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Thermoelectric is a phenomenon of the temperature difference conversion into electrical energy or vice versa. The phenomenon has been developed into a module so that it can be used as a power generator or as a cooling/heating device. The use of thermoelectric can be further expanded as a system for generating small electrical energy and as a component for compact cooling and heating. If a unidirectional voltage is applied to the thermoelectric module, a temperature difference occurs between the two sides of the module. The cold side can be used as a cooler and the hot side can be used as a heater. Thermoelectric refrigeration technology has been applied in various applications such as beverage coolers and electronic coolers. However, the application of this technology in the vehicle still needs attention because it has good potential. Reviews relating to the application of thermoelectric cooling in vehicles are still not widely discussed, especially in terms of vehicles such as the performance of electric motors and braking. So, in this study, the use of thermoelectric as coolants in large components such as cooling in electric vehicles and braking components are discussed. Basic knowledge of the history, characteristics, performance of thermoelectric are also covered. Studies that had been carried out in several reported topics prove the potential and reliability of thermoelectric.

Thermoelectric is a phenomenon of the temperature difference conversion into electrical energy or vice versa. The phenomenon has been developed into a module so that it can be used as a power generator or as a cooling/heating device. The use of thermoelectric can be further expanded as a system for generating small electrical energy and as a component for compact cooling and heating. If a unidirectional voltage is applied to the thermoelectric module, a temperature difference occurs between the two sides of the module. The cold side can be used as a cooler and the hot side can be used as a heater. Thermoelectric refrigeration technology has been applied in various applications such as beverage coolers and electronic coolers. However, the application of this technology in the vehicle still needs attention because it has good potential. Reviews relating to the application of thermoelectric cooling in vehicles are still not widely discussed, especially in terms of vehicles such as the performance of electric motors and braking. So, in this study, the use of thermoelectric as coolants in large components such as cooling in electric vehicles and braking components are discussed. Basic knowledge of the history, characteristics, performance of thermoelectric are also covered. Studies that had been carried out in several reported topics prove the potential and reliability of thermoelectric.

Energy harvesting, a cutting-edge technology that captures wasted energy from vehicles, constitutes a means to improve the efficiency of electric vehicles. Dissipated energy can be converted into electricity using regenerative energy recovery systems and put to various uses. This study tenders a thorough examination into energy recovery technologies which could be applied to the various types of energy dissipated in electric vehicles. The paper investigates the possible sources of energy recoverable from an electric vehicle, as well as the various types of energy dissipated. It also examines the energy recovery technologies most frequently used in vehicles, categorizing them according to the type of energy and application. Finally, it determines that with further research and development, energy harvesting holds considerable potential for improving the energy efficiency of electric vehicles. New and innovative methods for capturing and utilizing wasted energy in electric vehicles can be established. The potential benefit of applying energy recovery systems in electric vehicles is a vital issue for the automobile industry to focus on due to the potential benefits involved. The ongoing progress currently being made in this field is expected to play a significant role in shaping the future of transportation.

An Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV) must follow protective regulations to avoidcrashing into people when autonomously driving in industries. These safety norms require AGVs to enable protective fields, which perform hard braking when objects enter aspecific area in front of the vehicle. Warning fields, or warning systems, are similar fieldsthat decrease the speed of the AGV before objects enter the protective fields to enable asteadier driving. Today at Toyota Material Handling Manufacturing Sweden (TMHMS),warning systems have been implemented but the systems are too sensitive to objects outside of the AGVs path.The purpose of this thesis is to develop a predictive warning system based on empiricaldata from previous driving scenarios. By storing previous positions, the warning systemcould estimate a trajectory based on simple statistics and deploy speed limiting decisionsif objects appear in the upcoming predicted path.The predictive warning system was compared to the current warning system and adeactivated warning system setup in driving performance and driving dynamics. Performance was measured by measuring time to finish an industry-like test track and dynamicswas subjectively rated from a group of experienced AGV developers from TMHMS. Results showed that a predictive warning system drove the test track faster and with betterdynamics than the current warning system and the no warning system setup.Key findings are that a predictive warning system based on empirical data performedbetter in most cases but has some extra requirements to function. Firstly, the method require the AGV to mostly drive on previously driven paths to produce good results. Secondly the warning system requires a somewhat powerful on board computer to handlethe computations. Finally, the warning system requires spatial awareness of pose for thevehicle, as well as structure and shape for deployed protective fields.

An Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV) must follow protective regulations to avoidcrashing into people when autonomously driving in industries. These safety norms require AGVs to enable protective fields, which perform hard braking when objects enter aspecific area in front of the vehicle. Warning fields, or warning systems, are similar fieldsthat decrease the speed of the AGV before objects enter the protective fields to enable asteadier driving. Today at Toyota Material Handling Manufacturing Sweden (TMHMS),warning systems have been implemented but the systems are too sensitive to objects outside of the AGVs path.The purpose of this thesis is to develop a predictive warning system based on empiricaldata from previous driving scenarios. By storing previous positions, the warning systemcould estimate a trajectory based on simple statistics and deploy speed limiting decisionsif objects appear in the upcoming predicted path.The predictive warning system was compared to the current warning system and adeactivated warning system setup in driving performance and driving dynamics. Performance was measured by measuring time to finish an industry-like test track and dynamicswas subjectively rated from a group of experienced AGV developers from TMHMS. Results showed that a predictive warning system drove the test track faster and with betterdynamics than the current warning system and the no warning system setup.Key findings are that a predictive warning system based on empirical data performedbetter in most cases but has some extra requirements to function. Firstly, the method require the AGV to mostly drive on previously driven paths to produce good results. Secondly the warning system requires a somewhat powerful on board computer to handlethe computations. Finally, the warning system requires spatial awareness of pose for thevehicle, as well as structure and shape for deployed protective fields.

Safety is the most important factor in both manufacturing vehicles as well as when driving and riding. Passive and active system are the two main categories of safety system, thus, this project focus on the active system which where the brake system is located to avoid any collision in critical situation especially rear-end collision. The main objective of this project is to study the driver’s braking response in car-following situations. Data Acquisition System using Arduino IDE was developed, which lead to analyzing the driver’s brake response during emergency braking event. Two types of vehicles were used, which are the Yamaha 135LC motorcycle and Perodua Myvi 1.3L, which also known as Test Vehicle 1 (TV 1) and Test Vehicle 2 (TV 2) respectively. The Data Acquisition System (DAQ) system to record the brake response time of driver in TV 2 as the driver reacts to the activation of brake lights of TV 1 by using the ESP8266 (Wi-Fi controller) was developed. The DAQ installed in TV 1 was connected wirelessly to the DAQ installed in TV 2. Arduino IDE software was used as a medium to transfer data from the push-button sensor to the laptop with the assist of ESP8266 board as the microcontroller, that is connected to the push-button sensor. Two brake lights were tested, which were standard brake lights and flashing brake lights. Each brake lights were tested with three different speeds, which are 20, 30 and 40 km/h. Experiment was carried out at night, where TV 1 braked at any straight road around the campus. Generally, the results indicates that for each speed tested for both brake lights, the brake response time increases as speed increases. The overall results suggested that flashing brake lights has a significantly shorter brake response time with average of 145, 144, 173 ms for 20, 30 and 40 km/h respectively. With average percentage of 12.8% faster brake response time

