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This booklet presents data on enrollment in the North Dakota University System for the fall of 1994. Data are presented in 17 tables and 2 figures. After an introductory section, which includes definitions and institutional abbreviations, the tables provide information on: (1) headcount enrollment; (2) full-time (FT) enrollments; (3) total student credit hours of part-time (PT) student; (4) full-time equivalent (FTE) enrollments of PT students; (5) total of FT and FTE of PT students; (6) FTE enrollments based on total student credit hours by level of students; (7) nonresident undergraduate headcount; (8) headcount enrollments by tuition residency status; (9) nonresident graduate and professional enrollment; (10) headcount enrollments by county of residence for North Dakota students; (11) total in-state enrollment by county of origin; (12) in-state enrollment by county of origin by institution; (13) headcount enrollments by race; (14) headcount enrollments by citizenship, veteran status, sex, marital status, transfer status, and beginning freshmen; (15) total student credit hours by course level; (16) final fall enrollment report, 1985-1994; and (17) headcount enrollment by age. Figures show in-state enrollment by county of origin and the number of students in higher education, 1960-1994. (MDM)

BackgroundPublic health newborn screening (NBS) programs continuously evolve, taking advantage of international shared learning. NBS for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) has recently been introduced in many countries. However, comparison of screening outcomes has been hampered by use of disparate terminology and imprecise or variable case definitions for non-SCID conditions with T-cell lymphopenia.ObjectivesThis study sought to determine whether standardized screening terminology could overcome a Babylonian confusion and whether improved case definitions would promote international exchange of knowledge.MethodsA systematic literature review highlighted the diverse terminology in SCID NBS programs internationally. While, as expected, individual screening strategies and tests were tailored to each program, we found uniform terminology to be lacking in definitions of disease targets, sensitivity, and specificity required for comparisons across programs.ResultsThe study's recommendations reflect current evidence from literature and existing guidelines coupled with opinion of experts in public health screening and immunology. Terminologies were aligned. The distinction between actionable and nonactionable T-cell lymphopenia among non-SCID cases was clarified, the former being infants with T-cell lymphopenia who could benefit from interventions such as protection from infections, antibiotic prophylaxis, and live-attenuated vaccine avoidance.ConclusionsBy bringing together the previously unconnected public health screening community and clinical immunology community, these SCID NBS deliberations bridged the gaps in language and perspective between these disciplines. This study proposes that international specialists in each disorder for which NBS is performed join forces to hone their definitions and recommend uniform registration of outcomes of NBS. Standardization of terminology will promote international exchange of knowledge and optimize each phase of NBS and fo

In Immersive Learning Environments (ILEs) the feedback tools are often passive displays which do not necessarily help learners to progress in their learning process. Learners could really benefit from receiving the appropriate feedback through Learning Analytics Dashboards (LADs) that supports them and enables them to take immediate action. This can, however, only happen if the feedback that is given is suitable for the learner based on their needs and skill level. Therefore this study aims to investigate how the Self-Regulated Learning (SRL) skills predict the preference for a certain type of LAD reference frame. Three different types of reference frames were used in this study: the Progress RF, the Social RF, and the Achievement RF. This research found that learners with higher SRL skills have a preference for the Progress RF. The findings can contribute to the educational sciences and the designing of LADs in ILEs in order to foster learning for learners of all levels.

Financial aid to students in tertiary education can contribute to human capital accumulation through two channels: increased enrollment and improved student performance. We analyze the quantitative importance of both channels in the context of a student loan program "Sociedad de Fomento a la Educacion, Superior" (SOFES) implemented at private universities in Mexico. With regard to the first channel, enrollment, results from the Mexican household survey indicate that financial support has a strong positive effect on university enrollment. Given completion of upper secondary education, the probability of entering higher education rises 24 percent. Two data sources are used to investigate the second channel, student performance. Administrative data provided by SOFES are analyzed using a regression-discontinuity design, and survey data enable us to perform a similar analysis using a different control group. Empirical results suggest that SOFES recipients show better academic performance than students without a credit from SOFES. However, the results cannot be interpreted as a purely causal impact of the student loan program, since the impacts also could reflect (self-) selection of students. (Contains 7 figures, 17 tables, and 16 endnotes.) [This working paper was produced by World Bank Publications.]

