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This study aims to reconstruct the hydro-climatic variations over the last 1000 years in Haiti using mineralogical and geochemical composition of well dated lacustrine sediment core retrieved from Lake Azuei. The results show changes in sedimentological processes linked to environmental and climatic variations. The general pattern suggests a wetter Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA), drier Little Ice Age (LIA), high climate variability during the MCA-LIA transition and more anthropogenic impacts that dominate natural climate during the Current Warm Period (CWP). The MCA period (~1000–1100 CE) thus appears marked by increase sedimentation rate supported by higher terrigenous input linked to erosive events particularly increases in precipitation. During the LIA, particularly from ~1450 to 1600 CE, there is a great variation toward a decrease of terrigenous input, which is related to a decrease on sedimentation rate and increase Mg-calcite precipitation, suggesting less precipitation and high evaporation respectively during dry climate conditions. The MCA-LIA transition (~1200–1400 CE) is characterized by variations between terrigenous input, Mg-calcite formation and organic matter deposition, which indicate succession of dry and humid conditions. The CWP (1800–2000 CE) shows a progressive increase on sedimentation rate and decrease of gray level, which indicate more organic matter sedimentation as consequence of anthropogenic activities in the surrounding basin of the lake. High-resolution gray level analysis, which reflects principally variations in terrigenous input, carbonate mineral formation and organic matter deposition, shows that the AMO, NAO, PDO and ENSO are the principal modes affecting the hydro-climatic changes in Haiti during the last millennium. In addition, temporal correlation of other Caribbean paleoclimate records with our geochemical and mineralogical data, suggests that trends observed in Lake Azuei were controlled by regional climate, likely associat

Although quantitative isotope data from speleothems has been used to evaluate isotope-enabled model simulations, currently no consensus exists regarding the most appropriate methodology through which to achieve this. A number of modelling groups will be running isotope-enabled palaeoclimate simulations in the framework of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6, so it is timely to evaluate different approaches to using the speleothem data for data-model comparisons. Here, we illustrate this using 456 globally distributed speleothem delta O-18 records from an updated version of the Speleothem Isotopes Synthesis and Analysis (SISAL) database and palaeoclimate simulations generated using the ECHAM5-wiso isotope-enabled atmospheric circulation model. We show that the SISAL records reproduce the first-order spatial patterns of isotopic variability in the modern day, strongly supporting the application of this dataset for evaluating model-derived isotope variability into the past. However, the discontinuous nature of many speleothem records complicates the process of procuring large numbers of records if data-model comparisons are made using the traditional approach of comparing anomalies between a control period and a given palaeoclimate experiment. To circumvent this issue, we illustrate techniques through which the absolute isotope values during any time period could be used for model evaluation. Specifically, we show that speleothem isotope records allow an assessment of a model's ability to simulate spatial isotopic trends. Our analyses provide a protocol for using speleothem isotope data for model evaluation, including screening the observations to take into account the impact of speleothem mineralogy on delta O-18 values, the optimum period for the modern observational baseline and the selection of an appropriate time window for creating means of the isotope data for palaeo-time-slices.

Although quantitative isotope data from speleothems has been used to evaluate isotope-enabled model simulations, currently no consensus exists regarding the most appropriate methodology through which to achieve this. A number of modelling groups will be running isotope-enabled palaeoclimate simulations in the framework of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6, so it is timely to evaluate different approaches to using the speleothem data for data-model comparisons. Here, we illustrate this using 456 globally distributed speleothem delta O-18 records from an updated version of the Speleothem Isotopes Synthesis and Analysis (SISAL) database and palaeoclimate simulations generated using the ECHAM5-wiso isotope-enabled atmospheric circulation model. We show that the SISAL records reproduce the first-order spatial patterns of isotopic variability in the modern day, strongly supporting the application of this dataset for evaluating model-derived isotope variability into the past. However, the discontinuous nature of many speleothem records complicates the process of procuring large numbers of records if data-model comparisons are made using the traditional approach of comparing anomalies between a control period and a given palaeoclimate experiment. To circumvent this issue, we illustrate techniques through which the absolute isotope values during any time period could be used for model evaluation. Specifically, we show that speleothem isotope records allow an assessment of a model's ability to simulate spatial isotopic trends. Our analyses provide a protocol for using speleothem isotope data for model evaluation, including screening the observations to take into account the impact of speleothem mineralogy on delta O-18 values, the optimum period for the modern observational baseline and the selection of an appropriate time window for creating means of the isotope data for palaeo-time-slices.