[ES] El presente TFG tiene como principal objetivo el análisis y la optimización del sistema de frenado de un simulador de entrenamiento de pilotos de competición. En concreto, el trabajo se implementará en el simulador G-UPV que está ubicado en las instalaciones del DIMM (planta baja), en el campus de Vera de la UPV. Los elementos constructivos que se analizarán y optimizarán en el desarrollo del trabajo en el simulador serán básicamente: el sistema de frenado y el control electrónico para la gestión de la información del pilotaje desde la perspectiva del frenado. La implementación del nuevo sistema de frenado en el G-UPV llevará aparejado un análisis de los sistemas de frenado utilizados en simuladores de competición actuales, el diseño, cálculo y selección de los materiales de acoplamiento más adecuados a las características del simulador, y la instalación de los equipos adquiridos en el G-UPV. El diseño final deberá ser validado mediante la realización de pruebas experimentales de conducción con pilotos semi-profesionales, para la verificación de las prestaciones técnicas requeridas en este tipo de instalaciones. Finalmente, se definirán las características de funcionamiento óptimo de los elementos instalados en el nuevo sistema de frenado en función de las características del vehículo de competición que se simulará en cada sesión de entrenamiento., [EN] The main objective of this TFG is the analysis and optimization of the braking system of a racing training simulator. Specifically, the work will be implemented in the G-UPV simulator that is located at the DIMM facilities (ground floor), on the Vera campus of the UPV. The construction elements that will be analyzed and optimized in the development of the work in the simulator will basically be the braking system and the electronic control for the management of the driving information from the braking behavior. The implementation of the new braking system in the G-UPV will include an analysis of the braking systems used in current racing simulators, the design, calculation and selection of the most suitable coupling materials for the characteristics of the simulator, and the installation of the equipment acquired at the G-UPV. The final design must be validated by conducting experimental driving tests with semi-professional drivers, to verify the technical performance required in this type of facility. Finally, the optimal operating characteristics of the elements installed in the new braking system will be defined based on the characteristics of the competition vehicle that will be simulated in each training session, [CA] El present TFG té com a principal objectiu l'anàlisi i l'optimització del sistema de frenat d'un simulador d'entrenament de pilots de competició. En concret, el treball s'implementarà en el simulador GUPV que està situat en les instal·lacions del DIMM (planta baixa), al campus de Vera de la UPV. Els elements constructius que s'analitzaran i optimitzaran en el desenvolupament del treball en el simulador seran bàsicament: el sistema de frenat i el control electrònic per a la gestió de la informació del pilotatge des de la perspectiva del frenat. La implementació del nou sistema de frenat en el G-UPV portarà aparellat una anàlisi dels sistemes de frenat utilitzats en simuladors de competició actuals, el disseny, càlcul i selecció dels materials d'acoblament més adequats a les característiques del simulador, i la instal·lació dels equips adquirits en el G-UPV. El disseny nal haurà de ser validat mitjançant la realització de proves experimentals de conducció amb pilots semi-professionals, per a la veri cació de les prestacions tècniques requerides en aquesta mena d'instal·lacions. Finalment, es de niran les característiques de funcionament òptim dels elements instal·lats en el nou sistema de frenat en funció de les característiques del vehicle de competició que se simularà en cada sessió d'entrenament.

[ES] El presente TFG tiene como principal objetivo el análisis y la optimización del sistema de frenado de un simulador de entrenamiento de pilotos de competición. En concreto, el trabajo se implementará en el simulador G-UPV que está ubicado en las instalaciones del DIMM (planta baja), en el campus de Vera de la UPV. Los elementos constructivos que se analizarán y optimizarán en el desarrollo del trabajo en el simulador serán básicamente: el sistema de frenado y el control electrónico para la gestión de la información del pilotaje desde la perspectiva del frenado. La implementación del nuevo sistema de frenado en el G-UPV llevará aparejado un análisis de los sistemas de frenado utilizados en simuladores de competición actuales, el diseño, cálculo y selección de los materiales de acoplamiento más adecuados a las características del simulador, y la instalación de los equipos adquiridos en el G-UPV. El diseño final deberá ser validado mediante la realización de pruebas experimentales de conducción con pilotos semi-profesionales, para la verificación de las prestaciones técnicas requeridas en este tipo de instalaciones. Finalmente, se definirán las características de funcionamiento óptimo de los elementos instalados en el nuevo sistema de frenado en función de las características del vehículo de competición que se simulará en cada sesión de entrenamiento., [EN] The main objective of this TFG is the analysis and optimization of the braking system of a racing training simulator. Specifically, the work will be implemented in the G-UPV simulator that is located at the DIMM facilities (ground floor), on the Vera campus of the UPV. The construction elements that will be analyzed and optimized in the development of the work in the simulator will basically be the braking system and the electronic control for the management of the driving information from the braking behavior. The implementation of the new braking system in the G-UPV will include an analysis of the braking systems used in current racing simulators, the design, calculation and selection of the most suitable coupling materials for the characteristics of the simulator, and the installation of the equipment acquired at the G-UPV. The final design must be validated by conducting experimental driving tests with semi-professional drivers, to verify the technical performance required in this type of facility. Finally, the optimal operating characteristics of the elements installed in the new braking system will be defined based on the characteristics of the competition vehicle that will be simulated in each training session, [CA] El present TFG té com a principal objectiu l'anàlisi i l'optimització del sistema de frenat d'un simulador d'entrenament de pilots de competició. En concret, el treball s'implementarà en el simulador GUPV que està situat en les instal·lacions del DIMM (planta baixa), al campus de Vera de la UPV. Els elements constructius que s'analitzaran i optimitzaran en el desenvolupament del treball en el simulador seran bàsicament: el sistema de frenat i el control electrònic per a la gestió de la informació del pilotatge des de la perspectiva del frenat. La implementació del nou sistema de frenat en el G-UPV portarà aparellat una anàlisi dels sistemes de frenat utilitzats en simuladors de competició actuals, el disseny, càlcul i selecció dels materials d'acoblament més adequats a les característiques del simulador, i la instal·lació dels equips adquirits en el G-UPV. El disseny nal haurà de ser validat mitjançant la realització de proves experimentals de conducció amb pilots semi-professionals, per a la veri cació de les prestacions tècniques requerides en aquesta mena d'instal·lacions. Finalment, es de niran les característiques de funcionament òptim dels elements instal·lats en el nou sistema de frenat en funció de les característiques del vehicle de competició que se simularà en cada sessió d'entrenament.

