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Osteochondromas represent the most common primary bone tumors. So far, there have been no recent reports of osteochondroma in the Venezuelan population and even less of atypical localization. We present a clinical case of a 29-year-old female patient who consulted for progressive increase of volume in the posterior area of the left knee accompanied by pain and functional limitation for walking of 10 years of evolution. Plain radiography of the left knee and magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the presence of a space-occupying lesion in the popliteal region originating from the head of the fibula. The preoperative biopsy reported osteochondroma without malignancy. She underwent surgery with a wide posterior approach to the knee with an S-shaped incision with total exposure of the tumor and dissection of the popliteal artery, popliteal vein, tibial nerve and peroneal artery, with immobilization of the left lower limb using an inguino-malleolar splint. The patient had an uncomplicated postoperative period, with radiographic results 9 days after surgery showing total exeresis of the tumor and biopsy results of the surgical specimen of osteochondroma with no evidence of malignancy. The patient continues with satisfactory evolution and progressive reintegration to her work and social activities. The recommended treatment of choice for symptomatic atypical osteochondromas is surgical resection and follow-up due to the possibility of malignancy., Los osteocondromas representan los tumores óseos primarios más comunes. Hasta ahora no se ha registrado ningún informe reciente sobre el osteocondroma en la población venezolana y menos de localización atípica. Se presenta un caso clínico de una paciente femenina de 29 años quien consulta por aumento de volumen progresivo en la zona posterior de la rodilla izquierda acompañado de dolor y limitación funcional para la marcha de 10 años de evolución. La radiografía simple de rodilla izquierda y la resonancia magnética confirmaron la presencia de un lesión ocupante de espacio en región poplítea procedente de la cabeza del peroné. La biopsia preoperatoria reportó osteocondroma. Es intervenida con abordaje posterior amplio de rodilla realizando una incisión en S con exposición total del tumor y disección de la arteria poplítea, vena poplítea, nervio tibial y arteria peronea, con inmovilización del miembro inferior izquierdo usando una férula inguino-maleolar. La paciente registra un postoperatorio sin complicaciones, con resultado de radiografía a los 9 días de la intervención donde se evidencia excéresis total del tumor y resultado de la biopsia de la pieza quirúrgica de osteocondroma sin evidencia de malignidad. La paciente continua con evolución satisfactoria y reintegro progresivo a sus actividades laborales y sociales. El tratamiento de elección recomendado para los osteocondromas de localización atípica sintomáticos es la resección quirúrgica y seguimiento por la posibilidad de malignizarse.

We know that the optimal site for DNA extraction from human skeletal remains lies primarily in the petrous portion of the crania, and secondarily in the dental pulp, but we do not know why. As for the optimal location in the post-crania, targeted extraction sites are based on experience or inference, not empirical data. So, where to sample for DNA when only post-cranial elements are available? There are many instances where the petrous and/or teeth are not present or cannot be sampled. The three main goals of the project are 1- develop our foundational knowledge of the underlying cellular and biochemical reasons behind differential DNA preservation, 2- develop a minimally destructive sampling method, and 3- to construct a guide for forensic and biological anthropologists to determine which post-cranial elements to use for optimal DNA extraction. Pinpointing the ideal sites for the DNA extraction process will be advantageous when limited elements are available. Over 200 sites will be sampled from across a skeleton (obtained through the Montana State Crime Lab) and quantified for the number of starting molecules of both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. Additionally, the 21 CODIS markers will be tested to see which sampling locations and bone types afford more complete STR profiles. Uniquely, this project will: 1) utilize knowledge of the cellular components and biochemical processes specific to the growth and maintenance of bones to target specific sites on skeletal elements for optimal DNA extraction, 2) incorporate knowledge of cell types to investigate the specific type of bone (cortical or trabecular) that is best for sampling at that site, 3) design and construct a visual “heat map” of the human post-cranial skeleton for use in both forensic DNA and ancient DNA (aDNA) laboratories.

Osteoclast (OC) abnormalities represent osteoporosis's critical mechanism (OP). OCs undergo multiple processes that range from monocytic to functional. Different drugs target OCs at different developmental stages; however, almost no Suitable drug-targeted delivery systems exist. Therefore, we designed two dual-targeting nanoparticles to target OCs at different functional stages. Using the calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor (CGRPR), which OC precursors highly express, and specific TRAPpeptides screened in the bone resorption lacuna, where mature OCs function, respectively, two types of dual-targeted nanoparticles were constructed. Afterwards, nanoparticles were grafted with hyaluronic acid (HA), which specifically binds to CD44 on the surface of the OCs. In vivo and in vitro experiments show that both nanoparticles have noticeable targeting effects on OCs. This suggests that dual-targeting nanoparticles designed for different functional periods of OC can be well targeted to the corresponding OC, and further promote the more precise delivery of drugs used to treat OP., QC 20221214

Tissue engineering is nowadays a powerful tool to restore damaged tissues and recover their normal functionality. Advantages over other current methods are well established, although a continuous evolution is still necessary to improve the final performance and the range of applications. Trends are nowadays focused on the development of multifunctional scaffolds with hierarchical structures and the capability to render a sustained delivery of bioactive molecules under an appropriate stimulus. Nanocomposites incorporating hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HAp NPs) have a predominant role in bone tissue regeneration due to their high capacity to enhance osteoinduction, osteoconduction, and osteointegration, as well as their encapsulation efficiency and protection capability of bioactive agents. Selection of appropriated polymeric matrices is fundamental and consequently great efforts have been invested to increase the range of properties of available materials through copolymerization, blending, or combining structures constituted by different materials. Scaffolds can be obtained from different processes that differ in characteristics, such as texture or porosity. Probably, electrospinning has the greater relevance, since the obtained nanofiber membranes have a great similarity with the extracellular matrix and, in addition, they can easily incorporate functional and bioactive compounds. Coaxial and emulsion electrospinning processes appear ideal to generate complex systems able to incorporate highly different agents. The present review is mainly focused on the recent works performed with Hap-loaded scaffolds having at least one structural layer composed of core/shell nanofibers., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

3D cell culture systems based on biological scaffold materials obtainable from both animal and human tissues constitute very interesting tools for cell therapy and personalised medicine applications. The white adipose tissue (AT) extracellular matrix (ECM) is a very promising biomaterial for tissue engineering due to its easy accessibility, malleability and proven biological activity. In the present study, human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) were combined in vitro with ECM scaffolds from porcine and human decellularised adipose tissues (pDAT, hDAT) processed as 3D solid foams, to investigate their effects on the osteogenic differentiation capacity and bone matrix production of hDPSCs, compared to single-protein-based 3D solid foams of collagen type I and conventional 2D tissue-culture-treated polystyrene plates. pDAT solid foams supported the osteogenic differentiation of hDPSCs to similar levels to collagen type I, as assessed by alkaline phosphatase and alizarin red stainings, reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and osteocalcin/bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein (BGLAP) immunostaining. Interestingly, hDAT solid foams showed a markedly lower capacity to sustain hDPSC osteogenic differentiation and matrix calcification and a higher capacity to support adipogenesis, as assessed by RT-qPCR and oil red O staining. White ATs from both human and porcine origins are relatively abundant and available sources of raw material to obtain high quality ECM-derived biomedical products. These biomaterials could have promising applications in tissue engineering and personalised clinical therapy for the healing and regeneration of lesions involving not only a loss of calcified bone but also its associated soft non-calcified tissues.