Although quantitative isotope data from speleothems has been used to evaluate isotope-enabled model simulations, currently no consensus exists regarding the most appropriate methodology through which to achieve this. A number of modelling groups will be running isotope-enabled palaeoclimate simulations in the framework of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6, so it is timely to evaluate different approaches to using the speleothem data for data-model comparisons. Here, we illustrate this using 456 globally distributed speleothem delta O-18 records from an updated version of the Speleothem Isotopes Synthesis and Analysis (SISAL) database and palaeoclimate simulations generated using the ECHAM5-wiso isotope-enabled atmospheric circulation model. We show that the SISAL records reproduce the first-order spatial patterns of isotopic variability in the modern day, strongly supporting the application of this dataset for evaluating model-derived isotope variability into the past. However, the discontinuous nature of many speleothem records complicates the process of procuring large numbers of records if data-model comparisons are made using the traditional approach of comparing anomalies between a control period and a given palaeoclimate experiment. To circumvent this issue, we illustrate techniques through which the absolute isotope values during any time period could be used for model evaluation. Specifically, we show that speleothem isotope records allow an assessment of a model's ability to simulate spatial isotopic trends. Our analyses provide a protocol for using speleothem isotope data for model evaluation, including screening the observations to take into account the impact of speleothem mineralogy on delta O-18 values, the optimum period for the modern observational baseline and the selection of an appropriate time window for creating means of the isotope data for palaeo-time-slices.

Although quantitative isotope data from speleothems has been used to evaluate isotope-enabled model simulations, currently no consensus exists regarding the most appropriate methodology through which to achieve this. A number of modelling groups will be running isotope-enabled palaeoclimate simulations in the framework of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6, so it is timely to evaluate different approaches to using the speleothem data for data-model comparisons. Here, we illustrate this using 456 globally distributed speleothem delta O-18 records from an updated version of the Speleothem Isotopes Synthesis and Analysis (SISAL) database and palaeoclimate simulations generated using the ECHAM5-wiso isotope-enabled atmospheric circulation model. We show that the SISAL records reproduce the first-order spatial patterns of isotopic variability in the modern day, strongly supporting the application of this dataset for evaluating model-derived isotope variability into the past. However, the discontinuous nature of many speleothem records complicates the process of procuring large numbers of records if data-model comparisons are made using the traditional approach of comparing anomalies between a control period and a given palaeoclimate experiment. To circumvent this issue, we illustrate techniques through which the absolute isotope values during any time period could be used for model evaluation. Specifically, we show that speleothem isotope records allow an assessment of a model's ability to simulate spatial isotopic trends. Our analyses provide a protocol for using speleothem isotope data for model evaluation, including screening the observations to take into account the impact of speleothem mineralogy on delta O-18 values, the optimum period for the modern observational baseline and the selection of an appropriate time window for creating means of the isotope data for palaeo-time-slices.

