliveira, Orange, Alan, Ordynets, Alexander, Ortiz-Santana, Beatriz, Pacheco, Leticia, Pál-Fám, Ferenc, Palacio, Melissa, Palice, Zdeněk, Papp, Viktor, Pärtel, Kadri, Pawlowska, Julia, Paz, Aurelia, Peintner, Ursula, Pennycook, Shaun R., Pereira, Olinto Liparini, Daniëls, Pablo Pérez, Pérez-De-Gregorio Capella, Miquel À, Del Amo, Carlos Manuel Pérez, Gorjón, Sergio Pérez, Pérez-Ortega, Sergio, Pérez-Vargas, Israel, Perry, Brian A, Petersen, Jens H, Petersen, Ronald H, Pfister, Donald H., Phukhamsakda, Chayanard, Piątek, Marcin, Piepenbring, Meike, Pino-Bodas, Raquel, Esquivel, Juan Pablo Pinzón, Pirot, Paul, Popov, Eugene S, Popoff, Orlando, Álvaro, María Prieto, Printzen, Christian, Psurtseva, Nadezhda, Purahong, Witoon, Quijada, Luis, Rambold, Gerhard, Ramírez, Natalia A, Raja, Huzefa A., Raspé, Olivier, Raymundo, Tania, Réblová, Martina, Rebriev, Yury A, de Dios Reyes García, Juan, Ripoll, Miguel Ángel Ribes, Richard, Franck, Richardson, Mike J, Rico, Víctor J, Robledo, Gerardo Lucio, Barbosa, Flavia Rodrigues, Rodriguez-Caycedo, Cristina, Rodriguez-Flakus, Pamela, Ronikier, Anna, Casas, Luis Rubio, Rusevska, Katerina, Saar, Günter, Saar, Irja, Salcedo, Isabel, Martínez, Sergio M Salcedo, Montoya, Carlos A Salvador, Sánchez-Ramírez, Santiago, Sandoval-Sierra, J Vladimir, Santamaria, Sergi, Monteiro, Josiane Santana, Schroers, Hans Josef, Schulz, Barbara, Schmidt-Stohn, Geert, Schumacher, Trond, Senn-Irlet, Beatrice, Ševčíková, Hana, Shchepin, Oleg, Shirouzu, Takashi, Shiryaev, Anton, Siepe, Klaus, Sir, Esteban B, Sohrabi, Mohammad, Soop, Karl, Spirin, Viacheslav, Spribille, Toby, Stadler, Marc, Stalpers, Joost, Stenroos, Soili, Suija, Ave, Sunhede, Stellan, Svantesson, Sten, Svensson, Sigvard, Svetasheva, Tatyana Yu, Świerkosz, Krzysztof, Tamm, Heidi, Taskin, Hatira, Taudière, Adrien, Tedebrand, Jan-Olof, Lahoz, Raúl Tena, Temina, Marina, Thell, Arne, Thines, Marco, Thor, Göran, Thüs, Holger, Tibell, Leif, Tibell, Sanja, Timdal, Einar, Tkalčec, Zdenko, Tønsberg, Tor, Trichies, Gérard, Triebel, Dagmar, Tsurykau, Andrei, Tulloss, Rodham E, Tuovinen, Veera, Sosa, Miguel Ulloa, Urcelay, Carlos, Valade, François, Garza, Ricardo Valenzuela, van den Boom, Pieter, Van Vooren, Nicolas, Vasco, Aida, Vauras, Jukka, Velasco Santos, Juan Manuel, Vellinga, Else, Verbeken, Annemieke, Vetlesen, Per, Vizzini, Alfredo, Voglmayr, Hermann, Volobuev, Sergey, von Brackel, Wolfgang, Voronina, Elena, Walther, Grit, Watling, Roy, Weber, Evi, Wedin, Mats, Weholt, Øyvind, Westberg, Martin, Yurchenko, Eugene, Zehnálek, Petr, Zhang, Huang, Zhurbenko, Mikhail P, and Ekman, Stefan
Abstract: Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11th International Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN.
Published: 2018

13. Phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Tubakia s. lat.

Author: Braun, Uwe, Nakashima, C., Crous, P.W., Groenewald, Ewald, Moreno-Rico, Onésimo, Rooney-Latham, S., Blomquist, C.L., Haas, J, Marmolejo, J, Braun, Uwe, Nakashima, C., Crous, P.W., Groenewald, Ewald, Moreno-Rico, Onésimo, Rooney-Latham, S., Blomquist, C.L., Haas, J, and Marmolejo, J
Abstract: The genus Tubakia is revised on the basis of morphological and phylogenetic data. The phylogenetic affinity of Tubakia to the family Melanconiellaceae (Diaporthales) was recently postulated, but new analyses based on sequences retrieved from material of the type species of Tubakia, T. dryina, support a family of its own, viz. Tubakiaceae fam. nov. Our phylogenetic analyses revealed the heterogeneity of Tubakia s. lat. which is divided into several genera, viz., Tubakia s. str., Apiognomonioides gen. nov. (type species: Apiognomonioides supraseptata), Involutiscutellula gen. nov. (type species: Involutiscutellula rubra), Oblongisporothyrium gen. nov. (type species: Oblongisporothyrium castanopsidis), Paratubakia gen. nov. (type species: Paratubakia subglobosa), Racheliella gen. nov. (type species: Racheliella wingfieldiana sp. nov.), Saprothyrium gen. nov. (type species: Saprothyrium thailandense) and Sphaerosporithyrium gen. nov. (type species: Sphaerosporithyrium mexicanum sp. nov.). Greeneria saprophytica is phylogenetically closely allied to Racheliella wingfieldiana and is therefore reallocated to Racheliella. Particular emphasis is laid on a revision and phylogenetic analyses of Tubakia species described from Japan and North America. Almost all North American collections of this genus were previously referred to as T. dryina s. lat., which is, however, a heterogeneous complex. Several new North American species have recently been described. The new species Sphaerosporithyrium mexicanum, Tubakia melnikiana and T. sierrafriensis, causing leaf spots on several oak species found in the North-Central Mexican state Aguascalientes and the North-Eastern Mexican state Nuevo León, are described, illustrated, and compared with similar species. Several additional new species are introduced, including Tubakia californica based on Californian collections on various species of the genera Chrysolepis, Notholithocarpus and Quercus, and T. dryinoides, T. oblongispora, T. paradry
Published: 2018

14. New and Interesting Fungi. 1

Author: Crous, P.W., Schumacher, René K, Wingfield, Michael J., Akulov, A., Denman, S., Roux, J., Braun, Uwe, Burgess, T.I., Carnegie, A.J., Váczy, K.Z., Guatimosim, E., Schwartsburd, P.B., Barreto, Robert W., Hernandez Restrepo, Margarita Ines, Lombard, L., Groenewald, J.Z., Crous, P.W., Schumacher, René K, Wingfield, Michael J., Akulov, A., Denman, S., Roux, J., Braun, Uwe, Burgess, T.I., Carnegie, A.J., Váczy, K.Z., Guatimosim, E., Schwartsburd, P.B., Barreto, Robert W., Hernandez Restrepo, Margarita Ines, Lombard, L., and Groenewald, J.Z.
Abstract: This study introduces two new families, one new genus, 22 new species, 10 new combinations, four epitypes, and 16 interesting new host and / or geographical records. Cylindriaceae (based on Cylindrium elongatum) is introduced as new family, with three new combinations. Xyladictyochaetaceae (based on Xyladictyochaeta lusitanica) is introduced to accommodate Xyladictyochaeta. Pseudoanungitea gen. nov. (based on P. syzygii) is described on stems of Vaccinium myrtillus (Germany). New species include: Exophiala eucalypticola on Eucalyptus obliqua leaf litter, Phyllosticta hakeicola on leaves of Hakea sp., Setophaeosphaeria citricola on leaves of Citrus australasica, and Sirastachys cyperacearum on leaves of Cyperaceae (Australia); Polyscytalum chilense on leaves of Eucalyptus urophylla (Chile); Pseudoanungitea vaccinii on Vaccinium myrtillus (Germany); Teichospora quercus on branch tissue of Quercus sp. (France); Fusiconidium lycopodiellae on stems of Lycopodiella inundata, Monochaetia junipericola on twig of Juniperus communis, Myrmecridium sorbicola on branch tissues of Sorbus aucuparia, Parathyridaria philadelphi on twigs of Philadelphus coronarius, and Wettsteinina philadelphi on twigs of Philadelphus coronarius (Germany); Zygosporium pseudogibbum on leaves of Eucalyptus pellita (Malaysia); Pseudoanungitea variabilis on dead wood (Spain); Alfaria acaciae on leaves of Acacia propinqua, Dictyochaeta mimusopis on leaves of Mimusops caffra, and Pseudocercospora breonadiae on leaves of Breonadia microcephala (South Africa); Colletotrichum kniphofiae on leaves of Kniphofia uvaria, Subplenodomus iridicola on Iris sp., and Trochila viburnicola on twig cankers on Viburnum sp. (UK); Polyscytalum neofecundissimum on Quercus robur leaf litter, and Roussoella euonymi on fallen branches of Euonymus europaeus (Ukraine). New combinations include: Cylindrium algarvense on leaves of Eucalyptus sp. (Portugal), Cylindrium purgamentum on leaf litter (USA), Cylindrium syzygii on leaves of
Published: 2018

15. Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa

Author: Zamora, Juan Carlos, Svensson, Måns, Kirschner, Roland, Olariaga, Ibai, Ryman, Svengunnar, Alberto Parra, Luis, Geml, Jozsef, Rosling, Anna, Adamcik, Slavomir, Ahti, Teuvo, Aime, M. Catherine, Ainsworth, A. Martyn, Albert, Laszlo, Alberto, Edgardo, Garcia, Alberto Altes, Ageev, Dmitry, Agerer, Reinhard, Aguirre-Hudson, Begona, Ammirati, Joe, Andersson, Harry, Angelini, Claudio, Antonin, Vladimir, Aoki, Takayuki, Aptroot, Andre, Argaud, Didier, Sosa, Blanca Imelda Arguello, Aronsen, Arne, Arup, Ulf, Asgari, Bita, Assyov, Boris, Atienza, Violeta, Bandini, Ditte, Baptista-Ferreira, Joao Luis, Baral, Hans-Otto, Baroni, Tim, Barreto, Robert Weingart, Baker, Henry, Bell, Ann, Bellanger, Jean-Michel, Bellu, Francesco, Bemmann, Martin, Bendiksby, Mika, Bendiksen, Egil, Bendiksen, Katriina, Benedek, Lajos, Beresova-Guttova, Anna, Berger, Franz, Berndt, Reinhard, Bernicchia, Annarosa, Biketova, Alona Yu, Bizio, Enrico, Bjork, Curtis, Boekhout, Teun, Boertmann, David, Bohning, Tanja, Boittin, Florent, Boluda, Carlos G., Boomsluiter, Menno W., Borovicka, Jan, Brandrud, Tor Erik, Braun, Uwe, Brodo, Irwin, Bulyonkova, Tatiana, Burdsall, Harold H., Jr., Buyck, Bart, Burgaz, Ana Rosa, Calatayud, Vicent, Callac, Philippe, Campo, Emanuele, Candusso, Massimo, Capoen, Brigitte, Carbo, Joaquim, Carbone, Matteo, Castaneda-Ruiz, Rafael F., Castellano, Michael A., Chen, Jie, Clerc, Philippe, Consiglio, Giovanni, Corriol, Gilles, Courtecuisse, Regis, Crespo, Ana, Cripps, Cathy, Crous, Pedro W., da Silva, Gladstone Alves, da Silva, Meiriele, Dam, Marjo, Dam, Nico, Dammrich, Frank, Das, Kanad, Davies, Linda, De Crop, Eske, De Kesel, Andre, De Lange, Ruben, Bonzi, Barbara De Madrignac, dela Cruz, Thomas Edison E., Delgat, Lynn, Demoulin, Vincent, Desjardin, Dennis E., Diederich, Paul, Dima, Balint, Dios, Maria Martha, Divakar, Pradeep Kumar, Douanla-Meli, Clovis, Douglas, Brian, Drechsler-Santos, Elisandro Ricardo, Dyer, Paul S., Eberhardt, Ursula, Ertz, Damien, Esteve-Raventos, Fernando, Salazar, Javier Angel Etayo, Evenson, Vera, Eyssartier, Guillaume, Farkas, Edit, Favre, Alain, Fedosova, Anna G., Filippa, Mario, Finy, Peter, Flakus, Adam, Fos, Simon, Fournier, Jacques, Fraiture, Andre, Franchi, Paolo, Molano, Ana Esperanza Franco, Friebes, Gernot, Frisch, Andreas, Fryday, Alan, Furci, Giuliana, Marquez, Ricardo Galan, Garbelotto, Matteo, Garcia-Martin, Joaquina Maria, Otalora, Monica A. Garcia, Sanchez, Dania Garcia, Gardiennet, Alain, Garnica, Sigisfredo, Benavent, Isaac Garrido, Gates, Genevieve, Gerlach, Alice da Cruz Lima, Ghobad-Nejhad, Masoomeh, Gibertoni, Tatiana B., Grebenc, Tine, Greilhuber, Irmgard, Grishkan, Bella, Groenewald, Johannes Z., Grube, Martin, Gruhn, Gerald, Gueidan, Cecile, Gulden, Gro, Gusmao, Luis F. P., Hafellner, Josef, Hairaud, Michel, Halama, Marek, Hallenberg, Nils, Halling, Roy E., Hansen, Karen, Harder, Christoffer Bugge, Heilmann-Clausen, Jacob, Helleman, Stip, Henriot, Alain, Hernandez-Restrepo, Margarita, Herve, Raphael, Hobart, Caroline, Hoffmeister, Mascha, Hoiland, Klaus, Holec, Jan, Holien, Hakon, Hughes, Karen, Hubka, Vit, Huhtinen, Seppo, Ivancevic, Boris, Jagers, Marian, Jaklitsch, Walter, Jansen, AnnaElise, Jayawardena, Ruvishika S., Jeppesen, Thomas Stjernegaard, Jeppson, Mikael, Johnston, Peter, Jorgensen, Per Magnus, Karnefelt, Ingvar, Kalinina, Liudmila B., Kantvilas, Gintaras, Karadelev, Mitko, Kasuya, Taiga, Kautmanova, Ivona, Kerrigan, Richard W., Kirchmair, Martin, Kiyashko, Anna, Knapp, Daniel G., Knudsen, Henning, Knudsen, Kerry, Knutsson, Tommy, Kolarik, Miroslav, Koljalg, Urmas, Kosuthova, Alica, Koszka, Attila, Kotiranta, Heikki, Kotkova, Vera, Koukol, Ondrej, Kout, Jiri, Kovacs, Gabor M., Kriz, Martin, Kruys, Asa, Kudera, Viktor, Kudzma, Linas, Kuhar, Francisco, Kukwa, Martin, Kumar, T. K. Arun, Kunca, Vladimir, Kusan, Ivana, Kuyper, Thomas W., Lado, Carlos, Laessoe, Thomas, Laine, Patrice, Langer, Ewald, Larsson, Ellen, Larsson, Karl-Henrik, Laursen, Gary, Lechat, Christian, Lee, Serena, Lendemer, James C., Levin, Laura, Lindemann, Uwe, Lindstrom, Hakan, Liu, Xingzhong, Hernandez, Regulo Carlos Llarena, Llop, Esteve, Locsmandi, Csaba, Lodge, Deborah Jean, Loizides, Michael, Lokos, Laszlo, Luangsa-ard, Jennifer, Luderitz, Matthias, Lumbsch, Thorsten, Lutz, Matthias, Mahoney, Dan, Malysheva, Ekaterina, Malysheva, Vera, Manimohan, Patinjareveettil, Mann-Felix, Yasmina, Marques, Guilhermina, Martinez-Gil, Ruben, Marson, Guy, Mata, Gerardo, Matheny, P. Brandon, Mathiassen, Geir Harald, Matocec, Neven, Mayrhofer, Helmut, Mehrabi, Mehdi, Melo, Ireneia, Mesic, Armin, Methven, Andrew S., Miettinen, Otto, Romero, Ana M. Millanes, Miller, Andrew N., Mitchell, James K., Moberg, Roland, Moreau, Pierre-Arthur, Moreno, Gabriel, Morozova, Olga, Morte, Asuncion, Muggia, Lucia, Gonzalez, Guillermo Munoz, Myllys, Leena, Nagy, Istvan, Nagy, Laszlo G., Neves, Maria Alice, Niemela, Tuomo, Nimis, Pier Luigi, Niveiro, Nicolas, Noordeloos, Machiel E., Nordin, Anders, Noumeur, Sara Raouia, Novozhilov, Yuri, Nuytinck, Jorinde, Ohenoja, Esteri, Fiuza, Patricia Oliveira, Orange, Alan, Ordynets, Alexander, Ortiz-Santana, Beatriz, Pacheco, Leticia, Pal-Fam, Ferenc, Palacio, Melissa, Palice, Zdenek, Papp, Viktor, Partel, Kadri, Pawlowska, Julia, Paz, Aurelia, Peintner, Ursula, Pennycook, Shaun, Pereira, Olinto Liparini, Daniels, Pablo Perez, Capella, Miguel A. Perez-De-Gregorio, del Amo, Carlos Manuel Perez, Gorjon, Sergio Perez, Perez-Ortega, Sergio, Perez-Vargas, Israel, Perry, Brian A., Petersen, Jens H., Petersen, Ronald H., Pfister, Donald H., Phukhamsakda, Chayanard, Piatek, Marcin, Piepenbring, Meike, Pino-Bodas, Raquel, Esquivel, Juan Pablo Pinzon, Pirot, Paul, Popov, Eugene S., Popoff, Orlando, Alvaro, Maria Prieto, Printzen, Christian, Psurtseva, Nadezhda, Purahong, Witoon, Quijada, Luis, Rambold, Gerhard, Ramirez, Natalia A., Raja, Huzefa, Raspe, Olivier, Raymundo, Tania, Reblova, Martina, Rebriev, Yury A., Garcia, Juan de Dios Reyes, Ripoll, Miguel Angel Ribes, Richard, Franck, Richardson, Mike J., Rico, Victor J., Robledo, Gerardo Lucio, Barbosa, Flavia Rodrigues, Rodriguez-Caycedo, Cristina, Rodriguez-Flakus, Pamela, Ronikier, Anna, Casas, Luis Rubio, Rusevska, Katerina, Saar, Gunter, Saar, Irja, Salcedo, Isabel, Martinez, Sergio M. Salcedo, Montoya, Carlos A. Salvador, Sanchez-Ramirez, Santiago, Sandoval-Sierra, J. Vladimir, Santamaria, Sergi, Monteiro, Josiane Santana, Schroers, Hans Josef, Schulz, Barbara, Schmidt-Stohn, Geert, Schumacher, Trond, Senn-Irlet, Beatrice, Sevcikova, Hana, Shchepin, Oleg, Shirouzu, Takashi, Shiryaev, Anton, Siepe, Klaus, Sir, Esteban B., Sohrabi, Mohammad, Soop, Karl, Spirin, Viacheslav, Spribille, Toby, Stadler, Marc, Stalpers, Joost, Stenroos, Soili, Suija, Ave, Sunhede, Stellan, Svantesson, Sten, Svensson, Sigvard, Svetasheva, Tatyana Yu, Swierkosz, Krzysztof, Tamm, Heidi, Taskin, Hatira, Taudiere, Adrien, Tedebrand, Jan-Olof, Lahoz, Raul Tena, Temina, Marina, Thell, Arne, Thines, Marco, Thor, Goren, Thus, Holger, Tibell, Leif, Tibell, Sanja, Timdal, Einar, Tkalcec, Zdenko, Tonsberg, Tor, Trichies, Gerard, Triebel, Dagmar, Tsurykau, Andrei, Tulloss, Rodham E., Tuovinen, Veera, Sosa, Miguel Ulloa, Urcelay, Carlos, Valade, Francois, Garza, Ricardo Valenzuela, van den Boom, Pieter, Van Vooren, Nicolas, Vasco-Palacios, Aida M., Vauras, Jukka, Santos, Juan Manuel Velasco, Vellinga, Else, Verbeken, Annemieke, Vetlesen, Per, Vizzini, Alfredo, Voglmayr, Hermann, Volobuev, Sergey, von Brackel, Wolfgang, Voronina, Elena, Walther, Grit, Watling, Roy, Weber, Evi, Wedin, Mats, Weholt, Oyvind, Westberg, Martin, Yurchenko, Eugene, Zehnalek, Petr, Zhang, Huang, Zhurbenko, Mikhail P., Ekman, Stefan, Zamora, Juan Carlos, Svensson, Måns, Kirschner, Roland, Olariaga, Ibai, Ryman, Svengunnar, Alberto Parra, Luis, Geml, Jozsef, Rosling, Anna, Adamcik, Slavomir, Ahti, Teuvo, Aime, M. Catherine, Ainsworth, A. Martyn, Albert, Laszlo, Alberto, Edgardo, Garcia, Alberto Altes, Ageev, Dmitry, Agerer, Reinhard, Aguirre-Hudson, Begona, Ammirati, Joe, Andersson, Harry, Angelini, Claudio, Antonin, Vladimir, Aoki, Takayuki, Aptroot, Andre, Argaud, Didier, Sosa, Blanca Imelda Arguello, Aronsen, Arne, Arup, Ulf, Asgari, Bita, Assyov, Boris, Atienza, Violeta, Bandini, Ditte, Baptista-Ferreira, Joao Luis, Baral, Hans-Otto, Baroni, Tim, Barreto, Robert Weingart, Baker, Henry, Bell, Ann, Bellanger, Jean-Michel, Bellu, Francesco, Bemmann, Martin, Bendiksby, Mika, Bendiksen, Egil, Bendiksen, Katriina, Benedek, Lajos, Beresova-Guttova, Anna, Berger, Franz, Berndt, Reinhard, Bernicchia, Annarosa, Biketova, Alona Yu, Bizio, Enrico, Bjork, Curtis, Boekhout, Teun, Boertmann, David, Bohning, Tanja, Boittin, Florent, Boluda, Carlos G., Boomsluiter, Menno W., Borovicka, Jan, Brandrud, Tor Erik, Braun, Uwe, Brodo, Irwin, Bulyonkova, Tatiana, Burdsall, Harold H., Jr., Buyck, Bart, Burgaz, Ana Rosa, Calatayud, Vicent, Callac, Philippe, Campo, Emanuele, Candusso, Massimo, Capoen, Brigitte, Carbo, Joaquim, Carbone, Matteo, Castaneda-Ruiz, Rafael F., Castellano, Michael A., Chen, Jie, Clerc, Philippe, Consiglio, Giovanni, Corriol, Gilles, Courtecuisse, Regis, Crespo, Ana, Cripps, Cathy, Crous, Pedro W., da Silva, Gladstone Alves, da Silva, Meiriele, Dam, Marjo, Dam, Nico, Dammrich, Frank, Das, Kanad, Davies, Linda, De Crop, Eske, De Kesel, Andre, De Lange, Ruben, Bonzi, Barbara De Madrignac, dela Cruz, Thomas Edison E., Delgat, Lynn, Demoulin, Vincent, Desjardin, Dennis E., Diederich, Paul, Dima, Balint, Dios, Maria Martha, Divakar, Pradeep Kumar, Douanla-Meli, Clovis, Douglas, Brian, Drechsler-Santos, Elisandro Ricardo, Dyer, Paul S., Eberhardt, Ursula, Ertz, Damien, Esteve-Raventos, Fernando, Salazar, Javier Angel Etayo, Evenson, Vera, Eyssartier, Guillaume, Farkas, Edit, Favre, Alain, Fedosova, Anna G., Filippa, Mario, Finy, Peter, Flakus, Adam, Fos, Simon, Fournier, Jacques, Fraiture, Andre, Franchi, Paolo, Molano, Ana Esperanza Franco, Friebes, Gernot, Frisch, Andreas, Fryday, Alan, Furci, Giuliana, Marquez, Ricardo Galan, Garbelotto, Matteo, Garcia-Martin, Joaquina Maria, Otalora, Monica A. Garcia, Sanchez, Dania Garcia, Gardiennet, Alain, Garnica, Sigisfredo, Benavent, Isaac Garrido, Gates, Genevieve, Gerlach, Alice da Cruz Lima, Ghobad-Nejhad, Masoomeh, Gibertoni, Tatiana B., Grebenc, Tine, Greilhuber, Irmgard, Grishkan, Bella, Groenewald, Johannes Z., Grube, Martin, Gruhn, Gerald, Gueidan, Cecile, Gulden, Gro, Gusmao, Luis F. P., Hafellner, Josef, Hairaud, Michel, Halama, Marek, Hallenberg, Nils, Halling, Roy E., Hansen, Karen, Harder, Christoffer Bugge, Heilmann-Clausen, Jacob, Helleman, Stip, Henriot, Alain, Hernandez-Restrepo, Margarita, Herve, Raphael, Hobart, Caroline, Hoffmeister, Mascha, Hoiland, Klaus, Holec, Jan, Holien, Hakon, Hughes, Karen, Hubka, Vit, Huhtinen, Seppo, Ivancevic, Boris, Jagers, Marian, Jaklitsch, Walter, Jansen, AnnaElise, Jayawardena, Ruvishika S., Jeppesen, Thomas Stjernegaard, Jeppson, Mikael, Johnston, Peter, Jorgensen, Per Magnus, Karnefelt, Ingvar, Kalinina, Liudmila B., Kantvilas, Gintaras, Karadelev, Mitko, Kasuya, Taiga, Kautmanova, Ivona, Kerrigan, Richard W., Kirchmair, Martin, Kiyashko, Anna, Knapp, Daniel G., Knudsen, Henning, Knudsen, Kerry, Knutsson, Tommy, Kolarik, Miroslav, Koljalg, Urmas, Kosuthova, Alica, Koszka, Attila, Kotiranta, Heikki, Kotkova, Vera, Koukol, Ondrej, Kout, Jiri, Kovacs, Gabor M., Kriz, Martin, Kruys, Asa, Kudera, Viktor, Kudzma, Linas, Kuhar, Francisco, Kukwa, Martin, Kumar, T. K. Arun, Kunca, Vladimir, Kusan, Ivana, Kuyper, Thomas W., Lado, Carlos, Laessoe, Thomas, Laine, Patrice, Langer, Ewald, Larsson, Ellen, Larsson, Karl-Henrik, Laursen, Gary, Lechat, Christian, Lee, Serena, Lendemer, James C., Levin, Laura, Lindemann, Uwe, Lindstrom, Hakan, Liu, Xingzhong, Hernandez, Regulo Carlos Llarena, Llop, Esteve, Locsmandi, Csaba, Lodge, Deborah Jean, Loizides, Michael, Lokos, Laszlo, Luangsa-ard, Jennifer, Luderitz, Matthias, Lumbsch, Thorsten, Lutz, Matthias, Mahoney, Dan, Malysheva, Ekaterina, Malysheva, Vera, Manimohan, Patinjareveettil, Mann-Felix, Yasmina, Marques, Guilhermina, Martinez-Gil, Ruben, Marson, Guy, Mata, Gerardo, Matheny, P. Brandon, Mathiassen, Geir Harald, Matocec, Neven, Mayrhofer, Helmut, Mehrabi, Mehdi, Melo, Ireneia, Mesic, Armin, Methven, Andrew S., Miettinen, Otto, Romero, Ana M. Millanes, Miller, Andrew N., Mitchell, James K., Moberg, Roland, Moreau, Pierre-Arthur, Moreno, Gabriel, Morozova, Olga, Morte, Asuncion, Muggia, Lucia, Gonzalez, Guillermo Munoz, Myllys, Leena, Nagy, Istvan, Nagy, Laszlo G., Neves, Maria Alice, Niemela, Tuomo, Nimis, Pier Luigi, Niveiro, Nicolas, Noordeloos, Machiel E., Nordin, Anders, Noumeur, Sara Raouia, Novozhilov, Yuri, Nuytinck, Jorinde, Ohenoja, Esteri, Fiuza, Patricia Oliveira, Orange, Alan, Ordynets, Alexander, Ortiz-Santana, Beatriz, Pacheco, Leticia, Pal-Fam, Ferenc, Palacio, Melissa, Palice, Zdenek, Papp, Viktor, Partel, Kadri, Pawlowska, Julia, Paz, Aurelia, Peintner, Ursula, Pennycook, Shaun, Pereira, Olinto Liparini, Daniels, Pablo Perez, Capella, Miguel A. Perez-De-Gregorio, del Amo, Carlos Manuel Perez, Gorjon, Sergio Perez, Perez-Ortega, Sergio, Perez-Vargas, Israel, Perry, Brian A., Petersen, Jens H., Petersen, Ronald H., Pfister, Donald H., Phukhamsakda, Chayanard, Piatek, Marcin, Piepenbring, Meike, Pino-Bodas, Raquel, Esquivel, Juan Pablo Pinzon, Pirot, Paul, Popov, Eugene S., Popoff, Orlando, Alvaro, Maria Prieto, Printzen, Christian, Psurtseva, Nadezhda, Purahong, Witoon, Quijada, Luis, Rambold, Gerhard, Ramirez, Natalia A., Raja, Huzefa, Raspe, Olivier, Raymundo, Tania, Reblova, Martina, Rebriev, Yury A., Garcia, Juan de Dios Reyes, Ripoll, Miguel Angel Ribes, Richard, Franck, Richardson, Mike J., Rico, Victor J., Robledo, Gerardo Lucio, Barbosa, Flavia Rodrigues, Rodriguez-Caycedo, Cristina, Rodriguez-Flakus, Pamela, Ronikier, Anna, Casas, Luis Rubio, Rusevska, Katerina, Saar, Gunter, Saar, Irja, Salcedo, Isabel, Martinez, Sergio M. Salcedo, Montoya, Carlos A. Salvador, Sanchez-Ramirez, Santiago, Sandoval-Sierra, J. Vladimir, Santamaria, Sergi, Monteiro, Josiane Santana, Schroers, Hans Josef, Schulz, Barbara, Schmidt-Stohn, Geert, Schumacher, Trond, Senn-Irlet, Beatrice, Sevcikova, Hana, Shchepin, Oleg, Shirouzu, Takashi, Shiryaev, Anton, Siepe, Klaus, Sir, Esteban B., Sohrabi, Mohammad, Soop, Karl, Spirin, Viacheslav, Spribille, Toby, Stadler, Marc, Stalpers, Joost, Stenroos, Soili, Suija, Ave, Sunhede, Stellan, Svantesson, Sten, Svensson, Sigvard, Svetasheva, Tatyana Yu, Swierkosz, Krzysztof, Tamm, Heidi, Taskin, Hatira, Taudiere, Adrien, Tedebrand, Jan-Olof, Lahoz, Raul Tena, Temina, Marina, Thell, Arne, Thines, Marco, Thor, Goren, Thus, Holger, Tibell, Leif, Tibell, Sanja, Timdal, Einar, Tkalcec, Zdenko, Tonsberg, Tor, Trichies, Gerard, Triebel, Dagmar, Tsurykau, Andrei, Tulloss, Rodham E., Tuovinen, Veera, Sosa, Miguel Ulloa, Urcelay, Carlos, Valade, Francois, Garza, Ricardo Valenzuela, van den Boom, Pieter, Van Vooren, Nicolas, Vasco-Palacios, Aida M., Vauras, Jukka, Santos, Juan Manuel Velasco, Vellinga, Else, Verbeken, Annemieke, Vetlesen, Per, Vizzini, Alfredo, Voglmayr, Hermann, Volobuev, Sergey, von Brackel, Wolfgang, Voronina, Elena, Walther, Grit, Watling, Roy, Weber, Evi, Wedin, Mats, Weholt, Oyvind, Westberg, Martin, Yurchenko, Eugene, Zehnalek, Petr, Zhang, Huang, Zhurbenko, Mikhail P., and Ekman, Stefan
Abstract: Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11th International Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN.
Published: 2018
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16. Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa

Author: Zamora, Juan Carlos, Svensson, Måns, Kirschner, Roland, Olariaga, Ibai, Ryman, Svengunnar, Parra, Luis Alberto, Geml, József, Rosling, Anna, Adamčík, Slavomír, Ahti, Teuvo, Aime, M. Catherine, Ainsworth, A. Martyn, Albert, László, Albertó, Edgardo, García, Alberto Altés, Ageev, Dmitry, Agerer, Reinhard, Aguirre-Hudson, Begoña, Ammirati, Joe, Andersson, Harry, Angelini, Claudio, Antonín, Vladimír, Aoki, Takayuki, Aptroot, André, Argaud, Didier, Sosa, Blanca Imelda Arguello, Aronsen, Arne, Arup, Ulf, Asgari, Bita, Assyov, Boris, Atienza, Violeta, Bandini, Ditte, Baptista-Ferreira, João Luís, Baral, Hans-Otto, Baroni, Tim, Barreto, Robert Weingart, Beker, Henry, Bell, Ann, Bellanger, Jean-Michel, Bellù, Francesco, Bemmann, Martin, Bendiksby, Mika, Bendiksen, Egil, Bendiksen, Katriina, Benedek, Lajos, Bérešová-Guttová, Anna, Berger, Franz, Berndt, Reinhard, Bernicchia, Annarosa, Biketova, Alona Yu, Bizio, Enrico, Bjork, Curtis, Boekhout, Teun, Boertmann, David, Böhning, Tanja, Boittin, Florent, Boluda, Carlos G, Boomsluiter, Menno W, Borovička, Jan, Brandrud, Tor Erik, Braun, Uwe, Brodo, Irwin, Bulyonkova, Tatiana, Burdsall, Harold H, Buyck, Bart, Burgaz, Ana Rosa, Calatayud, Vicent, Callac, Philippe, Campo, Emanuele, Candusso, Massimo, Capoen, Brigitte, Carbó, Joaquim, Carbone, Matteo, Castañeda-Ruiz, Rafael F., Castellano, Michael A, Chen, Jie, Clerc, Philippe, Consiglio, Giovanni, Corriol, Gilles, Courtecuisse, Régis, Crespo, Ana, Cripps, Cathy, Crous, Pedro W, da Silva, Gladstone Alves, da Silva, Meiriele, Dam, Marjo, Dam, Nico, Dämmrich, Frank, Das, Kanad, Davies, Linda, De Crop, Eske, De Kesel, Andre, De Lange, Ruben, De Madrignac Bonzi, Bárbara, Dela Cruz, Thomas Edison E, Delgat, Lynn, Demoulin, Vincent, Desjardin, Dennis E., Diederich, Paul, Dima, Bálint, Dios, Maria Martha, Divakar, Pradeep Kumar, Douanla-Meli, Clovis, Douglas, Brian, Drechsler-Santos, Elisandro Ricardo, Dyer, Paul S, Eberhardt, Ursula, Ertz, Damien, Esteve-Raventós, Fernando, Salazar, Javier Angel Etayo, Evenson, Vera, Eyssartier, Guillaume, Farkas, Edit, Favre, Alain, Fedosova, Anna G, Filippa, Mario, Finy, Péter, Flakus, Adam, Fos, Simón, Fournier, Jacques, Fraiture, André, Franchi, Paolo, Molano, Ana Esperanza Franco, Friebes, Gernot, Frisch, Andreas, Fryday, Alan, Furci, Giuliana, Márquez, Ricardo Galán, Garbelotto, Matteo, García-Martín, Joaquina María, Otálora, Mónica A García, Sánchez, Dania García, Gardiennet, Alain, Garnica, Sigisfredo, Benavent, Isaac Garrido, Gates, Genevieve, da Cruz Lima Gerlach, Alice, Ghobad-Nejhad, Masoomeh, Gibertoni, Tatiana B, Grebenc, Tine, Krisai-Greilhuber, Irmgard, Grishkan, Bella, Groenewald, Johannes Z, Grube, Martin, Gruhn, Gérald, Gueidan, Cécile, Gulden, Gro, Gusmão, Luis Fp, Hafellner, Josef, Hairaud, Michel, Halama, Marek, Hallenberg, Nils, Halling, Roy E, Hansen, Karen, Harder, Christoffer Bugge, Heilmann-Clausen, Jacob, Helleman, Stip, Henriot, Alain, Hernandez-Restrepo, Margarita, Herve, Raphaël, Hobart, Caroline, Hoffmeister, Mascha, Høiland, Klaus, Holec, Jan, Holien, Håkon, Hughes, Karen, Hubka, Vit, Huhtinen, Seppo, Ivančević, Boris, Jagers, Marian, Jaklitsch, Walter M., Jansen, AnnaElise, Jayawardena, Ruvishika S., Jeppesen, Thomas Stjernegaard, Jeppson, Mikael, Johnston, Peter R., Jørgensen, Per Magnus, Kärnefelt, Ingvar, Kalinina, Liudmila B, Kantvilas, Gintaras, Karadelev, Mitko, Kasuya, Taiga, Kautmanová, Ivona, Kerrigan, Richard W, Kirchmair, Martin, Kiyashko, Anna, Knapp, Dániel G, Knudsen, Henning, Knudsen, Kerry, Knutsson, Tommy, Kolařík, Miroslav, Kõljalg, Urmas, Košuthová, Alica, Koszka, Attila, Kotiranta, Heikki, Kotkova, Vera, Koukol, Ondřej, Kout, Jiří, Kovács, Gábor M, Kříž, Martin, Kruys, Åsa, Kučera, Viktor, Kudzma, Linas, Kuhar, Francisco, Kukwa, Martin, Arun Kumar, T K, Kunca, Vladimír, Kušan, Ivana, Kuyper, Thomas W., Lado, Carlos, Læssøe, Thomas, Lainé, Patrice, Langer, Ewald, Larsson, Ellen, Larsson, Karl-Henrik, Laursen, Gary, Lechat, Christian, Lee, Serena, Lendemer, James C, Levin, Laura, Lindemann, Uwe, Lindström, Håkan, Liu, Xingzhong, Hernandez, Regulo Carlos Llarena, Llop, Esteve, Locsmándi, Csaba, Lodge, Deborah Jean, Loizides, Michael, Lőkös, László, Luangsa-ard, Jennifer, Lüderitz, Matthias, Lumbsch, H. Thorsten, Lutz, Matthias, Mahoney, Dan, Malysheva, Ekaterina, Malysheva, Vera, Manimohan, Patinjareveettil, Marin-Felix, Yasmina, Marques, Guilhermina, Martínez-Gil, Rubén, Marson, Guy, Mata, Gerardo, Matheny, P Brandon, Mathiassen, Geir Harald, Matočec, Neven, Mayrhofer, Helmut, Mehrabi, Mehdi, Melo, Ireneia, Mešić, Armin, Methven, Andrew S, Miettinen, Otto, Romero, Ana M Millanes, Miller, Andrew N., Mitchell, James K, Moberg, Roland, Moreau, Pierre-Arthur, Moreno, Gabriel, Morozova, Olga, Morte, Asunción, Muggia, Lucia, González, Guillermo Muñoz, Myllys, Leena, Nagy, István, Nagy, László G, Neves, Maria Alice, Niemelä, Tuomo, Nimis, Pier Luigi, Niveiro, Nicolas, Noordeloos, Machiel E, Nordin, Anders, Noumeur, Sara Raouia, Novozhilov, Yuri, Nuytinck, Jorinde, Ohenoja, Esteri, Fiuza, Patricia Oliveira, Orange, Alan, Ordynets, Alexander, Ortiz-Santana, Beatriz, Pacheco, Leticia, Pál-Fám, Ferenc, Palacio, Melissa, Palice, Zdeněk, Papp, Viktor, Pärtel, Kadri, Pawlowska, Julia, Paz, Aurelia, Peintner, Ursula, Pennycook, Shaun R., Pereira, Olinto Liparini, Daniëls, Pablo Pérez, Pérez-De-Gregorio Capella, Miquel À, Del Amo, Carlos Manuel Pérez, Gorjón, Sergio Pérez, Pérez-Ortega, Sergio, Pérez-Vargas, Israel, Perry, Brian A, Petersen, Jens H, Petersen, Ronald H, Pfister, Donald H., Phukhamsakda, Chayanard, Piątek, Marcin, Piepenbring, Meike, Pino-Bodas, Raquel, Esquivel, Juan Pablo Pinzón, Pirot, Paul, Popov, Eugene S, Popoff, Orlando, Álvaro, María Prieto, Printzen, Christian, Psurtseva, Nadezhda, Purahong, Witoon, Quijada, Luis, Rambold, Gerhard, Ramírez, Natalia A, Raja, Huzefa A., Raspé, Olivier, Raymundo, Tania, Réblová, Martina, Rebriev, Yury A, de Dios Reyes García, Juan, Ripoll, Miguel Ángel Ribes, Richard, Franck, Richardson, Mike J, Rico, Víctor J, Robledo, Gerardo Lucio, Barbosa, Flavia Rodrigues, Rodriguez-Caycedo, Cristina, Rodriguez-Flakus, Pamela, Ronikier, Anna, Casas, Luis Rubio, Rusevska, Katerina, Saar, Günter, Saar, Irja, Salcedo, Isabel, Martínez, Sergio M Salcedo, Montoya, Carlos A Salvador, Sánchez-Ramírez, Santiago, Sandoval-Sierra, J Vladimir, Santamaria, Sergi, Monteiro, Josiane Santana, Schroers, Hans Josef, Schulz, Barbara, Schmidt-Stohn, Geert, Schumacher, Trond, Senn-Irlet, Beatrice, Ševčíková, Hana, Shchepin, Oleg, Shirouzu, Takashi, Shiryaev, Anton, Siepe, Klaus, Sir, Esteban B, Sohrabi, Mohammad, Soop, Karl, Spirin, Viacheslav, Spribille, Toby, Stadler, Marc, Stalpers, Joost, Stenroos, Soili, Suija, Ave, Sunhede, Stellan, Svantesson, Sten, Svensson, Sigvard, Svetasheva, Tatyana Yu, Świerkosz, Krzysztof, Tamm, Heidi, Taskin, Hatira, Taudière, Adrien, Tedebrand, Jan-Olof, Lahoz, Raúl Tena, Temina, Marina, Thell, Arne, Thines, Marco, Thor, Göran, Thüs, Holger, Tibell, Leif, Tibell, Sanja, Timdal, Einar, Tkalčec, Zdenko, Tønsberg, Tor, Trichies, Gérard, Triebel, Dagmar, Tsurykau, Andrei, Tulloss, Rodham E, Tuovinen, Veera, Sosa, Miguel Ulloa, Urcelay, Carlos, Valade, François, Garza, Ricardo Valenzuela, van den Boom, Pieter, Van Vooren, Nicolas, Vasco, Aida, Vauras, Jukka, Velasco Santos, Juan Manuel, Vellinga, Else, Verbeken, Annemieke, Vetlesen, Per, Vizzini, Alfredo, Voglmayr, Hermann, Volobuev, Sergey, von Brackel, Wolfgang, Voronina, Elena, Walther, Grit, Watling, Roy, Weber, Evi, Wedin, Mats, Weholt, Øyvind, Westberg, Martin, Yurchenko, Eugene, Zehnálek, Petr, Zhang, Huang, Zhurbenko, Mikhail P, Ekman, Stefan, Zamora, Juan Carlos, Svensson, Måns, Kirschner, Roland, Olariaga, Ibai, Ryman, Svengunnar, Parra, Luis Alberto, Geml, József, Rosling, Anna, Adamčík, Slavomír, Ahti, Teuvo, Aime, M. Catherine, Ainsworth, A. Martyn, Albert, László, Albertó, Edgardo, García, Alberto Altés, Ageev, Dmitry, Agerer, Reinhard, Aguirre-Hudson, Begoña, Ammirati, Joe, Andersson, Harry, Angelini, Claudio, Antonín, Vladimír, Aoki, Takayuki, Aptroot, André, Argaud, Didier, Sosa, Blanca Imelda Arguello, Aronsen, Arne, Arup, Ulf, Asgari, Bita, Assyov, Boris, Atienza, Violeta, Bandini, Ditte, Baptista-Ferreira, João Luís, Baral, Hans-Otto, Baroni, Tim, Barreto, Robert Weingart, Beker, Henry, Bell, Ann, Bellanger, Jean-Michel, Bellù, Francesco, Bemmann, Martin, Bendiksby, Mika, Bendiksen, Egil, Bendiksen, Katriina, Benedek, Lajos, Bérešová-Guttová, Anna, Berger, Franz, Berndt, Reinhard, Bernicchia, Annarosa, Biketova, Alona Yu, Bizio, Enrico, Bjork, Curtis, Boekhout, Teun, Boertmann, David, Böhning, Tanja, Boittin, Florent, Boluda, Carlos G, Boomsluiter, Menno W, Borovička, Jan, Brandrud, Tor Erik, Braun, Uwe, Brodo, Irwin, Bulyonkova, Tatiana, Burdsall, Harold H, Buyck, Bart, Burgaz, Ana Rosa, Calatayud, Vicent, Callac, Philippe, Campo, Emanuele, Candusso, Massimo, Capoen, Brigitte, Carbó, Joaquim, Carbone, Matteo, Castañeda-Ruiz, Rafael F., Castellano, Michael A, Chen, Jie, Clerc, Philippe, Consiglio, Giovanni, Corriol, Gilles, Courtecuisse, Régis, Crespo, Ana, Cripps, Cathy, Crous, Pedro W, da Silva, Gladstone Alves, da Silva, Meiriele, Dam, Marjo, Dam, Nico, Dämmrich, Frank, Das, Kanad, Davies, Linda, De Crop, Eske, De Kesel, Andre, De Lange, Ruben, De Madrignac Bonzi, Bárbara, Dela Cruz, Thomas Edison E, Delgat, Lynn, Demoulin, Vincent, Desjardin, Dennis E., Diederich, Paul, Dima, Bálint, Dios, Maria Martha, Divakar, Pradeep Kumar, Douanla-Meli, Clovis, Douglas, Brian, Drechsler-Santos, Elisandro Ricardo, Dyer, Paul S, Eberhardt, Ursula, Ertz, Damien, Esteve-Raventós, Fernando, Salazar, Javier Angel Etayo, Evenson, Vera, Eyssartier, Guillaume, Farkas, Edit, Favre, Alain, Fedosova, Anna G, Filippa, Mario, Finy, Péter, Flakus, Adam, Fos, Simón, Fournier, Jacques, Fraiture, André, Franchi, Paolo, Molano, Ana Esperanza Franco, Friebes, Gernot, Frisch, Andreas, Fryday, Alan, Furci, Giuliana, Márquez, Ricardo Galán, Garbelotto, Matteo, García-Martín, Joaquina María, Otálora, Mónica A García, Sánchez, Dania García, Gardiennet, Alain, Garnica, Sigisfredo, Benavent, Isaac Garrido, Gates, Genevieve, da Cruz Lima Gerlach, Alice, Ghobad-Nejhad, Masoomeh, Gibertoni, Tatiana B, Grebenc, Tine, Krisai-Greilhuber, Irmgard, Grishkan, Bella, Groenewald, Johannes Z, Grube, Martin, Gruhn, Gérald, Gueidan, Cécile, Gulden, Gro, Gusmão, Luis Fp, Hafellner, Josef, Hairaud, Michel, Halama, Marek, Hallenberg, Nils, Halling, Roy E, Hansen, Karen, Harder, Christoffer Bugge, Heilmann-Clausen, Jacob, Helleman, Stip, Henriot, Alain, Hernandez-Restrepo, Margarita, Herve, Raphaël, Hobart, Caroline, Hoffmeister, Mascha, Høiland, Klaus, Holec, Jan, Holien, Håkon, Hughes, Karen, Hubka, Vit, Huhtinen, Seppo, Ivančević, Boris, Jagers, Marian, Jaklitsch, Walter M., Jansen, AnnaElise, Jayawardena, Ruvishika S., Jeppesen, Thomas Stjernegaard, Jeppson, Mikael, Johnston, Peter R., Jørgensen, Per Magnus, Kärnefelt, Ingvar, Kalinina, Liudmila B, Kantvilas, Gintaras, Karadelev, Mitko, Kasuya, Taiga, Kautmanová, Ivona, Kerrigan, Richard W, Kirchmair, Martin, Kiyashko, Anna, Knapp, Dániel G, Knudsen, Henning, Knudsen, Kerry, Knutsson, Tommy, Kolařík, Miroslav, Kõljalg, Urmas, Košuthová, Alica, Koszka, Attila, Kotiranta, Heikki, Kotkova, Vera, Koukol, Ondřej, Kout, Jiří, Kovács, Gábor M, Kříž, Martin, Kruys, Åsa, Kučera, Viktor, Kudzma, Linas, Kuhar, Francisco, Kukwa, Martin, Arun Kumar, T K, Kunca, Vladimír, Kušan, Ivana, Kuyper, Thomas W., Lado, Carlos, Læssøe, Thomas, Lainé, Patrice, Langer, Ewald, Larsson, Ellen, Larsson, Karl-Henrik, Laursen, Gary, Lechat, Christian, Lee, Serena, Lendemer, James C, Levin, Laura, Lindemann, Uwe, Lindström, Håkan, Liu, Xingzhong, Hernandez, Regulo Carlos Llarena, Llop, Esteve, Locsmándi, Csaba, Lodge, Deborah Jean, Loizides, Michael, Lőkös, László, Luangsa-ard, Jennifer, Lüderitz, Matthias, Lumbsch, H. Thorsten, Lutz, Matthias, Mahoney, Dan, Malysheva, Ekaterina, Malysheva, Vera, Manimohan, Patinjareveettil, Marin-Felix, Yasmina, Marques, Guilhermina, Martínez-Gil, Rubén, Marson, Guy, Mata, Gerardo, Matheny, P Brandon, Mathiassen, Geir Harald, Matočec, Neven, Mayrhofer, Helmut, Mehrabi, Mehdi, Melo, Ireneia, Mešić, Armin, Methven, Andrew S, Miettinen, Otto, Romero, Ana M Millanes, Miller, Andrew N., Mitchell, James K, Moberg, Roland, Moreau, Pierre-Arthur, Moreno, Gabriel, Morozova, Olga, Morte, Asunción, Muggia, Lucia, González, Guillermo Muñoz, Myllys, Leena, Nagy, István, Nagy, László G, Neves, Maria Alice, Niemelä, Tuomo, Nimis, Pier Luigi, Niveiro, Nicolas, Noordeloos, Machiel E, Nordin, Anders, Noumeur, Sara Raouia, Novozhilov, Yuri, Nuytinck, Jorinde, Ohenoja, Esteri, Fiuza, Patricia Oliveira, Orange, Alan, Ordynets, Alexander, Ortiz-Santana, Beatriz, Pacheco, Leticia, Pál-Fám, Ferenc, Palacio, Melissa, Palice, Zdeněk, Papp, Viktor, Pärtel, Kadri, Pawlowska, Julia, Paz, Aurelia, Peintner, Ursula, Pennycook, Shaun R., Pereira, Olinto Liparini, Daniëls, Pablo Pérez, Pérez-De-Gregorio Capella, Miquel À, Del Amo, Carlos Manuel Pérez, Gorjón, Sergio Pérez, Pérez-Ortega, Sergio, Pérez-Vargas, Israel, Perry, Brian A, Petersen, Jens H, Petersen, Ronald H, Pfister, Donald H., Phukhamsakda, Chayanard, Piątek, Marcin, Piepenbring, Meike, Pino-Bodas, Raquel, Esquivel, Juan Pablo Pinzón, Pirot, Paul, Popov, Eugene S, Popoff, Orlando, Álvaro, María Prieto, Printzen, Christian, Psurtseva, Nadezhda, Purahong, Witoon, Quijada, Luis, Rambold, Gerhard, Ramírez, Natalia A, Raja, Huzefa A., Raspé, Olivier, Raymundo, Tania, Réblová, Martina, Rebriev, Yury A, de Dios Reyes García, Juan, Ripoll, Miguel Ángel Ribes, Richard, Franck, Richardson, Mike J, Rico, Víctor J, Robledo, Gerardo Lucio, Barbosa, Flavia Rodrigues, Rodriguez-Caycedo, Cristina, Rodriguez-Flakus, Pamela, Ronikier, Anna, Casas, Luis Rubio, Rusevska, Katerina, Saar, Günter, Saar, Irja, Salcedo, Isabel, Martínez, Sergio M Salcedo, Montoya, Carlos A Salvador, Sánchez-Ramírez, Santiago, Sandoval-Sierra, J Vladimir, Santamaria, Sergi, Monteiro, Josiane Santana, Schroers, Hans Josef, Schulz, Barbara, Schmidt-Stohn, Geert, Schumacher, Trond, Senn-Irlet, Beatrice, Ševčíková, Hana, Shchepin, Oleg, Shirouzu, Takashi, Shiryaev, Anton, Siepe, Klaus, Sir, Esteban B, Sohrabi, Mohammad, Soop, Karl, Spirin, Viacheslav, Spribille, Toby, Stadler, Marc, Stalpers, Joost, Stenroos, Soili, Suija, Ave, Sunhede, Stellan, Svantesson, Sten, Svensson, Sigvard, Svetasheva, Tatyana Yu, Świerkosz, Krzysztof, Tamm, Heidi, Taskin, Hatira, Taudière, Adrien, Tedebrand, Jan-Olof, Lahoz, Raúl Tena, Temina, Marina, Thell, Arne, Thines, Marco, Thor, Göran, Thüs, Holger, Tibell, Leif, Tibell, Sanja, Timdal, Einar, Tkalčec, Zdenko, Tønsberg, Tor, Trichies, Gérard, Triebel, Dagmar, Tsurykau, Andrei, Tulloss, Rodham E, Tuovinen, Veera, Sosa, Miguel Ulloa, Urcelay, Carlos, Valade, François, Garza, Ricardo Valenzuela, van den Boom, Pieter, Van Vooren, Nicolas, Vasco, Aida, Vauras, Jukka, Velasco Santos, Juan Manuel, Vellinga, Else, Verbeken, Annemieke, Vetlesen, Per, Vizzini, Alfredo, Voglmayr, Hermann, Volobuev, Sergey, von Brackel, Wolfgang, Voronina, Elena, Walther, Grit, Watling, Roy, Weber, Evi, Wedin, Mats, Weholt, Øyvind, Westberg, Martin, Yurchenko, Eugene, Zehnálek, Petr, Zhang, Huang, Zhurbenko, Mikhail P, and Ekman, Stefan
Abstract: Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11th International Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN.
Published: 2018

17. New and Interesting Fungi. 1

Author: Crous, P.W., Schumacher, René K, Wingfield, Michael J., Akulov, A., Denman, S., Roux, J., Braun, Uwe, Burgess, T.I., Carnegie, A.J., Váczy, K.Z., Guatimosim, E., Schwartsburd, P.B., Barreto, Robert W., Hernandez Restrepo, Margarita Ines, Lombard, L., Groenewald, J.Z., Crous, P.W., Schumacher, René K, Wingfield, Michael J., Akulov, A., Denman, S., Roux, J., Braun, Uwe, Burgess, T.I., Carnegie, A.J., Váczy, K.Z., Guatimosim, E., Schwartsburd, P.B., Barreto, Robert W., Hernandez Restrepo, Margarita Ines, Lombard, L., and Groenewald, J.Z.
Abstract: This study introduces two new families, one new genus, 22 new species, 10 new combinations, four epitypes, and 16 interesting new host and / or geographical records. Cylindriaceae (based on Cylindrium elongatum) is introduced as new family, with three new combinations. Xyladictyochaetaceae (based on Xyladictyochaeta lusitanica) is introduced to accommodate Xyladictyochaeta. Pseudoanungitea gen. nov. (based on P. syzygii) is described on stems of Vaccinium myrtillus (Germany). New species include: Exophiala eucalypticola on Eucalyptus obliqua leaf litter, Phyllosticta hakeicola on leaves of Hakea sp., Setophaeosphaeria citricola on leaves of Citrus australasica, and Sirastachys cyperacearum on leaves of Cyperaceae (Australia); Polyscytalum chilense on leaves of Eucalyptus urophylla (Chile); Pseudoanungitea vaccinii on Vaccinium myrtillus (Germany); Teichospora quercus on branch tissue of Quercus sp. (France); Fusiconidium lycopodiellae on stems of Lycopodiella inundata, Monochaetia junipericola on twig of Juniperus communis, Myrmecridium sorbicola on branch tissues of Sorbus aucuparia, Parathyridaria philadelphi on twigs of Philadelphus coronarius, and Wettsteinina philadelphi on twigs of Philadelphus coronarius (Germany); Zygosporium pseudogibbum on leaves of Eucalyptus pellita (Malaysia); Pseudoanungitea variabilis on dead wood (Spain); Alfaria acaciae on leaves of Acacia propinqua, Dictyochaeta mimusopis on leaves of Mimusops caffra, and Pseudocercospora breonadiae on leaves of Breonadia microcephala (South Africa); Colletotrichum kniphofiae on leaves of Kniphofia uvaria, Subplenodomus iridicola on Iris sp., and Trochila viburnicola on twig cankers on Viburnum sp. (UK); Polyscytalum neofecundissimum on Quercus robur leaf litter, and Roussoella euonymi on fallen branches of Euonymus europaeus (Ukraine). New combinations include: Cylindrium algarvense on leaves of Eucalyptus sp. (Portugal), Cylindrium purgamentum on leaf litter (USA), Cylindrium syzygii on leaves of
Published: 2018

18. Phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Tubakia s. lat.

Author: Braun, Uwe, Nakashima, C., Crous, P.W., Groenewald, Ewald, Moreno-Rico, Onésimo, Rooney-Latham, S., Blomquist, C.L., Haas, J, Marmolejo, J, Braun, Uwe, Nakashima, C., Crous, P.W., Groenewald, Ewald, Moreno-Rico, Onésimo, Rooney-Latham, S., Blomquist, C.L., Haas, J, and Marmolejo, J
Abstract: The genus Tubakia is revised on the basis of morphological and phylogenetic data. The phylogenetic affinity of Tubakia to the family Melanconiellaceae (Diaporthales) was recently postulated, but new analyses based on sequences retrieved from material of the type species of Tubakia, T. dryina, support a family of its own, viz. Tubakiaceae fam. nov. Our phylogenetic analyses revealed the heterogeneity of Tubakia s. lat. which is divided into several genera, viz., Tubakia s. str., Apiognomonioides gen. nov. (type species: Apiognomonioides supraseptata), Involutiscutellula gen. nov. (type species: Involutiscutellula rubra), Oblongisporothyrium gen. nov. (type species: Oblongisporothyrium castanopsidis), Paratubakia gen. nov. (type species: Paratubakia subglobosa), Racheliella gen. nov. (type species: Racheliella wingfieldiana sp. nov.), Saprothyrium gen. nov. (type species: Saprothyrium thailandense) and Sphaerosporithyrium gen. nov. (type species: Sphaerosporithyrium mexicanum sp. nov.). Greeneria saprophytica is phylogenetically closely allied to Racheliella wingfieldiana and is therefore reallocated to Racheliella. Particular emphasis is laid on a revision and phylogenetic analyses of Tubakia species described from Japan and North America. Almost all North American collections of this genus were previously referred to as T. dryina s. lat., which is, however, a heterogeneous complex. Several new North American species have recently been described. The new species Sphaerosporithyrium mexicanum, Tubakia melnikiana and T. sierrafriensis, causing leaf spots on several oak species found in the North-Central Mexican state Aguascalientes and the North-Eastern Mexican state Nuevo León, are described, illustrated, and compared with similar species. Several additional new species are introduced, including Tubakia californica based on Californian collections on various species of the genera Chrysolepis, Notholithocarpus and Quercus, and T. dryinoides, T. oblongispora, T. paradry
Published: 2018

19. Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa

Author: Zamora, Juan Carlos, Svensson, Måns, Kirschner, Roland, Olariaga, Ibai, Ryman, Svengunnar, Alberto Parra, Luis, Geml, Jozsef, Rosling, Anna, Adamcik, Slavomir, Ahti, Teuvo, Aime, M. Catherine, Ainsworth, A. Martyn, Albert, Laszlo, Alberto, Edgardo, Garcia, Alberto Altes, Ageev, Dmitry, Agerer, Reinhard, Aguirre-Hudson, Begona, Ammirati, Joe, Andersson, Harry, Angelini, Claudio, Antonin, Vladimir, Aoki, Takayuki, Aptroot, Andre, Argaud, Didier, Sosa, Blanca Imelda Arguello, Aronsen, Arne, Arup, Ulf, Asgari, Bita, Assyov, Boris, Atienza, Violeta, Bandini, Ditte, Baptista-Ferreira, Joao Luis, Baral, Hans-Otto, Baroni, Tim, Barreto, Robert Weingart, Baker, Henry, Bell, Ann, Bellanger, Jean-Michel, Bellu, Francesco, Bemmann, Martin, Bendiksby, Mika, Bendiksen, Egil, Bendiksen, Katriina, Benedek, Lajos, Beresova-Guttova, Anna, Berger, Franz, Berndt, Reinhard, Bernicchia, Annarosa, Biketova, Alona Yu, Bizio, Enrico, Bjork, Curtis, Boekhout, Teun, Boertmann, David, Bohning, Tanja, Boittin, Florent, Boluda, Carlos G., Boomsluiter, Menno W., Borovicka, Jan, Brandrud, Tor Erik, Braun, Uwe, Brodo, Irwin, Bulyonkova, Tatiana, Burdsall, Harold H., Jr., Buyck, Bart, Burgaz, Ana Rosa, Calatayud, Vicent, Callac, Philippe, Campo, Emanuele, Candusso, Massimo, Capoen, Brigitte, Carbo, Joaquim, Carbone, Matteo, Castaneda-Ruiz, Rafael F., Castellano, Michael A., Chen, Jie, Clerc, Philippe, Consiglio, Giovanni, Corriol, Gilles, Courtecuisse, Regis, Crespo, Ana, Cripps, Cathy, Crous, Pedro W., da Silva, Gladstone Alves, da Silva, Meiriele, Dam, Marjo, Dam, Nico, Dammrich, Frank, Das, Kanad, Davies, Linda, De Crop, Eske, De Kesel, Andre, De Lange, Ruben, Bonzi, Barbara De Madrignac, dela Cruz, Thomas Edison E., Delgat, Lynn, Demoulin, Vincent, Desjardin, Dennis E., Diederich, Paul, Dima, Balint, Dios, Maria Martha, Divakar, Pradeep Kumar, Douanla-Meli, Clovis, Douglas, Brian, Drechsler-Santos, Elisandro Ricardo, Dyer, Paul S., Eberhardt, Ursula, Ertz, Damien, Esteve-Raventos, Fernando, Salazar, Javier Angel Etayo, Evenson, Vera, Eyssartier, Guillaume, Farkas, Edit, Favre, Alain, Fedosova, Anna G., Filippa, Mario, Finy, Peter, Flakus, Adam, Fos, Simon, Fournier, Jacques, Fraiture, Andre, Franchi, Paolo, Molano, Ana Esperanza Franco, Friebes, Gernot, Frisch, Andreas, Fryday, Alan, Furci, Giuliana, Marquez, Ricardo Galan, Garbelotto, Matteo, Garcia-Martin, Joaquina Maria, Otalora, Monica A. Garcia, Sanchez, Dania Garcia, Gardiennet, Alain, Garnica, Sigisfredo, Benavent, Isaac Garrido, Gates, Genevieve, Gerlach, Alice da Cruz Lima, Ghobad-Nejhad, Masoomeh, Gibertoni, Tatiana B., Grebenc, Tine, Greilhuber, Irmgard, Grishkan, Bella, Groenewald, Johannes Z., Grube, Martin, Gruhn, Gerald, Gueidan, Cecile, Gulden, Gro, Gusmao, Luis F. P., Hafellner, Josef, Hairaud, Michel, Halama, Marek, Hallenberg, Nils, Halling, Roy E., Hansen, Karen, Harder, Christoffer Bugge, Heilmann-Clausen, Jacob, Helleman, Stip, Henriot, Alain, Hernandez-Restrepo, Margarita, Herve, Raphael, Hobart, Caroline, Hoffmeister, Mascha, Hoiland, Klaus, Holec, Jan, Holien, Hakon, Hughes, Karen, Hubka, Vit, Huhtinen, Seppo, Ivancevic, Boris, Jagers, Marian, Jaklitsch, Walter, Jansen, AnnaElise, Jayawardena, Ruvishika S., Jeppesen, Thomas Stjernegaard, Jeppson, Mikael, Johnston, Peter, Jorgensen, Per Magnus, Karnefelt, Ingvar, Kalinina, Liudmila B., Kantvilas, Gintaras, Karadelev, Mitko, Kasuya, Taiga, Kautmanova, Ivona, Kerrigan, Richard W., Kirchmair, Martin, Kiyashko, Anna, Knapp, Daniel G., Knudsen, Henning, Knudsen, Kerry, Knutsson, Tommy, Kolarik, Miroslav, Koljalg, Urmas, Kosuthova, Alica, Koszka, Attila, Kotiranta, Heikki, Kotkova, Vera, Koukol, Ondrej, Kout, Jiri, Kovacs, Gabor M., Kriz, Martin, Kruys, Asa, Kudera, Viktor, Kudzma, Linas, Kuhar, Francisco, Kukwa, Martin, Kumar, T. K. Arun, Kunca, Vladimir, Kusan, Ivana, Kuyper, Thomas W., Lado, Carlos, Laessoe, Thomas, Laine, Patrice, Langer, Ewald, Larsson, Ellen, Larsson, Karl-Henrik, Laursen, Gary, Lechat, Christian, Lee, Serena, Lendemer, James C., Levin, Laura, Lindemann, Uwe, Lindstrom, Hakan, Liu, Xingzhong, Hernandez, Regulo Carlos Llarena, Llop, Esteve, Locsmandi, Csaba, Lodge, Deborah Jean, Loizides, Michael, Lokos, Laszlo, Luangsa-ard, Jennifer, Luderitz, Matthias, Lumbsch, Thorsten, Lutz, Matthias, Mahoney, Dan, Malysheva, Ekaterina, Malysheva, Vera, Manimohan, Patinjareveettil, Mann-Felix, Yasmina, Marques, Guilhermina, Martinez-Gil, Ruben, Marson, Guy, Mata, Gerardo, Matheny, P. Brandon, Mathiassen, Geir Harald, Matocec, Neven, Mayrhofer, Helmut, Mehrabi, Mehdi, Melo, Ireneia, Mesic, Armin, Methven, Andrew S., Miettinen, Otto, Romero, Ana M. Millanes, Miller, Andrew N., Mitchell, James K., Moberg, Roland, Moreau, Pierre-Arthur, Moreno, Gabriel, Morozova, Olga, Morte, Asuncion, Muggia, Lucia, Gonzalez, Guillermo Munoz, Myllys, Leena, Nagy, Istvan, Nagy, Laszlo G., Neves, Maria Alice, Niemela, Tuomo, Nimis, Pier Luigi, Niveiro, Nicolas, Noordeloos, Machiel E., Nordin, Anders, Noumeur, Sara Raouia, Novozhilov, Yuri, Nuytinck, Jorinde, Ohenoja, Esteri, Fiuza, Patricia Oliveira, Orange, Alan, Ordynets, Alexander, Ortiz-Santana, Beatriz, Pacheco, Leticia, Pal-Fam, Ferenc, Palacio, Melissa, Palice, Zdenek, Papp, Viktor, Partel, Kadri, Pawlowska, Julia, Paz, Aurelia, Peintner, Ursula, Pennycook, Shaun, Pereira, Olinto Liparini, Daniels, Pablo Perez, Capella, Miguel A. Perez-De-Gregorio, del Amo, Carlos Manuel Perez, Gorjon, Sergio Perez, Perez-Ortega, Sergio, Perez-Vargas, Israel, Perry, Brian A., Petersen, Jens H., Petersen, Ronald H., Pfister, Donald H., Phukhamsakda, Chayanard, Piatek, Marcin, Piepenbring, Meike, Pino-Bodas, Raquel, Esquivel, Juan Pablo Pinzon, Pirot, Paul, Popov, Eugene S., Popoff, Orlando, Alvaro, Maria Prieto, Printzen, Christian, Psurtseva, Nadezhda, Purahong, Witoon, Quijada, Luis, Rambold, Gerhard, Ramirez, Natalia A., Raja, Huzefa, Raspe, Olivier, Raymundo, Tania, Reblova, Martina, Rebriev, Yury A., Garcia, Juan de Dios Reyes, Ripoll, Miguel Angel Ribes, Richard, Franck, Richardson, Mike J., Rico, Victor J., Robledo, Gerardo Lucio, Barbosa, Flavia Rodrigues, Rodriguez-Caycedo, Cristina, Rodriguez-Flakus, Pamela, Ronikier, Anna, Casas, Luis Rubio, Rusevska, Katerina, Saar, Gunter, Saar, Irja, Salcedo, Isabel, Martinez, Sergio M. Salcedo, Montoya, Carlos A. Salvador, Sanchez-Ramirez, Santiago, Sandoval-Sierra, J. Vladimir, Santamaria, Sergi, Monteiro, Josiane Santana, Schroers, Hans Josef, Schulz, Barbara, Schmidt-Stohn, Geert, Schumacher, Trond, Senn-Irlet, Beatrice, Sevcikova, Hana, Shchepin, Oleg, Shirouzu, Takashi, Shiryaev, Anton, Siepe, Klaus, Sir, Esteban B., Sohrabi, Mohammad, Soop, Karl, Spirin, Viacheslav, Spribille, Toby, Stadler, Marc, Stalpers, Joost, Stenroos, Soili, Suija, Ave, Sunhede, Stellan, Svantesson, Sten, Svensson, Sigvard, Svetasheva, Tatyana Yu, Swierkosz, Krzysztof, Tamm, Heidi, Taskin, Hatira, Taudiere, Adrien, Tedebrand, Jan-Olof, Lahoz, Raul Tena, Temina, Marina, Thell, Arne, Thines, Marco, Thor, Goren, Thus, Holger, Tibell, Leif, Tibell, Sanja, Timdal, Einar, Tkalcec, Zdenko, Tonsberg, Tor, Trichies, Gerard, Triebel, Dagmar, Tsurykau, Andrei, Tulloss, Rodham E., Tuovinen, Veera, Sosa, Miguel Ulloa, Urcelay, Carlos, Valade, Francois, Garza, Ricardo Valenzuela, van den Boom, Pieter, Van Vooren, Nicolas, Vasco-Palacios, Aida M., Vauras, Jukka, Santos, Juan Manuel Velasco, Vellinga, Else, Verbeken, Annemieke, Vetlesen, Per, Vizzini, Alfredo, Voglmayr, Hermann, Volobuev, Sergey, von Brackel, Wolfgang, Voronina, Elena, Walther, Grit, Watling, Roy, Weber, Evi, Wedin, Mats, Weholt, Oyvind, Westberg, Martin, Yurchenko, Eugene, Zehnalek, Petr, Zhang, Huang, Zhurbenko, Mikhail P., Ekman, Stefan, Zamora, Juan Carlos, Svensson, Måns, Kirschner, Roland, Olariaga, Ibai, Ryman, Svengunnar, Alberto Parra, Luis, Geml, Jozsef, Rosling, Anna, Adamcik, Slavomir, Ahti, Teuvo, Aime, M. Catherine, Ainsworth, A. Martyn, Albert, Laszlo, Alberto, Edgardo, Garcia, Alberto Altes, Ageev, Dmitry, Agerer, Reinhard, Aguirre-Hudson, Begona, Ammirati, Joe, Andersson, Harry, Angelini, Claudio, Antonin, Vladimir, Aoki, Takayuki, Aptroot, Andre, Argaud, Didier, Sosa, Blanca Imelda Arguello, Aronsen, Arne, Arup, Ulf, Asgari, Bita, Assyov, Boris, Atienza, Violeta, Bandini, Ditte, Baptista-Ferreira, Joao Luis, Baral, Hans-Otto, Baroni, Tim, Barreto, Robert Weingart, Baker, Henry, Bell, Ann, Bellanger, Jean-Michel, Bellu, Francesco, Bemmann, Martin, Bendiksby, Mika, Bendiksen, Egil, Bendiksen, Katriina, Benedek, Lajos, Beresova-Guttova, Anna, Berger, Franz, Berndt, Reinhard, Bernicchia, Annarosa, Biketova, Alona Yu, Bizio, Enrico, Bjork, Curtis, Boekhout, Teun, Boertmann, David, Bohning, Tanja, Boittin, Florent, Boluda, Carlos G., Boomsluiter, Menno W., Borovicka, Jan, Brandrud, Tor Erik, Braun, Uwe, Brodo, Irwin, Bulyonkova, Tatiana, Burdsall, Harold H., Jr., Buyck, Bart, Burgaz, Ana Rosa, Calatayud, Vicent, Callac, Philippe, Campo, Emanuele, Candusso, Massimo, Capoen, Brigitte, Carbo, Joaquim, Carbone, Matteo, Castaneda-Ruiz, Rafael F., Castellano, Michael A., Chen, Jie, Clerc, Philippe, Consiglio, Giovanni, Corriol, Gilles, Courtecuisse, Regis, Crespo, Ana, Cripps, Cathy, Crous, Pedro W., da Silva, Gladstone Alves, da Silva, Meiriele, Dam, Marjo, Dam, Nico, Dammrich, Frank, Das, Kanad, Davies, Linda, De Crop, Eske, De Kesel, Andre, De Lange, Ruben, Bonzi, Barbara De Madrignac, dela Cruz, Thomas Edison E., Delgat, Lynn, Demoulin, Vincent, Desjardin, Dennis E., Diederich, Paul, Dima, Balint, Dios, Maria Martha, Divakar, Pradeep Kumar, Douanla-Meli, Clovis, Douglas, Brian, Drechsler-Santos, Elisandro Ricardo, Dyer, Paul S., Eberhardt, Ursula, Ertz, Damien, Esteve-Raventos, Fernando, Salazar, Javier Angel Etayo, Evenson, Vera, Eyssartier, Guillaume, Farkas, Edit, Favre, Alain, Fedosova, Anna G., Filippa, Mario, Finy, Peter, Flakus, Adam, Fos, Simon, Fournier, Jacques, Fraiture, Andre, Franchi, Paolo, Molano, Ana Esperanza Franco, Friebes, Gernot, Frisch, Andreas, Fryday, Alan, Furci, Giuliana, Marquez, Ricardo Galan, Garbelotto, Matteo, Garcia-Martin, Joaquina Maria, Otalora, Monica A. Garcia, Sanchez, Dania Garcia, Gardiennet, Alain, Garnica, Sigisfredo, Benavent, Isaac Garrido, Gates, Genevieve, Gerlach, Alice da Cruz Lima, Ghobad-Nejhad, Masoomeh, Gibertoni, Tatiana B., Grebenc, Tine, Greilhuber, Irmgard, Grishkan, Bella, Groenewald, Johannes Z., Grube, Martin, Gruhn, Gerald, Gueidan, Cecile, Gulden, Gro, Gusmao, Luis F. P., Hafellner, Josef, Hairaud, Michel, Halama, Marek, Hallenberg, Nils, Halling, Roy E., Hansen, Karen, Harder, Christoffer Bugge, Heilmann-Clausen, Jacob, Helleman, Stip, Henriot, Alain, Hernandez-Restrepo, Margarita, Herve, Raphael, Hobart, Caroline, Hoffmeister, Mascha, Hoiland, Klaus, Holec, Jan, Holien, Hakon, Hughes, Karen, Hubka, Vit, Huhtinen, Seppo, Ivancevic, Boris, Jagers, Marian, Jaklitsch, Walter, Jansen, AnnaElise, Jayawardena, Ruvishika S., Jeppesen, Thomas Stjernegaard, Jeppson, Mikael, Johnston, Peter, Jorgensen, Per Magnus, Karnefelt, Ingvar, Kalinina, Liudmila B., Kantvilas, Gintaras, Karadelev, Mitko, Kasuya, Taiga, Kautmanova, Ivona, Kerrigan, Richard W., Kirchmair, Martin, Kiyashko, Anna, Knapp, Daniel G., Knudsen, Henning, Knudsen, Kerry, Knutsson, Tommy, Kolarik, Miroslav, Koljalg, Urmas, Kosuthova, Alica, Koszka, Attila, Kotiranta, Heikki, Kotkova, Vera, Koukol, Ondrej, Kout, Jiri, Kovacs, Gabor M., Kriz, Martin, Kruys, Asa, Kudera, Viktor, Kudzma, Linas, Kuhar, Francisco, Kukwa, Martin, Kumar, T. K. Arun, Kunca, Vladimir, Kusan, Ivana, Kuyper, Thomas W., Lado, Carlos, Laessoe, Thomas, Laine, Patrice, Langer, Ewald, Larsson, Ellen, Larsson, Karl-Henrik, Laursen, Gary, Lechat, Christian, Lee, Serena, Lendemer, James C., Levin, Laura, Lindemann, Uwe, Lindstrom, Hakan, Liu, Xingzhong, Hernandez, Regulo Carlos Llarena, Llop, Esteve, Locsmandi, Csaba, Lodge, Deborah Jean, Loizides, Michael, Lokos, Laszlo, Luangsa-ard, Jennifer, Luderitz, Matthias, Lumbsch, Thorsten, Lutz, Matthias, Mahoney, Dan, Malysheva, Ekaterina, Malysheva, Vera, Manimohan, Patinjareveettil, Mann-Felix, Yasmina, Marques, Guilhermina, Martinez-Gil, Ruben, Marson, Guy, Mata, Gerardo, Matheny, P. Brandon, Mathiassen, Geir Harald, Matocec, Neven, Mayrhofer, Helmut, Mehrabi, Mehdi, Melo, Ireneia, Mesic, Armin, Methven, Andrew S., Miettinen, Otto, Romero, Ana M. Millanes, Miller, Andrew N., Mitchell, James K., Moberg, Roland, Moreau, Pierre-Arthur, Moreno, Gabriel, Morozova, Olga, Morte, Asuncion, Muggia, Lucia, Gonzalez, Guillermo Munoz, Myllys, Leena, Nagy, Istvan, Nagy, Laszlo G., Neves, Maria Alice, Niemela, Tuomo, Nimis, Pier Luigi, Niveiro, Nicolas, Noordeloos, Machiel E., Nordin, Anders, Noumeur, Sara Raouia, Novozhilov, Yuri, Nuytinck, Jorinde, Ohenoja, Esteri, Fiuza, Patricia Oliveira, Orange, Alan, Ordynets, Alexander, Ortiz-Santana, Beatriz, Pacheco, Leticia, Pal-Fam, Ferenc, Palacio, Melissa, Palice, Zdenek, Papp, Viktor, Partel, Kadri, Pawlowska, Julia, Paz, Aurelia, Peintner, Ursula, Pennycook, Shaun, Pereira, Olinto Liparini, Daniels, Pablo Perez, Capella, Miguel A. Perez-De-Gregorio, del Amo, Carlos Manuel Perez, Gorjon, Sergio Perez, Perez-Ortega, Sergio, Perez-Vargas, Israel, Perry, Brian A., Petersen, Jens H., Petersen, Ronald H., Pfister, Donald H., Phukhamsakda, Chayanard, Piatek, Marcin, Piepenbring, Meike, Pino-Bodas, Raquel, Esquivel, Juan Pablo Pinzon, Pirot, Paul, Popov, Eugene S., Popoff, Orlando, Alvaro, Maria Prieto, Printzen, Christian, Psurtseva, Nadezhda, Purahong, Witoon, Quijada, Luis, Rambold, Gerhard, Ramirez, Natalia A., Raja, Huzefa, Raspe, Olivier, Raymundo, Tania, Reblova, Martina, Rebriev, Yury A., Garcia, Juan de Dios Reyes, Ripoll, Miguel Angel Ribes, Richard, Franck, Richardson, Mike J., Rico, Victor J., Robledo, Gerardo Lucio, Barbosa, Flavia Rodrigues, Rodriguez-Caycedo, Cristina, Rodriguez-Flakus, Pamela, Ronikier, Anna, Casas, Luis Rubio, Rusevska, Katerina, Saar, Gunter, Saar, Irja, Salcedo, Isabel, Martinez, Sergio M. Salcedo, Montoya, Carlos A. Salvador, Sanchez-Ramirez, Santiago, Sandoval-Sierra, J. Vladimir, Santamaria, Sergi, Monteiro, Josiane Santana, Schroers, Hans Josef, Schulz, Barbara, Schmidt-Stohn, Geert, Schumacher, Trond, Senn-Irlet, Beatrice, Sevcikova, Hana, Shchepin, Oleg, Shirouzu, Takashi, Shiryaev, Anton, Siepe, Klaus, Sir, Esteban B., Sohrabi, Mohammad, Soop, Karl, Spirin, Viacheslav, Spribille, Toby, Stadler, Marc, Stalpers, Joost, Stenroos, Soili, Suija, Ave, Sunhede, Stellan, Svantesson, Sten, Svensson, Sigvard, Svetasheva, Tatyana Yu, Swierkosz, Krzysztof, Tamm, Heidi, Taskin, Hatira, Taudiere, Adrien, Tedebrand, Jan-Olof, Lahoz, Raul Tena, Temina, Marina, Thell, Arne, Thines, Marco, Thor, Goren, Thus, Holger, Tibell, Leif, Tibell, Sanja, Timdal, Einar, Tkalcec, Zdenko, Tonsberg, Tor, Trichies, Gerard, Triebel, Dagmar, Tsurykau, Andrei, Tulloss, Rodham E., Tuovinen, Veera, Sosa, Miguel Ulloa, Urcelay, Carlos, Valade, Francois, Garza, Ricardo Valenzuela, van den Boom, Pieter, Van Vooren, Nicolas, Vasco-Palacios, Aida M., Vauras, Jukka, Santos, Juan Manuel Velasco, Vellinga, Else, Verbeken, Annemieke, Vetlesen, Per, Vizzini, Alfredo, Voglmayr, Hermann, Volobuev, Sergey, von Brackel, Wolfgang, Voronina, Elena, Walther, Grit, Watling, Roy, Weber, Evi, Wedin, Mats, Weholt, Oyvind, Westberg, Martin, Yurchenko, Eugene, Zehnalek, Petr, Zhang, Huang, Zhurbenko, Mikhail P., and Ekman, Stefan
Abstract: Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11th International Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN.
Published: 2018
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20. Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa

Author: Zamora, Juan Carlos, Svensson, Måns, Kirschner, Roland, Olariaga, Ibai, Ryman, Svengunnar, Parra, Luis Alberto, Geml, József, Rosling, Anna, Adamčík, Slavomír, Ahti, Teuvo, Aime, M.C., Ainsworth, A.M., Albert, László, Albertó, Edgardo, García, Alberto Altés, Ageev, Dmitry, Agerer, Reinhard, Aguirre-Hudson, Begoña, Ammirati, Joe, Andersson, Harry, Angelini, Claudio, Antonín, Vladimír, Aoki, Takayuki, Aptroot, André, Argaud, Didier, Sosa, Blanca Imelda Arguello, Aronsen, Arne, Arup, Ulf, Asgari, Bita, Assyov, Boris, Atienza, Violeta, Bandini, Ditte, Baptista-Ferreira, João Luís, Baral, Hans-Otto, Baroni, Tim, Barreto, Robert Weingart, Beker, Henry, Bell, Ann, Bellanger, Jean-Michel, Bellù, Francesco, Bemmann, Martin, Bendiksby, Mika, Bendiksen, Egil, Bendiksen, Katriina, Benedek, Lajos, Bérešová-Guttová, Anna, Berger, Franz, Berndt, Reinhard, Bernicchia, Annarosa, Biketova, Alona Yu., Bizio, Enrico, Bjork, Curtis, Boekhout, Teun, Boertmann, David, Böhning, Tanja, Boittin, Florent, Boluda, Carlos G., Boomsluiter, Menno W., Borovička, Jan, Brandrud, Tor Erik, Braun, Uwe, Brodo, Irwin, Bulyonkova, Tatiana, Burdsall, Harold H., Buyck, Bart, Burgaz, Ana Rosa, Calatayud, Vicent, Callac, Philippe, Campo, Emanuele, Candusso, Massimo, Capoen, Brigitte, Carbó, Joaquim, Carbone, Matteo, Castañeda-ruiz, Rafael F., Castellano, Michael A., Chen, Jie, Clerc, Philippe, Consiglio, Giovanni, Corriol, Gilles, Courtecuisse, Régis, Crespo, Ana, Cripps, Cathy, Crous, Pedro W., Silva, Gladstone Alves Da, Silva, Meiriele Da, Dam, Marjo, Dam, Nico, Dämmrich, Frank, Das, Kanad, Davies, Linda, De Crop, Eske, De Kesel, Andre, Kuijper, T.W.M., Zamora, Juan Carlos, Svensson, Måns, Kirschner, Roland, Olariaga, Ibai, Ryman, Svengunnar, Parra, Luis Alberto, Geml, József, Rosling, Anna, Adamčík, Slavomír, Ahti, Teuvo, Aime, M.C., Ainsworth, A.M., Albert, László, Albertó, Edgardo, García, Alberto Altés, Ageev, Dmitry, Agerer, Reinhard, Aguirre-Hudson, Begoña, Ammirati, Joe, Andersson, Harry, Angelini, Claudio, Antonín, Vladimír, Aoki, Takayuki, Aptroot, André, Argaud, Didier, Sosa, Blanca Imelda Arguello, Aronsen, Arne, Arup, Ulf, Asgari, Bita, Assyov, Boris, Atienza, Violeta, Bandini, Ditte, Baptista-Ferreira, João Luís, Baral, Hans-Otto, Baroni, Tim, Barreto, Robert Weingart, Beker, Henry, Bell, Ann, Bellanger, Jean-Michel, Bellù, Francesco, Bemmann, Martin, Bendiksby, Mika, Bendiksen, Egil, Bendiksen, Katriina, Benedek, Lajos, Bérešová-Guttová, Anna, Berger, Franz, Berndt, Reinhard, Bernicchia, Annarosa, Biketova, Alona Yu., Bizio, Enrico, Bjork, Curtis, Boekhout, Teun, Boertmann, David, Böhning, Tanja, Boittin, Florent, Boluda, Carlos G., Boomsluiter, Menno W., Borovička, Jan, Brandrud, Tor Erik, Braun, Uwe, Brodo, Irwin, Bulyonkova, Tatiana, Burdsall, Harold H., Buyck, Bart, Burgaz, Ana Rosa, Calatayud, Vicent, Callac, Philippe, Campo, Emanuele, Candusso, Massimo, Capoen, Brigitte, Carbó, Joaquim, Carbone, Matteo, Castañeda-ruiz, Rafael F., Castellano, Michael A., Chen, Jie, Clerc, Philippe, Consiglio, Giovanni, Corriol, Gilles, Courtecuisse, Régis, Crespo, Ana, Cripps, Cathy, Crous, Pedro W., Silva, Gladstone Alves Da, Silva, Meiriele Da, Dam, Marjo, Dam, Nico, Dämmrich, Frank, Das, Kanad, Davies, Linda, De Crop, Eske, De Kesel, Andre, and Kuijper, T.W.M.
Abstract: Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11th International Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN.
Published: 2018

21. Notes for genera: Ascomycota

Author: Wijayawardene, Nalin N., Hyde, Kevin D., Rajeshkumar, Kunhiraman C., Hawksworth, David L., Madrid, Hugo, Kirk, Paul M., Braun, Uwe, Singh, Rajshree V., Crous, Pedro W., Kukwa, Martin, Lücking, Robert, Kurtzman, Cletus P., Yurkov, Andrey, Haelewaters, Danny, Aptroot, André, Lumbsch, H. Thorsten, Timdal, Einar, Ertz, Damien, Etayo, Javier, Phillips, Alan J. L., Groenewald, Johannes Z., Papizadeh, Moslem, Selbmann, Laura, Dayarathne, Monika C., Weerakoon, Gothamie, Jones, E. B. Gareth, Suetrong, Satinee, Tian, Qing, Castañeda-Ruiz, Rafael F., Bahkali, Ali H., Pang, Ka-Lai, Tanaka, Kazuaki, Dai, Dong-Qin, Sakayaroj, Jariya, Hujslová, Martina, Lombard, Lorenzo, Shenoy, Belle D., Suija, Ave, Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa S. N., Thambugala, Kasun M., Wanasinghe, Dhanushka N., Sharma, Bharati O., Gaikwad, Subhash, Pandit, Gargee, Zucconi, Laura, Onofri, Silvano, Egidi, Eleonora, Raja, Huzefa A., Kodsueb, Rampai, Cáceres, Marcela E. S., Pérez-Ortega, Sergio, Fiuza, Patrícia O., Monteiro, Josiane Santana, Vasilyeva, Larissa N., Shivas, Roger G., Prieto, Maria, Wedin, Mats, Olariaga, Ibai, Lateef, Adebola Azeez, Agrawal, Yamini, Fazeli, Seyed Abolhassan Shahzadeh, Amoozegar, Mohammad Ali, Zhao, Guo Zhu, Pfliegler, Walter P., Sharma, Gunjan, Oset, Magdalena, Abdel-Wahab, Mohamed A., Takamatsu, Susumu, Bensch, Konstanze, de Silva, Nimali Indeewari, De Kesel, André, Karunarathna, Anuruddha, Boonmee, Saranyaphat, Pfister, Donald H., Lu, Yong-Zhong, Luo, Zong-Long, Boonyuen, Nattawut, Daranagama, Dinushani A., Senanayake, Indunil C., Jayasiri, Subashini C., Samarakoon, Milan C., Zeng, Xiang-Yu, Doilom, Mingkwan, Quijada, Luis, Rampadarath, Sillma, Heredia, Gabriela, Dissanayake, Asha J., Jayawardana, Ruvishika S., Perera, Rekhani H., Tang, Li Zhou, Phukhamsakda, Chayanard, Hernández-Restrepo, Margarita, Ma, Xiaoya, Tibpromma, Saowaluck, Gusmao, Luis F. P., Weerahewa, Darshani, Karunarathna, Samantha C., Wijayawardene, Nalin N., Hyde, Kevin D., Rajeshkumar, Kunhiraman C., Hawksworth, David L., Madrid, Hugo, Kirk, Paul M., Braun, Uwe, Singh, Rajshree V., Crous, Pedro W., Kukwa, Martin, Lücking, Robert, Kurtzman, Cletus P., Yurkov, Andrey, Haelewaters, Danny, Aptroot, André, Lumbsch, H. Thorsten, Timdal, Einar, Ertz, Damien, Etayo, Javier, Phillips, Alan J. L., Groenewald, Johannes Z., Papizadeh, Moslem, Selbmann, Laura, Dayarathne, Monika C., Weerakoon, Gothamie, Jones, E. B. Gareth, Suetrong, Satinee, Tian, Qing, Castañeda-Ruiz, Rafael F., Bahkali, Ali H., Pang, Ka-Lai, Tanaka, Kazuaki, Dai, Dong-Qin, Sakayaroj, Jariya, Hujslová, Martina, Lombard, Lorenzo, Shenoy, Belle D., Suija, Ave, Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa S. N., Thambugala, Kasun M., Wanasinghe, Dhanushka N., Sharma, Bharati O., Gaikwad, Subhash, Pandit, Gargee, Zucconi, Laura, Onofri, Silvano, Egidi, Eleonora, Raja, Huzefa A., Kodsueb, Rampai, Cáceres, Marcela E. S., Pérez-Ortega, Sergio, Fiuza, Patrícia O., Monteiro, Josiane Santana, Vasilyeva, Larissa N., Shivas, Roger G., Prieto, Maria, Wedin, Mats, Olariaga, Ibai, Lateef, Adebola Azeez, Agrawal, Yamini, Fazeli, Seyed Abolhassan Shahzadeh, Amoozegar, Mohammad Ali, Zhao, Guo Zhu, Pfliegler, Walter P., Sharma, Gunjan, Oset, Magdalena, Abdel-Wahab, Mohamed A., Takamatsu, Susumu, Bensch, Konstanze, de Silva, Nimali Indeewari, De Kesel, André, Karunarathna, Anuruddha, Boonmee, Saranyaphat, Pfister, Donald H., Lu, Yong-Zhong, Luo, Zong-Long, Boonyuen, Nattawut, Daranagama, Dinushani A., Senanayake, Indunil C., Jayasiri, Subashini C., Samarakoon, Milan C., Zeng, Xiang-Yu, Doilom, Mingkwan, Quijada, Luis, Rampadarath, Sillma, Heredia, Gabriela, Dissanayake, Asha J., Jayawardana, Ruvishika S., Perera, Rekhani H., Tang, Li Zhou, Phukhamsakda, Chayanard, Hernández-Restrepo, Margarita, Ma, Xiaoya, Tibpromma, Saowaluck, Gusmao, Luis F. P., Weerahewa, Darshani, and Karunarathna, Samantha C.
Abstract: Knowledge of the relationships and thus the classification of fungi, has developed rapidly with increasingly widespread use of molecular techniques, over the past 10--15 years, and continues to accelerate. Several genera have been found to be polyphyletic, and their generic concepts have subsequently been emended. New names have thus been introduced for species which are phylogenetically distinct from the type species of particular genera. The ending of the separate naming of morphs of the same species in 2011, has also caused changes in fungal generic names. In order to facilitate access to all important changes, it was desirable to compile these in a single document. The present article provides a list of generic names of Ascomycota (approximately 6500 accepted names published to the end of 2016), including those which are lichen-forming. Notes and summaries of the changes since the last edition of `Ainsworth Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi' in 2008 are provided. The notes include the number of accepted species, classification, type species (with location of the type material), culture availability, life-styles, distribution, and selected publications that have appeared since 2008. This work is intended to provide the foundation for updating the ascomycete component of the ``Without prejudice list of generic names of Fungi'' published in 2013, which will be developed into a list of protected generic names. This will be subjected to the XIXth International Botanical Congress in Shenzhen in July 2017 agreeing to a modification in the rules relating to protected lists, and scrutiny by procedures determined by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (NCF). The previously invalidly published generic names Barriopsis, Collophora (as Collophorina), Cryomyces, Dematiopleospora, Heterospora (as Heterosporicola), Lithophila, Palmomyces (as Palmaria) and Saxomyces are validated, as are two previously invalid family names, Bartaliniaceae and Wiesneriomycetaceae. Four species of
Published: 2017