Porous, bioactive microspheres have always been a dream material to biomedical scientists for bone regeneration and drug delivery applications due to their interconnectivity, unique pore geometry, encapsulation ability and porosity spanning macroscopic, microscopic and nanoscopic length scales. Extensive efforts have been made to produce such materials synthetically at a great cost of money, time and labor. Herein, naturally-assembled multifunctional, open-channeled and hollow bioactive micro silica spheres (diameter 209.4 ± 38.5 µm) were discovered in a marine sponge (Geodia macandrewii), by peeling the outer surface of the sterrasters using hydrogen fluoride. The obtained micro silica spheres exhibited valuable characteristics such as homogeneously distributed pores, a cavity in the center of the sphere, and channels (approx. 3000) opening from each pore into the central cavity. Simulated body fluid analysis demonstrated the bioactivity of the micro silica spheres; whereas, no bioactivity was recorded for the original untreated sterrasters. The non-cytotoxicity and osteogenic ability of the isolated microspheres were confirmed through osteoblast cell culture. Finally, these silica based porous microspheres were tested for controlled drug release capacity. The spheres showed excellent loading and release abilities for an anti-cancer drug, carboplatin, in simulated solutions and in human cancer cell culture, HeLa, through a real time cell analyzer system. The drug loading capacity of the porous beads was determined as 10.59%. Considering the unique biological and physicochemical properties, these novel bioactive silica spheres, which we name as giant macroporous silica (GMS), are promising materials for a range of applications including bone tissue engineering and drug delivery.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the structure and material properties of native mandibular bone and those of early regenerate bone, produced by bone transport distraction osteogenesis. Ten adult foxhounds were divided into two groups of five animals each. In all animals, a 3- to 4-cm defect was created on one side of the mandible. A bone transport reconstruction plate, consisting of a reconstruction plate with an attached intraoral transport unit, was utilized to stabilize the mandible and regenerate bone at a rate of 1 mm/day. After the distraction period was finished, the animals were killed at 6 and 12 weeks of consolidation. Micro-computed tomography was used to assess the morphometric and structural indices of regenerate bone and matching bone from the unoperated contralateral side. Significant new bone was formed within the defect in the 6- and 12-week groups. Significant differences (P = 0.05) between mandibular regenerated and native bone were found in regard to bone volume fraction, mineral density, bone surface ratio, trabecular thickness, trabecular separation, and connectivity density, which increased from 12 to 18 weeks of consolidation. We showed that regenerated bone is still mineralizing and that native bone appears denser because of a thick outer layer of cortical bone that is not yet formed in the regenerate. However, the regenerate showed a significantly higher number of thicker trabeculae. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the structure and material properties of native mandibular bone and those of early regenerate bone, produced by bone transport distraction osteogenesis. Ten adult foxhounds were divided into two groups of five animals each. In all animals, a 3- to 4-cm defect was created on one side of the mandible. A bone transport reconstruction plate, consisting of a reconstruction plate with an attached intraoral transport unit, was utilized to stabilize the mandible and regenerate bone at a rate of 1 mm/day. After the distraction period was finished, the animals were killed at 6 and 12 weeks of consolidation. Micro-computed tomography was used to assess the morphometric and structural indices of regenerate bone and matching bone from the unoperated contralateral side. Significant new bone was formed within the defect in the 6- and 12-week groups. Significant differences (P = 0.05) between mandibular regenerated and native bone were found in regard to bone volume fraction, mineral density, bone surface ratio, trabecular thickness, trabecular separation, and connectivity density, which increased from 12 to 18 weeks of consolidation. We showed that regenerated bone is still mineralizing and that native bone appears denser because of a thick outer layer of cortical bone that is not yet formed in the regenerate. However, the regenerate showed a significantly higher number of thicker trabeculae. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.

Porous, bioactive microspheres have always been a dream material to biomedical scientists for bone regeneration and drug delivery applications due to their interconnectivity, unique pore geometry, encapsulation ability and porosity spanning macroscopic, microscopic and nanoscopic length scales. Extensive efforts have been made to produce such materials synthetically at a great cost of money, time and labor. Herein, naturally-assembled multifunctional, open-channeled and hollow bioactive micro silica spheres (diameter 209.4 +/- 38.5 mu m) were discovered in a marine sponge (Geodia macandrewii), by peeling the outer surface of the sterrasters using hydrogen fluoride. The obtained micro silica spheres exhibited valuable characteristics such as homogeneously distributed pores, a cavity in the center of the sphere, and channels (approx. 3000) opening from each pore into the central cavity. Simulated body fluid analysis demonstrated the bioactivity of the micro silica spheres; whereas, no bioactivity was recorded for the original untreated sterrasters. The non-cytotoxicity and osteogenic ability of the isolated microspheres were confirmed through osteoblast cell culture. Finally, these silica based porous microspheres were tested for controlled drug release capacity. The spheres showed excellent loading and release abilities for an anti-cancer drug, carboplatin, in simulated solutions and in human cancer cell culture, HeLa, through a real time cell analyzer system. The drug loading capacity of the porous beads was determined as 10.59%. Considering the unique biological and physicochemical properties, these novel bioactive silica spheres, which we name as giant macroporous silica (GMS), are promising materials for a range of applications including bone tissue engineering and drug delivery.

Photoplethysmography performed on the peripheral extremities or the earlobes cannot always provide sufficiently rapid and accurate calculation of arterial oxygen saturation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a novel photoplethysmography prototype to be fixed over the sternum. Our hypotheses were that arterial oxygen saturation can be determined from an intraosseous photoplethysmography signal from the sternum and that such monitoring detects hypoxemia faster than pulse oximetry at standard sites. Sixteen healthy male volunteers were subjected to incremental hypoxemia using different gas mixtures with decreasing oxygen content. The sternal probe was calibrated using arterial haemoglobin CO-oximetry (SaO2%). Sternal probe readings (SRHO2%) were then compared to SaO2% at various degrees of hypoxia. The time to detect hypoxemia was compared to measurements from standard finger and ear pulse oximeters. A significant association from individual regression between SRHO2% and SaO2% was found (r(2) 0.97), Spearman R ranged between 0.71 and 0.92 for the different inhaled gas mixtures. Limits of agreement according to Bland-Altman plots had a increased interval with decreasing arterial oxygen saturation. The sternal probe detected hypoxemia 28.7 s faster than a finger probe (95% CI 20.0-37.4 s, p < 0.001) and 6.6 s faster than an ear probe (95% CI 5.3-8.7 s, p < 0.001). In an experimental setting, arterial oxygen saturation could be determined using the photoplethysmography signal obtained from sternal blood flow after calibration with CO-oximetry. This method detected hypoxemia significantly faster than pulse oximetry performed on the finger or the ear.

Impact statement This work demonstrates an effective method of enhancing osteogenesis of mesenchymal stromal cells on electrospun scaffolds through coculturing with endothelial cells. Furthermore, we provide the optimized conditions for cocultures on electrospun fibrous scaffolds and engineered bone tissues with oriented topography on aligned fibers. This study demonstrates promising findings for growing oriented tissue-engineered cocultures with significant increase in osteogenesis over monoculture conditions.Vascularization is a critical process during bone regeneration. The lack of vascular networks leads to insufficient oxygen and nutrients supply, which compromises the survival of regenerated bone. One strategy for improving the survival and osteogenesis of tissue-engineered bone grafts involves the coculture of endothelial cells (ECs) with mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Moreover, bone regeneration is especially challenging due to its unique structural properties with aligned topographical cues, with which stem cells can interact. Inspired by the aligned fibrillar nanostructures in human cancellous bone, we fabricated polycaprolactone (PCL) electrospun fibers with aligned and random morphology, cocultured human MSCs with human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs), and finally investigated how these two factors modulate osteogenic differentiation of human MSCs (hMSCs). After optimizing cell ratio, a hMSCs/HUVECs ratio (90:10) was considered to be the best combination for osteogenic differentiation. Coculture results showed that hMSCs and HUVECs adhered to and proliferated well on both scaffolds. The aligned structure of PCL fibers strongly influenced the morphology and orientation of hMSCs and HUVECs; however, fiber alignment was observed to not affect alkaline phosphate (ALP) activity or mineralization of hMSCs compared with random scaffolds. More importantly, cocultured cells on both random and aligned scaffolds had significantly higher ALP activities than