Although quantitative isotope data from speleothems has been used to evaluate isotope-enabled model simulations, currently no consensus exists regarding the most appropriate methodology through which to achieve this. A number of modelling groups will be running isotope-enabled palaeoclimate simulations in the framework of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6, so it is timely to evaluate different approaches to using the speleothem data for data-model comparisons. Here, we illustrate this using 456 globally distributed speleothem delta O-18 records from an updated version of the Speleothem Isotopes Synthesis and Analysis (SISAL) database and palaeoclimate simulations generated using the ECHAM5-wiso isotope-enabled atmospheric circulation model. We show that the SISAL records reproduce the first-order spatial patterns of isotopic variability in the modern day, strongly supporting the application of this dataset for evaluating model-derived isotope variability into the past. However, the discontinuous nature of many speleothem records complicates the process of procuring large numbers of records if data-model comparisons are made using the traditional approach of comparing anomalies between a control period and a given palaeoclimate experiment. To circumvent this issue, we illustrate techniques through which the absolute isotope values during any time period could be used for model evaluation. Specifically, we show that speleothem isotope records allow an assessment of a model's ability to simulate spatial isotopic trends. Our analyses provide a protocol for using speleothem isotope data for model evaluation, including screening the observations to take into account the impact of speleothem mineralogy on delta O-18 values, the optimum period for the modern observational baseline and the selection of an appropriate time window for creating means of the isotope data for palaeo-time-slices.

Although quantitative isotope data from speleothems has been used to evaluate isotope-enabled model simulations, currently no consensus exists regarding the most appropriate methodology through which to achieve this. A number of modelling groups will be running isotope-enabled palaeoclimate simulations in the framework of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6, so it is timely to evaluate different approaches to using the speleothem data for data-model comparisons. Here, we illustrate this using 456 globally distributed speleothem delta O-18 records from an updated version of the Speleothem Isotopes Synthesis and Analysis (SISAL) database and palaeoclimate simulations generated using the ECHAM5-wiso isotope-enabled atmospheric circulation model. We show that the SISAL records reproduce the first-order spatial patterns of isotopic variability in the modern day, strongly supporting the application of this dataset for evaluating model-derived isotope variability into the past. However, the discontinuous nature of many speleothem records complicates the process of procuring large numbers of records if data-model comparisons are made using the traditional approach of comparing anomalies between a control period and a given palaeoclimate experiment. To circumvent this issue, we illustrate techniques through which the absolute isotope values during any time period could be used for model evaluation. Specifically, we show that speleothem isotope records allow an assessment of a model's ability to simulate spatial isotopic trends. Our analyses provide a protocol for using speleothem isotope data for model evaluation, including screening the observations to take into account the impact of speleothem mineralogy on delta O-18 values, the optimum period for the modern observational baseline and the selection of an appropriate time window for creating means of the isotope data for palaeo-time-slices.

Modern weather stations allow real-time monitoring for atmospheric variables. The architecturemost commonly used in the Wireless Sensor Networks WSN consists of nodes distributedthrough out the area of interest, and a gateway that is an intermediary between the nodes andthe network server. This network server is responsible for managing the network of LoRaWANdevices, allowing the presence of multiple gateways and the centralized management of theentire network. Finally, the central server delivers the data to the user through an application.In this work, it is used as an alternative of WSN, the long-range technology and low powerconsumption LoRa. Also, it is complemented with LoRaWAN for end-to-end communication.These technologies have emerged with great impetus as an option of network solutions within theIoT paradigm. LoRa and LoRaWAN offer several advantages for the development of monitoringsystems in rural environments, due to; its easy configuration, low energy consumption and widecoverage. Therefore, they are the appropriate technologies to fulfill the purposes of this work.One of the main challenges of the present work is that the area of interest only has secondgeneration mobile coverage. This implies that the gateway has as an option the use of technologyGSM/GPRS to upload the data collected by the sensors. In such a way, the gateway with thetechnology GSM/GPRS has been equipped to upload the data to the server.The main contribution of the present work is the proposal of the application layer protocolVMTP. This proposed protocol runs on LoRaWAN and handles the meteorological variablesof interest. The protocol is capable of adjust dynamically its payload based on the meteorologicalinformation it carries. This is in order to compress the maximum frame sent and as aconsequence, reduce the energy consumption of the entire system.