22. Notes for genera: Ascomycota

Author: Wijayawardene, Nalin N., Hyde, Kevin D., Rajeshkumar, Kunhiraman C., Hawksworth, David L., Madrid, Hugo, Kirk, Paul M., Braun, Uwe, Singh, Rajshree V., Crous, Pedro W., Kukwa, Martin, Lücking, Robert, Kurtzman, Cletus P., Yurkov, Andrey, Haelewaters, Danny, Aptroot, André, Lumbsch, H. Thorsten, Timdal, Einar, Ertz, Damien, Etayo, Javier, Phillips, Alan J. L., Groenewald, Johannes Z., Papizadeh, Moslem, Selbmann, Laura, Dayarathne, Monika C., Weerakoon, Gothamie, Jones, E. B. Gareth, Suetrong, Satinee, Tian, Qing, Castañeda-Ruiz, Rafael F., Bahkali, Ali H., Pang, Ka-Lai, Tanaka, Kazuaki, Dai, Dong-Qin, Sakayaroj, Jariya, Hujslová, Martina, Lombard, Lorenzo, Shenoy, Belle D., Suija, Ave, Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa S. N., Thambugala, Kasun M., Wanasinghe, Dhanushka N., Sharma, Bharati O., Gaikwad, Subhash, Pandit, Gargee, Zucconi, Laura, Onofri, Silvano, Egidi, Eleonora, Raja, Huzefa A., Kodsueb, Rampai, Cáceres, Marcela E. S., Pérez-Ortega, Sergio, Fiuza, Patrícia O., Monteiro, Josiane Santana, Vasilyeva, Larissa N., Shivas, Roger G., Prieto, Maria, Wedin, Mats, Olariaga, Ibai, Lateef, Adebola Azeez, Agrawal, Yamini, Fazeli, Seyed Abolhassan Shahzadeh, Amoozegar, Mohammad Ali, Zhao, Guo Zhu, Pfliegler, Walter P., Sharma, Gunjan, Oset, Magdalena, Abdel-Wahab, Mohamed A., Takamatsu, Susumu, Bensch, Konstanze, de Silva, Nimali Indeewari, De Kesel, André, Karunarathna, Anuruddha, Boonmee, Saranyaphat, Pfister, Donald H., Lu, Yong-Zhong, Luo, Zong-Long, Boonyuen, Nattawut, Daranagama, Dinushani A., Senanayake, Indunil C., Jayasiri, Subashini C., Samarakoon, Milan C., Zeng, Xiang-Yu, Doilom, Mingkwan, Quijada, Luis, Rampadarath, Sillma, Heredia, Gabriela, Dissanayake, Asha J., Jayawardana, Ruvishika S., Perera, Rekhani H., Tang, Li Zhou, Phukhamsakda, Chayanard, Hernández-Restrepo, Margarita, Ma, Xiaoya, Tibpromma, Saowaluck, Gusmao, Luis F. P., Weerahewa, Darshani, Karunarathna, Samantha C., Wijayawardene, Nalin N., Hyde, Kevin D., Rajeshkumar, Kunhiraman C., Hawksworth, David L., Madrid, Hugo, Kirk, Paul M., Braun, Uwe, Singh, Rajshree V., Crous, Pedro W., Kukwa, Martin, Lücking, Robert, Kurtzman, Cletus P., Yurkov, Andrey, Haelewaters, Danny, Aptroot, André, Lumbsch, H. Thorsten, Timdal, Einar, Ertz, Damien, Etayo, Javier, Phillips, Alan J. L., Groenewald, Johannes Z., Papizadeh, Moslem, Selbmann, Laura, Dayarathne, Monika C., Weerakoon, Gothamie, Jones, E. B. Gareth, Suetrong, Satinee, Tian, Qing, Castañeda-Ruiz, Rafael F., Bahkali, Ali H., Pang, Ka-Lai, Tanaka, Kazuaki, Dai, Dong-Qin, Sakayaroj, Jariya, Hujslová, Martina, Lombard, Lorenzo, Shenoy, Belle D., Suija, Ave, Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa S. N., Thambugala, Kasun M., Wanasinghe, Dhanushka N., Sharma, Bharati O., Gaikwad, Subhash, Pandit, Gargee, Zucconi, Laura, Onofri, Silvano, Egidi, Eleonora, Raja, Huzefa A., Kodsueb, Rampai, Cáceres, Marcela E. S., Pérez-Ortega, Sergio, Fiuza, Patrícia O., Monteiro, Josiane Santana, Vasilyeva, Larissa N., Shivas, Roger G., Prieto, Maria, Wedin, Mats, Olariaga, Ibai, Lateef, Adebola Azeez, Agrawal, Yamini, Fazeli, Seyed Abolhassan Shahzadeh, Amoozegar, Mohammad Ali, Zhao, Guo Zhu, Pfliegler, Walter P., Sharma, Gunjan, Oset, Magdalena, Abdel-Wahab, Mohamed A., Takamatsu, Susumu, Bensch, Konstanze, de Silva, Nimali Indeewari, De Kesel, André, Karunarathna, Anuruddha, Boonmee, Saranyaphat, Pfister, Donald H., Lu, Yong-Zhong, Luo, Zong-Long, Boonyuen, Nattawut, Daranagama, Dinushani A., Senanayake, Indunil C., Jayasiri, Subashini C., Samarakoon, Milan C., Zeng, Xiang-Yu, Doilom, Mingkwan, Quijada, Luis, Rampadarath, Sillma, Heredia, Gabriela, Dissanayake, Asha J., Jayawardana, Ruvishika S., Perera, Rekhani H., Tang, Li Zhou, Phukhamsakda, Chayanard, Hernández-Restrepo, Margarita, Ma, Xiaoya, Tibpromma, Saowaluck, Gusmao, Luis F. P., Weerahewa, Darshani, and Karunarathna, Samantha C.
Abstract: Knowledge of the relationships and thus the classification of fungi, has developed rapidly with increasingly widespread use of molecular techniques, over the past 10--15 years, and continues to accelerate. Several genera have been found to be polyphyletic, and their generic concepts have subsequently been emended. New names have thus been introduced for species which are phylogenetically distinct from the type species of particular genera. The ending of the separate naming of morphs of the same species in 2011, has also caused changes in fungal generic names. In order to facilitate access to all important changes, it was desirable to compile these in a single document. The present article provides a list of generic names of Ascomycota (approximately 6500 accepted names published to the end of 2016), including those which are lichen-forming. Notes and summaries of the changes since the last edition of `Ainsworth Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi' in 2008 are provided. The notes include the number of accepted species, classification, type species (with location of the type material), culture availability, life-styles, distribution, and selected publications that have appeared since 2008. This work is intended to provide the foundation for updating the ascomycete component of the ``Without prejudice list of generic names of Fungi'' published in 2013, which will be developed into a list of protected generic names. This will be subjected to the XIXth International Botanical Congress in Shenzhen in July 2017 agreeing to a modification in the rules relating to protected lists, and scrutiny by procedures determined by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (NCF). The previously invalidly published generic names Barriopsis, Collophora (as Collophorina), Cryomyces, Dematiopleospora, Heterospora (as Heterosporicola), Lithophila, Palmomyces (as Palmaria) and Saxomyces are validated, as are two previously invalid family names, Bartaliniaceae and Wiesneriomycetaceae. Four species of
Published: 2017

23. Overlooked competing asexual and sexually typified generic names of Ascomycota with recommendations for their use or protection

Author: Rossman, Amy Y., Allen, W. Cavan, Braun, Uwe, Castlebury, Lisa A., Chaverri, Priscila, Crous, Pedro W., Hawksworth, David L., Hyde, Kevin D., Johnston, Peter, Lombard, Lorenzo, Romberg, Megan, Samson, Rob A., Seifert, Keith A., Stons, Jeffrey K., Udayanga, Dhanushka, White, James F., Rossman, Amy Y., Allen, W. Cavan, Braun, Uwe, Castlebury, Lisa A., Chaverri, Priscila, Crous, Pedro W., Hawksworth, David L., Hyde, Kevin D., Johnston, Peter, Lombard, Lorenzo, Romberg, Megan, Samson, Rob A., Seifert, Keith A., Stons, Jeffrey K., Udayanga, Dhanushka, and White, James F.
Abstract: With the change to one scientific name for fungal species, numerous papers have been published with recommendations for use or protection of competing generic names in major groups of ascomycetes. Although genera in each group of fungi were carefully considered, some competing generic names were overlooked. This paper makes recommendations for additional competing genera not considered in previous papers. Chairs of relevant Working Groups of the ICTF were consulted in the development of these recommendations. A number of generic names need protection, specifically Amarenographium over Amarenomyces, Amniculicola over Anguillospora, Balansia over Ephelis, Claviceps over Sphacelia, Drepanopeziza over Gloeosporidiella and Gloeosporium, Golovinomyces over Euoidium, Holwaya over Crinium, Hypocrella over Aschersonia, Labridella over Griphosphaerioma, Metacapnodium over Antennularia, and Neonectria over Cylindrocarpon and Heliscus. The following new combinations are made: Amniculicola longissima, Atichia maunauluana, Diaporthe columnaris, D. liquidambaris, D. longiparaphysata, D. palmicola, D. tersa, Elsinoë bucidae, E.caricae, E. choisyae, E. paeoniae, E. psidii, E. zorniae, Eupelte shoemakeri, Godronia myrtilli, G. raduloides, Sarcinella mirabilis, S. pulchra, Schizothyrium jamaicense, and Trichothallus niger. Finally, one new species name, Diaporthe azadirachte, is introduced to validate an earlier name, and the conservation of Discula with a new type, D. destructiva, is recommended.
Published: 2016

24. Cercosporoid fungi (Mycosphaerellaceae) 5. Species on dicots (Anacardiaceae to Annonaceae)

Author: Braun, Uwe, Crous, P.W., Nakashima, Chiharu, Braun, Uwe, Crous, P.W., and Nakashima, Chiharu
Abstract: The present paper is a continuation of a series of comprehensive taxonomic treatments of cercosporoid fungi (formerly Cercospora s. lat.), belonging to Mycosphaerellaceae (Ascomycota). This fifth contribution of this series proceeds with treatments of cercosporoid fungi on dicots and comprises species occurring on hosts belonging to the families Anacardiaceae and Annonaceae, which are described and illustrated in alphabetical order under the particular cercosporoid genera, supplemented by keys to the species concerned. A detailed introduction, a survey of currently recognised cercosporoid genera, a key to the genera concerned, and a discussion of taxonomically relevant characters were published in the first part of this series. The following taxonomic novelties are introduced: Passalora cotini sp. nov., P. guoana nom. nov., P. rhois-aromaticae sp. nov., and Pseudocercospora rhoicola.
Published: 2016

25. (2415) Proposal to conserve the name Cercospora (Ascomycota: Mycosphaerellaceae) with a conserved type

Author: Braun, Uwe, Crous, Pedro, Braun, Uwe, and Crous, Pedro
Published: 2016

26. Overlooked competing asexual and sexually typified generic names of Ascomycota with recommendations for their use or protection

Author: Rossman, Amy Y., Allen, W. Cavan, Braun, Uwe, Castlebury, Lisa A., Chaverri, Priscila, Crous, Pedro W., Hawksworth, David L., Hyde, Kevin D., Johnston, Peter, Lombard, Lorenzo, Romberg, Megan, Samson, Rob A., Seifert, Keith A., Stons, Jeffrey K., Udayanga, Dhanushka, White, James F., Rossman, Amy Y., Allen, W. Cavan, Braun, Uwe, Castlebury, Lisa A., Chaverri, Priscila, Crous, Pedro W., Hawksworth, David L., Hyde, Kevin D., Johnston, Peter, Lombard, Lorenzo, Romberg, Megan, Samson, Rob A., Seifert, Keith A., Stons, Jeffrey K., Udayanga, Dhanushka, and White, James F.
Abstract: With the change to one scientific name for fungal species, numerous papers have been published with recommendations for use or protection of competing generic names in major groups of ascomycetes. Although genera in each group of fungi were carefully considered, some competing generic names were overlooked. This paper makes recommendations for additional competing genera not considered in previous papers. Chairs of relevant Working Groups of the ICTF were consulted in the development of these recommendations. A number of generic names need protection, specifically Amarenographium over Amarenomyces, Amniculicola over Anguillospora, Balansia over Ephelis, Claviceps over Sphacelia, Drepanopeziza over Gloeosporidiella and Gloeosporium, Golovinomyces over Euoidium, Holwaya over Crinium, Hypocrella over Aschersonia, Labridella over Griphosphaerioma, Metacapnodium over Antennularia, and Neonectria over Cylindrocarpon and Heliscus. The following new combinations are made: Amniculicola longissima, Atichia maunauluana, Diaporthe columnaris, D. liquidambaris, D. longiparaphysata, D. palmicola, D. tersa, Elsinoë bucidae, E.caricae, E. choisyae, E. paeoniae, E. psidii, E. zorniae, Eupelte shoemakeri, Godronia myrtilli, G. raduloides, Sarcinella mirabilis, S. pulchra, Schizothyrium jamaicense, and Trichothallus niger. Finally, one new species name, Diaporthe azadirachte, is introduced to validate an earlier name, and the conservation of Discula with a new type, D. destructiva, is recommended.
Published: 2016

27. Cercosporoid fungi (Mycosphaerellaceae) 5. Species on dicots (Anacardiaceae to Annonaceae)

Author: Braun, Uwe, Crous, P.W., Nakashima, Chiharu, Braun, Uwe, Crous, P.W., and Nakashima, Chiharu
Abstract: The present paper is a continuation of a series of comprehensive taxonomic treatments of cercosporoid fungi (formerly Cercospora s. lat.), belonging to Mycosphaerellaceae (Ascomycota). This fifth contribution of this series proceeds with treatments of cercosporoid fungi on dicots and comprises species occurring on hosts belonging to the families Anacardiaceae and Annonaceae, which are described and illustrated in alphabetical order under the particular cercosporoid genera, supplemented by keys to the species concerned. A detailed introduction, a survey of currently recognised cercosporoid genera, a key to the genera concerned, and a discussion of taxonomically relevant characters were published in the first part of this series. The following taxonomic novelties are introduced: Passalora cotini sp. nov., P. guoana nom. nov., P. rhois-aromaticae sp. nov., and Pseudocercospora rhoicola.
Published: 2016

28. (2415) Proposal to conserve the name Cercospora (Ascomycota: Mycosphaerellaceae) with a conserved type

Author: Braun, Uwe, Crous, Pedro, Braun, Uwe, and Crous, Pedro
Published: 2016

29. Recommended names for pleomorphic genera in Dothideomycetes

Author: Rossman, Amy Y., Crous, Pedro W., Hyde, Kevin D., Hawksworth, David L., Aptroot, André, Bezerra, Jose L., Bhat, Jayarama D., Boehm, Eric, Braun, Uwe, Boonmee, Saranyaphat, Camporesi, Erio, Chomnunti, Putarak, Dai, Dong-Qin, D'souza, Melvina J., Dissanayake, Asha, Jones, E.B. Gareth, Groenewald, Johannes Z., Hernández-Restrepo, Margarita, Hongsanan, Sinang, Jaklitsch, Walter M., Jayawardena, Ruvishika, Jing, Li Wen, Kirk, Paul M., Lawrey, James D., Mapook, Ausana, McKenzie, Eric H.C., Monkai, Jutamart, Phillips, Alan J.L., Phookamsak, Rungtiwa, Raja, Huzefa A., Seifert, Keith A., Senanayake, Indunil, Slippers, Bernard, Suetrong, Satinee, Tanaka, Kazuaki, Taylor, Joanne E., Thambugala, Kasun M., Tian, Qing, Tibpromma, Saowaluck, Wanasinghe, Dhanushka N., Wijayawardene, Nalin N., Wikee, Saowanee, Woudenberg, Joyce H.C., Wu, Hai-Xia, Yan, Jiye, Yang, Tao, Zhang, Ying, Rossman, Amy Y., Crous, Pedro W., Hyde, Kevin D., Hawksworth, David L., Aptroot, André, Bezerra, Jose L., Bhat, Jayarama D., Boehm, Eric, Braun, Uwe, Boonmee, Saranyaphat, Camporesi, Erio, Chomnunti, Putarak, Dai, Dong-Qin, D'souza, Melvina J., Dissanayake, Asha, Jones, E.B. Gareth, Groenewald, Johannes Z., Hernández-Restrepo, Margarita, Hongsanan, Sinang, Jaklitsch, Walter M., Jayawardena, Ruvishika, Jing, Li Wen, Kirk, Paul M., Lawrey, James D., Mapook, Ausana, McKenzie, Eric H.C., Monkai, Jutamart, Phillips, Alan J.L., Phookamsak, Rungtiwa, Raja, Huzefa A., Seifert, Keith A., Senanayake, Indunil, Slippers, Bernard, Suetrong, Satinee, Tanaka, Kazuaki, Taylor, Joanne E., Thambugala, Kasun M., Tian, Qing, Tibpromma, Saowaluck, Wanasinghe, Dhanushka N., Wijayawardene, Nalin N., Wikee, Saowanee, Woudenberg, Joyce H.C., Wu, Hai-Xia, Yan, Jiye, Yang, Tao, and Zhang, Ying
Abstract: This paper provides recommendations of one name for use among pleomorphic genera in Dothideomycetes by the Working Group on Dothideomycetes established under the auspices of the International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi (ICTF). A number of these generic names are proposed for protection because they do not have priority and/or the generic name selected for use is asexually typified. These include: Acrogenospora over Farlowiella; Alternaria over Allewia, Lewia, and Crivellia; Botryosphaeria over Fusicoccum; Camarosporula over Anthracostroma; Capnodium over Polychaeton; Cladosporium over Davidiella; Corynespora over Corynesporasca; Curvularia over Pseudocochliobolus; Elsinoë over Sphaceloma; Excipulariopsis over Kentingia; Exosporiella over Anomalemma; Exserohilum over Setosphaeria; Gemmamyces over Megaloseptoria; Kellermania over Planistromella; Kirschsteiniothelia over Dendryphiopsis; Lecanosticta over Eruptio; Paranectriella over Araneomyces; Phaeosphaeria over Phaeoseptoria; Phyllosticta over Guignardia; Podonectria over Tetracrium; Polythrincium over Cymadothea; Prosthemium over Pleomassaria; Ramularia over Mycosphaerella; Sphaerellopsis over Eudarluca; Sphaeropsis over Phaeobotryosphaeria; Stemphylium over Pleospora; Teratosphaeria over Kirramyces and Colletogloeopsis; Tetraploa over Tetraplosphaeria; Venturia over Fusicladium and Pollaccia; and Zeloasperisporium over Neomicrothyrium. Twenty new combinations are made: Acrogenospora carmichaeliana (Berk.) Rossman & Crous, Alternaria scrophulariae (Desm.) Rossman & Crous, Pyrenophora catenaria (Drechsler) Rossman & K.D. Hyde, P. dematioidea (Bubák & Wróbl.) Rossman & K.D. Hyde
Published: 2015

30. Cercosporoid fungi (Mycosphaerellaceae) 4. Species on dicots (Acanthaceae to Amaranthaceae)

Author: Braun, Uwe, Crous, Pedro W., Nakashima, Chiharu, Braun, Uwe, Crous, Pedro W., and Nakashima, Chiharu
Abstract: The present paper continues a series of comprehensive taxonomic treatments of cercosporoid fungi (formerly Cercospora s. lat.), belonging to the Mycosphaerellaceae (Ascomycota). The fourth contribution of this series initiates treatments of cercosporoid fungi on dicots and comprises species occurring on hosts belonging the the families Acanthaceae, Actinidiaceae, Adoxaceae, Aizoaceae, Altingiaceae, and Amaranthaceae. The species are described and illustrated in alphabetical order under the particular cercosporoid genera, supplemented by keys to the species concerned. A detailed introduction, a survey of currently recognised cercosporoid genera, a key to the genera concerned, and a discussion of taxonomically relevant characters were published in the first part of this series. The following taxonomic novelties are introduced: Cercospora blepharidicola nom. nov., C. celosiigena sp. nov., C. justiciae-adhatodae sp. nov., C. justiciigena nom. nov., C. sambucicola nom. nov., C. thunbergiigena nom. nov., Cercosporella pseudachyranthis comb. nov., Pseudocercospora cyathulae comb. nov., P. depazeoides comb. nov., P. varia var. viburni-sargentii var. nov., P. viburnicola sp. nov., P. viburni-erosi sp. nov., and P. viburni-nudi sp. nov.
Published: 2015

31. Taxonomy and phylogeny of Cercospora spp. from Northern Thailand

Author: Nguanhom, Jeerapa, Cheewangkoon, Ratchadawan, Groenewald, Johannes Z, Braun, Uwe, To-anun, Chaiwat, Crous, Pedro W, Nguanhom, Jeerapa, Cheewangkoon, Ratchadawan, Groenewald, Johannes Z, Braun, Uwe, To-anun, Chaiwat, and Crous, Pedro W
Abstract: The genus Cercospora represents a group of important plant pathogenic fungi with a wide geographic distribution, being commonly associated with leaf spots on a broad range of plant hosts. The goal of the present study was to conduct a mor- phological and molecular phylogenetic analysis of the Cercospora spp. occurring on various plants growing in Northern Thailand, an area with a tropical savannah climate, and a rich diversity of vascular plants. Sixty Cercospora isolates were collected from 29 host species (representing 16 plant families). Partial nucleotide sequence data for two gene loci (ITS and cmdA), were generated for all isolates. Results from this study indicate that members of the genus Cercospora vary regarding host specificity, with some taxa having wide host ranges, and others being host-specific. Based on cultural, morphological and phylogenetic data, four new species of Cercospora could be identified: C. glycinicola (from Glycine max), C. cyper- acearum and C. cyperina (from Cyperus alternifolius), and C. musigena (from Musa sp.). The most common Cercospora sp. found in Northern Thailand was C. cf. malloti, which occurred on a wide host range. Several collections could not be resolved to species level due to the lack of reference cultures and DNA data for morphologically similar species. Further collections from other countries are needed to help resolve the taxonomy of some species complexes occurring on various plant hosts in Thailand.
Published: 2015