The study included 201 offspring (108 castrated males and 93 females) of Landrace (L), Large White (LW) and Pietrain (P) sires. The studied animals were of following genotype: Landrace (L; n = 48); two breed crosses with 50:50 share of parental breeds (LWxL, n=32; and PxL, n=23), two breed crosses with 75% of paternal breed [Lx(♀LWxL), n=35] and [LWx(♀LxWL) n=38] and three breed crosses [Px(♀LWxL) n=25]. Animals included in this study were born during four seasons: winter (n=38), spring (n=65), summer (n=40) and autumn (n=58). Studies have shown that, at an average weight of warm carcass side of 81.20 kg, the highest average values for the weight of round (RW; 10.204 kg), the weight of intermuscular fatty tissue (RINT; 0.478 kg), bone tissue (RBT; 0.850 kg) and muscle tissue (RMT, 7.552 kg) in the round, were established in three-breed crosses of Px (LWxL) genotype compared to other genotypes. The least skin and subcutaneous fatty tissue (RST; 1.269 kg) was recorded in two breed crosses PxL. They had less skin and subcutaneous fatty tissue by 454 g and 467 grams, respectively, compared to two breed crosses (LWxL) and LWx (♀LxLW). Research has shown that there is a genotype on a farm that gives more muscle tissue in the round by 1.521 kg [Px (♀LWxL): LWx (♀LWxL)] with the same weight of warm carcass side, which is a very large difference. With the same average weight of warm carcass side, female animals had higher average weight of the round and yield of muscle tissue compared to male castrated animals. The effect of genotype (P lt 0.001) on all investigated traits was recorded, also the effect of the season of birth on the skin and subcutaneous fat tissue and on the weight of intermuscular fat in the round was recorded. The effect of sex/gender was significant (P lt 0.01) on the weight of skin and subcutaneous fat and on the weight of the muscle tissues in the round but no significant effect on other tested properties (P> 0.05) was observed., Istrativanje je obuhvatilo 201 potomka (108 kastriranih mužjaka i 93 ženke) očeva nerastova rase landras (L), jorkšir (LW) i pijetren (P). Ispitane životinje su bile sledećeg genotipa: landras (L; n = 48); dvorasni melezi sa 50:50 učešća roditeljskih rasa (LWxL, n=32; i PxL, n = 23), dvorasni melezi sa 75% roditeljske rase [Lx(♀LWxL), n=35] i [LWx(♀LxWL) n=38] i trorasni melezi [Px(♀LWxL) n=25]. Životinje uključene u ovo istraživanje rođene su tokom četiri godišnja doba: zima (n=38), proleće (n=65), leto (n=40) i jesen (n=58). Istraživanja su pokazala da su pri prosečnoj težini tople polutke od 81,20 kg, najveće prosečne vrednosti za masu buta (RW; 10,204 kg), masu međumišičnog masnog tkiva (RINT; 0,478 kg), koštanog tkiva (R T; 0,850 kg) i mišićnog tkiva (RMT, 7,552 kg) u butu, utvrđeni kod trostranih meleza Px(LWxL) genotipa u poređenju s drugim genotipima. Najmanje kože i potkožnog masnog tkiva (RST; 1,269 kg) zabeleženo je kod dvorasnih meleza PxL. Imali su manje kože i potkožnog masnog tkiva za 454 g, odnosno 467 grama, u poređenju sa dvorasnim melezima (LWxL) i LWx (♀LxLW). Istraživanja su pokazala da na farmi postoji genotip koji daje više mišićnog tkiva u butu za 1.521 kg [Px (♀LWxL): LWx (♀LWxL)] sa istom masom tople polutke, što je vrlo velika razlika. Sa istom prosečnom masom tople polutke, ženska grla su imala veću prosečnu masu buta i prinos mišićnog tkiva u poređenju sa kastriranim muškim životinjama. Zabeležen je uticaj genotipa (P lt 0,001) na sve ispitivane osobine, takođe, zabeležen je uticaj sezone rođenja na kožu i potkožno masno tkivo i na masu intermuskularne masti buta. Uticaj pola je bio značajan (P lt 0,01) na masu kože i potkožnog masnog tkiva i na masu mišićnog tkiva buta, ali nije primećen značajan uticaj na druga ispitivana svojstva (P>0,05).

Pollution of the environment with heavy metals, pesticides, nitrates leads to an unceasing deterioration of the population’s health, in particular, the dental one. Excessive intake of salts of heavy metals and nitrites is accompanied by changes in calcium-phosphorus metabolism rates, indicating a disorder of metabolic processes in bone tissue. This necessitates the study of the level of osteotropic elements of the jaw bone tissue. Materials and methods of research. In the experiment on 80 white outbred male rats, the effects of cadmium chloride, sodium nitrite and their combined action on the content of osteotropic elements in the jaw bone were studied. The control group consisted of 10 intact animals. Results. It was determined that in the dynamics (1st, 14th, 28th days) of both cadmium-nitrite, nitrite and cadmium intoxication there was observed the accumulation of cadmium and decrease of calcium, copper, zinc levels in bone tissue of animal jaws compared to intact group. Conclusions.The most significant changes in the level of osteotropic elements in the jaw bones are found in the combined effect of xenobiotics, which is important for understanding of the metabolic processes in the oral cavity.

The search for new types of bone substitutes is one of the topical problems of biology and medicine. The paper considered the role of fibrous autograft in reparative bone regeneration in the rat's lower jaw model. Thirty Wistar rats were taken in the experiment: 15 in the experimental and 15 in the control group. Fibrous autograft was formed on the cellophane basis under the skin on the back of rats. Injury in the lower jaw with a diameter of 2 mm was formed and a fibrous graft was placed in injuries in the experimental group. Five animals from each groups were sacrificed at the first, third and fifth weeks of the experiment. The object of the further research was the samples of the lower jaws stained according to Van Gieson. Histological examination of the bone defect of the experimental group after 1 week showed absence of bone fragments and formation of fibrous callosity in the trauma zone. Further study of regenerate at the 3rd and the 5th weeks showed accelerated bone wound healing in the experimental group (compared to the control group). Thus, the autograft stimulates the process of bone tissue restoration in the area of the defect of the lower jaw model. © 2021 Acta Biomedica Scientifica. All rights reserved.

El presente Trabajo Fin de Máster estudia la manera de obtener cilindros de titanio con porosidad gradiente longitudinal mediante la técnica Freeze-casting, para usarlos en aplicaciones biomédicas como sustitutos óseos. Para ello, se optimizan e implementan los procesos y, por último, se caracterizan los cilindros obtenidos con las diferentes condiciones establecidas., This Master’s thesis studies how to obtain porous titanium cylinders by Freeze-casting for biomedical applications as bone substitute. For this, the processes are optimized and implemented and, finally, the cylinders obtained with the different established conditions are characterized.

