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The Programme for International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) will establish technical standards and guidelines to ensure that the survey design and implementation processes of PIAAC yield high-quality and internationally comparable data. This document provides a revised version of the technical standards and guidelines originally distributed (October 11, 2008). The document is structured in two parts: (1) Part I provides an introduction to PIAAC and its objectives as well as the methodologies; and (2) Part II presents the proposed standards, together with their rationale, technical implications, recommendations for implementation, and quality assurance procedures. The standards presented in this document are the generally agreed upon policies or best practices to be adhered to in the conduct of the survey. The guidelines are statements which elaborate on the implementation of the standard(s). Once the guidelines and standards are adopted, it is essential that all countries follow them. Where this is not possible, countries may apply for derogations from the standards. Where such derogations would compromise the survey objectives, the PIAAC Consortium will bring these to the attention of the OECD Secretariat, which, in turn, may refer them to the BPC for arbitration in situations where they might compromise the collective value of PIAAC. In addition to the standards and guidelines, the document provides recommendations which are designed to further improve the quality of the survey implementation and results. The recommendations are suggestions based on experience and best practices which would be acceptable approaches or activities to be undertaken in conjunction with a standard(s). Individual sections contain references. Annexes are included.

The Adult Literacy and Life Skills Survey (ALL) is a large-scale co-operative effort undertaken by governments, national statistics agencies, research institutions and multi-lateral agencies. The development and management of the study were co-ordinated by Statistics Canada and the Educational Testing Service (ETS) in collaboration with the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) of the United States Department of Education, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean (OREALC) and the Institute for Statistics (UIS) of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO). The survey instruments were developed by international teams of experts with financing provided by the Governments of Canada and the United States. A highly diverse group of countries and experts drawn from around the world participated in the validation of the instruments. Participating governments absorbed the costs of national data collection and a share of the international overheads associated with implementation. The ALL study builds on the International Adult Literacy Survey (IALS), the world's first internationally comparative survey of adult skills undertaken in three rounds of data collection between 1994 and 1998. The foundation skills measured in the ALL survey include prose literacy, document literacy, numeracy, and problem solving. Additional skills assessed indirectly include familiarity with and use of information and communication technologies. This volume presents an initial set of findings for a group of seven countries or regions that collected data in 2003. They include Bermuda, Canada, Italy, Norway, Switzerland, the United States and the Mexican State of Nuevo Leon. As this report goes to press a second group of countries is in the field preparing for their ALL data collection in 2005. The findings are presented in 11 chapters. Chapter 1 presents an overview of the ALL study. Chapter 2 compares the basic distributions of skill by age, gender and country. The chapter also presents evidence on how rapidly skill profiles have changed over time for those countries where such analyses could be conducted. Chapter 3 explores the relationship between each skill domain and education at various levels. Chapter 4 documents the role skill plays in formal adult education and training markets and the effects of education and skill on continuing learning in informal and non-formal settings at home and at work. Chapter 5 traces the influence of skill on employment and unemployment and on the transition from school to work. Chapter 6 explores connections between the emergence of the knowledge economy, reading, writing and numeracy practices at work, and mismatch between observed skill and skill requirements at work. Chapter 7 presents evidence on the profound effects of skill on earnings from work and investment income. Chapter 8 focuses on the relationships between familiarity and use of information and communication technologies, labour market outcomes and the social distribution of ICT use and familiarity. Chapter 9 sheds light on the relative skill levels of immigrants and on the implications of between-country differences in immigration patterns. Chapter 10 concentrates on the relationship between parents' education and skills, patterns of skill use and how engagement in various activities at home, at work and during leisure can vary by skill level. Chapter 11 examines the relationship between skill and summary measures of physical and mental health and overall life satisfaction. Annexed are: (1) A Construct-Centered approach to Understanding What was Measured in the Adult Literacy and Life Skills (ALL) Survey; (2) Adult Literacy and Life Skills Survey Survey Methodology; and (3) Principal Participants in the Project. Individual chapters contain endnotes and references. (Contains 70 figures, 83 tables and 18 boxes.) [For related report, "Literacy for Life: Further Results from the Adult Literacy and Life Skills Survey," see ED528869.]

Designed for students in grades 2 through 4, this self-teaching, interdisciplinary reading and activity program approaches the environmental conditions, the state of natural resources, and the problems of pollution in Bermuda. A caring little animal named Jelly Jam is used to help children understand how air, water, and land pollution affect their own lives and what they can do to help clean up the environment. Children read about ecological problems and through experiments, field trips, plays, songs, coloring activities, crossword puzzles, mazes, and a host of school and family anti-pollution activities learn how to be involved in solving the problems. The guide also presents self-corrective activities, a word list for vocabulary improvement, and answer pages for student self-teaching. (ML)

Dataset: In situ biogeochemical time-series in Bermuda 2017, In situ biogeochemical measurements including pCO2, pH, alkalinity, oxygen, temperature and salinity for a time-series in Bermuda, September 2017. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/783568, NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1459255

In February 1996, the genome community met in Bermuda to formulate principles for circulating genomic data. Although it is now 20 years since the Bermuda Principles were formulated, they continue to play a central role in shaping genomic and data-sharing practices. However, since 1996, "openness" has become an increasingly complex issue. This commentary seeks to articulate three core challenges data-sharing faces today.