This module (part of a series of 24 modules) is on adapting curriculum to the needs of mainstreamed students. The genesis of these materials is in the 10 "clusters of capabilities," outlined in the paper, "A Common Body of Practice for Teachers: The Challenge of Public Law 94-142 to Teacher Education." These clusters form the proposed core of professional knowledge needed by teachers in the future. The module is to be used by teacher educators to reexamine and enhance their current practice in preparing classroom teachers to work competently and comfortably with children who have a wide range of individual needs. The module includes objectives, scales for assessing the degree to which the identified knowledge and practices are prevalent in an existing teacher education program, and self-assessment test items. Bibliographic references and journal articles on regular and special education curricula are included. (JD)

This report provides information on degree and certificate programs offered and student program completions for fiscal year 1993-94 in North Dakota's public and private postsecondary educational institutions. The first table lists all programs offered, coded in accordance with the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP Code) system. For each CIP Code, the offering institutions are listed, and the level of offering (certificate, diploma, associate, bachelor, and graduate) is indicated. The second table lists, by institution, the number of students completing programs (listed by CIP code.) Separate listings are provided for one-year and two-year programs, for bachelor's degree programs, and for master's degree and doctoral programs. Another table lists total numbers of North Dakota program completers by field of study, for 1983-84, 1992-93, and 1993-94. Institutional costs for full-time/part-time resident and nonresident students are also provided, including tuition, fees, room, and board for each institution. (JDD)

This report provides information on degree and certificate programs offered and student program completions for fiscal year 1992-93 in North Dakota's public and private postsecondary institutions. Institutional programs are coded in accordance with the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) Code system. Programs are organized by level of offering: 1- and 2-year bachelor's or graduate programs. Also included are data on program completions by institution per level of offering, and by field of study per level of offering in the academic years of 1983, 1992, and 1993. Additionally, data on each institution are presented, including the institution's address, chief administrator, and school type. Data on the highest level of program offerings at North Dakota colleges and universities are provided as is a list of institutional charges (tuition, fees, room and board) for the 1993-94 academic year. (JB)

This publication presents data on enrollment in the North Dakota University System for the fall of 1993. Data were supplied by the institutions of postsecondary education and are presented in 17 tables and 2 figures. Following a section defining key terms the tables provide information on the following: (1) headcount enrollment; (2) full-time enrollment; (3) total student credit hours of part-time students; (4) full-time equivalent enrollments of part-time students; (5) total of full-time and full-time equivalent of part-time students; (6) full-time equivalent enrollments based on total student credit hours by level of students; (7) nonresident headcount (undergraduate); (8) headcount enrollments by tuition residency status; (9) nonresident headcount (graduate); (10) headcount enrollments by county or residence for North Dakota students; (11) total in-state enrollment by county of origin; (12) in-state enrollment by county of origin by institution; (13) headcount enrollments by race; (14) headcount enrollments by citizenship, veteran status, sex, marital status, transfer status and beginning freshmen; (15) total student credit hours by course level; (16) final fall enrollment report 1983 through 1993; and (17) headcount enrollment by age. Figures show in-state enrollment by county of origin, and number of students in higher education 1960 to 1993. (JB)

This report provides information on degree and certificate programs offered and student program completions for fiscal year 1991-92 in North Dakota's public and private postsecondary institutions. Institutional programs are coded in accordance with the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP Code) system. Programs are organized by level of offering: 1- and 2-year, bachelor's, or graduate. Also included are program completions by institution per level of offering, and by field of study per level of offering in the academic years of 1981-82, 1990-91, and 1991-92. Additionally, data on each institution is presented, including the institution's address, chief administrator, and school type. Also included is data on the highest level of program offerings at North Dakota colleges and universities; and a list of institutional charges (tuition, fees, room and board) for the 1992-93 academic year. (GLR)