Актуальність. При тяжких дерматозах зазвичай призначаються препарати кортикостероїдних гормонів досить тривалими курсами і навіть довічно, у зв’язку з чим діагностика виникнення побічних ефектів від тривалого використання системних глюкокортикостероїдів (ГКС), зокрема порушень кісткового обміну, а також їх профілактика є важливою складовою комплексної терапії тяжких дерматозів. Тому розробка методів ранньої діагностики, лікування і профілактики появи порушень ремоделювання кісткової тканини під впливом тривалої глюкокортикостероїдної терапії у хворих на тяжкі дерматози вкрай актуальна для сучасної дерматології. Мета дослідження — підвищення ефективності та безпечності лікування хворих на тяжкі дерматози шляхом запобігання або мінімізації розвитку побічних ефектів лікування глюкокортикостероїдними гормонами. Матеріали та методи. У дослідження було залучено 134 хворих на тяжкі дерматози (акантолітична пухирчатка, бульозний пемфігоїд, дерматоз Дюрінга, еритродермія тощо). Використовувалися клініко-анамнестичні, біохімічні, цитологічні, імуноферментні, інструментальні та статистичні методи дослідження. Результати. У хворих у результаті тривалої системної глюкокортикостероїдної терапії виявлялося вірогідне зниження кісткової фракції лужної фосфатази у 2,1 раза, рівня остеокальцину — у 6,6 раза і підвищення рівня С-кінцевого телопептиду у 2,2 раза. За даними ультразвукової денситометрії, остеопенію було виявлено у 35,5 %, остеопороз — у 64,5 % пацієнтів. Для корекції ремоделювання кісткової тканини призначалися препарати кальцію з вітаміном D3 та антирезорбтивний засіб. У результаті відзначалося підвищення зазначених показників, що свідчило про відновлення процесів остеосинтезу та нормалізацію процесів резорбції кісткової тканини, що підтверджувалося підвищенням мінеральної щільності кісткової тканини в 1,8 раза. Для запобігання розвитку порушень процесів ремоделювання кісткової тканини в комплексному лікуванні призначалися препарати антирезорбтивної дії, кальцію і вітамі, Актуальность. При тяжелых дерматозах обычно назначаются препараты кортикостероидных гормонов достаточно длительными курсами и даже пожизненно, в связи с чем диагностика возникновения побочных эффектов от длительного использования системных глюкокортикостероидов (ГКС), в частности нарушений костного обмена, а также их профилактика является важной составляющей комплексной терапии тяжелых дерматозов. Поэтому разработка методов ранней диагностики, лечения и профилактики появления нарушений ремоделирования костной ткани под влиянием длительной глюкокортикостероидной терапии у больных тяжелыми дерматозами крайне актуальна для современной дерматологии. Цель исследования — повышение эффективности и безопасности лечения больных тяжелыми дерматозами путем предотвращения или минимизации развития побочных эффектов лечения глюкокортикостероидными гормонами. Материалы и методы. В исследование были привлечены 134 больных тяжелыми дерматозами (акантолитическая пузырчатка, буллезный пемфигоид, дерматоз Дюринга, эритродермия и др.). Использовались клинико­анамнестические, биохимические, цитологические, иммуноферментные, инструментальные и статистические методы исследования. Результаты. У больных в результате длительной системной глюкокортикостероидной терапии оказывалось достоверное снижение костной фракции щелочной фосфатазы в 2,1 раза, уровня остеокальцина — в 6,6 раза и повышение уровня С­концевого телопептида в 2,2 раза. По данным ультразвуковой денситометрии, остеопения была обнаружена у 35,5 %, остеопороз — у 64,5 % пациентов. Для коррекции ремоделирования костной ткани назначались препараты кальция с витамином D и антирезорбтивным средством. В результате отмечалось повышение указанных показателей, что свидетельствовало о восстановлении процессов остеосинтеза и нормализации процессов резорбции костной ткани, что подтверждалось повышением минеральной плотности костной ткани в 1,8 раза. Для предотвращения развития нарушений процессов ремоделирования костной ткани в комплексном ле, Background. In severe dermatoses, corticosteroid drugs are usually prescribed for a long period of time, and even for life; therefore, the detection of side effects caused by prolonged use of systemic glucocorticosteroids, in particular bone metabolism disorders, and their prevention are important components of comprehensive therapy for severe dermatoses. Consequently, the development of methods for early diagnosis, treatment and prevention of bone remodeling disorders under the influence of prolonged corticosteroid therapy in patients with severe dermatosis is extremely relevant for modern dermatology. The purpose of the study is to increase the efficiency and safety of treating patients with severe dermatosis by preventing or minimizing the development of side effects in the treatment with glucocorticosteroid hormones. Materials and methods. The study involved 134 patients with severe dermatosis (acantholytic pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid, Dühring disease, erythroderma, etc.). Clinical anamnestic, biochemical, cytological, immunoenzyme, instrumental and statistical methods of research were used. Results. Patients receiving prolonged systemic corticosteroid therapy showed a significant decrease in the bone fraction of alkaline phosphatase — by 2.1 times, in osteocalcin level — by 6.6 times, and 2.2­fold increase in the C­terminal telopeptide. According to ultrasonic densitometry, osteopenia was detected in 35.5 %, osteoporosis — in 64.5 % of patients. Calcium supplements with vitamin D3 and anti­resorptive agent were prescribed to correct bone remodeling. As a result, an increase in these parameters was noted, indicating the restoration of osteosynthesis and normalization of bone tissue resorption processes that was confirmed by 1.8­fold increase in the bone mineral density. To prevent the development of bone remodeling disorders, antiresorptive drugs, calcium and vitamin D3 were administered as a part of comprehensive treatment, in combination with systemic cortic

The purpose of this research was to study the features of the clinical course of generalized periodontitis, depending on the quality of occlusal balance after complex treatment. 128 patients with generalized periodontitis of the I-II degree, chronic course, aged 35-55 years, were examined. All of them underwent a clinical examination, computed tomography of the jaw bones, and occlusive diagnostics by means of the “T-scan III” device. As a result of the conducted studies, it was found that only in 34,4±4,2% of patients occlusal relationships were restored, whereas in the remaining 65,6±4,2% occlusion balance disorders were registered. The presence of occlusal imbalance was accompanied by a worsening of the clinical condition of periodontal tissues. It was shown that the greatest correlation is observed for the degree of occlusive imbalance with the index of osteoporosis activity (r=0.42, p<0.05), less significant – with Ramfjord indices (r=0.40, p<0.05), PI (r=0.38, p<0.05) and CPITN (r=0.35, p<0.05). Also, with disorders of occlusal balance, there was a decrease in bone mineral density, most pronounced in areas of hyperocclusion. At the same time, the revealed changes were not reliable (р˃0.05), which was explained by the focal nature of the appearance of resorptive phenomena in areas of increased occlusal load. According to obtained results, the qualitative restoration of occlusal ratios, in particular with the help of modern computer equipment, in the complex treatment of generalized periodontitis is the key to long-term clinical and X-ray stabilization of the disease.

This review focuses on recently developed alginate injectable hydrogels and alginate composites for applications in bone tissue regeneration, and it evaluates the alternatives to overcome the problems that avoid their utilization in the field. Section 2 covers the properties of alginates that have made them useful for medical applications, in particular their ionic gelling ability for preparing injectable compositions used as delivery drugs systems. The advantages and shortcomings of these preparations are revised together with the chemical modifications assayed. Section 3 describes how it has been taken advantage of alginates into the new field of biofabrication and the developments in bone engineering. The state of the art of this field is reviewed. Finally in section 4, new developments and approaches that in opinion of the authors can lead to a breakthrough in bone tissue engineering using alginates are introduced.

While bone tissue is a hierarchically organized material, mathematical formulations of bone remodeling are often defined on the level of a millimeter-sized representative volume element (RVE), “smeared” over all types of bone microstructures seen at lower observation scales. Thus, there is no explicit consideration of the fact that the biological cells and biochemical factors driving bone remodeling are actually located in differently sized pore spaces: active osteoblasts and osteoclasts can be found in the vascular pores, whereas the lacunar pores host osteocytes – bone cells originating from former osteoblasts which were then “buried” in newly deposited extracellular bone matrix. We here propose a mathematical description which considers size and shape of the pore spaces where the biological and biochemical events take place. In particular, a previously published systems biology formulation, accounting for biochemical regulatory mechanisms such as the RANK-RANKL-OPG pathway, is cast into a multiscale framework coupled to a poromicromechanical model. The latter gives access to the vascular and lacunar pore pressures arising from macroscopic loading. Extensive experimental data on the biological consequences of this loading strongly suggest that the aforementioned pore pressures, together with the loading frequency, are essential drivers of bone remodeling. The novel approach presented here allows for satisfactory simulation of the evolution of bone tissue under various loading conditions, and for different species; including scenarios such as mechanical dis- and overuse of murine and human bone, or in osteocyte-free bone. © 2017 Elsevier Inc.

The traumatic accidents which result in fractures and even in impairment of a bone segment have a high prevalence in routine veterinary surgery. Many times these fractures are complex and difficulty healing or need bone grafts to preserve and restore the length of the affected limb. Thus, the recovery time of these animals is usually delicate and long, with complications risks, such as delayed union and non-union of the fractured bone segments or absence of graft incorporation. In this sense, the stem cells (SC) have shown to be a strong ally of the orthopedic doctors due to their capacity to provide osteoprogenitor cells, to increase the osteoinductive effect minimize the healing time and provide a greater efficiency to the repairing process. Due to that, before the expectation of their assignments, this review aims to describe the stem cells characteristics, their current applications in the fractures healing and, especially, their contribution to the bone grafts consolidation., Los accidentes traumáticos que resultan en fracturas y hasta en el comprometimiento de un segmento óseo tienen alta prevalencia en la rutina quirúrgica veterinaria. Muchas veces esas fracturas son complejas y presentan dificultades de cicatrización o necesitan de injertos óseos para preservar y restaurar el largo del miembro acometido. De esa forma, el tiempo de recuperación de esos animales suele ser delicado y prolongado con riegos de complicaciones, como unión retardada y no unión de los segmentos óseos fracturados o ausencia de incorporación de los injertos. En este sentido, las células-madre (CT) vienen demostrando ser una fuerte aliada de los ortopedistas debido a su capacidad en proveer células osteoprogenitoras, de incrementar el efecto osteoinductor, minimizar el tiempo de cicatrización y proporcionar mayor eficiencia al proceso reparador. Frente a la expectativa de sus atribuciones, la presente revisión tiene por objetivo describir las características de las células-madre, sus aplicaciones actuales en la cicatrización de fracturas y, especialmente, su contribución en la consolidación de injertos óseos.