[ES] El presente TFG tiene como principal objetivo el análisis y la optimización del sistema de frenado de un simulador de entrenamiento de pilotos de competición. En concreto, el trabajo se implementará en el simulador G-UPV que está ubicado en las instalaciones del DIMM (planta baja), en el campus de Vera de la UPV. Los elementos constructivos que se analizarán y optimizarán en el desarrollo del trabajo en el simulador serán básicamente: el sistema de frenado y el control electrónico para la gestión de la información del pilotaje desde la perspectiva del frenado. La implementación del nuevo sistema de frenado en el G-UPV llevará aparejado un análisis de los sistemas de frenado utilizados en simuladores de competición actuales, el diseño, cálculo y selección de los materiales de acoplamiento más adecuados a las características del simulador, y la instalación de los equipos adquiridos en el G-UPV. El diseño final deberá ser validado mediante la realización de pruebas experimentales de conducción con pilotos semi-profesionales, para la verificación de las prestaciones técnicas requeridas en este tipo de instalaciones. Finalmente, se definirán las características de funcionamiento óptimo de los elementos instalados en el nuevo sistema de frenado en función de las características del vehículo de competición que se simulará en cada sesión de entrenamiento., [EN] The main objective of this TFG is the analysis and optimization of the braking system of a racing training simulator. Specifically, the work will be implemented in the G-UPV simulator that is located at the DIMM facilities (ground floor), on the Vera campus of the UPV. The construction elements that will be analyzed and optimized in the development of the work in the simulator will basically be the braking system and the electronic control for the management of the driving information from the braking behavior. The implementation of the new braking system in the G-UPV will include an analysis of the braking systems used in current racing simulators, the design, calculation and selection of the most suitable coupling materials for the characteristics of the simulator, and the installation of the equipment acquired at the G-UPV. The final design must be validated by conducting experimental driving tests with semi-professional drivers, to verify the technical performance required in this type of facility. Finally, the optimal operating characteristics of the elements installed in the new braking system will be defined based on the characteristics of the competition vehicle that will be simulated in each training session, [CA] El present TFG té com a principal objectiu l'anàlisi i l'optimització del sistema de frenat d'un simulador d'entrenament de pilots de competició. En concret, el treball s'implementarà en el simulador GUPV que està situat en les instal·lacions del DIMM (planta baixa), al campus de Vera de la UPV. Els elements constructius que s'analitzaran i optimitzaran en el desenvolupament del treball en el simulador seran bàsicament: el sistema de frenat i el control electrònic per a la gestió de la informació del pilotatge des de la perspectiva del frenat. La implementació del nou sistema de frenat en el G-UPV portarà aparellat una anàlisi dels sistemes de frenat utilitzats en simuladors de competició actuals, el disseny, càlcul i selecció dels materials d'acoblament més adequats a les característiques del simulador, i la instal·lació dels equips adquirits en el G-UPV. El disseny nal haurà de ser validat mitjançant la realització de proves experimentals de conducció amb pilots semi-professionals, per a la veri cació de les prestacions tècniques requerides en aquesta mena d'instal·lacions. Finalment, es de niran les característiques de funcionament òptim dels elements instal·lats en el nou sistema de frenat en funció de les característiques del vehicle de competició que se simularà en cada sessió d'entrenament.

С учетом того, что в России и странах СНГ эксплуатирую автопоезда со старыми прицепами и полуприцепами, не оснащенные ABS системами, разработка недорогих и легко монтируемых прицепов и полуприцепов различных конструкций устройства, позволяющие сигнализировать водителю автопоезда о движении с заблокированным колесом, представляется актуальной задачей. Авторами рассмотрены особенности эксплуатации лесовозных автомобилей в зимний период года., In Russia and CIS countries I operate road trains consisting of old trailers and semi-trailers not equipped with ABS systems, the development of inexpensive and easily mounted on trailers and semi-trailers of various designs of the device, which allows to signal the driver of the road train about movement with a blocked wheel, seems to be a pressing task.

С учетом того, что в России и странах СНГ эксплуатирую автопоезда со старыми прицепами и полуприцепами, не оснащенные ABS системами, разработка недорогих и легко монтируемых прицепов и полуприцепов различных конструкций устройства, позволяющие сигнализировать водителю автопоезда о движении с заблокированным колесом, представляется актуальной задачей. Авторами рассмотрены особенности эксплуатации лесовозных автомобилей в зимний период года., In Russia and CIS countries I operate road trains consisting of old trailers and semi-trailers not equipped with ABS systems, the development of inexpensive and easily mounted on trailers and semi-trailers of various designs of the device, which allows to signal the driver of the road train about movement with a blocked wheel, seems to be a pressing task.

Braking systems in all the segments of vehicles seems to be one of the most crucial developing systems. Many research and developments are carried out in terms of braking of a vehicle in order to enhance the braking efficiency and reduction in stopping distance. This article depicts the concept of assistive braking on four wheelers where we elaborately describe the Braking distance, Thinking distance and Stopping distance after which our concept of braking is proposed with all the technical aspects along with the various components and its efficiency in our real time use. This research article mainly focuses on technical aspects that aim to reduce the reaction time and reflex actions of the driver which in turn is used as a factor to reduce the stopping distance of the vehicle. Various types of biological reactions by a human are observed and then a particular muscular reaction is chosen as a source of intimation for our braking system. When an object is spotted by the driver, the reflex action takes place via a receptor, sensory neurons, spinal cord and from where the muscular reaction takes place. A unique steering with an array of grip sensors is designed and incorporated also with various functions of the vehicle but for this instance, we mainly focus on braking assistance of the vehicle. Thus the unique steering wheel plays the role of connection between vehicle and the driver.

Braking systems in all the segments of vehicles seems to be one of the most crucial developing systems. Many research and developments are carried out in terms of braking of a vehicle in order to enhance the braking efficiency and reduction in stopping distance. This article depicts the concept of assistive braking on four wheelers where we elaborately describe the Braking distance, Thinking distance and Stopping distance after which our concept of braking is proposed with all the technical aspects along with the various components and its efficiency in our real time use. This research article mainly focuses on technical aspects that aim to reduce the reaction time and reflex actions of the driver which in turn is used as a factor to reduce the stopping distance of the vehicle. Various types of biological reactions by a human are observed and then a particular muscular reaction is chosen as a source of intimation for our braking system. When an object is spotted by the driver, the reflex action takes place via a receptor, sensory neurons, spinal cord and from where the muscular reaction takes place. A unique steering with an array of grip sensors is designed and incorporated also with various functions of the vehicle but for this instance, we mainly focus on braking assistance of the vehicle. Thus the unique steering wheel plays the role of connection between vehicle and the driver.

Braking systems in all the segments of vehicles seems to be one of the most crucial developing systems. Many research and developments are carried out in terms of braking of a vehicle in order to enhance the braking efficiency and reduction in stopping distance. This article depicts the concept of assistive braking on four wheelers where we elaborately describe the Braking distance, Thinking distance and Stopping distance after which our concept of braking is proposed with all the technical aspects along with the various components and its efficiency in our real time use. This research article mainly focuses on technical aspects that aim to reduce the reaction time and reflex actions of the driver which in turn is used as a factor to reduce the stopping distance of the vehicle. Various types of biological reactions by a human are observed and then a particular muscular reaction is chosen as a source of intimation for our braking system. When an object is spotted by the driver, the reflex action takes place via a receptor, sensory neurons, spinal cord and from where the muscular reaction takes place. A unique steering with an array of grip sensors is designed and incorporated also with various functions of the vehicle but for this instance, we mainly focus on braking assistance of the vehicle. Thus the unique steering wheel plays the role of connection between vehicle and the driver.

[ES] Durante los últimos años es común en las universidades realizar diferentes proyectos buscando la excelencia de los alumnos. Es precisamente en este ámbito donde surge el presente trabajo, tratándose éste de una de las ramas de un proyecto multidisciplinar como es un equipo de una competición automovilística, denominada Formula Student. En este trabajo se realiza el diseño del sistema de frenado para un monoplaza de la competición comentada, ajustándose a una partida presupuestaria, distribuida por el equipo al departamento correspondiente de este proyecto. El sistema diseñado busca cumplir, además de la parte económica citada, con la normativa vigente de la competición, así como los objetivos técnicos marcados por el equipo. Se valoran todas las alternativas de diseño posibles, así como los elementos necesarios, justificando adecuadamente la selección realizada. Finalmente se elabora un presupuesto final del coste de todo el diseño que se ajusta a la limitación indicada., [EN] Over the past years, it is common in universities, to carry out different projects looking for the excellence of the students. It is precisely in this area where comes this work, being this one of the branches of a multidisciplinary project by a team of a racing car, called Formula Student. In this project, is carried out the design of the braking system for a single-seater in the annotated competition, adjusting to a budget, distributed by the team to the corresponding department of this project. The designed system seeks to fulfill, in addition to the economic part cited, with the currents regulations of the competition, as well as the technical goals marked by the team. All possible design alternatives, as well as the necessary elements, are valued properly justifying the selection made. A final budget of the cost of the entire design is drawn up that conforms to the indicated limitation.