This publication presents data on enrollment in the North Dakota University System for the fall of 1992. Data were supplied by the institutions of postsecondary education and are presented in 17 tables and two figures. Following a section defining key terms the tables provide information on the following: (1) headcount enrollment; (2) full-time enrollment; (3) total student credit hours of part-time students; (4) full-time equivalent enrollments of part-time students; (5) total of full-time and full-time equivalent of part-time students; (6) full-time equivalent enrollments based on total student credit hours by level of students; (7) nonresident headcount; (8) headcount enrollments by tuition residency status; (9) nonresident headcount; (10) headcount enrollments by county or residence for North Dakota students; (11) total in-state enrollment by county of origin; (12) in-state enrollment by county of origin by institution; (13) headcount enrollments by race; (14) headcount enrollments by citizenship, veteran status, sex, marital status, transfer status and beginning freshmen; (15) total student credit hours by course level; (16) final fall enrollment report 1983 through 1992; and (17) headcount enrollment by age. Figures show instate enrollment by county of origin, and number of students in higher education: 1960 to 1992. (JB)

The focus of this chapter is on the organisation and role of expertise in the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). It more particularly examines how the High Representative/Vice President (HR/VP) and the European External Action Service (EEAS) have organised the gathering and processing of European foreign policy expertise and whether this has led to contestation. Based on a case study on the Asia-Pacific department, it first identifies the rules of the game underlying the organisation of expertise in the EEAS and successively explores the day-to-day practice of these rules. The chapter does not limit itself to subject matter expertise but also includes political expertise, procedural expertise, policy expertise and expertise on experts. Building on social psychology, it focuses on expert groups rather than on individual experts as the basic unit of analysis. The exploratory case study on the Asia-Pacific department learns that the EEAS is in general able to perform as an expertise driven organization, notwithstanding its limited operational budget, successive reductions in staff numbers, and its staff rotating policy. There is a clear division of roles whereby EEAS staff concentrates on expert, political and process expertise, while subject matter and policy expertise are sourced externally. Thanks to flexible internal rules, EEAS staff members are able to identify and work with the required sources rather easily. The way in which the EEAS has organized the gathering and processing of European foreign policy expertise has not led to contestation, either from the member states, the Commission, or the broader public. There are occasional frictions between the EEAS and the member states, as well as between the EEAS and the Commission. However, such tensions are not so much about the use of expertise but rather concern the delineation of competences, political reliability, and different degrees of openness.

In dit literatuuronderzoek wordt de primaire tekst De pest (1947) van Albert Camus gebruikt om aan te tonen dat de literaire stroming het existentialisme in lijn der traditie van de klassieke oudheid staat. Sartres Wat is literatuur geeft inzicht in wat de existentialisten verstaan onder goede literatuur en Aristoteles’ Poëtica vervult die functie voor de klassieke traditie. De bestudering van De pest binnen zowel de eigen contemporaine als de klassieke traditie zal in een vergelijkend hoofdstuk de overlap in visie uiteengezet worden. Sartre ziet engagement als het grote doel van literatuur en dat kan de auteur bij de lezer bereiken door de personages in tekst negatief handelen te tonen in de hoop daarmee de lezer tot juist handelen te bewegen. Katharsis is wat Aristoteles verstaat onder wat literatuur moet bereiken. Het opwekken van phobos en eleos (=overweldigende angst en medelijden) bij de lezer door lijden en ongeluk bij de personages te tonen moet een emotionele reiniging bij lezer bewerkstelligen om daarmee bewogen te worden tot goed handelen. Dat de termen engagement en katharsis op vergelijkbare wijze bereikt worden maakt dat de termen min of meer inwisselbaar zijn.

This thesis will disentangle the web of connections between the four chosen platforms: the liveblog, the internet news articles, the eight o’clock newscast and the political press conference; in order to analyze how the NOS constructs the political press conference in a cross-medial manner. I argue that the political press conference should be considered the most important platform on the specific day it is broadcasted. This finding is supported by the qualitative importance of the references from the three platforms. Furthermore, through an analysis of authorship based on Erdal’s cross-medial framework, I will conclude that the NOS purposely hide their production processes. Without further field work, their intent remains unknown. It is certain, however, that this leaves only their cross-media communication processes visible. Delving further into this phenomenon will lead me to the political implications of the NOS’ cross-mediality. An analysis of the relationship between the Dutch state and the NOS will provide insight in how this cross-medial network, where the three platforms build anticipation for the main event, the political press conference, contribute to the ideological dominance of the nation state. The current extreme entanglement of politics, society and the media, strengthened by the Covid-19 pandemic, has made it possible for outlets like the NOS to use the myth of the mediated center as a tool. Since the intrusive measures regarding the coronavirus are constantly changed, the NOS functions as the messenger between the abstract power of the state and the violence enacted by the state. They provide the public with the vital information that is necessary in order to avoid prosecution by the Dutch government. The NOS is currently in the position the media always claimed to be in. They function as a gateway, for many, into what is currently happening in the nation state and thus in society.