Modern weather stations allow real-time monitoring for atmospheric variables. The architecturemost commonly used in the Wireless Sensor Networks WSN consists of nodes distributedthrough out the area of interest, and a gateway that is an intermediary between the nodes andthe network server. This network server is responsible for managing the network of LoRaWANdevices, allowing the presence of multiple gateways and the centralized management of theentire network. Finally, the central server delivers the data to the user through an application.In this work, it is used as an alternative of WSN, the long-range technology and low powerconsumption LoRa. Also, it is complemented with LoRaWAN for end-to-end communication.These technologies have emerged with great impetus as an option of network solutions within theIoT paradigm. LoRa and LoRaWAN offer several advantages for the development of monitoringsystems in rural environments, due to; its easy configuration, low energy consumption and widecoverage. Therefore, they are the appropriate technologies to fulfill the purposes of this work.One of the main challenges of the present work is that the area of interest only has secondgeneration mobile coverage. This implies that the gateway has as an option the use of technologyGSM/GPRS to upload the data collected by the sensors. In such a way, the gateway with thetechnology GSM/GPRS has been equipped to upload the data to the server.The main contribution of the present work is the proposal of the application layer protocolVMTP. This proposed protocol runs on LoRaWAN and handles the meteorological variablesof interest. The protocol is capable of adjust dynamically its payload based on the meteorologicalinformation it carries. This is in order to compress the maximum frame sent and as aconsequence, reduce the energy consumption of the entire system.

Modern weather stations allow real-time monitoring for atmospheric variables. The architecturemost commonly used in the Wireless Sensor Networks WSN consists of nodes distributedthrough out the area of interest, and a gateway that is an intermediary between the nodes andthe network server. This network server is responsible for managing the network of LoRaWANdevices, allowing the presence of multiple gateways and the centralized management of theentire network. Finally, the central server delivers the data to the user through an application.In this work, it is used as an alternative of WSN, the long-range technology and low powerconsumption LoRa. Also, it is complemented with LoRaWAN for end-to-end communication.These technologies have emerged with great impetus as an option of network solutions within theIoT paradigm. LoRa and LoRaWAN offer several advantages for the development of monitoringsystems in rural environments, due to; its easy configuration, low energy consumption and widecoverage. Therefore, they are the appropriate technologies to fulfill the purposes of this work.One of the main challenges of the present work is that the area of interest only has secondgeneration mobile coverage. This implies that the gateway has as an option the use of technologyGSM/GPRS to upload the data collected by the sensors. In such a way, the gateway with thetechnology GSM/GPRS has been equipped to upload the data to the server.The main contribution of the present work is the proposal of the application layer protocolVMTP. This proposed protocol runs on LoRaWAN and handles the meteorological variablesof interest. The protocol is capable of adjust dynamically its payload based on the meteorologicalinformation it carries. This is in order to compress the maximum frame sent and as aconsequence, reduce the energy consumption of the entire system.