[ES] Durante los últimos años es común en las universidades realizar diferentes proyectos buscando la excelencia de los alumnos. Es precisamente en este ámbito donde surge el presente trabajo, tratándose éste de una de las ramas de un proyecto multidisciplinar como es un equipo de una competición automovilística, denominada Formula Student. En este trabajo se realiza el diseño del sistema de frenado para un monoplaza de la competición comentada, ajustándose a una partida presupuestaria, distribuida por el equipo al departamento correspondiente de este proyecto. El sistema diseñado busca cumplir, además de la parte económica citada, con la normativa vigente de la competición, así como los objetivos técnicos marcados por el equipo. Se valoran todas las alternativas de diseño posibles, así como los elementos necesarios, justificando adecuadamente la selección realizada. Finalmente se elabora un presupuesto final del coste de todo el diseño que se ajusta a la limitación indicada., [EN] Over the past years, it is common in universities, to carry out different projects looking for the excellence of the students. It is precisely in this area where comes this work, being this one of the branches of a multidisciplinary project by a team of a racing car, called Formula Student. In this project, is carried out the design of the braking system for a single-seater in the annotated competition, adjusting to a budget, distributed by the team to the corresponding department of this project. The designed system seeks to fulfill, in addition to the economic part cited, with the currents regulations of the competition, as well as the technical goals marked by the team. All possible design alternatives, as well as the necessary elements, are valued properly justifying the selection made. A final budget of the cost of the entire design is drawn up that conforms to the indicated limitation.

[ES] Durante los últimos años es común en las universidades realizar diferentes proyectos buscando la excelencia de los alumnos. Es precisamente en este ámbito donde surge el presente trabajo, tratándose éste de una de las ramas de un proyecto multidisciplinar como es un equipo de una competición automovilística, denominada Formula Student. En este trabajo se realiza el diseño del sistema de frenado para un monoplaza de la competición comentada, ajustándose a una partida presupuestaria, distribuida por el equipo al departamento correspondiente de este proyecto. El sistema diseñado busca cumplir, además de la parte económica citada, con la normativa vigente de la competición, así como los objetivos técnicos marcados por el equipo. Se valoran todas las alternativas de diseño posibles, así como los elementos necesarios, justificando adecuadamente la selección realizada. Finalmente se elabora un presupuesto final del coste de todo el diseño que se ajusta a la limitación indicada., [EN] Over the past years, it is common in universities, to carry out different projects looking for the excellence of the students. It is precisely in this area where comes this work, being this one of the branches of a multidisciplinary project by a team of a racing car, called Formula Student. In this project, is carried out the design of the braking system for a single-seater in the annotated competition, adjusting to a budget, distributed by the team to the corresponding department of this project. The designed system seeks to fulfill, in addition to the economic part cited, with the currents regulations of the competition, as well as the technical goals marked by the team. All possible design alternatives, as well as the necessary elements, are valued properly justifying the selection made. A final budget of the cost of the entire design is drawn up that conforms to the indicated limitation.

У статті наведені особливості роботи гальмівних механізмів автомобілів при експлуатації в сільській місцевості; результати дослідження інтенсивності спрацювання гальмівних механізмів. Обгрунтована необхідність корегування періодичності регулювання гальм., В статье приведены особенности работы тормозных механизмов автомобилей при эксплуатации в сельской местности; результаты исследования интенсивности износа тормозных механизмов. Обосновано необходимость корректирования периодичности регулирования тормозов., The paper presents the principles of motor brake blocks functioning in the rural area as well as the result of studies on brake blocks wear and the necessity of their regular control.

У статті наведені особливості роботи гальмівних механізмів автомобілів при експлуатації в сільській місцевості; результати дослідження інтенсивності спрацювання гальмівних механізмів. Обгрунтована необхідність корегування періодичності регулювання гальм., В статье приведены особенности работы тормозных механизмов автомобилей при эксплуатации в сельской местности; результаты исследования интенсивности износа тормозных механизмов. Обосновано необходимость корректирования периодичности регулирования тормозов., The paper presents the principles of motor brake blocks functioning in the rural area as well as the result of studies on brake blocks wear and the necessity of their regular control.

У статті наведені особливості роботи гальмівних механізмів автомобілів при експлуатації в сільській місцевості; результати дослідження інтенсивності спрацювання гальмівних механізмів. Обгрунтована необхідність корегування періодичності регулювання гальм., В статье приведены особенности работы тормозных механизмов автомобилей при эксплуатации в сельской местности; результаты исследования интенсивности износа тормозных механизмов. Обосновано необходимость корректирования периодичности регулирования тормозов., The paper presents the principles of motor brake blocks functioning in the rural area as well as the result of studies on brake blocks wear and the necessity of their regular control.

У статті наведені особливості роботи гальмівних механізмів автомобілів при експлуатації в сільській місцевості; результати дослідження інтенсивності спрацювання гальмівних механізмів. Обгрунтована необхідність корегування періодичності регулювання гальм., В статье приведены особенности работы тормозных механизмов автомобилей при эксплуатации в сельской местности; результаты исследования интенсивности износа тормозных механизмов. Обосновано необходимость корректирования периодичности регулирования тормозов., The paper presents the principles of motor brake blocks functioning in the rural area as well as the result of studies on brake blocks wear and the necessity of their regular control.

In the article the questions of increase of efficiency of work of hauling electric drives are considered with the impulsive systems of adjusting of tension of hauling electric engines of direct-current in the modes braking of electric locomotives with two axes during minimization of slipping of wheels of electric locomotive with rails. The algorithm of work of the system of the electric braking is offered, that effectively functions to a zero speed of electric locomotive with the maximal use of brake properties of hauling electric drive. It is worked out and recommended for practical researches mathematical model of the electric braking, necessary for the estimation of level of efficiency and expediency of application of corresponding structure in the concrete terms of braking of the electrified transport vehicle. Efficiency of the offered variant of development of structure of hauling electric drive is confirmed by a design.Ref. 7, fig. 2., В статье рассмотренны вопросы поиска направлений повышения эффективности процесса функционирования тяговых электроприводов с импульсными системами регулирования напряжения питания тяговых электродвигателей постоянного тока в режимах торможения двухосных электровозов с минимизацией проскальзывания колес электровоза с рельсами. Предложен многофункциональный алгоритм работы системы электрического торможения, который эффективно функционирует до нулевой скорости электровоза с максимальным использованием тормозных свойств тягового электропривода. Разработано и рекомендовано для практических исследований математическую модель электрического торможения, необходимую для оценки уровня эффективности и целесообразности применения соответствующей структуры в конкретных условиях торможения электрифицированного двухосного транспортного средства. Подтверждена путем моделирования эффективность предложенного варианта развития структуры тягового электропривода анализируемого вида электропоезда.Библ. 7, рис 2., В статті розглянуті питання пошуку напрямків підвищення ефективності процесу функціонування тягових електроприводів з імпульсними системами регулювання напруги живлення тягових електродвигунів постійного струму в режимах гальмування двохосьових електровозів із мінімізацією проковзування коліс електровозу з рейками. Запропоновано багатофункціональний алгоритм роботи системи електричного гальмування, що ефективно діє до нульової швидкості електровозу з максимальним використанням гальмових властивостей тягового електропривода. Розроблено та рекомендовано для практичних досліджень математичну модель електричного гальмування, необхідну для оцінки рівня ефективності й доцільності застосування відповідної структури в конкретних умовах гальмування електрифікованого двохосьового транспортного засобу. Підтверджена шляхом моделювання ефективність пропонуємого варіанту розбудови структури тягового електропривода аналізуємого вида електропотяга.Бібл. 7, рис. 2