A review of recent advances in instrumental methods and techniques for structural and physicochemical characterization of biomaterials and bone tissue is presented in this paper. In recent years, biomaterials attracted great attention primarily because of the wide range of biomedical applications. This paper focuses on the practical aspects of instrumental methods and techniques that were most often applied (X-ray methods, vibrational spectroscopy (IR and Raman), magnetic-resonance spectroscopy (NMR and ESR), mass spectrometry (MS), atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM)) in the structural investigation and physicochemical characterization of biomaterials and bone tissue. The application of some other physicochemical methods was also discussed. Hands-on information is provided about these valuable research tools, emphasizing practical aspects such as typical measurement conditions, their limitations and advantages, interpretation of results and practical applications.

The article describes a comprehensive approach to preparing patients with dentition defects living in unfavorable environmental conditions for orthopedic treatment as well as the importance of the comprehensive approach including advanced surgical preparation, wider application and proper selection of osteotropic agents, correction with medicines affecting bone tissue regeneration and the course of the postoperative period.

The article describes the status of the oral cavity in patients with dentition defects living in unfavorable environmental conditions previously treated with conventional methods of orthopedic treatment and the influence of an integrated approach including special surgical preparation and correction with medicines on the bone tissue. The choice of treatment plan was taken into account in order to preserve the abutment teeth and bone tissue of the alveolar process and alveolar ridge.

The article describes an integrated approach to preparing patients with dentition defects living in unfavorable environmental conditions for orthopedic treatment as well as the influence of the integrated approach including special surgical preparation and correction with medicines on the bone tissue. Treatment plan and selection of dental prosthesis were considered in order to preserve the abutment teeth and the bone tissue.

Natural rubber latex (NRL) is a type of high molecular weight polymeric substance. Currently, more than 90% of NRL comes from one single tropical tree species – Hevea brasiliensis (para rubber tree). Recently, promising results in the use of NRL from Hevea brasiliensis rubber tree to produce replacement and regeneration tissues has been reported. Among them, wound healing in cutaneous tissues, eardrum replacement, bone regeneration, and dental alveolus replacement afford a unique means to repair or replace the failing organs or tissues. The primary particle of NRL is around 100-300 nm in diameter, which is promising nanoparticles used in biotechnology including pharmaceutics, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In order for NRL nanoparticles to be employed in regenerative medicine, they need to have designed biological interaction with cells as well as favorable mechanical properties. Cells can delicately sense and respond to external nano-scale features in intricate living systems. With this in mind, an in-depth understanding of cell differentiation may bring a new perspective to regenerative medicine including new bone regeneration and cartilage therapy. To the best our knowledge, no attention has been paid to differentiation activity of NRL nanoparticles. In this study, we focused on the surface modification of NRL nanoparticles through the biomineralization of hydroxyapatite (HA) in order to create a better cytocompatibility with controlled cell adhesion and mineralization properties in osteogenic culture to determine the effect on bone outcomes. Using MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic-like cells, we examined the osteogenic differentiation and expressions of multiple proteins and characteristic genes of mature osteoblast., Natural rubber latex (NRL) is a type of high molecular weight polymeric substance. Currently, more than 90% of NRL comes from one single tropical tree species – Hevea brasiliensis (para rubber tree). Recently, promising results in the use of NRL from Hevea brasiliensis rubber tree to produce replacement and regeneration tissues has been reported. Among them, wound healing in cutaneous tissues, eardrum replacement, bone regeneration, and dental alveolus replacement afford a unique means to repair or replace the failing organs or tissues. The primary particle of NRL is around 100-300 nm in diameter, which is promising nanoparticles used in biotechnology including pharmaceutics, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In order for NRL nanoparticles to be employed in regenerative medicine, they need to have designed biological interaction with cells as well as favorable mechanical properties. Cells can delicately sense and respond to external nano-scale features in intricate living systems. With this in mind, an in-depth understanding of cell differentiation may bring a new perspective to regenerative medicine including new bone regeneration and cartilage therapy. To the best our knowledge, no attention has been paid to differentiation activity of NRL nanoparticles. In this study, we focused on the surface modification of NRL nanoparticles through the biomineralization of hydroxyapatite (HA) in order to create a better cytocompatibility with controlled cell adhesion and mineralization properties in osteogenic culture to determine the effect on bone outcomes. Using MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic-like cells, we examined the osteogenic differentiation and expressions of multiple proteins and characteristic genes of mature osteoblast.

В огляді літератури наведені дані досліджень вмісту вітаміну D і стану кісткового метаболізму у хворих із синдромом тиреотоксикозу. Підсумовуючи результати досліджень, проведених різними авторами, слід відзначити важливість нормального балансу гормонів щитоподібної залози для розвитку скелета й забезпечення мінеральної щільності кісткової тканини., В обзоре литературы приведены данные исследований содержания витамина D и состояния костного метаболизма у больных с синдромом тиреотоксикоза. Подытоживая результаты исследований, проведенных различными авторами, следует отметить важность нормального баланса гормонов щитовидной железы для развития скелета и обеспечения минеральной плотности костной ткани., The literature review presents data of researches on the content of vitamin D and the state of bone metabolism in patients with syndrome of hyperthyroidism. Overt hyperthyroidism is associated with accelerated bone remodeling, reduced bone density, osteoporosis, and an increase in fracture rate. Summarizing the results of the studies conducted by different authors, there should be noted the value of normal balance of thyroid hormones for a skeletogeny and providing bone mineral density.

Purpose. For a reasonable choice of optimal type of endoprosthesis requires evaluation in terms of not only clinical, but biomechanical parameters. The main task - to explore properties of the proximal bone areas with different types of feet EP on the basis of physiological stress and compare the results. Design/methodology/approach. Borrowing from the literature on professions and Pierre Bourdieu's theory of practice, starts from the assumption that editorials in practitioner-orientated publications are a form of cultural good traded on an internal symbolic market. By providing access to symbolic capital, trade in this good acts to bind together members of the accounting profession, yet trade in this good also has the potential to obscure a number of important, underlying social issues. The study is based on a close (textual) reading of editorials in the Canadian Chartered Accountant (subsequently renamed CA Magazine) from 1911 to 1999, and this reading is framed in the light of a number of macro-level and meso-level (contextual) changes. Findings. Conducted field experiments have shown preference trabecular-bionic endoprosthesis compared with the standard design in terms of stiffness and strength characteristics due endoprosthesis to bone tissue. Established described Spongy BT simulation method can be used in cases where there is a need to assess the quality of the bone implant connection and it is not possible by direct model experiment to recreate real regeneration BT. Originality/value. Our results are clinically important and can improve treatment., В статье рассматривается метод оценки биомеханических свойств эндопротезов тазобедренного сустава под действием нагрузки. При невозможности проведения опыта на пациенте было предложено моделировать губчатую костную ткань. Были сравнены свойства спонгиозной ткани и имататора губчатой КТ. Сопоставлены результаты испытаний стандартного и трабекулярного - бионического эндопротезов. На основании полученных результатов было описано метод моделирования спонгиозной костной ткани., У статті розглядається метод оцінки біомеханічних властивостей ендопротезів тазостегнового суглобу під дією навантаження. За неможливості проведення досліду на пацієнті, було запропоновано моделювати губчату кісткову тканину. Порівняно властивості спонгіозної тканини та імататора губчатої КТ. Співставленні результати випробувань стандартного та трабекулярно-біонічного ендопротезів. На підставі отриманих результатів було описано метод моделювання спонгіозної кісткової тканини.

Today the problem of diseases of support-motor system, especially in middle-aged and elderly persons is extremely important, caused alsoby worsening of demographic situation in many countries of the world. Purpose - basing on generalized analytical scientific data to define the role of eco-dependent risk factors in the development of bone pathology in humans. It is found that recently there appeared a number of compelling evidence for the list of known factors of bone pathology, including chemical pollution of the environment withlead. This toxicant even in low doses selectively accumulates in the bone tissue, replacing calcium from its matrix;this on the background of widespread calcium deficiency in nutrition, potentiates the development of osteopathy and increases incidence of musculoskeletal system diseases, particularly in the inhabitants of ecologically crisis areas.