The island of Bermuda (32º 20’ N, 64º 45’ W), consists of carbonates interbedded with terra rossa paleosols, situated on top of an eroded shield volcano of mid-to-late Eocene-through-early Oligocene age. The impacts of this distinctive geology, in combination with the island’s isolated geographic setting, have shaped human occupation of Bermuda since it was first settled in 1612. Since the seventeenth century, Bermudian societies have optimized their activities to accommodate their distinctive geologic and geographic setting. Such accommodations include the collection of rainwater as a source of freshwater, the production of sloops out of local Bermudian cedar, the utilization of limestones as well as unique local woods as a building material in the construction of homes and other structures, and the construction and utilization of fishing wells. Other adaptations include a close proximity of buildings on the island so as to accommodate a high population density, the development of a maritime economy, and an emphasis on trade and tourism. The relationship between Bermudian society and its environmental and geographic setting is reflected by this suite of adjustments that have been made by Bermudians throughout the last five centuries which have made it possible for them to thrive on the island. This poster presents these distinctively Bermudian accommodations with reference to their geological and geographical setting, underlining the significant influence setting has played upon the establishment of a successful society.

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2015. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Paleoceanography 30 (2015): 52–76, doi:10.1002/2014PA002662., North Atlantic climate archives provide evidence for increased storm activity during the Little Ice Age (150 to 600 calibrated years (cal years) B.P.) and centered at 1700 and 3000 cal years B.P., typically in centennial-scale sedimentary records. Meteorological (tropical versus extratropical storms) and climate forcings of this signal remain poorly understood, although variability in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) or Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) are frequently hypothesized to be involved. Here we present records of late Holocene storminess and coastal temperature change from a Bermudian submarine cave that is hydrographically circulated with the coastal ocean. Thermal variability in the cave is documented by stable oxygen isotope values of cave benthic foraminifera, which document a close linkage between regional temperature change and NAO phasing during the late Holocene. However, erosion of terrestrial sediment into the submarine cave provides a “storminess signal” that correlates with higher-latitude storminess archives and broader North Atlantic cooling events. Understanding the driver of this storminess signal will require higher-resolution storm records to disentangle the contribution of tropical versus extratropical cyclones and a better understanding of cyclone activity during hemispheric cooling periods. Most importantly, however, the signal in Bermuda appears more closely correlated with proxy-based evidence for subtle AMOC reductions than NAO phasing., Field support for this project was provided by the Williams and Nolan Families and the Walsingham Land Trust, and data support from the Bermuda Weather Service and R. Johnson (BIOS). Awards from the National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (Alexander Graham Bell CGS and Post-Doctoral Fellowship) and the inaugural Johanna M. Resig Fellowship from the Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research provided primary research support, along with research grants from the Geologic Society of America, Cave Research Foundation, the Bermuda Zoological Society, WHOI Ocean and Climate Change Institute, and in part funded by the NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (Award #1519557)., 2015-08-18

This PhD thesis is an inquiry into the rates of disease among the convict population in the Bermudian convict establishment and the medical practices used to treat these patients as a way to understand their living conditions. It has gone beyond the Colonial Office 37 series to survey other available data such as the ADM 101 series of the Royal Naval Hospital records and Commissioners’ Inquiries to show the extent to which the hulks themselves played a role in the cause and exacerbation of disease among the convict population. A quantitative analysis of hospital data uncovered the dominant diseases by considering both the contemporary methods of disease nomenclature and ICD-10. This comparison proves that no matter how a disease was classified the most dominant diseases were those that were the result of or were exacerbated by the filthy accommodation within the hulks. Comparisons of mortality and patterns of illness between Millbank and Gibraltar show a wider context of disease causation, and the extent to which conditions in Bermuda were better or worse than these other prisons. Quantitative analysis of therapeutics used in Bermuda and comparison of therapeutic trends between Bermuda, the hulk establishment at Woolwich and convict ships at sea, will show that practices in Bermuda were in part relative to the availability of therapeutics yet also conformed to West Indian norms of treating inflammatory conditions. Part of this investigation into medical facilities shows the extent to which clinical medicine influenced the doctor-patient relationship in Bermuda; how convicts had little or no say in their treatment. Furthermore, the doctor had access to the patient’s body as an instrument of the production of medical knowledge, the outcome of which seems to benefit the Bermudian convicts in cases of epidemic yellow fever when other treatments failed. Further investigation into the convicts in the First Fleet and Swan River Colony in Australia, Wakefield prison, Coldba