En esta publicación se reproducen algunos ensayos escritos por los curadores e investigadores de la exposición itinerante “Radio Sutatenza: una revolución cultural en el campo colombiano (1947-1994)”, que ha viajado por distintas sucursales de la Red de Bibliotecas del Banco de la República desde el año 2018, aunque inicialmente se presentó desde el 25 de mayo de 2017 hasta finales de ese mismo año en la Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango, ubicada en Bogotá. El catálogo, así como la exposición, celebra los méritos de la empresa cultural y educativa llevada a cabo por Acción Cultural Popular durante 47 años. El uso de la tecnología, la implementación de nuevos modelos de enseñanza y la gestión cultural para la transformación de las condiciones de vida en el campo colombiano son analizados desde distintas perspectivas. De lo anterior que se destaquen los análisis sobre la situación socio política de la educación nacional en el contexto de ACPO; la importancia de los principios religiosos y misionales de la institución; el uso de los medios de comunicación en las iniciativas culturales y, finalmente, las peculiaridades que hicieron de Radio Sutatenza un proyecto cercano y comprometido con sus oyentes. Particularmente, destaca el artículo que presenta el Archivo ACPO y describe los contenidos que hacen parte del mismo, así como su importancia en el panorama del patrimonio documental colombiano y la memoria colectiva. A través del conocimiento tentativo que se obtiene de este ensayo, los usuarios podrán adquirir un panorama inicial sobre los contenidos del archivo donado a la Biblioteca en el año 2008, y registrado en el Programa Memoria del Mundo de la UNESCO (MOWLAC) en el 2013. Finalmente, cada ensayo está acompañado de reproducciones fotográficas relacionadas con materiales de enseñanza utilizados por los estudiantes de Radio Sutatenza; personajes destacados dentro de la institución; momentos de profunda importancia histórica para el desarrollo de la gestión cultural; test, RADIO SUTATENZA: UNA REVOLUCIÓN CULTURAL EN EL CAMPO COLOMBIANO (1947-1994) RADIO SUTATENZA: una revolución cultural en el campo colombiano (1947-1994) Escuela Radiofónica en la Región Andina colombiana [Fotografía] Fotógrafo: no registra ca. 1959-1963 Profesionales de la nutrición leyendo el semanario El Campesino [Fotografía] Fotógrafo: no registra 1969 Escuela Radiofónica familiar en Ciénaga, Magdalena [Fotografía] Fotógrafo: Hernando Cháves H. 1974 Apertura de un Radio Sutatenza para un cambio de pilas en Gómez Plata, Antioquia. [Fotografía] Fotógrafo: Hernando Cháves H. 1965 Escuela Radiofónica en el Centro Cultural Modelo en Santo Tomás, Atlántico [Fotografía] Fotógrafo: Hernando Cháves H. ca. 1969-1970 Tres generaciones de una familia estudian a través de Radio Sutatenza [Fotografía] Fotógrafo: no registra ca. 1965-1969 Lectores del semanario El Campesino [Fotografía] Fotógrafo: Manuel Toto H. ca. 1969-1970 RADIO SUTATENZA: una revolución cultural en el campo colombiano (1947-1994) Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango 25 de mayo de 2017 Ángela María Pérez Mejía Subgerente Cultural Banco de la República Alberto Abello Vives Director Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango Red de Bibliotecas, Banco de la República Fernando Barona Tovar Asesor General de la Subgerencia Cultural Banco de la República CORRECCIÓN DE ESTILO Vallejo Editores DISEÑO GRÁFICO La Silueta FOTOGRAFÍAS E IMÁGENES Archivo ACPO-Radio Sutatenza, Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango Página 64: The American Catholic History Research Center and University Archives (ACUA), Washington, D.C. IMPRESIÓN LEGIS S. A. CURADURÍA Juan Pablo Angarita Bernal Ayder Berrío Puerta Jorge Rojas Álvarez TEXTOS DEL CATÁLOGO Juan Pablo Angarita Bernal Ayder Berrío Puerta Diana Patricia Restrepo Torres Red de Bibliotecas del Banco de la República Jorge Rojas Álvarez Mary Jeane Roldán Sierra Zuly Adriana Zabala León COORDINACIÓN CURATORIAL Y EDITORIAL Zuly Adriana Zabala León Red de Bibliotecas del Banco de la República ISBN 978-958-664-354-2 A

Substantial increases in South American monsoon precipitation during Heinrich Stadials point toward decreased cross-equatorial heat transport as the main driver of monsoonal hydroclimate variability at millennial time-scales. In order to better constrain the exact timing as well as the regional expression of Heinrich Stadials over tropical South America we present a multi-proxy paleo-precipitation reconstruction for Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1), based on two precisely dated high-temporal resolution speleothem records in combination with marine records of terrestrial organic and inorganic matter input into the western equatorial Atlantic. Covering a wide portion of eastern South America monsoon domain the HS1 typifies a Mega SACZ episodes presenting a double plunge structured characterized by least two important events of increased monsoonal precipitation centered at 15.4 and 17.38 kyr B.P., here labeled as HS1a and HS1c, respectively, desiccant by a long-standing dry excursion ranging from 16.66 to 16.11 kyr BP, labeled as HS1b.