The present thesis has investigated the relational constitution of gender/sex/sexuality within Dutch cisgender-transgender relationships. This has been done through a discussion of cisgender-transgender relationships and their existence within broader social norms/normativity, and bringing these in relation to the concepts of identification and disidentification. In order to investigate these dynamics, five couples from the Netherlands were selected of whom one person could be categorised as a transmasculine individual, and one person could be categorised as a cisgender person. Through qualitative interviews, information was gathered surrounding the couples’ relationships, experiences and relations to norms and normativity. Hereby it was found that cisgender-transgender couples relationally constitute and navigate their gender/sex/sexuality, this being both in relation to each other and social norms/normativity, through processes of identification and disidentification. In particular, it has been found that while within the Netherlands labels and categories relating to identity are given much social importance, the couples often actively disidentified with these normative labels and categories. In addition, particular social issues/phenomena were mentioned as being of influence in the construction of norms within the Netherlands that they had to navigate in their gender/sex/sexuality identification and disidentification, namely generational gaps and media representation. Specifically, transnormative media representation and ‘older generations’ were argued to be factors in the hindrance of transgender acceptance and normalisation within society, while social media and ‘younger generations’ were argued to bring about progress herein. These findings contribute to the gaps within existing research that have so far lacked in representing existing relationships between cisgender and transgender people that do not consist of violence and suffering. Furthermore, these findi

Discoursen binnen blogs zijn al veelvuldig onderzocht in het licht van ingekaderde levensstijlen als veganisme. In dit onderzoek is daarom de andere kant van het dieetspectrum onderzocht, te weten het ‘normale’ eetpatroon. Met een kritische discoursanalyse is geprobeerd inzicht te krijgen in het discours van normaliteit dat door het foodblogplatform Chickslovefood lijkt te worden uitgedragen. Het populaire foodblog lijkt, in tegenstelling tot veganistische platforms, geen specifiek dieet te verkondigen dat afwijkt van een ‘gewoon’ eetpatroon en waarvoor bepaalde ingrediënten moeten worden gemeden. De recepten die op het blog worden gedeeld variëren namelijk van gezond tot guilty pleasure en van vegetarisch tot vlees bevattend. Desalniettemin is onderzoek naar de norm van belang vanwege de invloedrijke rol die voedselgerelateerde sociale media kunnen hebben in het dagelijks leven van mensen. Uit de transcriptie en codering van de website van het foodblog en de Instagramberichten in de maanden september, oktober en november, is gebleken dat het discours van normaliteit lijkt te bestaan uit vier centrale elementen: balans, ritme, herkenning en verbondenheid, en duurzaamheid. Deze vier sub-thema’s blijken elk in verschillende mate zowel expliciet als impliciet tot uitdrukking te komen via de Instagram-berichten en de website. Chickslovefood lijkt al met al niet uit te dragen wát de lezer moet eten, maar hóe de lezer moet eten. Het representeert een levensstijl via een eetpatroon, waarin balans, ritme, herkenning en verbondenheid, en duurzaamheid de sleutelelementen zijn. Met dit onderzoek is bijgedragen aan het van de grond brengen van onderzoek naar discoursen van normaliteit binnen foodblogs.

The European Union is renowned for its ability to transfer certain international norms and values to other countries, including democracy, respect for human rights and peace. This thesis analyzes the EU’s normative influence in the Colombian peace process. It first presents the European Union as a peacebuilding force and the theory of Normative Power Europe (NPE) as coined by Manners. Then, the thesis evaluates the EU’s involvement in the Colombian peace process, along the lines of Manners’ six factors of normative power diffusion. Finally, it indicates to what extent the EU’s policies have been normatively effective. This thesis concludes that despite a number of promising policy initiatives in support of peace, the European Union has not been able to truly establish a normative influence in Colombia, especially when compared to the United States.