Sponges are filter-feeding organisms that contain a dense and diverse microbial community. These bacteria and archaea can comprise about 40% of the sponges’ total biomass often exceeding the microbial biomass of seawater by two to three orders of magnitude. The presence of bacteria during the reproductive stages of the sponge is an indicator of symbiosis. This study used culture-independent techniques to investigate the microbial community of Tedania ignis; an abundant marine sponge in the inshore coral reef environments around Bermuda. Sponge and water samples were collected from Ferry Reach, Helena’s Bay and Bailey’s Bay in Bermuda. Epifluorescent microscopy was used to quantify the microbial abundance from within the sponge tissue and compare it to that of the surrounding water. T. ignis was categorized as an high microbial abundant sponge. Two extraction methods were used to isolate bacterial and archaeal DNA for clone library analysis of the microbial community composition. The Mo Bio UltraClean Soil DNA Isolation Kit was more successful at amplifying bacterial DNA while the CTAB method had higher DNA yields and purity but residual phenol may have led to PCR inhibition. Clone sequence analysis showed inconclusive results when the 27F primer sequence did not align well with the sample sequences. T. ignis was determined to harbor Synechococcus sp., Actinosynnema mirum, Collimonas fungivorans, Rhodococcus opacus and Candidatus Puniceispirillum marinum based on the BLAST sequence alignment. Water samples contained Actinosynnema mirum, and Paenibacillus graminis based on the BLAST sequence alignment.

Past concepts and synonymies of Anadenobolus monilicornis (Porat, 1876) (Spirobolida: Rhinocricidae), including the implied synonymy of Rhinocricus ectus Chamberlin, 1920, are consolidated into a formal account with the fi rst illustrations of the holotype. Prior to 1492, A. monilicornis was probably indigenous to an unknown number of southern Antillean islands, but through modern commerce, man has introduced it to Florida, Bermuda, Barbados, the Cayman Islands, and Jamaica, and probably repeatedly (re)introduced conspecifi c material to all the Lesser Antilles, resulting in subcontinuous gene pool mixing and reticulate evolution. A broad species concept is necessary to encompass the multitudinous variants, some of which have been recognized as species; only one true Caribbean species of Anadenobolus Silvestri, 1897, may exist, for which arboreus (Saussure, 1859) is the oldest name. The distribution of A. monilicornis presently extends from Bermuda and southern coastal Florida through the Greater and Lesser Antilles (excepting Cuba) to eastern coastal Venezuela and central Suriname, with outlier populations in Jamaica, the Cayman Islands, and Tampa Bay and the eastern Floridian panhandle; excepting Barbados, the indigenous range may have extended from Hispaniola through the same area. Introductions into Manitoba, Canada, and North Carolina, USA, have not yielded viable populations. Localities are newly recorded from St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands.

This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Marine Chemistry 154 (2013): 55–66, doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2013.05.002., Environmental contamination in Castle Harbour, Bermuda, has been linked to the dissolution and leaching of contaminants from the adjacent marine landfill. This study expands the evidence for environmental impact of leachate from the landfill by quantitatively demonstrating elevated metal uptake over the last 30 years in corals growing in Castle Harbour. Coral Pb/Ca, Zn/Ca and Mn/Ca ratios and total Hg concentrations are elevated relative to an adjacent control site in John Smith's Bay. The temporal variability in the Castle Harbour coral records suggests that while the landfill has increased in size over the last 35 years, the dominant input of metals is through periodic leaching of contaminants from the municipal landfill and surrounding sediment. Elevated contaminants in the surrounding sediment suggest that resuspension is an important transport medium for transferring heavy metals to corals. Increased winds, particularly during the 1990s, were accompanied by higher coral metal composition at Castle Harbour. Coupled with wind-induced resuspension, interannual changes in sea level within the Harbour can lead to increased bioavailability of sediment-bound metals and subsequent coral metal assimilation. At John Smith's Bay, large scale convective mixing may be driving interannual metal variability in the coral record rather than impacts from land-based activities. Results from this study provide important insights into the coupling of natural variability and anthropogenic input of contaminants to the nearshore environment., This work was supported by a grant from a postdoctoral scholarship to N.G. Prouty from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and grants from the NSF (OCE-0402728; K. Hughen) and the Cove Point Foundation (C. Lamborg).