Substantial increases in South American monsoon precipitation during Heinrich Stadials point toward decreased cross-equatorial heat transport as the main driver of monsoonal hydroclimate variability at millennial time-scales. In order to better constrain the exact timing as well as the regional expression of Heinrich Stadials over tropical South America we present a multi-proxy paleo-precipitation reconstruction for Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1), based on two precisely dated high-temporal resolution speleothem records in combination with marine records of terrestrial organic and inorganic matter input into the western equatorial Atlantic. Covering a wide portion of eastern South America monsoon domain the HS1 typifies a Mega SACZ episodes presenting a double plunge structured characterized by least two important events of increased monsoonal precipitation centered at 15.4 and 17.38 kyr B.P., here labeled as HS1a and HS1c, respectively, desiccant by a long-standing dry excursion ranging from 16.66 to 16.11 kyr BP, labeled as HS1b.

We describe an analytical methodology to quantify238U-234U and230Th using isotope-dilution systematics and inductively coupled plasma-quadrupole mass spectrometry (ICP-QMS) for geochronological purposes. This required characterization of the mass spectrometer detector performance over a large dynamic range, including a careful calibration between pulse and analogue ion-counting modes. Our methodology gives an analytical precision for234U/238U and230Th/238U of 4‰ and 7‰ (2 × standard error), respectively, and yields230Th-ages with 4-5% uncertainty from 500 ng of238U. We tested our methodology by analyzing carbonate samples (corals and speleothems) which were previously dated using MC-ICPMS; excellent agreement between both techniques was obtained. Our results indicate that ICP-QMS is suitable to obtain valuable meaningful geochronological data, but it is limited to dating samples older than 1 ka, and younger than 400 ka. Our methodology thus represents an attractive alternative to obtain geochonological data to select the most interesting samples prior to high-precision analysis. Moreover, such data would also valuable to build preliminary age-models, which can be further complemented with high-precision analyses.

A study with the method quasi-experimental pre-intervention / post-intervention to promote knowledge, attitudes and practices in STI / HIV / AIDS in the students of the Faculty of Arts at the University of Cuenca, Common Design Schools and Instruction Musical with a sample of 67 participants. Applying for data acquiring a questionnaire consisting of multiple choice questions, the same that was assessed before and after 3 months of the introduction, based on social-cognitive theory of Albert Bandura. Taking into account the variables and in particular that of knowledge on transmission routes, presentations and cure of STIs, it increased from 40.5% to 59.4%. Attitudes in the presence of these infections and their prevention, also had an increase of 46.3% before intervention to 53.6% after it. And the practice of risk for STIs, HIV / AIDS decreased from 53.1% to 46.9%. Scale was used self-efficacy for AIDS prevention in sub-scale referred to say NO to sex with different risk circumstances, and in the subscale C concerning the proper use of condoms observe that the values which are statistically significant shows an increase in the safety of students to avoid risky situations. In the subscale B on trust and dialogue with the couple found that the percentages of the issue increased. After the educational intervention increased the level of knowledge and improved attitudes towards STIs / HIV / AIDS.