Článek se zabývá problematikou brzd a brzdění silničních vozidel. Autor zde uvádí právní předpisy Evropské unie a České republiky, které upravují problematiku schvalování technické způsobilosti a technické kontroly brzdového systému. Příspěvek popisuje jednotlivé fáze brzdění vozidla. Upozorňuje na nutnost dodržování bezpečného odstupu mezi vozidly a uvádí sankce za jeho nedodržení. Podrobněji se věnuje reakční době řidiče a opatřením, která ji příznivě ovlivňují. V článku jsou uvedeny vzorce pro výpočet hlavních ukazatelů brzdění., The paper deals with the problematics of brakes and braking of road vehicles. Author states law regulations of the EU and the Czech Republic, which are related to the approval of technical competence and technical inspection of braking system. The paper describes all stages of braking process. It’s highlighting the need of keeping safe following distance between vehicles. There are also stated sanctions for non-compliance. More detail is dedicated the driver’s response time and measures with positive impact on it. In the paper are stated formulas for calculation of basic braking indicators.

В статті проаналізовано питання доцільності діагностування барабанно-колодкового гальма трамвая в функції часу. Розглянуто особливості функціонування даної системи. Запропоновано математичну модель функціонування пристрою діагностування барабанно-колодкового гальма та його реалізацію на основі мікроконтролера AT90S2313 10РІ. Приведено алгоритм роботи арифметико-логічного пристрою, відповідно до якого виконуються операції в мікроконтролері, В статье проанализирован вопрос целесообразности диагностики барабанно-колодочного тормоза трамвая в функции времени. Рассмотрены особенности функционирования данной системы. Предложена математическая модель функционирования устройства диагностики барабанно-колодочного тормоза и его реализация на основе микроконтроллера AT90S2313 10РІ. Приведен алгоритм работы арифметико-логического устройства, соответственно которому выполняются операции в микроконтроллере, The paper analyses the problem of diagnosis of tram's drum-plate brake in the time function. The peculiarities of system operation are considered. The had been suggested the mathematical model of tram's drum-plate brake diagnostic system and its implementation on microcontroller AT90S2313 10PI. The had been elaborated the algorithm of arithmetic-logic device operation, in accordance with the operations in the microcontroller are carried out

Transport tasks have radically changed in agriculture over the last decade. Speeds have increased along with tractor power so that 50 km/h even with a full load is quickly reached, which places more burdens on the brakes. Agricultural vehicles, especially those that can travel over 40km/h, must be fitted with safe and efficient braking systems to reduce road safety risks. Trailers being drawn must be the right size and weight for the vehicle drawing them and they should also be able to cope with the speed of the towing vehicle. They must be well maintained so that they don’t cause braking problems for the towing vehicle. In order to address these issues, revised braking requirements will apply to all agricultural tractors and their trailers (both new and existing) from 1 January 2016. They will also apply to equipment such as slurry tankers, fertiliser or manure spreaders, grain chaser bins and so on.

Osnovni zahtevi koji se postavljaju pred današnje kočne sisteme motornih i priključnih vozila, u pogledu bezbednosti vozila i saobraćaja, se odnose na njihovo dalje unapređenje kroz razvoj novih, inteligentnih, rešenja. Suština ovih zahteva jeste da se omogući pomoć vozaču kroz inteligentno upravljanje sistemima na vozilu, odnosno njihovim performansama u različitim, dinamički promenljivim, radnim uslovima. Pošto kočne performanse vozila zavise od performansi kočnica, koje funkcionišu na principima trenja i samim tim imaju vrlo nepredvidiv karakter, i od usklađenosti tih performansi sa trenutnim uslovima prijanjanja u kontaktu pneumatika sa tlom, koji se mogu intenzivno menjati tokom samo jednog ciklusa kočenja, realizacija ovih zahteva je izuzetno kompleksna. To je osnovni razlog za sprovođenje istraživanja u pogledu razvoja i implementacije inteligentnijih načina upravljanja performansama kočnog sistema na osnovu uslova prijanjanja u kontaktu pneumatik–tlo. U ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji su istraživane mogućnosti primene tehnika iz oblasti veštačke inteligencije u cilju modeliranja složenih dinamičkih uticaja radnih režima kočnica motornih vozila i uslova u kontaktu pneumatik–tlo, kao i predviđanja ovih uticaja u cilju upravljanja performansama kočnica, a time i performansama kočnog sistema, u toku ciklusa kočenja. Zbog nemogućnosti modeliranja složenih dinamičkih uticaja radnih režima kočnica motornih vozila na njihove izlazne performanse, odnosno na vrednosti klizanja u kontaktu pneumatika i puta pomoću klasičnih matematičkih metoda, uvedena je nova inteligentna metoda bazirana na dinamičkim veštačkim neuronskim mrežama i fazi logici. U skladu sa time, u ovoj disertaciji su istraživane mogućnosti primene dinamičkih veštačkih neuronskih mreža i fazi logike u cilju modeliranja, predviđanja i inteligentnog upravljanja performansama kočnica, odnosno performansama kočnog sistema. Predmetno istraživanje je usmereno ka razvoju sposobnosti kočnog sistema ka inteligentnom, In terms of vehicle and traffic safety, the main demands imposed to the braking systems of motor vehicles and trailers are related to their further improvement through development of new, intelligent, solutions. It could enable the driver assistance function through an intelligent control of the vehicle systems performance in different and dynamically changing operating conditions. Since the braking performance of vehicles depend on the performance of the brakes, which based their function on the friction, it is a difficult to control stochastically changed the brakes performance. Furthermore, harmonization of that performance with the actual conditions in the tire-road contact, which is also intensively changed during a braking cycle, the realization of demands towards an intelligent control the braking system performance is very complex. This is the main reason for conducting research regarding development and implementation of more intelligent ways for control of the braking system performance. In this doctoral thesis, possibilities for employing of an artificial intelligence have been investigated in order to model and predict the impact of the brakes operating regimes and the complex conditions in the tire-road contact in order to provide intelligent controlling of the braking system performance during a braking cycle. Due to the impossibility for modeling of complex dynamic influences of brakes’ operating conditions on their performance and consequently on the value of the longitudinal wheel slip using conventional mathematical methods, a new method has been introduced based on an integration of dynamic neural networks and fuzzy logic. Accordingly, this thesis investigated possibilities for the proper integration of dynamic artificial neural networks and fuzzy logic in modeling, prediction, and intelligent control of the brakes’ performance, i.e. performance of the braking system. It should provide inherent capabilities of the braking system towards an intelli

An original ultrasonic reverse warning system is a new system that can assist drivers while car is braking. It is includes ultrasonic emitter and receiver that can producing and receiving the ultrasonic waves to determine the distance between car and obstacle. But it is not good enough for the safety of cars, in this paper, we are meant to design a system that can help drivers stop the car automatically, an electronic circuit was constructed. According to this circuit we design, a signal was produced to the braking system of car based on the distance between car and obstacle for a safe braking purpose. Error is also discussed and during the experiment, the improvement for the original system has also achieved.