We have conducted climate analyses of natural lightning activity at Kennedy Space Center and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (KSC/CCAFS). These analyses were conducted to improve forecasts of lightning related hazards for, and the planning of, space vehicle launches at KSC/CCAFS. If a space vehicle is hit by lightning during launch, the vehicle and payload may sustain irreparable damage. Lightning-based rules for conducting launch and vehicle preparation activities have been developed by launch managers at KSC/CCAFS. In this research, we investigated one aspect of these?the natural lightning launch commit criteria. Our goal was to improve the scientific basis for skillful forecasting of the probability of lightning hazards. Such forecasts have the potential to reduce lightning related risks to personnel and equipment, and to save millions of dollars in preparation and launch costs. Using cloud-to-ground lightning strike data from the National Lightning Detection Network during January 1989 through December 2008, we identified events in which the KSC/CCAFS natural lightning criteria for launches were violated that is, when excessive lightning activity prevented or would have prevented launches from occurring. Based on these events, we developed daily and multi-day probabilities of lightning violations. We also developed and applied an objective statistical method for determining the seasonality of lightning and for identifying six lightning violation seasons through the course of the calendar year. These seasons were used as the basis for characterizing the temporal and spatial patterns associated with climate scale variations in lightning at KSC/CCAFS. We used atmospheric reanalysis data to analyze the physical processes that lead to interannual variability in: (a) lightning violations in each season; and (b) the start and end dates of the main lightning season., The original document contains color images.

On the reefs of Bermuda, the coral Diploria labyrinthiformis is rarely infected with black band disease (BBD) while BBD-infected colonies of D. strigosa are common. This study investigated several possible explanations for the documented difference in BBD prevalence including: 1) temperature and light conditions differentially affect the progression of the disease among these two species; 2) the bacterial communities associated with each species are different and 3) the bacterial composition of BBD in Bermuda is unique from that of other geographical regions where D. labyrinthiformis has been reported with BBD. Results suggest that light and temperature are important variables in determining BBD progression for both species; reef location, rather than coral species dictates the coral associated bacterial diversity; and the BBD bacterial mat in Bermuda is unique compared to other regions of the Caribbean. Many factors are likely responsible for the low occurrence of BBD among D. labyrinthiformis in Bermuda.

Menu inside is missing. Geographical location: Paynters Road, Tucker Town, Bermuda.

1) Determining large-scale distribution patterns for mosquitoes could advance knowledge of global mosquito biogeography and inform decisions about where mosquito inventory needs are greatest. 2) Over 43 000 georeferenced records are presented of identified and vouchered mosquitoes from collections undertaken between 1899 and 1982, from 1853 locations in 42 countries throughout the Neotropics. Of 492 species in the data set, 23% were only recorded from one location, and Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann is the most common species. 3) A linear log - log species - area relationship was found for mosquito species number and country area. Chile had the lowest relative density of species and Trinidad-Tobago the highest, followed by Panama and French Guiana. 4) The potential distribution of species was predicted using an Ecological Niche Modeling (ENM) approach. Anopheles species had the largest predicted species ranges, whereas species of Deinocerites and Wyeomyia had the smallest. 5) Species richness was estimated for 1 deg grids and by summing predicted presence of species from ENM. These methods both showed areas of high species richness in French Guiana, Panama, Trinidad-Tobago, and Colombia. Potential hotspots in endemicity included unsampled areas in Panama, French Guiana, Colombia, Belize, Venezuela, and Brazil. 6) Argentina, The Bahamas, Bermuda, Bolivia, Cuba, and Peru were the most underrepresented countries in the database compared with known country species occurrence data. Analysis of species accumulation curves suggested patchiness in the distribution of data points, which may affect estimates of species richness. 7) The data set is a first step towards the development of a global-scale repository of georeferenced mosquito collection records., Pub. in Ecological Entomology, v33 p12-23, 2008.

Graded, sorted, rounded, and ponded marine sand and conglomerate deposited in caves and on an erosional terrace at +20 m on Bermuda, previously interpreted as originating in a eustatic highstand of sea level during the middle Pleistocene, were reinterpreted by McMurtry et al. (2007) as the result of a great 20 m megatsunami at sea, propagating out across the North Atlantic from the Canary Islands, cresting, and rolling up and over the Bermuda platform. However, no middle Pleistocene tsunami deposits have been reported elsewhere on Bermuda or anywhere else around the North Atlantic rim. The tsunami origin is unsupportable whereas the available evidence unequivocally establishes a +21 m eustatic sea level during the middle Pleistocene MIS 11 interglacial.

A 225-year old coral from the south-shore of Bermuda (64CW, 32CN) provides a record of decadal-to-centennial scale climate variability. The high accretion rates, longevity, and skeletal growth bands found in coral skeletons make them an ideal resource for well-dated, seasonal climate reconstructions. Coral skeletons incorporate strontium (Sr) and calcium (Ca) in relative proportions inversely to the sea surface temperature (SST) in which the skeleton is secreted. Delta(exp 18)O of the coral skeleton changes based on both temperature and the 8(exp 18)O of sea water (DeltaOw), and 80 is proportional to sea surface salinity (SSS). Sr/Ca was used to reconstruct winter-time and mean-annual SST, employing the first growth-corrected Sr/Ca-SST model. SSTs are l.5C colder during the end of the Little Ice Age than today. SSS is fresher during that time. Winter-time SSTs at Bermuda are correlated to phases of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Using winter Sr/Ca as a proxy for temperature, we show strong coherence to the NAO at multi-decadal and inter-annual frequencies. These coral records show changes in variance in the NAO during the late 20th century, but limited changes in the mean phase of the NAO, implying that climate change may be pushing the NAO to extremes but not to a new mean position., The original document contains color images. All DTIC reproductions will be in black and white.