The European Union is renowned for its ability to transfer certain international norms and values to other countries, including democracy, respect for human rights and peace. This thesis analyzes the EU’s normative influence in the Colombian peace process. It first presents the European Union as a peacebuilding force and the theory of Normative Power Europe (NPE) as coined by Manners. Then, the thesis evaluates the EU’s involvement in the Colombian peace process, along the lines of Manners’ six factors of normative power diffusion. Finally, it indicates to what extent the EU’s policies have been normatively effective. This thesis concludes that despite a number of promising policy initiatives in support of peace, the European Union has not been able to truly establish a normative influence in Colombia, especially when compared to the United States.

In deze scriptie is onderzoek gedaan naar het stikstofprobleem in Nederland. De Nederlandse biodiversiteit neemt gestaagd af; doordat stikstof neerslaat op de bodem verdwijnen voornamelijk stikstofarme planten (RIVM, 2018). Een uitspraak van de Raad van State waarin werd gesteld dat het oude stikstofbeleid, vastgelegd in het Programma Aanpak Stikstof (PAS), niet voldeed aan de Europese richtlijnen (Julen, 2019) heeft ervoor gezorgd dat de Nederlandse overheid geen vergunningen meer uit kon geven aan stikstof uitstotende sectoren zoals de bouw en agrarische sector. Als gevolg van deze uitspraak ontstonden er protesten in Nederland. Deze scriptie bestaat uit een beleidsvoorstel voor de overheid omtrent een nieuw stikstofbeleid anno 2020. De hoofdvraag die centraal staat in dit onderzoek is: Hoe creëer je draagvlak voor stikstofbeleid dat goed is voor boeren en natuur in Nederland? Door de complexe structuur van het probleem is er voor dit beleidsvoorstel een interdisciplinaire aanpak nodig. Om antwoord te geven op de hoofdvraag is gebruik gemaakt van de disciplines Internationale betrekkingen in historisch perspectief, Economie, Governance for sustainable development en Arbeids- en organisatiepsychologie. Vanuit Internationale betrekkingen in historisch perspectief is gebleken dat de boerenprotesten een reactie zijn op liberale kernwaarde. De boeren zijn tegen het samensmelten van nationaal en internationaal beleid. Daarnaast nemen zij geen dreiging waar die internationale samenwerking rechtvaardigt. Vanuit Governance for sustainable development is geconcludeerd dat een goede balans tussen daadkracht en draagvlak zorgt voor optimale beleidsvorming omtrent het stikstofbeleid waarbij te veel focus op draagvlak, daadkracht op lange termijn verzwakt. Vanuit Economie is uit een vergelijking tussen pigovian tax en cap and trade geconcludeerd dat cap and trade het beste instrument is voor stikstofreductie. Vanuit Arbeids- en organisatiepsychologie is gebleken dat de overheid

De Oeigoeren, een moslimminderheid in China, waren recentelijk wereldnieuws vanwege de voortdurende gecompliceerde relatie met de Chinese regering. De huidige opleving van het conflict in China’s autonome regio Xinjiang is geen unicum. Al sinds de oprichting van de People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949 is er sprake van een nationaliteitenvraagstuk. In dit eindwerkstuk wordt onderzocht welk beleid de PRC in haar beginjaren voerde omtrent minderheden en welke gevolgen dit heeft gehad voor de Oeigoeren in Xinjiang tussen 1955 en 1959. Dit wordt beoogd door het conflict te plaatsen binnen de theorie van Gellner over nationalisme (1983) en toe te passen op twee primaire bronnen: officiële beleidsdocumenten uit ‘Communist China 1955-1959: Policy Documents with Analysis’ van Bowie en Fairbank (1971) en ervaringen van lokale politici in Xinjiang uit de collectie ‘“Local Nationalism” in Xinjiang, 1957-1958’ van het Wilson Center. Uiteindelijk kan geconcludeerd worden dat de Chinese regering in haar officiële beleid afwijkt van de theorie van Gellner, maar in de praktijk wel in overeenstemming met de theorie heeft gehandeld.