32. Cercosporoid fungi (Mycosphaerellaceae) 3. Species on monocots (Poaceae, true grasses)

Author: Braun, Uwe, Crous, Pedro W, Nakashima, Chiharu, Braun, Uwe, Crous, Pedro W, and Nakashima, Chiharu
Abstract: The third part of a series of monographic treatments of cercosporoid fungi (formerly Cercospora s. lat., Mycosphaerellaceae, Ascomycota) continues with a treatment of taxa on monocots (Liliopsida; Equisetopsida, Magnoliidae, Lilianae), covering asexual and holomorph species with mycosphaerella-like sexual morphs on true grasses (Poaceae), which were excluded from the second part. The species concerned are keyed out, alphabetically listed, described, illustrated and supplemented by references to previously published descriptions, illustrations, and exsiccatae. A key to the recognised genera and a discussion of taxonomically relevant characters was published in the first part of this series. Several species are lecto- or neotypified. The following taxonomic novelties are introduced: Cercospora barretoana comb. nov., C. cymbopogonicola nom. nov., Cladosporium elymi comb. nov., Passalora agrostidicola sp. nov., P. brachyelytri comb. nov., and P. dichanthii-annulati comb. nov.
Published: 2015

33. The rise of Ramularia from the Mycosphaerella labyrinth

Author: Videira, Sandra Isabel Rodrigues, Groenewald, Johannes Zacharias, Verkley, Gerard J.M., Braun, Uwe, Crous, Pedro Willem, Videira, Sandra Isabel Rodrigues, Groenewald, Johannes Zacharias, Verkley, Gerard J.M., Braun, Uwe, and Crous, Pedro Willem
Abstract: In this study we aimed to resolve the Ramularia endophylla species-complex by applying a polyphasic approach involving morphology and multi-gene phylogeny. Eleven partial genes were targeted for amplification and sequencing for a total of 81 isolates representing R. endophylla s. lat. and 32 isolates representing 11 Ramularia species that were previously linked to a Mycosphaerella sexual morph in literature. A Bayesian phylogenetic analysis, as well as a parsimony analysis, was performed on a combined five-locus dataset and the resulting trees showed significant support for three species within the complex, including the previously described R. endophylla and R. vizellae, and one novel species, Ramularia unterseheri. A parsimony analysis was also separately performed with mating-type gene sequences (MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1) and the resulting tree topologies were in accordance with that of the multigene analysis. A bibliographic review of the proposed links between Ramularia spp. and their purported Mycosphaerella sexual morphs is also presented, confirming six connections in Ramularia. In spite of more than 10 000 species having been described in Mycosphaerella, the majority is shown to belong to other genera, suggesting that the taxa identified as Mycosphaerella in much of the plant pathology literature needs to be revisited.
Published: 2015

34. Cercosporoid fungi (Mycosphaerellaceae) 4. Species on dicots (Acanthaceae to Amaranthaceae)

Author: Braun, Uwe, Crous, Pedro W., Nakashima, Chiharu, Braun, Uwe, Crous, Pedro W., and Nakashima, Chiharu
Abstract: The present paper continues a series of comprehensive taxonomic treatments of cercosporoid fungi (formerly Cercospora s. lat.), belonging to the Mycosphaerellaceae (Ascomycota). The fourth contribution of this series initiates treatments of cercosporoid fungi on dicots and comprises species occurring on hosts belonging the the families Acanthaceae, Actinidiaceae, Adoxaceae, Aizoaceae, Altingiaceae, and Amaranthaceae. The species are described and illustrated in alphabetical order under the particular cercosporoid genera, supplemented by keys to the species concerned. A detailed introduction, a survey of currently recognised cercosporoid genera, a key to the genera concerned, and a discussion of taxonomically relevant characters were published in the first part of this series. The following taxonomic novelties are introduced: Cercospora blepharidicola nom. nov., C. celosiigena sp. nov., C. justiciae-adhatodae sp. nov., C. justiciigena nom. nov., C. sambucicola nom. nov., C. thunbergiigena nom. nov., Cercosporella pseudachyranthis comb. nov., Pseudocercospora cyathulae comb. nov., P. depazeoides comb. nov., P. varia var. viburni-sargentii var. nov., P. viburnicola sp. nov., P. viburni-erosi sp. nov., and P. viburni-nudi sp. nov.
Published: 2015

35. Recommended names for pleomorphic genera in Dothideomycetes

Author: Rossman, Amy Y., Crous, Pedro W., Hyde, Kevin D., Hawksworth, David L., Aptroot, André, Bezerra, Jose L., Bhat, Jayarama D., Boehm, Eric, Braun, Uwe, Boonmee, Saranyaphat, Camporesi, Erio, Chomnunti, Putarak, Dai, Dong-Qin, D'souza, Melvina J., Dissanayake, Asha, Jones, E.B. Gareth, Groenewald, Johannes Z., Hernández-Restrepo, Margarita, Hongsanan, Sinang, Jaklitsch, Walter M., Jayawardena, Ruvishika, Jing, Li Wen, Kirk, Paul M., Lawrey, James D., Mapook, Ausana, McKenzie, Eric H.C., Monkai, Jutamart, Phillips, Alan J.L., Phookamsak, Rungtiwa, Raja, Huzefa A., Seifert, Keith A., Senanayake, Indunil, Slippers, Bernard, Suetrong, Satinee, Tanaka, Kazuaki, Taylor, Joanne E., Thambugala, Kasun M., Tian, Qing, Tibpromma, Saowaluck, Wanasinghe, Dhanushka N., Wijayawardene, Nalin N., Wikee, Saowanee, Woudenberg, Joyce H.C., Wu, Hai-Xia, Yan, Jiye, Yang, Tao, Zhang, Ying, Rossman, Amy Y., Crous, Pedro W., Hyde, Kevin D., Hawksworth, David L., Aptroot, André, Bezerra, Jose L., Bhat, Jayarama D., Boehm, Eric, Braun, Uwe, Boonmee, Saranyaphat, Camporesi, Erio, Chomnunti, Putarak, Dai, Dong-Qin, D'souza, Melvina J., Dissanayake, Asha, Jones, E.B. Gareth, Groenewald, Johannes Z., Hernández-Restrepo, Margarita, Hongsanan, Sinang, Jaklitsch, Walter M., Jayawardena, Ruvishika, Jing, Li Wen, Kirk, Paul M., Lawrey, James D., Mapook, Ausana, McKenzie, Eric H.C., Monkai, Jutamart, Phillips, Alan J.L., Phookamsak, Rungtiwa, Raja, Huzefa A., Seifert, Keith A., Senanayake, Indunil, Slippers, Bernard, Suetrong, Satinee, Tanaka, Kazuaki, Taylor, Joanne E., Thambugala, Kasun M., Tian, Qing, Tibpromma, Saowaluck, Wanasinghe, Dhanushka N., Wijayawardene, Nalin N., Wikee, Saowanee, Woudenberg, Joyce H.C., Wu, Hai-Xia, Yan, Jiye, Yang, Tao, and Zhang, Ying
Abstract: This paper provides recommendations of one name for use among pleomorphic genera in Dothideomycetes by the Working Group on Dothideomycetes established under the auspices of the International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi (ICTF). A number of these generic names are proposed for protection because they do not have priority and/or the generic name selected for use is asexually typified. These include: Acrogenospora over Farlowiella; Alternaria over Allewia, Lewia, and Crivellia; Botryosphaeria over Fusicoccum; Camarosporula over Anthracostroma; Capnodium over Polychaeton; Cladosporium over Davidiella; Corynespora over Corynesporasca; Curvularia over Pseudocochliobolus; Elsinoë over Sphaceloma; Excipulariopsis over Kentingia; Exosporiella over Anomalemma; Exserohilum over Setosphaeria; Gemmamyces over Megaloseptoria; Kellermania over Planistromella; Kirschsteiniothelia over Dendryphiopsis; Lecanosticta over Eruptio; Paranectriella over Araneomyces; Phaeosphaeria over Phaeoseptoria; Phyllosticta over Guignardia; Podonectria over Tetracrium; Polythrincium over Cymadothea; Prosthemium over Pleomassaria; Ramularia over Mycosphaerella; Sphaerellopsis over Eudarluca; Sphaeropsis over Phaeobotryosphaeria; Stemphylium over Pleospora; Teratosphaeria over Kirramyces and Colletogloeopsis; Tetraploa over Tetraplosphaeria; Venturia over Fusicladium and Pollaccia; and Zeloasperisporium over Neomicrothyrium. Twenty new combinations are made: Acrogenospora carmichaeliana (Berk.) Rossman & Crous, Alternaria scrophulariae (Desm.) Rossman & Crous, Pyrenophora catenaria (Drechsler) Rossman & K.D. Hyde, P. dematioidea (Bubák & Wróbl.) Rossman & K.D. Hyde
Published: 2015

36. Taxonomy and phylogeny of Cercospora spp. from Northern Thailand

Author: Nguanhom, Jeerapa, Cheewangkoon, Ratchadawan, Groenewald, Johannes Z, Braun, Uwe, To-anun, Chaiwat, Crous, Pedro W, Nguanhom, Jeerapa, Cheewangkoon, Ratchadawan, Groenewald, Johannes Z, Braun, Uwe, To-anun, Chaiwat, and Crous, Pedro W
Abstract: The genus Cercospora represents a group of important plant pathogenic fungi with a wide geographic distribution, being commonly associated with leaf spots on a broad range of plant hosts. The goal of the present study was to conduct a mor- phological and molecular phylogenetic analysis of the Cercospora spp. occurring on various plants growing in Northern Thailand, an area with a tropical savannah climate, and a rich diversity of vascular plants. Sixty Cercospora isolates were collected from 29 host species (representing 16 plant families). Partial nucleotide sequence data for two gene loci (ITS and cmdA), were generated for all isolates. Results from this study indicate that members of the genus Cercospora vary regarding host specificity, with some taxa having wide host ranges, and others being host-specific. Based on cultural, morphological and phylogenetic data, four new species of Cercospora could be identified: C. glycinicola (from Glycine max), C. cyper- acearum and C. cyperina (from Cyperus alternifolius), and C. musigena (from Musa sp.). The most common Cercospora sp. found in Northern Thailand was C. cf. malloti, which occurred on a wide host range. Several collections could not be resolved to species level due to the lack of reference cultures and DNA data for morphologically similar species. Further collections from other countries are needed to help resolve the taxonomy of some species complexes occurring on various plant hosts in Thailand.
Published: 2015

37. The rise of Ramularia from the Mycosphaerella labyrinth

Author: Videira, Sandra Isabel Rodrigues, Groenewald, Johannes Zacharias, Verkley, Gerard J.M., Braun, Uwe, Crous, Pedro Willem, Videira, Sandra Isabel Rodrigues, Groenewald, Johannes Zacharias, Verkley, Gerard J.M., Braun, Uwe, and Crous, Pedro Willem
Abstract: In this study we aimed to resolve the Ramularia endophylla species-complex by applying a polyphasic approach involving morphology and multi-gene phylogeny. Eleven partial genes were targeted for amplification and sequencing for a total of 81 isolates representing R. endophylla s. lat. and 32 isolates representing 11 Ramularia species that were previously linked to a Mycosphaerella sexual morph in literature. A Bayesian phylogenetic analysis, as well as a parsimony analysis, was performed on a combined five-locus dataset and the resulting trees showed significant support for three species within the complex, including the previously described R. endophylla and R. vizellae, and one novel species, Ramularia unterseheri. A parsimony analysis was also separately performed with mating-type gene sequences (MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1) and the resulting tree topologies were in accordance with that of the multigene analysis. A bibliographic review of the proposed links between Ramularia spp. and their purported Mycosphaerella sexual morphs is also presented, confirming six connections in Ramularia. In spite of more than 10 000 species having been described in Mycosphaerella, the majority is shown to belong to other genera, suggesting that the taxa identified as Mycosphaerella in much of the plant pathology literature needs to be revisited.
Published: 2015

38. Cercosporoid fungi (Mycosphaerellaceae) 3. Species on monocots (Poaceae, true grasses)

Author: Braun, Uwe, Crous, Pedro W, Nakashima, Chiharu, Braun, Uwe, Crous, Pedro W, and Nakashima, Chiharu
Abstract: The third part of a series of monographic treatments of cercosporoid fungi (formerly Cercospora s. lat., Mycosphaerellaceae, Ascomycota) continues with a treatment of taxa on monocots (Liliopsida; Equisetopsida, Magnoliidae, Lilianae), covering asexual and holomorph species with mycosphaerella-like sexual morphs on true grasses (Poaceae), which were excluded from the second part. The species concerned are keyed out, alphabetically listed, described, illustrated and supplemented by references to previously published descriptions, illustrations, and exsiccatae. A key to the recognised genera and a discussion of taxonomically relevant characters was published in the first part of this series. Several species are lecto- or neotypified. The following taxonomic novelties are introduced: Cercospora barretoana comb. nov., C. cymbopogonicola nom. nov., Cladosporium elymi comb. nov., Passalora agrostidicola sp. nov., P. brachyelytri comb. nov., and P. dichanthii-annulati comb. nov.
Published: 2015

39. Naming and outline of Dothideomycetes-2014 including proposals for the protection or suppression of generic names

Author: Wijayawardene, Nalin N., Crous, Pedro W., Kirk, Paul M., Hawksworth, David L., Boonmee, Saranyaphat, Braun, Uwe, Dai, Dong-Qin, D'souza, Melvina J., Diederich, Paul, Dissanayake, Asha, Doilom, Mingkhuan, Hongsanan, Singang, Jones, E. B. Gareth, Groenewald, Johannes Z., Jayawardena, Ruvishika, Lawrey, James D., Liu, Jian-Kui, Luecking, Robert, Madrid, Hugo, Manamgoda, Dimuthu S., Muggia, Lucia, Nelsen, Matthew P., Phookamsak, Rungtiwa, Suetrong, Satinee, Tanaka, Kazuaki, Thambugala, Kasun M., Wanasinghe, Dhanushka N., Wikee, Saowanee, Zhang, Ying, Aptroot, A., Ariyawansa, H. A., Bahkali, Ali H., Bhat, D. Jayarama, Gueidan, Cecile, Chomnunti, Putarak, De Hoog, G. Sybren, Knudsen, Kerry, Li, Wen-Jing, McKenzie, Eric H. C., Miller, Andrew N., Phillips, Alan J. L., Piatek, Marcin, Raja, Huzefa A., Shivas, Roger S., Slippers, Bernad, Taylor, Joanne E., Tian, Qing, Wang, Yong, Woudenberg, Joyce H. C., Cai, Lei, Jaklitsch, Walter M., Hyde, Kevin D., Wijayawardene, Nalin N., Crous, Pedro W., Kirk, Paul M., Hawksworth, David L., Boonmee, Saranyaphat, Braun, Uwe, Dai, Dong-Qin, D'souza, Melvina J., Diederich, Paul, Dissanayake, Asha, Doilom, Mingkhuan, Hongsanan, Singang, Jones, E. B. Gareth, Groenewald, Johannes Z., Jayawardena, Ruvishika, Lawrey, James D., Liu, Jian-Kui, Luecking, Robert, Madrid, Hugo, Manamgoda, Dimuthu S., Muggia, Lucia, Nelsen, Matthew P., Phookamsak, Rungtiwa, Suetrong, Satinee, Tanaka, Kazuaki, Thambugala, Kasun M., Wanasinghe, Dhanushka N., Wikee, Saowanee, Zhang, Ying, Aptroot, A., Ariyawansa, H. A., Bahkali, Ali H., Bhat, D. Jayarama, Gueidan, Cecile, Chomnunti, Putarak, De Hoog, G. Sybren, Knudsen, Kerry, Li, Wen-Jing, McKenzie, Eric H. C., Miller, Andrew N., Phillips, Alan J. L., Piatek, Marcin, Raja, Huzefa A., Shivas, Roger S., Slippers, Bernad, Taylor, Joanne E., Tian, Qing, Wang, Yong, Woudenberg, Joyce H. C., Cai, Lei, Jaklitsch, Walter M., and Hyde, Kevin D.
Published: 2014

40. Naming and outline of Dothideomycetes-2014 including proposals for the protection or suppression of generic names

Author: Wijayawardene, Nalin N., Crous, Pedro W., Kirk, Paul M., Hawksworth, David L., Boonmee, Saranyaphat, Braun, Uwe, Dai, Dong-Qin, D'souza, Melvina J., Diederich, Paul, Dissanayake, Asha, Doilom, Mingkhuan, Hongsanan, Singang, Jones, E. B. Gareth, Groenewald, Johannes Z., Jayawardena, Ruvishika, Lawrey, James D., Liu, Jian-Kui, Luecking, Robert, Madrid, Hugo, Manamgoda, Dimuthu S., Muggia, Lucia, Nelsen, Matthew P., Phookamsak, Rungtiwa, Suetrong, Satinee, Tanaka, Kazuaki, Thambugala, Kasun M., Wanasinghe, Dhanushka N., Wikee, Saowanee, Zhang, Ying, Aptroot, A., Ariyawansa, H. A., Bahkali, Ali H., Bhat, D. Jayarama, Gueidan, Cecile, Chomnunti, Putarak, De Hoog, G. Sybren, Knudsen, Kerry, Li, Wen-Jing, McKenzie, Eric H. C., Miller, Andrew N., Phillips, Alan J. L., Piatek, Marcin, Raja, Huzefa A., Shivas, Roger S., Slippers, Bernad, Taylor, Joanne E., Tian, Qing, Wang, Yong, Woudenberg, Joyce H. C., Cai, Lei, Jaklitsch, Walter M., Hyde, Kevin D., Wijayawardene, Nalin N., Crous, Pedro W., Kirk, Paul M., Hawksworth, David L., Boonmee, Saranyaphat, Braun, Uwe, Dai, Dong-Qin, D'souza, Melvina J., Diederich, Paul, Dissanayake, Asha, Doilom, Mingkhuan, Hongsanan, Singang, Jones, E. B. Gareth, Groenewald, Johannes Z., Jayawardena, Ruvishika, Lawrey, James D., Liu, Jian-Kui, Luecking, Robert, Madrid, Hugo, Manamgoda, Dimuthu S., Muggia, Lucia, Nelsen, Matthew P., Phookamsak, Rungtiwa, Suetrong, Satinee, Tanaka, Kazuaki, Thambugala, Kasun M., Wanasinghe, Dhanushka N., Wikee, Saowanee, Zhang, Ying, Aptroot, A., Ariyawansa, H. A., Bahkali, Ali H., Bhat, D. Jayarama, Gueidan, Cecile, Chomnunti, Putarak, De Hoog, G. Sybren, Knudsen, Kerry, Li, Wen-Jing, McKenzie, Eric H. C., Miller, Andrew N., Phillips, Alan J. L., Piatek, Marcin, Raja, Huzefa A., Shivas, Roger S., Slippers, Bernad, Taylor, Joanne E., Tian, Qing, Wang, Yong, Woudenberg, Joyce H. C., Cai, Lei, Jaklitsch, Walter M., and Hyde, Kevin D.
Published: 2014