The giant cell tumor of bone is a rare, locally aggressive disease, its location in lower extremities occurs with higher incidence in the distal femur and proximal tibia, with predominated in women between 20 and 50 years old. We report female patient 25 years old, who goes in search of medical care, reporting joint pain in left lower extremity secondary to a fall with two years of evolution, decreased strength and limitation of function joint. Conducting an X-ray plate we found evidenced: lucid bone injury level at left proximal tibia metaphysis, radio decided to perform biopsy of the lesion, the histopathological study revealed: giant cell bone tumor. The treatment consisted of intralesional curettage more graft placement and bone cement sandwich technique. It is performed 3 months after the procedure, imaging study Control Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) site where bone stability was observed that it was operated. The clinical and radiological diagnosis is supported by histological studies; it is the necessary basis for deciding the surgical procedure and prevents recurrences that can progress to malignancy to leave permanent squeals in patients. Not seeking early medical care and the long evolution of symptoms should be an important point in educating the population and prevent the progression of this rare condition., El tumor de células gigantes óseo es una enfermedad poco frecuente y localmente agresiva, su localización en extremidades inferiores ocurre con mayor incidencia en el extremo distal del fémur y proximal de la tibia, con un predominó en mujeres entre los 20 y 50 años de edad. Presentamos el caso de paciente del género femenina de 25 años de edad, quien acude en busca de atención médica, por dolor en articulación de extremidad inferior izquierda secundario a caída de 2 años de evolución, disminución de la fuerza y limitación de la función de la articulación. La realización de una placa de rayos X evidencio: lesión ósea radio lúcida a nivel de metafisis proximal de tibia izquierda, se decide realizar biopsia de la lesión, cuyo estudio histopatológico revelo: tumor de células gigantes de hueso. El tratamiento consistió en legrado intralesional mas colocación de injerto y cemento óseo ̈técnica de sándwich ̈. Se realiza a los 3 meses posteriores al procedimiento, estudio de imágenes control Tomografía Axial Computarizada (TAC) donde se observó estabilidad ósea del sitio que fue intervenido. El diagnóstico es clínico-radiológico apoyado por estudios histológicos, son las bases necesarias para decidir la conducta quirúrgica y evitar recidivas que pueden progresar hasta convertirse en neoplasias que dejen secuelas permanentes en los pacientes. No buscar asistencia médica temprana y la larga evolución de la sintomatología debe ser un punto importante en educación a la población y así evitar la progresión de esta condición poco usual.

Mechanical comparison of different species is performed with the help of computational tools like Finite Element Analysis FEA. In palaeobiology it is common to consider bone like an isotropic material for simulations but often real data of bone materials is impossible to know. This work investigates the influence of choice of bone materials properties over the results of simulations, showing when and why the materials data are relevant and when the selection of these data becomes irrelevant. With a theoretical approach from continuum mechanics and with a practical example the relationship between material data and comparative metrics like stress, strains and displacements is discussed. When linear and elastic material properties are assumed in a comparative analysis, the effect of the elastic modulus of the material is irrelevant over stress patterns. This statement is true for homogeneous and inhomogeneous materials, in this last case the proportion between the different materials properties must kept constant. In the case of the strains and displacements, there is an inverse proportionality kept constant, between the values of the metrics and the changes in the elastic modulus. These properties allow comparative studies without considering the real elastic materials properties., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Summary: Patients with transfusion-dependent thalassemia have abnormal growth, hormonal deficits, and increased bone loss. We investigated the relationship between skeletal muscle mass, fat mass, and bone mineral density in adult subjects with transfusion-dependent thalassemia based on their gonadal status. Our findings show that hypogonadism attenuates the strength of the muscle-bone relationship in males but strengthens the positive correlation of skeletal muscle mass and fat mass in female subjects. Introduction: Transfusion-dependent thalassemia is associated with a high prevalence of fractures. Multiple hormonal complications, in particular hypogonadism, can lead to changes in body composition and bone mineral density (BMD). We investigated for the first time the relationship between skeletal muscle mass (SMM), fat mass, and BMD in adult subjects with transfusion-dependent thalassemia based on their gonadal status. Method(s): A retrospective cohort study of 186 adults with transfusion-dependent thalassemia was analyzed. Body composition and BMD were measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The association between skeletal muscle, fat, and BMD was investigated through uni-, multi-, and stepwise regression analyses after adjusting for multicollinearity. SMM was derived using the formula, SMM=1.19xALST-1.65, where ALST is equivalent to the sum of both arm and leg lean tissue mass. Result(s): There were 186 subjects, males (43.5%) and females (56.5%), with a median age of 36.5. Hypogonadism was reported in 44.4% of males and 44.7% of females. SMM and BMD were positively correlated and strongest in eugonadal males (0.36<=R2<=0.59), but the association was attenuated in hypogonadal males. SMM (0.27<=R 2<=0.69) and total fat mass (0.26<=R2<=0.55) were positively correlated with BMD in hypogonadal females, but the correlation was less pronounced in eugonadal females. Leg lean tissue mass and arm lean tissue mass in males and females, respectively, were most hig

The need for a suitable tissue engineered scaffold that can be used to heal load bearing segmental bone defects (SBD) is both immediate and increasing. During the past 30 years various ceramic and polymer scaffolds have been investigated for this application. More recently, while composite scaffolds built using a combination of ceramics and polymeric materials are being investigated in greater number, very few products have progressed from laboratory benchtop studies to preclinical testing in animals. This review is based on an exhaustive literature search of various composite scaffolds designed to serve as bone regenerative therapies. We analyzed the benefits and drawbacks of different composite scaffold manufacturing techniques, the properties of commonly used ceramics and polymers and the properties of currently investigated synthetic composite grafts. To follow, a comprehensive review of in vivo models used to test composite scaffolds in SBDs is detailed to serve as a guide to design appropriate translational studies and to identify the challenges that need to be overcome in scaffold design for successful translation. This includes selecting the animal type, the anatomical location within the animals, choosing the correct study duration, and finally an overview of scaffold performance assessment.

TMPRSS2-ERG fusion transcripts have been shown to be expressed in a majority of prostate cancer (PC) patients due to chromosomal translocations or deletions involving the TMPRSS2 gene promoter and the ERG gene coding sequence. These alterations cause androgen dependent ERG transcription factor expression in PC patients. We and others have shown that chemokine receptor CXCR4 expression is upregulated in PC tumor cells and its ligand, CXCL12, is expressed in bone stromal cells. The CXCL12/CXCR4 axis transactivates EGFR family members in PC cells and functions in PC progression to enhance invasion and metastasis. To address the mechanism of CXCL12/CXCR4 transactivation of EGFR family members, we evaluated the location of transactivation at cellular, cell surface and lipid raft microdomains. To determine the impact of CXCL12/CXCR4 activation on initial colonization of bone tissue, we targeted CXCL12/CXCR4 axis with a small molecule CXCR4 inhibitor AMD3100. Results of the current study show that (a) CXCL12/CXCR4 transactivation of EGFR members is confined to lipid raft membrane microdomains and (b) targeting CXCL12/CXCR4 axis with AMD3100 resulted in delayed growth of bone tumors. These findings demonstrate CXCL12/CXCR4 transactivation of EGFR members in lipid raft membrane microdomains contribute to initial colonization and growth of PC cells to bone metastatic site., The original document contains color images.

For the last 15 years osteoporosis was considered as non-typical for children, but it is currently regarded as one of the most significant problems of pediatrics, concerning the children of both sexes and all ages. In Ukraine, as elsewhere in the world, osteoporosis is one of the important problems of practical healthcare due to the constant increase in its occurrence (the number of major osteoporotic fractures increased from 2004 to 2009 by 12.3 %). We considered the influence of various factors on the development of osteoporosis in children, which in most cases is a secondary process and develops as a complication of certain already existing disease in a child. The difficulty is in the fact that osteoporosis in children and adolescents has long latent period, at subclinical level, and is being diagnosed usually only after fractures. It is noted that for the prevention of osteoporosis in somatic diseases, preventive measures aimed at early detection of the characteristic symptoms of bone lesions are necessary., Последние 15 лет остеопороз считался недетской болезнью, но в настоящее время он рассматривается как одна из значимых проблем педиатрии, касающихся детей обоих полов и любого возраста. В Украине, как и во всем мире, остеопороз представляет собой одну из важных проблем практического здравоохранения из-за постоянного увеличения частоты его встречаемости (количество основных остео­поротических переломов увеличилось с 2004 по 2009 год на 12,3 %). Рассмотрено влияние различных факторов на возникновение остеопороза у детей, который в подавляющем большинстве случаев является вторичным процессом и развивается как осложнение определенного, уже имеющегося у ребенка заболевания. Сложности состоят и в том, что остеопороз у детей и подростков длительно протекает латентно, на субклиническом уровне и диагностируется, как правило, только после переломов. Отмечено, что для предупреждения развития остеопороза при соматических заболеваниях необходимо проведение профилактических мероприятий, направленных на своевременное выявление характерных симптомов поражения костной ткани., Останні 15 років остеопороз вважався недитячою хворобою, але в даний час він розглядається як одна із значущих проблем педіатрії, що стосується дітей обох статей і будь-якого віку. В Україні, як і в усьому світі, остеопороз є однією з важливих проблем практичної охорони здоров’я внаслідок постійного збільшення частоти його зустрічальності (кількість основних остеопоротичних переломів збільшилася з 2004 по 2009 рік на 12,3 %). Розглянуто вплив різних чинників на розвиток остеопорозу в дітей, що в переважній більшості випадків є вторинним процесом і розвивається як ускладнення певного, уже наявного в дитини захворювання. Складнощі полягають і в тому, що остеопороз у дітей і підлітків тривало перебігає латентно, на субклінічному рівні і діагностується, як правило, тільки після переломів. Відмічено, що для запобігання розвитку остеопорозу при соматичних захворюваннях необхідне проведення профілактичних заходів, направлених на своєчасне виявлення характерних симптомів ураження кісткової тканини.