Opvallend genoeg worden er in de Kopenhaagse vrijstaat Christiania religieuze symbolen uit de rastafari-cultuur gebruikt, zonder dat dit in een religieuze setting gebeurt. Deze scriptie onderzoekt welke betekenissen er achter symbolen schuilgaat. Tijdens een zestal bezoeken aan Christiania in de zomer van 2019 is er een inventarisatie ontstaan van de aanwezige rastafari-symbolen. Aan de hand van deze inventarisatie worden zowel de ‘originele’ als de alternatieve betekenissen van de symboliek besproken. Om een zo volledig mogelijk beeld te geven van de contexten waarin deze betekenissen worden verleend, wordt er een beeld geschetst van de rastafari-cultuur en de Christiania-gemeenschap. Van de rastafari wordt een beeld geschetst van de geschiedenis en gebruiken, en bij Christiania komen de politieke geschiedenis, ideologie en de drugscultuur aan bod. Uit de bevindingen van dit onderzoek blijkt dat de rastafari-symboliek in Christiania niet op een religieuze manier wordt gebruikt, maar dat het wordt ingezet voor commerciële doeleinden en ter uitdraging van een politieke anti-establishmenthouding. Daarbij worden aspecten van de rastafari, die vaak zowel een politieke als religieuze lading hebben, selectief overgenomen en vervolgens geseculariseerd.

Veel bedrijven maken tegenwoordig gebruik van sociale media om contact te leggen en contact te onderhouden met hun klanten. Het online contact leggen van bedrijven met consumenten wordt ook wel webcare genoemd. Bij het contact leggen met klanten maken bedrijven gebruik van een conversational human voice. Dit is een natuurlijke en engagerende communicatiestijl richting het publiek. Een onderdeel hiervan is het gebruik van humor. Onderzoek uit het verleden heeft aangetoond dat dit gebruik van humor in webcare niet altijd positieve effecten heeft. Zo kan het een effect hebben op het imago van het bedrijf of de gedragsintenties van de klant. In dit onderzoek zijn de gevolgen van het gebruik van humor in webcare onderzocht. Het onderzoek is toegespitst op het gebruik van humor bij een negatief klantencontact, namelijk een klacht van de consument. Dit onderzoek is gericht op de supermarktenbranche, een branche die op grote schaal gebruik maakt van webcare via sociale media. De ernst van de klacht van de consument is bij dit onderzoek in acht genomen. Dit is gedaan omdat de waardering van de reactie kan verschillen bij ernstige klachten en niet ernstige klachten. In het onderzoek hebben 102 respondenten reacties van supermarkten, met of zonder humor, op ernstige en niet ernstige klachten van consumenten beoordeeld. Dit gebeurde via een online vragenlijst. Het gebruik van humor in reacties op klachten van klanten heeft een negatief effect op de waargenomen gepastheid van de reactie en de mate waarin het bedrijf in de perceptie van de proefpersonen waarde hecht aan de relatie tussen klant en het bedrijf. Deze twee effecten zijn groter bij ernstige klachten dan bij niet ernstige klachten. Humor blijkt geen effect te hebben op de aantrekkelijkheid van de tekst, de deskundigheid en reputatie van het bedrijf en gedragsintenties van de consument. Deze bevindingen kunnen bedrijven helpen om hun strategie ten opzichte van humor en webcare te verbeteren. Wanneer bedrijven bekend zij

The importance of long-distance dispersal (LDD) in shaping geographical distributions has been debated since the nineteenth century. In terrestrial vertebrates, LDD events across large water bodies are considered highly improbable, but organismal traits affecting dispersal capacity are generally not taken into account. Here, we focus on a recent lizard radiation and combine a summary-coalescent species tree based on 1225 exons with a probabilistic model that links dispersal capacity to an evolving trait, to investigate whether ecological specialization has influenced the probability of trans-oceanic dispersal. Cryptoblepharus species that occur in coastal habitats have on average dispersed 13 to 14 times more frequently than non-coastal species and coastal specialization has, therefore, led to an extraordinarily widespread distribution that includes multiple continents and distant island archipelagoes. Furthermore, their presence across the Pacific substantially predates the age of human colonization and we can explicitly reject the possibility that these patterns are solely shaped by human-mediated dispersal. Overall, by combining new analytical methods with a comprehensive phylogenomic dataset, we use a quantitative framework to show how coastal specialization can influence dispersal capacity and eventually shape geographical distributions at a macroevolutionary scale.