An original ultrasonic reverse warning system is a new system that can assist drivers while car is braking. It is includes ultrasonic emitter and receiver that can producing and receiving the ultrasonic waves to determine the distance between car and obstacle. But it is not good enough for the safety of cars, in this paper, we are meant to design a system that can help drivers stop the car automatically, an electronic circuit was constructed. According to this circuit we design, a signal was produced to the braking system of car based on the distance between car and obstacle for a safe braking purpose. Error is also discussed and during the experiment, the improvement for the original system has also achieved.

Computer simulations take an important place in the engineering development of innovative control strategies of vehicle braking systems. The simulations are often used to study and analyze the design and operation of various conceptual solutions of braking systems for determination of a near optimal configurations and performance. In addition, complex and continuously increasing technological demands related to vehicles’ safety and stability issues indicate that design and operation of their braking systems should be constantly improved by developing new and intelligent solutions. Adequate simulation platforms for developing of braking systems with intelligent abilities could be very helpful in analysis of such designed conceptual solutions and verification of the selected control strategies. That is why, a simulation model of intelligent braking system has been proposed in this paper using Matlab/Simulink. It is done in order to simulate the different braking situations and predict the braking system performance versus driver’s demands, vehicle load conditions and actual braking regimes.

Baigiamajame magistro darbe analizuojami privalomosios techninės apžiūros nustatytų techninių trūkumų statistika, jų pasiskirstymas pagal konstrukcijų grupes. Analizuojami privalomosios techninės apžiūros metu gaunamų automobilio stabdžių bandymų rezultatai. Tiriama automobilio stabdymo jėgų netolygumą lemiančių faktorių įtaka bandymų rezultatams. Apžvelgiami periodinės techninės apžiūros reikalavimai automobilio stabdžių sistemai, juos nusakantys dokumentai. Analizuojami bandymų rezultatai, jų sklaida ir pasiskirstymas. Pateiktas G. Tagušio statistinis metodas, bandymų rezultatų sklaidos analizei, vadinamas ANOVA. Taikant šį metodą įvertinamas faktorių, sąveikaujančių bandymų metu, įnašas į bendrą rezultatą ir pateikiamos gautos jų procentinės reikšmės. Darbo apimtis 42 p., 36 iliustr., 11 lent., 12 bibliografinių šaltinių., The final thesis analyses technical defects of automobiles and evaluation of it. Brake testing results during periodical technical inspection, ratio of braking effort, values of results, dispersion of values is examined. The paper describe the requirements for brake system. A review of statistical method is conducted introducing G. Tagushi method ANOVA for analysis of variation. ANOVA method is used to evaluate contribution of factors which influence ratio of braking force between wheels. When results of tests with roller brake tester was analyzed the contribution of factors for results are given. Thesis consist of: 42 p. text, 36 pictures, 11 tables, 12 bibliographical entries.

Traditional product development process is costly and time-consuming. It requires system components being fabricated, assembled and tested. Systems-engineering based sustainable development enables optimised solutions to the problem by confronting all mutually opposed requirements. This paper proposes application of an advanced tool of systems engineering - integrated virtual reality with artificial intelligence in the sustainable development of braking systems by integrating design, calculation and testing. It enables design engineer 'to see' the results of the design, calculation, simulation, tests and/or verification work. The proposed methodology is transferable to other automotive systems and components.

Results of design researches of brake efficiency of the freight cars with an axial load 25 fon-force with various values of tare weight and a skid margin are cited. Nomographs for choice a gear ratio at change of a skid margin from 0 % up to 10 % are built. Analytical dependences for definition of a gear ratio of the freight car and design factor of brake shoe pressure force on wheels are received. It is shown, that the freight cars with tare weight 25 and 26 tonforce have the greatest brake efficiency., Приведены результаты расчетных исследований тормозной эффективности грузовых вагонов с осевой нагрузкой 25 тс с различными значениями массы тары и запаса по юзу. Построены. номограммы по выбору передаточного числа при изменении запаса по юзу от 0 % до 10 %. Получены аналитические зависимости для определения передаточного числа грузового вагона и расчетного коэффициента силы нажатия колодок на колеса. Показано, что наибольшую тормозную эффективность имеют грузовые вагоны с массой тары 25 и 26 тс., Приведені результати розрахункових досліджень гальмової ефективності вантажних вагонів з осьовим навантаженням 25 тс із різними значеннями маси тари і запасу по юзу. Побудовані номограми по вибору передаточного числа при зміні запасу по юзу від 0 % до 10 %. Отримано аналітичні залежності для визначення передаточного числа вантажного вагона і розрахункового коефіцієнта сили натиснення колодок на колеса. Показано, що найбільшу гальмову ефективність мають вантажні вагони з масою тари 25 і 26 тс.

This report is the result of a master thesis at the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Division of Industrial and Economical Development, at Linköping University of Technology. The project was carried out on behalf of Fanerami AB, Mjölby and includes 20 weeks of full time schedule work. Cabinets with vertical mounted roller shutters all share the same problem, namely weight balancing. A roller shutter has an equilibrium area where the sum of the different forces acting on the shutter equals zero. As the shutter leaves that area it will pick up speed as it falls towards the bottom. When the shutter hits the bottom of the cabinet there is a potential risk of getting fingers caught and in this project a solution to prevent this from happening was to be presented. In this project, three concepts have been generated with the following different purposes: •In concept 1 the risk of getting any fingers caught when the shutter closes was to be eliminated in an efficient and inexpensive way. •In concept 2 the roller shutter had to be balanced at all time providing the possibility to keep the cabinet open in any position. •The last and most challenging task was to create a remote controlled TV cabinet. The shutters were mounted horizontally and were to be opened simply by pushing the bottom either on the remote transmitter unit or the cabinet. The first concept uses a small oil damper, often seen in kitchen cabinets and drawers. The roller shutter applies pressure on the damper via a lever that transforms the shutter motion along a certain path to a smaller motion in the direction of the damper. By doing so, a smaller damper with higher pressure can be used. Dampers are available with several different pressures and can be mounted in five different positions; therefore the concept can be adjusted to fit almost any cabinet. Concept 2 consists of a thin cord winded around a wheel. The wheel is equipped with a spring that tightens when the cord is pulled in. The spring produce

