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Renewable energy sources and further electrificationof energy consumption are key enablers for decreasing green-house gas emissions, but also introduce increased complexitywithin the electric power system. The increased availability ofautomation, information and communication technology, andintelligent solutions for system operation have transformed thepower system into a smart grid. In order to support thedevelopment process of smart grid solutions on the system level,testing has to be done in a holistic manner, covering the multi-domain aspect of such complex systems. This paper introducesthe concept of holistic power system testing and discuss first stepstowards a corresponding methodology that is being developed inthe European ERIGrid research infrastructure project., Comment: 2016 IEEE 21st International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)

The gradual deployment of intelligent and coordinated devices in the electrical power system needs careful investigation of the interactions between the various domains involved. Especially due to the coupling between ICT and power systems a holistic approach for testing and validating is required. Taking existing (quasi-) standardised smart grid system and test specification methods as a starting point, we are developing a holistic testing and validation approach that allows a very flexible way of assessing the system level aspects by various types of experiments (including virtual, real, and mixed lab settings). This paper describes the formal holistic test case specification method and applies it to a particular co-simulation experimental setup. The various building blocks of such a simulation (i.e., FMI, mosaik, domain-specific simulation federates) are covered in more detail. The presented method addresses most modeling and specification challenges in cyber-physical energy systems and is extensible for future additions such as uncertainty quantification., Comment: 2017 Workshop on Modeling and Simulation of Cyber-Physical Energy Systems (MSCPES)

Renewables are key enablers in the plight to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and cope with anthropogenic global warming. The intermittent nature and limited storage capabilities of renewables culminate in new challenges that power system operators have to deal with in order to regulate power quality and ensure security of supply. At the same time, the increased availability of advanced automation and communication technologies provides new opportunities for the derivation of intelligent solutions to tackle the challenges. Previous work has shown various new methods of operating highly interconnected power grids, and their corresponding components, in a more effective way. As a consequence of these developments, the traditional power system is being transformed into a cyber-physical energy system, a smart grid. Previous and ongoing research have tended to mainly focus on how specific aspects of smart grids can be validated, but until there exists no integrated approach for the analysis and evaluation of complex cyber-physical systems configurations. This paper introduces integrated research infrastructure that provides methods and tools for validating smart grid systems in a holistic, cyber-physical manner. The corresponding concepts are currently being developed further in the European project ERIGrid., Comment: 8th International Conference on Industrial Applications of Holonic and Multi-Agent Systems (HoloMAS 2017)

The introduction of distributed renewable power units (RPU) changes the operation of electrical power systems. RPU take over tasks of conventional power plants such as energy supply and the provision of ancillary services. The ancillary service provision must be reliable in order to guarantee secure system operations. In this thesis, the RelACs-method is introduced to assess coalitions, i.e. aggregations of RPU, with respect of how reliably they are able to provide ancillary services, particularly for the use case of providing primary control reserves. The RelACs-method incorporates uncertainties induced by unit failures and forecast errors as well as dependencies between units. The RelACs-method can be used to guarantee that a coalition is able to fulfil specific reliability requirements. Furthermore, the RelACs-method is used to derive recommendations for the choice of inputs to coalition forming given different conditions.

The introduction of distributed renewable power units (RPU) changes the operation of electrical power systems. RPU take over tasks of conventional power plants such as energy supply and the provision of ancillary services. The ancillary service provision must be reliable in order to guarantee secure system operations. In this thesis, the RelACs-method is introduced to assess coalitions, i.e. aggregations of RPU, with respect of how reliably they are able to provide ancillary services, particularly for the use case of providing primary control reserves. The RelACs-method incorporates uncertainties induced by unit failures and forecast errors as well as dependencies between units. The RelACs-method can be used to guarantee that a coalition is able to fulfil specific reliability requirements. Furthermore, the RelACs-method is used to derive recommendations for the choice of inputs to coalition forming given different conditions.

This Electra internal report includes the work of Task T6.1 describing the nature, availability and contribution of flexibility resources. This task also models the interactions across control boundaries and identifies sources of control conflicts, giving also an overview of experiences from the ELECTRA partners regarding the realization of controllers in demonstration and field test projects. The work was carried out during the period from May to December 2014. The different type of flexibility resources, their characteristics, affecting market mechanisms and potential for aggregation were researched using a survey among project partners. The parameters used to characterise flexibility include the amount of power modulation, the duration, the rate of change, the response time, the location, the availability, the controllability, etc. Views were also received how these parameters will develop until 2030 and what are the general trends for development of amount and controllability of this resource types. The parameters characterising different energy resources provide the technical requirements for their applicability to flexible operation of the grid and their suitability for frequency and voltage control now and in the future. Regarding the flexibility of electricity generation, gas turbines and other heat motors as reciprocating engines can be started quickest. The speed of power change is clearly the highest for heat motors and their minimum power is low. Also steam and combined heat and power plants can be utilised in the relatively quick increasing of the electricity generation. Slower power changes are possible also with the nuclear power but they cannot be carried out continuously. The regulation characteristics of hydro power are superb in comparison to the other electricity generation methods. Besides the sun power, wind power is increasing most quickly in the world in the comin