Summary Pleistocene sea-level fluctuations were the primary determinant of geological deposition and biotic evolution on Bermuda. The island is composed of carbonate sand deposited on the eroded summit of a submarine volcano during ele- vated sea-levels of interglacial periods. A few vertebrate remains have been recovered directly from interglacial sandstones, mainly of mid-Pleistocene age. Glacial intervals are marked by red soils derived mainly from atmospheric dust. Vertebrate fossils of glacial age are not preserved at the surface and are known only from caves and fissure fills. Fossil faunas are known on Bermuda from the last two glacial episodes but none of the earlier ones. Certain or probable extinctions of vertebrates are correlated with at least four interglacial rises in sea-level—-Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 11, 9, 5, and 1. The history of verte- brate paleontology on Bermuda is reviewed and fossil vertebrate localities are listed and briefly described.

In this dissertation I consider the socio-historical development of Bermudian society in response to the demands of mass tourism. There has been an active effort to shape Bermudian society, the 'natural' environment, and the tourist industry to conform to an idealized aesthetic that would ensure the continued arrival of visitors. Consequently, there has been a calculated attempt to theme Bermuda, much in the same way that the Disney Amusement Parks are themed to meet the expectations of tourists. The means to establish this theme was the creation of a Tourism Board which utilized the four main components of McDonaldization calculability, efficiency, predictability and control to shape Bermudian society to conform to the expectations of Bermuda's primary tourist market. Consequently, rather than locating mass tourism in terms of a consequence of an increase in available free-time, I have sought to locate tourism within the structural context of modernity.

At first glance the Caribbean Basin seems to be a fairly peaceful, even benign, region when compared to regions in Africa, the Middle East, or Europe. Closer analysis, however, reveals a complex, and dynamic grouping of nationalities, cultures, and languages and a myriad of issues and challenges (e.g., economic, social, and political) that can have an effect on the security landscape of the United States. Contrary to the characterization of benign unimportance, the Caribbean Basin has the distinction of being the region that has experienced the greatest number of U.S. military interventions - 37 since 1901. Much of U.S. foreign policy decisions relating to the Caribbean is crisis-oriented. However, there are significant transnational threats that the United States must pay attention to if it is to avoid another Haiti or Cuba. Chapter 1 is an introduction. Chapter 2 is a geopolitical overview and discussion of the region's value to the United States. Chapter 3 is a historical perspective on U.S. policy and interventions in the region since the Cold War. Chapter 4 discusses three of the challenges to U.S. security emanating from the region and postulates strategies for their resolution. Chapter 5 is a summary of findings and the conclusion. Sadly, this research indicates that current administration policy, as other administration policies of the past, still lacks the vision, strategic thinking, and long-range planning that will maximize the opportunities for true stability in the region or effectively resolve the challenges that may affect U.S.-Caribbean relations. (2 figures, 14 refs.), The original document contains color images.

The long-term goal of the Bermuda Testbed Mooring (BTM) Program is to provide a reliable platform in the deep ocean for instrumentation testing and development. Our objectives for the BTM are to provide mooring design, fabrication and operations support for ongoing instrumentation development and related environmental measurements. The tasks required to meet these objectives include building replacement moorings, leading the field operations, organizing the cruise logistics, and working closely with other researchers who are using or plan to use the platform., See also ADM002252.

With support from NOPP, the JASON Foundation for Education participated in an independently supported research cruise aboard Atlantis III involving the ROV JASON and deep submergence vehicle ALVIN. Researchers on this expedition studied the Guaymas Basin area. This effort was part of the JASON IX oceans program. The JASON Project curriculum, interactive Internet components, and field research opportunities for students produced for this expedition were linked with the research being undertaken by scientists aboard the Atlantis III. Participating students also studied deep-sea structure, marine chemistry, and geological and biological oceanography. Materials and programs developed through this important partnership with NOPP are available on a continuing basis. Curriculum materials, images and data are available online at our website above. JASON IX featured research on deep-water and mid-water systems within Monterey Bay, including sea surface chemical mapping of phytoplankton, acoustic telemetry for organisms within the water column, tectonic and hydrologic studies of deep-water venting systems, geochemical analysis of bottom substrate, mid-winter ecology (1km) above Monterey Canyon, deep-sea benthic bacterial studies, and benthic ecology of Monterey Canyon and cold seep ecology., See also ADM002252. Sponsored in part by the National Oceanographic Partnership Program, Washington, D.C.