This report is the result of a master thesis at the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Division of Industrial and Economical Development, at Linköping University of Technology. The project was carried out on behalf of Fanerami AB, Mjölby and includes 20 weeks of full time schedule work. Cabinets with vertical mounted roller shutters all share the same problem, namely weight balancing. A roller shutter has an equilibrium area where the sum of the different forces acting on the shutter equals zero. As the shutter leaves that area it will pick up speed as it falls towards the bottom. When the shutter hits the bottom of the cabinet there is a potential risk of getting fingers caught and in this project a solution to prevent this from happening was to be presented. In this project, three concepts have been generated with the following different purposes: •In concept 1 the risk of getting any fingers caught when the shutter closes was to be eliminated in an efficient and inexpensive way. •In concept 2 the roller shutter had to be balanced at all time providing the possibility to keep the cabinet open in any position. •The last and most challenging task was to create a remote controlled TV cabinet. The shutters were mounted horizontally and were to be opened simply by pushing the bottom either on the remote transmitter unit or the cabinet. The first concept uses a small oil damper, often seen in kitchen cabinets and drawers. The roller shutter applies pressure on the damper via a lever that transforms the shutter motion along a certain path to a smaller motion in the direction of the damper. By doing so, a smaller damper with higher pressure can be used. Dampers are available with several different pressures and can be mounted in five different positions; therefore the concept can be adjusted to fit almost any cabinet. Concept 2 consists of a thin cord winded around a wheel. The wheel is equipped with a spring that tightens when the cord is pulled in. The spring produce

Návrh brzdové soustavy pro vůz formulového typu. Výpočet základních sil působících v brzdové soustavě, včetně návrhu hydraulických okruhů. Mechanická analýza nejdůležitějších součástí brzdového systému a pedálové sestavy. Tepelná analýza brzdových kotoučů. Výroba a celková kalkulace nákladů., Design of braking system for the formula student car. Calculation of basic forces acting in the braking system, including the design of hydraulic circuits. Mechanical analysis of the most important parts of the braking system and pedal assembly. Thermal analysis of the brake discs. Manufacturing and total cost calculation.

Tato diplomová práce se zabývá koncepčním návrhem malého užitkového vozidla se třemi nápravami. Cílem je navržení vhodného typu rámu spolu s konstrukcí všech náprav a řízení, provedení hnacího ústrojí, brzdového zařízení a dalšího základního příslušenství. Vlastnímu řešení předchází vypracování přehledu pojednávajícího o dnes i v minulosti vyráběných malých užitkových vozidlech spolu s popisem všech variant základních konstrukčních skupin vhodných pro stavbu zadaného vozidla., This thesis deals with a conceptual design of small utility vehicle with three axles. The aim is to devise a suitable type of frame along with construction of all axles and a steering system, implementation of a drive train, a braking system and other basic equipment. Own solution is preceded by elaboration of a survey dealing with small utility vehicles produced nowadays as well as in the past together with a description of all variants of basic assemblies suitable for the construction of the specified vehicle.

Návrh brzdové soustavy pro vůz formulového typu. Výpočet základních sil působících v brzdové soustavě. Mechanická analýza nejdůležitějších součástí brzdového systému. Výroba brzdového pedálu. Sestavení brzdových komponentů do sestavy., Design of braking system for the formula student car. Calculation of basic forces acting in the braking system. Mechanical analysis of the most important parts of the braking system. Manufacturing of brake pedal. Assembly brake components to brake system.

Rozvoj elektroniky způsobil revoluci v automobilovém průmyslu. Mezníkem ve vývoji bezpečnostních elektronických systémů se stal protiblokovací systém. ABS detekuje náchylnost k blokování kol, ke kterému může dojít při brždění za kritických jízdních podmínek, a následně zasáhne. Dalším milníkem je využití simulačních programů. Simulace umožňuje opakovaně provádět testy a najít tak optimální řešení daného problému ještě před použitím v praxi, čímž se výrazně sníží čas a náklady na vývoj. V práci je popsána nejdůležitější složka bezpečnostních systémů – brzdová soustava a dále celý brzdný proces systému ABS. Pomocí matematického popisu kola je v programu Matlab-Simulink pro simulaci jízdních podmínek sestaven čtvrtinový model vozidla a k němu následně vytvořen systém ABS. Ke konci se nachází zhodnocení a graficky znázorněné výsledky simulací brždění., The development of electronics caused revolution the automobile industry. Antilock-Brake-System have become a milestone in the development of electronic security systems. ABS detects susceptibility to locking the wheels, which may occur during braking for critical driving conditions, and then hits. Using of simulation programs is another milestone. Simulation allows repeating of tests and find the best solution of the problem before introduction in practice. Time and development costs are then significantly reduced. In the work is described the most important component of security systems - the braking system and the entire braking process of ABS system. With using a mathematical description of the wheel is in the Matlab-Simulink made quarter model of the vehicle to simulate driving conditions and then created to it a system of ABS. At the end is there an assessment and graphically shown the results of simulations braking.

V této bakalářské práci jsou popsány základní elektronické systémy stabilizace. Tyto systémy slouží především k aktivní bezpečnosti v provozu, ale také k jízdnímu pohodlí posádky. Hlavní část práce je zaměřena na systémy ABS, ASR a ESP. Další části jsou zaměřené na ostatní přídavné systémy, které se stále vyvíjí. Součástí této práce je také pohled jednotlivých automobilek a možné kroky do budoucna., In this Bachelor’s thesis there are basic electronic stability systems described. These systems are mostly used as a precaution in safety of the traffic, but also to ensure comfort of the crew. The main part of the thesis is focused on systems ABS, ASR and ESP. The other parts aim to describe additional systems, which are still in development. In the end there is also view of various individual car companies and possible steps in the future.

Tato práce vypracovává základní přehled pedálových skupin současných vozidel. Soustředí se na vytvoření počítačového modelu pedálové skupiny a s pomocí výpočtového modelu a simulace napjatosti jednotlivých komponent navrhuje odlehčení., This thesis draws up a basic overview of the current groups pedal cars. It focuses on creating a computer model of the pedal group with the help of the mathematical model and simulation stress of individual components and proposed relief.

Brzdová zařízení nákladních vozidel a rozbor jejích komponent z hlediska konstrukce a vzájemné spolupráce jsou tématem této bakalářské práce. Věnuje se stručnému vymezení pojmu „brzdy“ a rozděluje je dle různých kritérií. Dále detailně shrnuje poznatky o vzduchotlakých brzdách, brzdách přípojných vozidel nákladních automobilů a retardérech. Práce má charakter rešerše a na závěr jsou naznačeny možné tendence dalšího vývoje., The aim of this bachelor thesis is to examine truck braking systems and their components due to the construction and to describe their cooperation. The first part deals with brake definition and with dividing brakes into different categories. The second part focuses on compressed air brakes, truck trailer brakes and retarders. The thesis has a research character and the last part deals with possible trends in the development of truck braking systems.

Bakalárska práca sa zaoberá brzdovým systémom ABS a jeho vplyvom na brzdnú dráhu vozidla. Práca obsahuje návrh, popis vývoja a testovanie simulačného modelu vo verifikačnom prostredí UPPAAL. Výsledný model je systémom navzájom komunikujúcich časovaných automatov. Analýza vlastností modelu je založená na metóde štatistického overovania modelu. Model umožňuje skúmať najmä priebeh a dĺžku brzdnej dráhy. Ostatné premenné ovplyvňujúce chovanie modelu, ktoré je možné sledovať sú sklz, koeficient trenia, odpor vzduchu, brzdná sila a rýchlosť vozidla. Je možné taktiež zistiť pravdepodobnosť, že vozidlo za zvolených podmienok zastaví do určitého počtu metrov a skúmať vplyv systému ABS na tieto výsledky., Bachelor thesis discusses the ABS braking system and its influence on the braking distance of the vehicle. The thesis includes design, description of the development and testing of the model in the UPPAAL verification environment. The resulting model is a system of intercommunicating timed automata. The analysis of the model properties is based on the method of statistical verification. The model allows us to investigate in particular the course and the length of the braking track. Other variables affecting the behavior of the model that can be tracked are skidding, friction coefficient, air resistance, braking force and vehicle speed. It is also possible to obtain the probability of the vehicle stopping within a certain distance under the chosen conditions and examine the impact of ABS on these results.