A study with the method quasi-experimental pre-intervention / post-intervention to promote knowledge, attitudes and practices in STI / HIV / AIDS in the students of the Faculty of Arts at the University of Cuenca, Common Design Schools and Instruction Musical with a sample of 67 participants. Applying for data acquiring a questionnaire consisting of multiple choice questions, the same that was assessed before and after 3 months of the introduction, based on social-cognitive theory of Albert Bandura. Taking into account the variables and in particular that of knowledge on transmission routes, presentations and cure of STIs, it increased from 40.5% to 59.4%. Attitudes in the presence of these infections and their prevention, also had an increase of 46.3% before intervention to 53.6% after it. And the practice of risk for STIs, HIV / AIDS decreased from 53.1% to 46.9%. Scale was used self-efficacy for AIDS prevention in sub-scale referred to say NO to sex with different risk circumstances, and in the subscale C concerning the proper use of condoms observe that the values which are statistically significant shows an increase in the safety of students to avoid risky situations. In the subscale B on trust and dialogue with the couple found that the percentages of the issue increased. After the educational intervention increased the level of knowledge and improved attitudes towards STIs / HIV / AIDS.

A study with the method quasi-experimental pre-intervention / post-intervention to promote knowledge, attitudes and practices in STI / HIV / AIDS in the students of the Faculty of Arts at the University of Cuenca, Common Design Schools and Instruction Musical with a sample of 67 participants. Applying for data acquiring a questionnaire consisting of multiple choice questions, the same that was assessed before and after 3 months of the introduction, based on social-cognitive theory of Albert Bandura. Taking into account the variables and in particular that of knowledge on transmission routes, presentations and cure of STIs, it increased from 40.5% to 59.4%. Attitudes in the presence of these infections and their prevention, also had an increase of 46.3% before intervention to 53.6% after it. And the practice of risk for STIs, HIV / AIDS decreased from 53.1% to 46.9%. Scale was used self-efficacy for AIDS prevention in sub-scale referred to say NO to sex with different risk circumstances, and in the subscale C concerning the proper use of condoms observe that the values which are statistically significant shows an increase in the safety of students to avoid risky situations. In the subscale B on trust and dialogue with the couple found that the percentages of the issue increased. After the educational intervention increased the level of knowledge and improved attitudes towards STIs / HIV / AIDS.

Eight new geochemical reference materials for the analysis of major and trace elements in typical geological matrices have been prepared, and their physical and chemical homogeneity has been thoroughly assessed. The materials (IGL sample series) consist of a lateritic soil, a dolomite, a limestone, an andesite, three different syenites and a gabbro, all of them sampled at different localities from Mexico. The results indicate that the IGL samples are physically homogeneous down to a sub-batch of 0.2 g with a 0.05 significance level. Major and trace element provisional composition of these materials was obtained by wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (WD-XRF). Statistical evaluation to verify for "sufficient homogeneity" was applied and sufficient chemical homogeneity at the 0.05 significance level was demonstrated. Calibration curves were constructed using the IGL samples in order to assess their performance as reference materials. Analyses of international reference materials (RGM-1, AGV-1, SDO- 1, and Es-3) demonstrate the reliability of the IGL samples for calibration and intercalibration purposes. Provisional concentrations for 24 major and trace elements, as well as FeO and loss on ignition (LOI) values, are provided for all IGL reference materials.

Eight new geochemical reference materials for the analysis of major and trace elements in typical geological matrices have been prepared, and their physical and chemical homogeneity has been thoroughly assessed. The materials (IGL sample series) consist of a lateritic soil, a dolomite, a limestone, an andesite, three different syenites and a gabbro, all of them sampled at different localities from Mexico. The results indicate that the IGL samples are physically homogeneous down to a sub-batch of 0.2 g with a 0.05 significance level. Major and trace element provisional composition of these materials was obtained by wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (WD-XRF). Statistical evaluation to verify for "sufficient homogeneity" was applied and sufficient chemical homogeneity at the 0.05 significance level was demonstrated. Calibration curves were constructed using the IGL samples in order to assess their performance as reference materials. Analyses of international reference materials (RGM-1, AGV-1, SDO- 1, and Es-3) demonstrate the reliability of the IGL samples for calibration and intercalibration purposes. Provisional concentrations for 24 major and trace elements, as well as FeO and loss on ignition (LOI) values, are provided for all IGL reference materials.