The goal of the project was to identify the processes which control the temporal and spatial variability of two important trace elements, Cu and Mn, in the upper marine water column. The objective is to study the changes in speciation and total concentration of Cu and Mn at the Bermuda Atlantic Time Series (BATS) station over the period Jan 1992-Mar 1993 and interpret variability in terms of in situ chemical transformations (mediated by biological processes and light) and aeolian inputs of trace metals measured at nearby Bermuda by other workers. The station is characterized by strong seasonal forcing of physical, chemical and biological parameters. Also comparative studies of the behavior of Cu and Mn were made in two different oceanic environments: the permanently stratified Southern Sargasso Sea and the equatorial Pacific (Mn only). The objectives of these studies were to see if trends observed at BATS could be generalized to oceanic other environments and to see if empirical relationships established between physical and biological parameters and trace metal chemistry at BATS could be used to account for differences at these other environments. jg p.1

Low (10 - 100 Hz) and very low (1 - 10 Hz) frequency acoustic propagation loss is predicted for a site on the Bermuda Rise near 30 deg N 69 deg W. An extensive survey of the open literature is reported, and a geo- acoustic model of the acoustic environment at the site is developed. The results of a brief numerical investigation of the effect of shear waves and detailed sub-bottom layering on the acoustic propagation-loss predictions are discussed. The acoustic propagation-loss model used is SAFARI, which accounts for shear waves in the sediment but assumes a range-invariant environment. The propagation-loss predictions for 5, 10, 20, and 50 Hz are then presented. Also presented are predictions of the reflection loss in the form of grey-scale plots as a function of frequency and grazing angle. No comparison with experimental data is attempted.

In addition to mineral industry location and production data this atlas contains basic information on each country such as the languages spoken, currency, capital city, population and time difference. The countries covered are: Anguilla, Antigua, Argentina, Aruba, Bahama Islands, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Dominica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Leeward Islands, Martinique, Mexico, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, St Kitts-Nevis and Barbuda, St Lucia, St Vincent, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, Uruguay, Venezuela, Virgin Islands (British), Virgin Islands (US) and Windward Islands., In addition to mineral industry location and production data this atlas contains basic information on each country such as the languages spoken, currency, capital city, population and time difference. The countries covered are: Anguilla, Antigua, Argentina, Aruba, Bahama Islands, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Dominica, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Leeward Islands, Martinique, Mexico, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, St Kitts-Nevis and Barbuda, St Lucia, St Vincent, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, Uruguay, Venezuela, Virgin Islands (British), Virgin Islands (US) and Windward Islands.

The feasibility of an operational tomography capability has been demonstrated. Daily inversions of acoustic travel time data produced sound speed profiles that were successfully integrated into the standard Navy operational product for the NW Atlantic. Improved estimates of the sound speed (and thus temperature) reduced the error variance approximately 20% along the source- receiver vector. The resultant temperature fields, produced on a daily basis, have been reformulated as synthetic bathythermographs for input to the Optimal Thermal Interpolation System at the Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center. Sound speed fields based on tomographic results change predicted convergence zone ranges by about 10 km, corresponding changes in local acoustic intensity of 10 with dB or greater. In addition, acoustic transmissions from Bermuda through the Gulf Stream were used to estimate the position of the Gulf Stream in real time. The precision (using air-dropped expendable bathythermograph (AXBT) data as ground truth), is better than 10 km under certain circumstances. This information can be used by the Operational Oceanography Center to improve estimates of Gulf Stream frontal location, which are presently based on IR satellite images. The transmissions from Bermuda northward are continuing. The deployment of six acoustic sources south of Bermuda in 1991 will improve the horizontal resolution.

From August 1989 until August 1990, a simple acoustic telemetry system was used for obtaining real-time data from 5 Inverted Echo Sounders (IESs) deployed in the SYNOP inlet array in the Gulf Stream east of Cape Hatteras. Every 24 hours, each IES calculated a representative travel time from a set of 48 measurements (Tr), and telemetered that value to a listening station on Bermuda. From the received data, a daily time series of the depth of the 12 C isotherm (our proxy for main thermocline depth) over each IES was calculated. The position of the Gulf Stream North Wall through the IES array was calculated on a daily basis from the thermocline depth information at each IES site. The telemetry system is based on encoding data as a time delayed broadcast acoustic signal: the delay of the time of broadcast of the signal, with respect to a reference time, is proportional to the data value. The changes in delay time, from one broadcast signal to the next, are recorded at a remote receiving station. The IESs were recovered in August 1990, with the exception of the one at site B2. The telemetered data from the IES at site B2 was, however, received at Bermuda. The RMS agreement between thermocline depths, as calculated from the data on tape from the recovered IESs and as calculated from the received telemetry data, is 20 m. This compares favorably with the 19 m uncertainty in calibrating the Ts as a measure of the thermocline depth.

See also Part 18, ADA248873.

