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The youth smoking problem is discussed and assistance is provided for teachers in developing smoking prevention and cessation programs. Four chapters serve as guides to understanding and working with the youth smoking problem. "Teenage Smoking in America" reviews trends in teenage smoking behavior and the factors that influence the initiation of smoking. "Approaches to Smoking in Schools: Regulation and Education" reviews the historical approaches to combating the teenage smoking problem. "How to Develop a School Smoking Program" suggests procedures for initiating smoking education programs in curriculum development. "Current Smoking Education Programs" describes several innovative smoking education programs. The appendix presents information on additional resources, resource organizations, and contemporary texts on school health education. (JN)

Focus in this anthropology career guide is on suggestions about how to combine a degree in anthropology with supplementary training in order to qualify for a variety of positions after undergraduate study. A series of steps which the undergraduate major in anthropology might pursue to prepare for employment are outlined, and the significance of the master's and doctoral degrees are also discussed. Career opportunities are listed under 34 different occupational headings, e.g., health assistance occupations, city management, government agencies, counseling and helping occupations, market research, recreation, science writing, and law. A brief description under each heading is supplemented with sources of additional information (mostly addresses for organizations in the field). Two tables list educational requirements for each of the 34 occupational fields. The first indicates level of training (BA, BA plus training, MA/MS) for each field. The second lists suggested number of elective courses in one or more of 16 other fields (e.g., business, journalism, writing, architecture, political science) which should be combined with anthropology courses to prepare for jobs in each of the 34 occupational fields. Two sample resumes are appended. (TA)

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This is a fact sheet information on community foundations in Tanzania

We investigate the physical consequences of imposing symmetry requirements to the Cramer–Rao inequality, and investigate in particular translation, inversion, and rotation and show the above relationremains invariant under these transformations, which adds additional flavor to the adjective shift invariant attached to the concept of Fisher measure. In particular, if the inequality is saturated, it remains so under any transformation represented by a square matrix, representative of a (physical) unitary operator, as is the case in the all important instance of the classical harmonic oscillator.

The peak brightness of the solar spectrum is in the green when plotted in wavelength units. It peaks in the near-infrared when plotted in frequency units. Therefore the oft-quoted notion that evolution led to an optimized eye whose sensitivity peaks where there is most available sunlight is misleading and erroneous. The confusion arises when density distribution functions like the spectral radiance are compared with ordinary functions like the sensitivity of the eye. Spectral radiance functions, excepting very narrow ones, can change peak positions greatly when transformed from wavelength to frequency units, but sensitivity functions do not. Expressing the spectral radiance in terms of photons per second, rather than power, also causes a change in the shape and peak of the distribution, even keeping the choice of bandwidth units fixed. The confusion arising from comparing simple functions to distribution functions occurs in many parts of the scientific and engineering literature aside from vision, and some examples are given. The eye does not appear to be optimized for detection of the available sunlight, including the surprisingly large amount of infrared radiation in the environment. The color sensitivity of the eye is discussed in terms of the spectral properties and the photo and chemical stability of available biological materials. It is likely that we are viewing the world with a souvenir of the human evolutionary voyage

The Maximum Entropy Method, using physical statistics, chooses the most probable estimate consistent with limited measurements. Thermodynamic analogies and the degree of confidence are discussed.

This study examined the effects of a token economy program instituted on an open, adult, male ward of 29 mentally retarded residents at the Norton State Hospital in Norton, Kansas. The goals of the program were to reduce both specific inappropriate behaviors (ward rule violations) on the ward, and individualized inappropriate (target) behaviors. The contingencies and administration of the token program were rigidly defined so as to reduce ambiguity and consequent inconsistencies. Colored washers were used as secondary reinforcers, which were exchanged for a variety of privileges. The program focused on positive reinforcement but did employ a variety of response cost procedures including a token fine, confinement to the resident's room, o confinement to an unlocked unit for ten minute periods. The program was solely administered by the aides after initial training, and the author was used only as a consultant. The results indicate a marked reduction of violations of each of the 5 ward rules. Inappropriate target behaviors were also significantly reduced. Violations of ward rules continued to drop during the program. Only one resident did not respond to any part of the program. This resulted in an unusually low failure rate of 3.49%. A job performance measure was taken to assess the degree to which the token program would generalize to an off-ward job. Contrary to prediction, the program showed no significant influence on off-ward job performance. Possible explanations for this failure and suggestions for future program improvements were discussed.

A letter from H. Russell Bernard.

[No abstract]

Journal of the Western Society for French History: vol. 2, no. 0, (dlps) 0642292.0002.048, http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.0642292.0002.048, This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License. Please contact mpub-help@umich.edu to use this work in a way not covered by the license.

Editors: Aug. 1859-July 1865, J. D. White, J. H. McQuillen, G. J. Ziegler.--Aug. 1865-Dec. 1871, J. H. McQuillen, G. J. Ziegler.--Jan. 1872-May 1891, J. W. White.--July 1891-Apr. 1930, E. C. Kirk (with L. P. Anthony, Dec. 1917-Apr. 1930).--May 1930-Dec. 1936, L. P. Anthony., Vols. 1-13 are called "new series.", Merged in Jan. 1937 with: Journal of the American Dental Association, ISSN 1048-6364, to form: Journal of the American Dental Association and dental cosmos, ISSN 0375-8451., The Dental cosmos; a monthly record of dental science. [Vol. 77] : Vol 77 : Issue 10, Page(s) 1030, (dlps) volume: 0527912.0077.001, (dlps) article: 0527912.0077.001:795, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html

The Ladies' repository: a monthly periodical, devoted to literature, arts, and religion. / Volume 6, Issue 4, Page(s) 241-243, (dlps) volume: acg2248.2-06.004, (dlps) article: acg2248.2-06.004:1, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/text/accesspolicy.html

This book develops in detail the statistical foundations of nonequilibrium thermodynamics, based on the mathematical theory of Brownian motion. Author Bernard H. Lavenda demonstrates that thermodynamic criteria emerge in the limit of small thermal fluctuations and in the Gaussian limit where means and modes of the distribution coincide. His treatment assumes the theory of Brownian motion to be a general and practical model of irreversible processes that are inevitably influenced by random thermal fluctuations. This unifying approach permits the extraction of widely applicable principles from the analysis of specific models. Arranged by argument rather than theory, the text is based on the premises that random thermal fluctuations play a decisive role in governing the evolution of nonequilibrium thermodynamic processes and that they can be viewed as a dynamic superposition of many random events. Intended for nonmathematicians working in the areas of nonequilibrium thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, this book will also be of interest to chemical physicists, condensed matter physicists, and readers in the area of nonlinear optics.