The importance of long-distance dispersal (LDD) in shaping geographical distributions has been debated since the nineteenth century. In terrestrial vertebrates, LDD events across large water bodies are considered highly improbable, but organismal traits affecting dispersal capacity are generally not taken into account. Here, we focus on a recent lizard radiation and combine a summary-coalescent species tree based on 1225 exons with a probabilistic model that links dispersal capacity to an evolving trait, to investigate whether ecological specialization has influenced the probability of trans-oceanic dispersal. Cryptoblepharus species that occur in coastal habitats have on average dispersed 13 to 14 times more frequently than non-coastal species and coastal specialization has, therefore, led to an extraordinarily widespread distribution that includes multiple continents and distant island archipelagoes. Furthermore, their presence across the Pacific substantially predates the age of human colonization and we can explicitly reject the possibility that these patterns are solely shaped by human-mediated dispersal. Overall, by combining new analytical methods with a comprehensive phylogenomic dataset, we use a quantitative framework to show how coastal specialization can influence dispersal capacity and eventually shape geographical distributions at a macroevolutionary scale.

In this thesis the model structures defined by Geoffroy Horel and Gereon Quick on the categories of profinite groupoids and simplicial profinite sets, respectively, are studied. We fill in some gaps in the proofs of Geoffroy Horel and Gereon Quick, and also give a thorough treatment of pro-categories.

As little as 30% of the 28 million tonnes of plastic produced in the EU annually is collected for recycling, much of which is to be treated outside of the EU under less-strict standards. Furthermore, 150.000 to 500.000 tonnes of EU-originated plastic waste ends up in nature annually. European plastic recycling rates should thus increase. However, the exact barriers and opportunities involved in this increase remain unclear. Therefore, this research conducted an analysis of the post-consumer plastic packaging (PCPP) mechanical recycling technology innovation system. This specification was chosen as mechanical recycling is the mainstream recycling technology, and packaging is a large contributor to plastic waste. This analysis was conducted through the Technological Innovation System (TIS) Analysis Framework. This TIS, the system of actors and rules that impact the diffusion of a technology, when analysed, reveals the performance of the system and in turn the flaws present. Additionally, the research focussed on the role of Food & Agribusiness (F&A) companies on this innovation system due these companies’ high packaging use and recent increase in collaborations and investments in PCPP mechanical recycling. To determine the level of impact by F&A companies, the concept of Dynamic Capabilities was used. Dynamic Capabilities are a firm’s abilities to develop competitive advantages in a rapidly changing environment, the framework consists of three capability levels, from low to high level of competitive advantage creation. A combination of the TIS and Dynamic Capabilities Framework was used to analyse the innovation system of a laggard (the UK) and a frontrunner country (the Netherlands), in order to highlight the differences in barriers and opportunities present in a weak and a strong performing system. The results of this comparison show that both EU and national legislations should increase their focus on regulations regarding the use of recycled content; improved cons

The prevalence of personality disorders (PDs) in forensic populations is high. PDs might be predictive for criminal behaviour and therefore it is interesting to study PDs in the context of risk assessment. The current study investigates whether the Dutch language version of the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure (SWAP-200-NL), an instrument that assesses personality pathology, has predictive value on criminal data. It is investigated to what extent the number of convictions, the number of days of detention, and the age of first conviction are explained by the SWAP-200-NL scales. To do so, 34 forensic mental health experts completed the SWAP-200-NL for defendants they were assessing. Information about the number of convictions, the number of days of detention, and the age of first conviction was acquired by studying criminal records. Various multiple regression analyses with bootstrapping were carried out to assess the predictive values of the SWAP-200-NL scales. Results suggest that the psychopathy factor scale accounts for 16% of the variability in the number of convictions and a combination of oedipal conflict factor, psychopathy factor, and schizoid orientation factor explain 43% of the variability in the age of first conviction. The scales do not account significantly for variability in the number of days of detention. In conclusion, the SWAP-200-NL may be used to make chary predictions about the age of first conviction. Future research should extend and define the model of the age of first conviction in the context of risk assessment.