D vitamine metabolites are necessary nutrients for the human body, they perform important functions. Vitamin D deficiency leads to the development of many somatic diseases, as well as diseases of the periodontal tissues. Pleiotropic effects of vitamin D on periodontal tissues include the impact on parodontopatogens, regulation of the immune response and metabolism of the skeletal system., Метаболиты витамина D являются необходимыми веществами для организма человека, они выполняют важные функции. Дефицит витамина D обусловливает развитие многих соматических заболеваний, а также болезней ткани пародонта. Плейотропное действие витамина D на ткани пародонта включает влияние на пародонтопатогены, регуляцию иммунного ответа и метаболизма костной системы., Метаболіти вітаміну D є необхідними речовинами для організму людини, вони виконують важливі функції. Дефіцит вітаміну D зумовлює розвиток багатьох соматичних захворювань, а також хвороб тканин пародонта. Плейотропна дія вітаміну D на тканини пародонта включає вплив на пародонтопатогени, регуляцію імунної відповіді та метаболізму кісткової системи.

Resection of musculoskeletal sarcoma can result in large bone defects where regeneration is needed in a quantity far beyond the normal potential of self-healing. In many cases, these defects exhibit a limited intrinsic regenerative potential due to an adjuvant therapeutic regimen, seroma, or infection. Therefore, reconstruction of these defects is still one of the most demanding procedures in orthopaedic surgery. The constraints of common treatment strategies have triggered a need for new therapeutic concepts to design and engineer unparalleled structural and functioning bone grafts. To satisfy the need for long-term repair and good clinical outcome, a paradigm shift is needed from methods to replace tissues with inert medical devices to more biological approaches that focus on the repair and reconstruction of tissue structure and function. It is within this context that the field of bone tissue engineering can offer solutions to be implemented into surgical therapy concepts after resection of bone and soft tissue sarcoma. In this paper we will discuss the implementation of tissue engineering concepts into the clinical field of orthopaedic oncology.

The loss of teeth and damage to the jaw bone occur under different circumstances. The deficit may be the result of wearing inadequate dentures, residual ridge resorption, osteoporosis, periodontal disease, trauma, tumors, radiation, etc. The deficit of bone tissue can be a substantial problem because it prevents adequate prosthetic patient care and restoration of disturbed functions of stomatognathic system. With such patients, there is often a need for preprosthetic surgical procedure through the application of various techniques and materials in order to resolve aftermentioned bone shortcomings. The most appropriate biological materials for the reconstruction are autogenous bone graft and artificial bone. With the development of technology and specific biomaterials it is tried to avoid situations that require autogenous bone grafting, since it involvs long surgical procedure with the possibility of postoperative complications. The application of synthetic biomaterials, whose properties are similar to natural hydroxyapatite, promotes the biological potential for bone tissue repair. Synthetic biomaterials have great biocompatibility and sterility and do not act antigenicaly. The disadvantages of this material are overcome by the addition of organic polymers. Thanks to the stability and flexibility of hydroxyapatite structure, a large number of ionic changes are possible, both cationic and anionic, which improve the characteristics of synthetic hydroxyapatite. Biomaterials that include different drugs, such as antibiotics, vitamins and other preparations, could be used for the treatment of complications after surgical procedures and infection of bone tissue. Our experimental studies indicate that biomaterials based on hydroxyapatite are valuable materials that can be used for preprosthetic surgical preparation.

Bone is a highly specialized form of connective tissue present in most vertebrate animals as part of the endoskeleton. Structurally speaking, bone is mainly constituted by an organic extracellular matrix (ECM) hardened by deposited mineral. The blending between the organic and inorganic parts originates two main types of osseous tissue. The outer part of the tissue, the cortex, is hard compact bone and surrounds the inner trabecular bone, a spongy-like structure. In terms of function, bone provides mechanical support for the body, being a key component of the locomotive system, and protects vital organs, such as brain, spinal cord, heart and lungs from harmful impacts that could result in damage. Bone houses the bone marrow cavity as well as an extensive network of blood vessels. The interface between bone and these surrounding tissues is associated to its metabolic functions, such as supporting haematopoiesis and maintaining the blood calcium levels. Besides the storage of calcium important for the body, the bone ECM is also a rich reservoir of cytokines and growth factors involved in autocrine, paracrine and endocrine signaling.

What would life be without bone? Bone (greek “osteo”) is a dense connective tissue, which enables locomotion, gives shape to a body, protects vital organs and harbours hematopoietic stem cells, which continuously produce new blood cells. Additionally, bone is used as reservoir for calcium and phosphates and helps to maintain stable blood levels of those ions. Bone consists of two tissues: cortical bone (80%) and trabecular bone (20%). The cortical bone is a compact tissue with a porosity of 5-30%. Within the cavity of cortical bone the bone marrow is located. Those cavities are partially supported by a spongy-like network of trabecular bone. The porosity of trabecular bone is 30-90%, depending on the location. By having a strong sponge-like inner network of trabecular bone the strength of the cortical bone is maximized.

A solid knowledge of underlying histopathology of benign bone tumors aids in differential diagnoses of these tumors. Important factors in diagnosis of a bone tumor include patient age and gender; the bone involved; the location of the tumor along, within, or on the bone; lesion margin; matrix proliferation; and periosteal reaction. This article provides a review of the origin of the tumor matrix and its influence on the imaging properties of these tumors.

The teaching of physics in the biomedical sciences and in medicine specifically involves creating new methods that allow the student to understand the concepts, laws and scientific theories, from their training as doctors, contributing to the use of the concepts learned during his tenure professional. In that vein, with the aim of contributing to the understanding of the concept of elasticity in the study of the biomechanics of bone was designed and implemented, based ongraphs of stress and deformation of bones subjected to different types of loads, a unit Teaching for the study of Hooke's law and Young's modulus in the mechanics course in medical carrier.At the end of the implementation of the teaching unit test was applied in the context where concepts taught and evaluated students' skills in interpreting graphs, this was made from plots stress and deformation of bones, a result of investigations in patients of different ages, subjected to different types of loads (Nordin & Frankel, 2001). In thispaper we present the methodology and results of its implementation., La enseñanza de la física en las ciencias biomédicas y concretamente en medicina implica crear nuevas metodologías que permitan al estudiante comprender los conceptos, las leyes y las teorías científicas, desde su formación como médicos, lo que contribuirá al empleo de los conceptos aprendidos durante su desempeño profesional. En ese orden de ideas, con el objetivo de contribuir a la comprensión del concepto de elasticidad en el estudio de la biomecánica del hueso se diseñó e implementó, a partir de gráficas de esfuerzo y deformación de huesos sometidos a diferentes tipos de cargas, una unidad didáctica para el estudio de la ley de Hooke y el modulo de Young en el curso de mecánica en la carrera de medicina. Al final de la implementación de la unidad didáctica se aplicó una prueba en contexto donde se evaluaron conceptos aprendidos y habilidades de los estudiantes en la interpretación de gráficas; esto se realizó a partir de gráficas de esfuerzo y deformaciónde huesos, resultado de investigaciones en pacientes de distintas edades, sometidos a diferentes tipos de cargas (Nordin & Frankel, 2001). En este artículo presentamos la propuesta metodológica y los resultados de su implementación.