41. Cercosporoid fungi (Mycosphaerellaceae) 1. Species on other fungi, Pteridophyta and Gymnospermae

Author: Braun, Uwe, Nakashima, C., Crous, Pedro W., Braun, Uwe, Nakashima, C., and Crous, Pedro W.
Abstract: Cercosporoid fungi (former Cercospora s. lat.) represent one of the largest groups of hyphomycetes belonging to the Mycosphaerellaceae (Ascomycota). They include asexual morphs, asexual holomorphs or species with mycosphaerella-like sexual morphs. Most of them are leaf-spotting plant pathogens with special phytopathological relevance. The only monograph of Cercospora s. lat., published by Chupp (1954), is badly in need of revision. However, the treatment of this huge group of fungi can only be accomplished stepwise on the basis of treatments of cercosporoid fungi on particular host plant families. The present first part of this series comprises an introduction, a survey on currently recognised cercosporoid genera, a key to the genera concerned, a discussion of taxonomically relevant characters, and descriptions and illustrations of cercosporoid species on other fungi (mycophylic taxa), Pteridophyta and Gymnospermae, arranged in alphabetical order under the particular cercosporoid genera, which are supplemented by keys to the species concerned. The following taxonomic novelties are introduced: Passalora austroplenckiae comb. nov., P. backmanii comb. nov., P. condensata comb. nov., P. gymnocladi comb. nov., P. thalictri comb. nov., Pseudocercospora davalliicola sp. nov., P. chamaecyparidis comb. nov., P. cratevicola nom. nov., P. gleicheniae comb. nov., P. lygodiicola sp. nov., P. lygodiigena nom. nov., P. nephrolepidigena sp. nov., P. paraexosporioides sp. nov., P. pini-densiflorae var. montantiana comb. et stat. nov., P. pteridigena sp. nov., P. ptisanae sp. nov., P. sciadopityos sp. nov., P. subramanianii nom. nov., P. thujina comb. nov., and Zasmidium australiense comb. nov.
Published: 2013

42. Families of Dothideomycetes

Author: Hyde, Kevin D., Jones, E. B. Gareth, Liu, Jian-Kui, Ariyawansa, Hiran, Boehm, Eric, Boonmee, Saranyaphat, Braun, Uwe, Chomnunti, Putarak, Crous, Pedro W., Dai, Dong-Qin, Diederich, Paul, Dissanayake, Asha, Doilom, Mingkhuan, Doveri, Francesco, Hongsanan, Singang, Jayawardena, Ruvishika, Lawrey, James D., Li, Yan-Mei, Liu, Yong-Xiang, Lucking, Robert, Monkai, Jutamart, Muggia, Lucia, Nelsen, Matthew P., Pang, Ka-Lai, Phookamsak, Rungtiwa, Senanayake, Indunil C., Shearer, Carol A., Suetrong, Satinee, Tanaka, Kazuaki, Thambugala, Kasun M., Wijayawardene, Nalin N., Wikee, Saowanee, Wu, Hai-Xia, Zhang, Ying, Aguirre-Hudson, Begoa, Alias, S. Aisyah, Aptroot, Andr, Bahkali, Ali H., Bezerra, Jose L., Bhat, D. Jayarama, Camporesi, Erio, Chukeatirote, Ekachai, Gueidan, Cecile, Hawksworth, David L., Hirayama, Kazuyuki, de Hoog, Sybren, Kang, Ji-Chuan, Knudsen, Kerry, Li, Wen-Jing, Li, Xing-Hong, Liu, Zou-Yi, Mapook, Ausana, McKenzie, Eric H. C., Miller, Andrew N., Mortimer, Peter E., Phillips, Alan J. L., Raja, Huzefa A., Scheuer, Christian, Schumm, Felix, Taylor, Joanne E., Tian, Qing, Tibpromma, Saowaluck, Wanasinghe, Dhanushka N., Wang, Yong, Xu, Jian-Chu, Yacharoen, Supalak, Yan, Ji-Ye, Zhang, Min, Hyde, Kevin D., Jones, E. B. Gareth, Liu, Jian-Kui, Ariyawansa, Hiran, Boehm, Eric, Boonmee, Saranyaphat, Braun, Uwe, Chomnunti, Putarak, Crous, Pedro W., Dai, Dong-Qin, Diederich, Paul, Dissanayake, Asha, Doilom, Mingkhuan, Doveri, Francesco, Hongsanan, Singang, Jayawardena, Ruvishika, Lawrey, James D., Li, Yan-Mei, Liu, Yong-Xiang, Lucking, Robert, Monkai, Jutamart, Muggia, Lucia, Nelsen, Matthew P., Pang, Ka-Lai, Phookamsak, Rungtiwa, Senanayake, Indunil C., Shearer, Carol A., Suetrong, Satinee, Tanaka, Kazuaki, Thambugala, Kasun M., Wijayawardene, Nalin N., Wikee, Saowanee, Wu, Hai-Xia, Zhang, Ying, Aguirre-Hudson, Begoa, Alias, S. Aisyah, Aptroot, Andr, Bahkali, Ali H., Bezerra, Jose L., Bhat, D. Jayarama, Camporesi, Erio, Chukeatirote, Ekachai, Gueidan, Cecile, Hawksworth, David L., Hirayama, Kazuyuki, de Hoog, Sybren, Kang, Ji-Chuan, Knudsen, Kerry, Li, Wen-Jing, Li, Xing-Hong, Liu, Zou-Yi, Mapook, Ausana, McKenzie, Eric H. C., Miller, Andrew N., Mortimer, Peter E., Phillips, Alan J. L., Raja, Huzefa A., Scheuer, Christian, Schumm, Felix, Taylor, Joanne E., Tian, Qing, Tibpromma, Saowaluck, Wanasinghe, Dhanushka N., Wang, Yong, Xu, Jian-Chu, Yacharoen, Supalak, Yan, Ji-Ye, and Zhang, Min
Published: 2013

43. Cercosporoid fungi (Mycosphaerellaceae) 1. Species on other fungi, Pteridophyta and Gymnospermae

Author: Braun, Uwe, Nakashima, C., Crous, Pedro W., Braun, Uwe, Nakashima, C., and Crous, Pedro W.
Abstract: Cercosporoid fungi (former Cercospora s. lat.) represent one of the largest groups of hyphomycetes belonging to the Mycosphaerellaceae (Ascomycota). They include asexual morphs, asexual holomorphs or species with mycosphaerella-like sexual morphs. Most of them are leaf-spotting plant pathogens with special phytopathological relevance. The only monograph of Cercospora s. lat., published by Chupp (1954), is badly in need of revision. However, the treatment of this huge group of fungi can only be accomplished stepwise on the basis of treatments of cercosporoid fungi on particular host plant families. The present first part of this series comprises an introduction, a survey on currently recognised cercosporoid genera, a key to the genera concerned, a discussion of taxonomically relevant characters, and descriptions and illustrations of cercosporoid species on other fungi (mycophylic taxa), Pteridophyta and Gymnospermae, arranged in alphabetical order under the particular cercosporoid genera, which are supplemented by keys to the species concerned. The following taxonomic novelties are introduced: Passalora austroplenckiae comb. nov., P. backmanii comb. nov., P. condensata comb. nov., P. gymnocladi comb. nov., P. thalictri comb. nov., Pseudocercospora davalliicola sp. nov., P. chamaecyparidis comb. nov., P. cratevicola nom. nov., P. gleicheniae comb. nov., P. lygodiicola sp. nov., P. lygodiigena nom. nov., P. nephrolepidigena sp. nov., P. paraexosporioides sp. nov., P. pini-densiflorae var. montantiana comb. et stat. nov., P. pteridigena sp. nov., P. ptisanae sp. nov., P. sciadopityos sp. nov., P. subramanianii nom. nov., P. thujina comb. nov., and Zasmidium australiense comb. nov.
Published: 2013

44. Families of Dothideomycetes

Author: Hyde, Kevin D., Jones, E. B. Gareth, Liu, Jian-Kui, Ariyawansa, Hiran, Boehm, Eric, Boonmee, Saranyaphat, Braun, Uwe, Chomnunti, Putarak, Crous, Pedro W., Dai, Dong-Qin, Diederich, Paul, Dissanayake, Asha, Doilom, Mingkhuan, Doveri, Francesco, Hongsanan, Singang, Jayawardena, Ruvishika, Lawrey, James D., Li, Yan-Mei, Liu, Yong-Xiang, Lucking, Robert, Monkai, Jutamart, Muggia, Lucia, Nelsen, Matthew P., Pang, Ka-Lai, Phookamsak, Rungtiwa, Senanayake, Indunil C., Shearer, Carol A., Suetrong, Satinee, Tanaka, Kazuaki, Thambugala, Kasun M., Wijayawardene, Nalin N., Wikee, Saowanee, Wu, Hai-Xia, Zhang, Ying, Aguirre-Hudson, Begoa, Alias, S. Aisyah, Aptroot, Andr, Bahkali, Ali H., Bezerra, Jose L., Bhat, D. Jayarama, Camporesi, Erio, Chukeatirote, Ekachai, Gueidan, Cecile, Hawksworth, David L., Hirayama, Kazuyuki, de Hoog, Sybren, Kang, Ji-Chuan, Knudsen, Kerry, Li, Wen-Jing, Li, Xing-Hong, Liu, Zou-Yi, Mapook, Ausana, McKenzie, Eric H. C., Miller, Andrew N., Mortimer, Peter E., Phillips, Alan J. L., Raja, Huzefa A., Scheuer, Christian, Schumm, Felix, Taylor, Joanne E., Tian, Qing, Tibpromma, Saowaluck, Wanasinghe, Dhanushka N., Wang, Yong, Xu, Jian-Chu, Yacharoen, Supalak, Yan, Ji-Ye, Zhang, Min, Hyde, Kevin D., Jones, E. B. Gareth, Liu, Jian-Kui, Ariyawansa, Hiran, Boehm, Eric, Boonmee, Saranyaphat, Braun, Uwe, Chomnunti, Putarak, Crous, Pedro W., Dai, Dong-Qin, Diederich, Paul, Dissanayake, Asha, Doilom, Mingkhuan, Doveri, Francesco, Hongsanan, Singang, Jayawardena, Ruvishika, Lawrey, James D., Li, Yan-Mei, Liu, Yong-Xiang, Lucking, Robert, Monkai, Jutamart, Muggia, Lucia, Nelsen, Matthew P., Pang, Ka-Lai, Phookamsak, Rungtiwa, Senanayake, Indunil C., Shearer, Carol A., Suetrong, Satinee, Tanaka, Kazuaki, Thambugala, Kasun M., Wijayawardene, Nalin N., Wikee, Saowanee, Wu, Hai-Xia, Zhang, Ying, Aguirre-Hudson, Begoa, Alias, S. Aisyah, Aptroot, Andr, Bahkali, Ali H., Bezerra, Jose L., Bhat, D. Jayarama, Camporesi, Erio, Chukeatirote, Ekachai, Gueidan, Cecile, Hawksworth, David L., Hirayama, Kazuyuki, de Hoog, Sybren, Kang, Ji-Chuan, Knudsen, Kerry, Li, Wen-Jing, Li, Xing-Hong, Liu, Zou-Yi, Mapook, Ausana, McKenzie, Eric H. C., Miller, Andrew N., Mortimer, Peter E., Phillips, Alan J. L., Raja, Huzefa A., Scheuer, Christian, Schumm, Felix, Taylor, Joanne E., Tian, Qing, Tibpromma, Saowaluck, Wanasinghe, Dhanushka N., Wang, Yong, Xu, Jian-Chu, Yacharoen, Supalak, Yan, Ji-Ye, and Zhang, Min
Published: 2013

45. Nomenklatorisch-taxonomische Änderungen in der 16. Auflage der von W. Rothmaler begründeten Exkursionsflora von Deutschland

Author: Braun, Uwe and Braun, Uwe
Abstract: 1996 ist die 16. Auflage des zweiten Bandes der Exkursionsflora erschienen (ROTHMALER 1996). Verschiedene Kapitel dieses Bandes wurden umfassend überarbeitet oder neu erstellt. Zahlreiche für Deutschland neue Arten wurden aufgenommen und in die Schlüssel eingearbeitet, andere Sippen mußten gestrichen werden, da sie nicht oder nicht mehr im Gebiet vorkommen. Die Angaben zur Verbreitung in Deutschland, zur Soziologie und zum Naturschutz sind gleichfalls völlig überarbeitet worden.
Published: 2012

46. A new species of Brasiliomyces (Erysiphaceae) on Dalbergia cultrata var. cultrata from Thailand

Author: Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculuture,Chiang Mai University, College of Technology, Toyama Prefectural University, Martin-Luther-Universität, FB. Biologie, Institut für Geobotanik und Botanischer Gerten, Herbarium, Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, To-anun, Chaiwat, Limkaisang, Saranya, Fangfuk, Wanwisa, Sato, Yukio, Braun, Uwe, Takamatsu, Susumu, Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculuture,Chiang Mai University, College of Technology, Toyama Prefectural University, Martin-Luther-Universität, FB. Biologie, Institut für Geobotanik und Botanischer Gerten, Herbarium, Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, To-anun, Chaiwat, Limkaisang, Saranya, Fangfuk, Wanwisa, Sato, Yukio, Braun, Uwe, and Takamatsu, Susumu
Abstract: A powdery mildew fungus on leaves of Dalbergia cultrata var. cultrata (Fabaceae) collected at the Queen Sirikit Botanical Garden in northen Thailand is proven to be a new species of the genus Brasiliomyces and is described as B. chiangmaiensis sp. nov. with light and SEM micrographs. Differences in known Brasiliomyces species are discussed, and a key to species of this genus is provided.
Published: 2007

47. Caespitotheca gen. nov., an ancestral genus in the Erysiphales

Author: Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Departamento de Botánica, Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Martin-Luther-Universität, Institut für Geobotanik und Botanischer Garten, Takamatsu, Susumu, Niinomi, Seiko, De Alvarez, Maria G. Cabrera, Alvarez, Roberto E., Havrylenko, Maria, Braun, Uwe, Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Departamento de Botánica, Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Martin-Luther-Universität, Institut für Geobotanik und Botanischer Garten, Takamatsu, Susumu, Niinomi, Seiko, De Alvarez, Maria G. Cabrera, Alvarez, Roberto E., Havrylenko, Maria, and Braun, Uwe
Abstract: The phylogenetic position of Uncinula forestalis within the Erysiphales has been inferred from 5.8S, 18S, and 28S rDNA sequences. Although the appendages of the ascomata are Uncinula-like, i.e. unbranched with curved-coiled apices, U. forestal is is situated at the very base of the large Erysiphales cluster, far from the 'Pseudoidium' clade (Erysiphe, including Microsphaera and Uncinula) and separate from the recently introduced basal genus Parauncinula. U.,forestalis differs morphologically from the species of Erysiphe sect. Uncinula in having terminal, fasciculate (as in Podosphaera tridactyla), septate ascoma appendages and a Euoidium-like anamorph (conidia catenate). In Parauncinula, the appendages are also terminal but not fasciculate, the ascospores are curved, and the anamorph is lacking. Uncinula forestalis is a basal, tree-inhabiting powdery mildew with some additional ancestral characteristics, including Uncinula-like appendages and 6-8-spored asci. The new genus Caespitotheca gen. nov. is described with C.forestalis comb. nov. (syn. Uncinula forestalis) as the type species. We calculated the timing of the divergence of U. forestalis and P. septata using a molecular clock of the Erysiphales (6.5 × 10-10 changes per site per year in domains D1 and D2 of 28S rDNA) and a 28S rDNA data set. The results suggest that the divergence of U. forestalis and P. septata from other Erysiphales occurred between 90 and 80 Myr ago; i.e. the divergence of the two ancestral species may have occurred in the late Cretaceous.
Published: 2007

48. Phylogeny and taxonomy of powdery mildew fungi of Erysiphe sect. Uncinula on Carpinus species

Author: FB. Biologie, Institut für Geobotanik und Botanischer Garten, Herbarium, Martin-Luther Universität, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, Institute of Botany of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Braun, Uwe, Takamatsu, Susumu, Heluta, Vasyl, Limkasisang, Saranya, Divarangkoon, Rangsi, Cook, Roger, Boyle, Herbert, FB. Biologie, Institut für Geobotanik und Botanischer Garten, Herbarium, Martin-Luther Universität, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, Institute of Botany of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Braun, Uwe, Takamatsu, Susumu, Heluta, Vasyl, Limkasisang, Saranya, Divarangkoon, Rangsi, Cook, Roger, and Boyle, Herbert
Abstract: A phylogenetic analysis of the Erysiphe with uncinuloid ascoma appendages (Erysiphe section Uncinula, Erysiphales, Ascomycota) on Carpinus spp. was done using sequences of the rDNA ITS regions and the D1/D2 domains of the 28S rDNA. These results, combined with morphological data, revealed a complex consisting of several distinct taxa. These included the already described Erysiphe carpinicola on C. japonica distinguishable from the Erysiphe sp. on C. betulus and C. tschonoskii as well as the one on C. laxiflora. Thus, it was shown that Oidium carpini, described from Europe on Carpinus betulus, the powdery mildew with uncinula-like ascomata, recently found in Europe on this host, as well as an Erysiphe on C. tschonoskii in Japan, described previously as E. carpinicola, all belong to a single new species, named E. arcuata in this paper. As the powdery mildew on C. laxiflora was also distinct from other known species, it is named E. carpini-laxiflorae in this paper. The already described E. pseudocarpinicola and Erysiphe sp. on Carpinus cordata are two additional taxa, which are morphologically and genetically distinguished from the other species of Erysiphe sect. Uncinula on Carpinus spp.
Published: 2007

49. Re-evaluating the taxonomic status of Phaeoisariopsis griseola, the causal agent of angular leaf spot of bean

Author: Crous, Pedro W, Liebenberg, Merion M, Braun, Uwe, Groenewald, Johannes Z, Crous, Pedro W, Liebenberg, Merion M, Braun, Uwe, and Groenewald, Johannes Z
Abstract: Angular leaf spot of Phaseolus vulgaris is a serious disease caused by Phaeoisariopsis griseola, in which two major gene pools occur, namely Andean and Middle-American. Sequence analysis of the SSU region of nrDNA revealed the genus Phaeoisariopsis to be indistinguishable from other hyphomycete anamorph genera associated with Mycosphaerella, namely Pseudocercospora and Stigmina. A new combination is therefore proposed in the genus Pseudocercospora, a name to be conserved over Phaeoisariopsis and Stigmina. Further comparisons by means of morphology, cultural characteristics, and DNA sequence analysis of the ITS, calmodulin, and actin gene regions delineated two groups within P. griseola, which are recognised as two formae, namely f. griseola and f. mesoamericana.
Published: 2006

50. Re-evaluating the taxonomic status of Phaeoisariopsis griseola, the causal agent of angular leaf spot of bean

Author: Crous, Pedro W, Liebenberg, Merion M, Braun, Uwe, Groenewald, Johannes Z, Crous, Pedro W, Liebenberg, Merion M, Braun, Uwe, and Groenewald, Johannes Z
Abstract: Angular leaf spot of Phaseolus vulgaris is a serious disease caused by Phaeoisariopsis griseola, in which two major gene pools occur, namely Andean and Middle-American. Sequence analysis of the SSU region of nrDNA revealed the genus Phaeoisariopsis to be indistinguishable from other hyphomycete anamorph genera associated with Mycosphaerella, namely Pseudocercospora and Stigmina. A new combination is therefore proposed in the genus Pseudocercospora, a name to be conserved over Phaeoisariopsis and Stigmina. Further comparisons by means of morphology, cultural characteristics, and DNA sequence analysis of the ITS, calmodulin, and actin gene regions delineated two groups within P. griseola, which are recognised as two formae, namely f. griseola and f. mesoamericana.
Published: 2006

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