RAFOS floats are neutrally buoyant isopycnal drifters which are tracked acoustically by ranging to as many as five sound sources that have been moored at the depth of the permanent sound channel south of the Gulf Stream along a line between 73 deg W and 51 deg W. All sources transmit a precisely timed frequency modulated, continuous wave signal every 8 hrs. The floats, which are equipped with accurate timing, determine the times of arrival of the signals. These are saved in the float's microprocessor memory along with measurements of pressure and temperature. At the end of its mission, each float releases ballast, returns to the surface and starts its radio telemetry. The telemetered data are received by Systeme ARGOS, a French satellite-based data collection and platform location system. Once the data have been assembled the float's trajectory can be reconstructed from the time series of acoustic travel times. Seventy-five RAFOS floats were launched in the center of the Gulf Stream off Cape Hatteras between Apr 1988 and Feb 1990 and Bermuda. Each float was tracked acoustically 30-45 days using sound sources moored to the south of the Gulf Steam at the depth of the permanent sound channel. The main objective was to study the spatial and temporal characteristics of the meandering Gulf Stream east of Cape Hatteras. This document presents all RAFOS float data collected and processed under this program. A plot of the float trajectory for each float is shown, along with a plot of the temperature and pressure time series.

Acoustic doppler velocities are combined with velocity profiles generated from XBT measurements to produce estimates of the flow field between Bermuda and Eastern United States. Repeated shipboard measurements along an ascending GEOSAT subtrack between Bermuda and Cape cod allow study of rapid Gulf Stream variability along the track, and comparison of sea surface and velocity measurements with those computer on the R/V Oceanus in April and December 1989. Using mass conservation constraints and inverse techniques, the transport across the Cape Cod-Bermuda track has been balanced with transport across additional ship tracks between Bermuda and Cape Hatteras, and between Bermuda and Nova Scotia. The shipboard results show evidence of a rapid barotropic mode which caused changes in transport along the Cape Cod-Bermuda track on the order of 8 Sverdrups in a week period. Comparisons of sea surface velocity and dynamic height determined from the ship's data with measurements made from the GEOSAT altimeter showed a consistent picture of the Gulf Stream location and were also consistent in showing smaller scale variations in flow. The dynamic height difference across the Gulf Stream was approximately 10% higher for the GEOSTAT measurements than for the shipboard measurements, which is within the expected errors of the analysis techniques.

The Frontal Air-Sea Interaction Experiment (FASINEX) was a field experiment that was primarily performed in the Fall of 1985 and Spring 1986 in the vicinity of the subtropical oceanic front south of Bermuda (Stage and Weller, 1985). Leadership and primary funding for this experiment came from the Office of Naval Research (ONR) with additional funding for some participants coming and from several other governmental agencies including NSF, NASA, and NOAA. FASINEX arose from the realization that little data was available about atmospheric and oceanic processes in regions of non-homogeneous sea surface temperature (SST) such as the subtropical SST front south of Bermuda. What data was available indicated that such regions behave significantly differently than homogeneous areas. A more complete discussion of the scientific motivation and objectives fro FASINEX can be found in Stage and Weller (1985) and the experimental field plan in Stage and Weller (1986). The chief goal of this project was to develop and understanding of the behavior of the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer (MABL) in the vicinity of the FASINEX SST front. (jd), Revision of rept. dated Mar 90.

The major effort was to measure the total dissolved organic content of surface films and the corresponding subsurface waters by high temperature combustion; the ancillary efforts were: to measure the size, diffusive properties and density of colloids and small particulates in seawater; and secondly, to measure the carbon 14 and carbon 13 signatures of marine surface films. Measurements of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) have been made on approximately one hundred samples of sea-surface films and their corresponding 5-15 cm subsurface waters. Carbon isotope (14C, 13C) measurements of DOC were made on surface films and 5-15 cm subsurface waters collected off Southern California and southeast of Bermuda, while 13C and delta 15 N measurements of suspended organic matter were made for samples collected on shore-to-open-ocean transects off the coast of Maine. Using photon correlation spectroscopy (changes in the Doppler shift in frequency of scattered laser light), rapid aggregation of colloidal particles into larger particulates, especially in un-preserved sample has been observed.

The Frontal Air-Sea Interaction Experiment (FASINEX) was a study of the response of the upper ocean to atmospheric forcing in the vicinity of an oceanic front in the subtropical convergence zone southwest of Bermuda, the response of the lower atmosphere in that vicinity to the oceanic front, and the associated two-way interaction between ocean and atmosphere. FASINEX began in the winter (January 1986), concluded in the early summer (June 1986) and included an intensive period in february and March. The experiment took place in the vicinity of 27 deg N, 70 deg W where sea-surface-temperature fronts are climatologically common. Measurements were made from buoys, ships, aircraft and spacecraft. This report summaries the shipboard work done on R/V OCEANUS and R/V ENDEAVOR during Phase Two, the dual ship/multi-aircraft measurement period. The two ships worked individually, jointly and as ground truth for the aircraft during the month. Each ship carried specialized instrumentation for measuring oceanographic and meteorological parameters. Information describing the sampling strategy, station positions and times are included. This report contains summaries of the data collected and some preliminary results. (Author)