L'ingénierie tissulaire comme domaine multidisciplinaire combine les principes et les méthodes de l'ingénierie et des sciences de la vie pour résoudre les problèmes biomédicaux dans des applications cliniques. Toutefois, le défi majeur consiste à trouver une manière de faire passer le produit d'une échelle de recherche à une plus grande échelle de production, en permettant que les tissus fonctionnels construits soient reproductibles, sécuritaires et économiquement compétitifs. Pour résoudre ces problèmes, les bioréacteurs ont été mentionnés comme essentiels afin d'améliorer l'ingénierie des tissus vivants in vitro. Pour ces raisons, l'objectif général de cette thèse est le développement d'un bioréacteur avancé et des méthodes numériques et de visualisation étant deux précieux outils pour mieux concevoir ce bioréacteur et ainsi comprendre les mécanismes. Ces mécanismes incluent les processus ainsi physiques, chimiques et biologiques dans un environnement trois dimensions (3-D), conduisant à faciliter la production, à grande échelle, de tissus fonctionnels in vitro. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, la présente thèse comprend une étude expérimentale et une étude de modélisation numérique, qui se déroulent en quatre étapes distinctes : 1) La conception et la construction d'un bioréacteur, ainsi que l'évaluation et le contrôle de son hydrodynamique. 2) la visualisation de la perfusion de l'écoulement du fluide dans le bioréacteur à membrane à fibres creuses (HFMB) en utilisant la technique d'imagerie biomédicale noninvasive (i.e. la tomographie par émission de positrons (TEP)). 3) le développement d'un modèle mathématique pour l'analyse du bioréacteur à membrane à fibres creuses hybride (hHFMB) et 4) le développement d'un modèle dynamique et TWO-POROUS-MEDIA pour analyser le HFMB à l'aide de la dynamique des fluides computationnels (CFD), spécifiquement pour les applications en ingénierie des tissus osseux. La partie expérimentale comprend l'étape 1 et 2. Dans l'étape 1, le, This present thesis comprise two major parts both experimental and numerical study which have been conducted in four distinct steps as following: (1) Design, construction, and evaluation of control and hydrodynamic of a bioreactor system. (2) Visualization of fluid flow perfusion in the hollow fibre membrane bioreactor (HFMB) using a biomedical noninvasive imaging technique, i.e. positron emission tomography (PET). (3) Development of a mathematical model for analyzing a hybrid hollow fibre membrane bioreactor (hHFMB) and (4) Development of a dynamic and two-porous media model for analyzing the HFMB with the aid of computational fluid dynamics (CFD), specifically for bone tissue engineering application. The experimental part includes the steps 1 and 2. In the step 1, the flow perfusion bioreactor system has been designed and constructed. The experimental evaluations of hydrodynamic, and control were performed. In this system, mean pressure, mean flow rate, frequency and waveform of the pulsatile pressure and flow rate can be modulated and controlled over the time to simulate both physiological and non-physiological conditions. The temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH can be controlled.This bioreactor system can be applied to a variety of scaffold configurations, geometries, and sizes as the cell/tissue culture chamber is adjustable in length.This system is autoclavable, and compatible with noninvasive medical imaging techniques. Designing of the inlet and outlet manifold of the bioreactor were performed according to data obtained from CFD simulation of the flow distribution to achieve high efficiencies in the uniformity of flow perfusion. In the second step, PET was proposed for the very first time and a small animal PET system was used to obtain new information about steady and pulsatile flow patterns in the HFMB for tissue engineering applications. The non-homogeneous tracer distribution, as found with PET imaging, implies the occurrence of non-efficien

Poli(laktid-ko-glikolid)/hidroksiapatit je bioaktivni, biodegradabilni kompozit dizajniran za potrebe rekonstrukcije i reparacije koštanog tkiva. Aplikativnost ovog materijala je usko vezana za brojne njegove osobine među kojima su veličina, oblik i struktura sintetisanih čestica. DLPLG/HAp je sintetisan primenom ultrazvučne metode i cilj ovog rada je predstavljanje analize uticaja različitih eksperimentalnih parametara, kao što su sintetska temperatura, sastav kompozita, izbor stabilizatora i sl., na veličinu i oblik sintetisanih čestica i pronalaženje optimalnih parametara na putu do uniformnih, sfernih čestica submikronskih dimenzija.

Calcium phosphate/poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide) (CP/DLPLG) composite biomaterial, in which each CP particle was coated with DLPLG, was synthesized. Two kinds of composites were prepared: microcomposite, with particles 150-200mum in size, and nanocomposite, with the particles 40+/-5nm in size. Using nanoparticles, a new class of injectible composite biomaterials was produced. Based on scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, differential thermal analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared analyses, the structure and phase organization in both biomaterials was identified and in both studied cases CP particles were coated with DLPLG polymer. An injectable composite biomaterial, the characteristics of which depend on the ratio of the phases, was prepared by mixing physiological solution with the nano-CP/DLPLG composite. Rheological studies indicated a possible agglomeration of particles of the injectable nano-CP/DLPLG composite biomaterial with a CP content of 65%.

This paper presents an X-ray diffraction method of measuring the residual stress/strain in bone tissue of rabbit's tibia. To derive the residual stress, bone powder of the diameter less than 40 micrometer was used as a control specimen at non-stressed state. From the X-ray measurements, it was clear that the distribution of residual stress existed in the bone tissue. The tensile residual stress at bone axial direction occurred in the proximal-medial region of rabbit's tibia. The compressive stress occurred in the other regions. In addition, the mechanism to generate the residual stress was investigated by sequential cutting of the tibiofibula system from bone structure scale to bone tissue scale. The remodeling is a phenomenon that the bone structure adapts functionally to mechanical environment. The residual stress will become a mechanical trigger to induce the remodeling.

Objective of our research was to determine the correlation between quantity of meat, fat and bones in carcass with same tissues in three rib cut and quantity of muscle tissue in carcass with surface of M. longissimus dorsi. Investigation was carried out on male fattening young bulls of Domestic Spotted breed of average weight prior to slaughtering of 503 kg, and by total dissection total quantity of muscle, fat and bone tissue in carcass was determined. Correlation between mass of muscle tissue in carcass and mass of muscle tissue in three rib cut of carcasses weighing in average 284 kg was r=O.69, which means strong and positive. Correlation coefficient between mass of fat and bone tissue in carcass and mass of fat and bone tissue in three rib cut for same group was r=0.65 for fat tissue and r=0.53 for bone tissue. Correlation between mass of muscle tissue in carcass of average mass of 284 kg and cross section surface of M. longissimus dorsi on cut of 11. rib was r=0.80., Cilj naših istraživanja je bio da se ispita povezanost količine mesa, loja i kostiju u trupu sa istim tkivima u trorebarnom odresku i količine mišićnog tkiva u trupu sa površinom M. longissimus dorsi. Ispitivanje je sprovedeno na muškim tovnim junadima domaće šarene rase prosečne mase pre klanja 503 kg. a totalnom disekcijom je utvrđena ukupna količina mišićnog. masnog i koštanog tkiva u trupu. Povezanost između mase mišićnog tkiva u trupu i mase mišićnog tkiva u trorebarnom odresku trupova prosečne mase 284 kg je r=0.69, znači jaka i pozitivna. Koeficijent korelacije između mase masnog i koštanog tkiva u trupu i mase masnog, odnosno koštanog tkiva u trorebarnom odresku za istu grupu iznosio je r=0.65 za masno tkivo i r=0.53 za koštano tkivo. Povezanost mase mišićnog tkiva u trupu prosečne mase 284 kg sa površinom poprečnog preseka M. longissimus dorsi na preseku 11. rebra iznosila je r=0.80.

Hydroxyapatite/bioresorbable-polymer composite biomaterials can be used for the bone tissue reconstruction. There are different methods to obtain hydroxyapatite/poly-l-lactide (HAp/PLLA) composite biomaterial, but up to now only hot pressing and forging have been successfully used to produce blocks with mechanical properties similar to the natural bone tissue. By dissolving PLLA polymer mixed with HAp, highly porous HAp/PLLA composite biomaterial was obtained. A wide spectrum of blocks with different properties was produced by hot pressing, varying the pressing parameters. HAp/PLLA blocks were implanted into mice (intraperitoneally) and after implantation, the phenomenon was studied histopathologically and by FT-IR spectroscopy. The obtained composite biomaterial blocks have a compressive strength of up to 140 MPa and elasticity module of up to 10 GPa. After implantation, good adhesion of the surrounding tissue on the surface of the implant as well as its integration indicate high degree of its biocompatibility.