Brzdová zařízení nákladních vozidel a rozbor jejích komponent z hlediska konstrukce a vzájemné spolupráce jsou tématem této bakalářské práce. Věnuje se stručnému vymezení pojmu „brzdy“ a rozděluje je dle různých kritérií. Dále detailně shrnuje poznatky o vzduchotlakých brzdách, brzdách přípojných vozidel nákladních automobilů a retardérech. Práce má charakter rešerše a na závěr jsou naznačeny možné tendence dalšího vývoje., The aim of this bachelor thesis is to examine truck braking systems and their components due to the construction and to describe their cooperation. The first part deals with brake definition and with dividing brakes into different categories. The second part focuses on compressed air brakes, truck trailer brakes and retarders. The thesis has a research character and the last part deals with possible trends in the development of truck braking systems.

Cílem této diplomové práce je podat jejímu čtenáři komplexní informace, vedoucí k návrhu komponent brzdového systému, určeného pro závodní vozy kategorie formule Student. Zpracování je rozděleno do čtyř hlavních úseků. První část popisuje základní součásti brzdových systémů, s plynulým navázáním na rozbor brzdového systému u současně používaného vozu formule Student Dragon 1. V druhé, obsáhlejší části je provedeno dimenzování brzdového systému vozu formule Student Dragon 2, zohledňující získané poznatky z první generace vozu. Na základě měření a výsledků výpočtů, se třetí část zabývá návrhem konkrétních součástí brzdového systému, určeného pro druhou generaci vozu. Závěr diplomové práce je věnován návrhu modelu brzdového třmenu a jeho následné MKP analýze., Describe entire information about design of respective component in Formula (category Student) braking system is object of this thesis. Processing is divided to four main areas. The first one describes basic components in braking system, which goes on analysis of braking system in present used Formula Student Dragon 1. The second one, more spread part, consists of braking system proportioning for Formula Student Dragon 2, respecting pieces of knowledge from first generation Formula. The third part involves design single components of braking system for second generation Formula. This design is supported by measurements and results of calculations. The conclusion of master thesis involves design of caliper model and its FEM analysis.

Tato diplomová práce se zabývá porovnáním brzdových systémů formule SAE. Z provedeného porovnání je vybráno nejvhodnější řešení a provedeno jeho dimenzování a vlastní konstrukční návrh. Ten je ověřen analýzou napjatosti a analýzou přestupu tepla., This work is engaged in the confrontation of the existing braking system of Formula SAE project. From made confrontations is selected the best solution and make his dimension and own construct design. It is verify through analyse of tension and analyse of heat transfer.

Návrh brzdové soustavy pro vůz formulového typu. Výpočet základních sil působících v brzdové soustavě, včetně návrhu hydraulických okruhů. Mechanická analýza nejdůležitějších součástí brzdového systému a pedálové sestavy. Tepelná analýza brzdových kotoučů. Výroba a celková kalkulace nákladů., Design of braking system for the formula student car. Calculation of basic forces acting in the braking system, including the design of hydraulic circuits. Mechanical analysis of the most important parts of the braking system and pedal assembly. Thermal analysis of the brake discs. Manufacturing and total cost calculation.

Předmětem práce je srovnání návrhových prvků českých norem pro projektování pozemních komunikací s normami ve vybraných členských státech EU. Na základě srovnání a po dohodě s vedoucím práce je navržena optimalizace řídících prvků podélného sklonu s ohledem na udržitelnou bezpečnost dopravy. Práce řeší podélné sklony dálnic, rychlostních silnic a ostatních směrově rozdělených silnic dle normy ČSN 73 6101., Subject of the work is comparison between the selected Czech standards elements for the road design and the standards in selected EU Member States. Based on the comparison and in agreement with the supervisor is designed to optimize the control elements of pitch towards sustainable transport safety. The work addresses the longitudinal gradients of motorways, expressways and other roads directionally divided according to standard ČSN 73 6101.

Cílem této diplomové práce je podat jejímu čtenáři komplexní informace, vedoucí k návrhu komponent brzdového systému, určeného pro závodní vozy kategorie formule Student. Zpracování je rozděleno do čtyř hlavních úseků. První část popisuje základní součásti brzdových systémů, s plynulým navázáním na rozbor brzdového systému u současně používaného vozu formule Student Dragon 1. V druhé, obsáhlejší části je provedeno dimenzování brzdového systému vozu formule Student Dragon 2, zohledňující získané poznatky z první generace vozu. Na základě měření a výsledků výpočtů, se třetí část zabývá návrhem konkrétních součástí brzdového systému, určeného pro druhou generaci vozu. Závěr diplomové práce je věnován návrhu modelu brzdového třmenu a jeho následné MKP analýze., Describe entire information about design of respective component in Formula (category Student) braking system is object of this thesis. Processing is divided to four main areas. The first one describes basic components in braking system, which goes on analysis of braking system in present used Formula Student Dragon 1. The second one, more spread part, consists of braking system proportioning for Formula Student Dragon 2, respecting pieces of knowledge from first generation Formula. The third part involves design single components of braking system for second generation Formula. This design is supported by measurements and results of calculations. The conclusion of master thesis involves design of caliper model and its FEM analysis.

Návrh brzdové soustavy pro vůz formulového typu. Výpočet základních sil působících v brzdové soustavě. Mechanická analýza nejdůležitějších součástí brzdového systému. Výroba brzdového pedálu. Sestavení brzdových komponentů do sestavy., Design of braking system for the formula student car. Calculation of basic forces acting in the braking system. Mechanical analysis of the most important parts of the braking system. Manufacturing of brake pedal. Assembly brake components to brake system.

Rozvoj elektroniky způsobil revoluci v automobilovém průmyslu. Mezníkem ve vývoji bezpečnostních elektronických systémů se stal protiblokovací systém. ABS detekuje náchylnost k blokování kol, ke kterému může dojít při brždění za kritických jízdních podmínek, a následně zasáhne. Dalším milníkem je využití simulačních programů. Simulace umožňuje opakovaně provádět testy a najít tak optimální řešení daného problému ještě před použitím v praxi, čímž se výrazně sníží čas a náklady na vývoj. V práci je popsána nejdůležitější složka bezpečnostních systémů – brzdová soustava a dále celý brzdný proces systému ABS. Pomocí matematického popisu kola je v programu Matlab-Simulink pro simulaci jízdních podmínek sestaven čtvrtinový model vozidla a k němu následně vytvořen systém ABS. Ke konci se nachází zhodnocení a graficky znázorněné výsledky simulací brždění., The development of electronics caused revolution the automobile industry. Antilock-Brake-System have become a milestone in the development of electronic security systems. ABS detects susceptibility to locking the wheels, which may occur during braking for critical driving conditions, and then hits. Using of simulation programs is another milestone. Simulation allows repeating of tests and find the best solution of the problem before introduction in practice. Time and development costs are then significantly reduced. In the work is described the most important component of security systems - the braking system and the entire braking process of ABS system. With using a mathematical description of the wheel is in the Matlab-Simulink made quarter model of the vehicle to simulate driving conditions and then created to it a system of ABS. At the end is there an assessment and graphically shown the results of simulations braking.