FASINEX was a study of the response of the upper ocean to atmospheric forcing in the vicinity of an oceanic front in the subtropical convergence zone southwest of Bermuda. the response of the lower atmosphere in that vicinity to the oceanic front, and the associated two-way interaction between ocean and atmosphere. FASINEX began in January 1986, concluded in June 1986 and included an intensive period in February and March. The experiment took place in the vicinity of 27 deg N, 70 deg W where sea-surface-temperature fronts are climatologically common. Measurements were made from ships, aircraft etc. This report summarizes the mooring deployment and recovery cruises. FASINEX Phase One, the development cruise, located a frontal feature mapped it and set an array of surface and profiling current meter moorings across the front. Phase Three, the recovery cruise returned to the FASINEX area to retrieve the instrumentation that had been on station for six months. Additional measurements were made in the frontal region during these cruises. The activities carried out and the underway data collected on these two cruises, details of the moored array and a preliminary statement of the data return from the array, and the data telemetered from the moored array via ARGOS are summarized. Keywords: Air sea interactions.

This report provides an evaluation of ten fleet moorings located inshore at the island of Bermuda and is based on the underwater inspection of these moorings conducted by UCT-1 divers and CHESDIV engineering support personnel during the period 8-15 July 1981. The results of this investigation revealed that only one of the ten moorings inspected is considered safe for utilization by fleet units within the constraints of rated moorings loads. Comments concerning the specific condition of each mooring inspected are included as well as recommendations for mooring overhaul or replacement., Original contains color plates: All DTIC and NTIS reproductions will be in black and white.

This data report consists of a six part statistical summary of surface weather observations. The six parts are: Part A - Weather Conditions/ Atmospheric Phenomena, Part B - Precipitation/Snowfall/Snow Depth, Part C - Surface Winds, Part D - Ceiling versus Visibility/Sky Cover, Part E - Psychrometric Summaries, Part F - Station Pressure/Sea Level Pressure.

Vertical profiles of suspended particulate trace metals were measured in the Sargasso Sea near Bermuda and in the California Current, northwest Pacific. Using a new in situ pump, sufficiently large samples of particulate matter (order 10mg) were collected to allow measurement of a suite of trace metals as well as major component elements, using several different leaching techniques on separate subsamples. Concentrations of particulate Copper, Zinc, Cobalt, Cadmium, Nickel, and Lead near Bermuda were determined to be substantially lower than estimates based on previously published work. Concentrations of the more abundant elements Aluminum, Fe, and Mn were similar to previous estimates. Vertical profiles of Mn, Co, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Ni (mol/l) at Bermuda displayed similar features: a relative depletion in surface waters, a relative maximum in the upper thermocline, and relatively constant deep water concentrations. The similarity in the vertical variations of dissolved/ particulate fractionation for these metals may be caused by interaction of dissolved metals with authigenic Mn phases; the fractionation is anti-correlated with other major particle components (organic carbon, calcium carbonate, opal, and aluminosilicate). The vertical profile of particulate Cd displayed a different form: enrichment at the surface and decreasing concentrations through the thermocline to constant deep water values. Theses., Prepared in cooperation with Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Report Number WHOI-89-27.

High-resolution multichannel seismic data taken with a deep-towed source and receiving array are used to obtain estimates of the in situ compressional velocity-depth functions within the upper approx. 300 m of deep- ocean sediments. These data, taken on the Bermuda Rise in an area with a nominal water depth of 5 km, resolve structure consistent with DSDP data from the region. The velocity-depth functions derived from these data indicate little P- velocity gradient in the upper 100-170 m of sediments and resolve P-velocity inversions within the depth range sampled. Keywords : Ocean bottom sediments; Seismic data. Reprints., Pub. in Geophysical Research Letters, v15 n12 p1413-1416 Nov 1988.

In 1986, FASINEX, a multi-investigator cooperative experiment, was conducted to study the role of horizontal variability in air-sea interaction in the persistent front formed in the subtropical convergence zone south of Bermuda. Aimed at investigating all aspects of the atmospheric and oceanic variables related to the formation and maintenance of the front, an array of meteorological and current meter moorings was deployed by the WHOI Buoy Group in 5400 meters of water. Two subsurface current meter moorings were deployed in Oct 1984; five surface meteorological and current meter moorings and four Profiling Current Meter moorings were set in Jan 1986. All except one PCM mooring, which was lost, were recovered in June 1986. This report discusses the extensive preparations of, and modifications to,the WHOI Buoy Group instruments placed on the 5 surface moorings. The equipment included 30 vector measuring current meters, 10 vector averaging current meters and 5 vector averaging wind recorders. Keywords: Subtropical oceanographic fronts, Air water interactions, Marine atmospheres, Oceanographic equipment, Meteorological instruments, Convergence zones.