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For the past decade, subalterns all around the globe have been speaking out, in different forms, with different voices, shouting, and whispering, giving expression to a historically significant rebellion. Subaltern feminists across the continent are taking to the streets and public spaces to make their voices heard after feeling silenced for so long in the private, invisible spaces they have traditionally occupied. This unadulterated encounter has not only altered subalterns' day-to-day lives, but also their values and ideas about social and personal relations, thereby highlighting subalterns' antecedent resistance. The main objective of this paper is to understand how subaltern feminist indentured women’s cries, degradation and dehumanization, and the politics of change and control that impacted their social organization. Within the theoretical framework of subaltern studies, this paper analyzes and discusses secondary data gleaned from print and digital sources such as books, newspapers, and websites. The author takes a discursive approach, allowing readers to delve into Indian and Afro-American subaltern studies while also gaining access to multiple major perspectives on subaltern feminism. The paper tracks the resistance against oppression voiced by marginalized women in South America and India.

For the past decade, subalterns all around the globe have been speaking out, in different forms, with different voices, shouting, and whispering, giving expression to a historically significant rebellion. Subaltern feminists across the continent are taking to the streets and public spaces to make their voices heard after feeling silenced for so long in the private, invisible spaces they have traditionally occupied. This unadulterated encounter has not only altered subalterns' day-to-day lives, but also their values and ideas about social and personal relations, thereby highlighting subalterns' antecedent resistance. The main objective of this paper is to understand how subaltern feminist indentured women’s cries, degradation and dehumanization, and the politics of change and control that impacted their social organization. Within the theoretical framework of subaltern studies, this paper analyzes and discusses secondary data gleaned from print and digital sources such as books, newspapers, and websites. The author takes a discursive approach, allowing readers to delve into Indian and Afro-American subaltern studies while also gaining access to multiple major perspectives on subaltern feminism. The paper tracks the resistance against oppression voiced by marginalized women in South America and India.

Contact-Dependent growth inhibition (CDI) was discovered in 2005 in the E. coli isolate EC93. Since then our knowledge of CDI systems and their impact on bacterial communities have increased exponentially. Yet many biological aspects of CDI systems are still unknown and their impact on complex microbial communities have only just begun to be studied. CDI systems require the function of three proteins; CdiBAI. The outer-membrane transport protein, CdiB, allows for the transportation of the toxin delivery protein CdiA to the cell surface of an inhibitor cell. Through a contact- and receptor-dependent interaction with a target cell the toxic C-terminal domain of CdiA is cleaved off and delivered into the target cell were it mediates a growth arrest. Different CdiA-CT domains encodes for diverse toxic activities, such as nucleases and membrane ionophore toxins. Each unique CdiA-CT toxin has a cognate immunity protein (CdiI) that binds and neutralize against its toxic activity, thus preventing a possible self-inhibition. In this thesis I have studied the effect of CDI system(s) on both single cell and population level, within both intra- and interspecies bacterial communities. The findings presented here shows that multiple class I cdiBAI loci within a cell can function in a synergetic manner and act as versatile interbacterial warfare systems able to inhibit the growth of rival bacteria, even when CdiA expression is low. We also show that class II CdiA receptor-binding domains can mediate broad-range cross-species toxin delivery and growth inhibition, even when a non-optimal target cell receptor is expressed at a low level. Additionally, we show that the cdiA gene supports the expression of two separate proteins. The full-length CdiA protein, able to mediate an extracellular toxin delivery, but also the discrete CdiA-CT toxin domain. This stand-alone CdiA-CT expression was stress-dependent and together with its cognate CdiI immunity protein functioned as a selfish-genet

Contact-Dependent growth inhibition (CDI) was discovered in 2005 in the E. coli isolate EC93. Since then our knowledge of CDI systems and their impact on bacterial communities have increased exponentially. Yet many biological aspects of CDI systems are still unknown and their impact on complex microbial communities have only just begun to be studied. CDI systems require the function of three proteins; CdiBAI. The outer-membrane transport protein, CdiB, allows for the transportation of the toxin delivery protein CdiA to the cell surface of an inhibitor cell. Through a contact- and receptor-dependent interaction with a target cell the toxic C-terminal domain of CdiA is cleaved off and delivered into the target cell were it mediates a growth arrest. Different CdiA-CT domains encodes for diverse toxic activities, such as nucleases and membrane ionophore toxins. Each unique CdiA-CT toxin has a cognate immunity protein (CdiI) that binds and neutralize against its toxic activity, thus preventing a possible self-inhibition. In this thesis I have studied the effect of CDI system(s) on both single cell and population level, within both intra- and interspecies bacterial communities. The findings presented here shows that multiple class I cdiBAI loci within a cell can function in a synergetic manner and act as versatile interbacterial warfare systems able to inhibit the growth of rival bacteria, even when CdiA expression is low. We also show that class II CdiA receptor-binding domains can mediate broad-range cross-species toxin delivery and growth inhibition, even when a non-optimal target cell receptor is expressed at a low level. Additionally, we show that the cdiA gene supports the expression of two separate proteins. The full-length CdiA protein, able to mediate an extracellular toxin delivery, but also the discrete CdiA-CT toxin domain. This stand-alone CdiA-CT expression was stress-dependent and together with its cognate CdiI immunity protein functioned as a selfish-genet

Contact-Dependent growth inhibition (CDI) was discovered in 2005 in the E. coli isolate EC93. Since then our knowledge of CDI systems and their impact on bacterial communities have increased exponentially. Yet many biological aspects of CDI systems are still unknown and their impact on complex microbial communities have only just begun to be studied. CDI systems require the function of three proteins; CdiBAI. The outer-membrane transport protein, CdiB, allows for the transportation of the toxin delivery protein CdiA to the cell surface of an inhibitor cell. Through a contact- and receptor-dependent interaction with a target cell the toxic C-terminal domain of CdiA is cleaved off and delivered into the target cell were it mediates a growth arrest. Different CdiA-CT domains encodes for diverse toxic activities, such as nucleases and membrane ionophore toxins. Each unique CdiA-CT toxin has a cognate immunity protein (CdiI) that binds and neutralize against its toxic activity, thus preventing a possible self-inhibition. In this thesis I have studied the effect of CDI system(s) on both single cell and population level, within both intra- and interspecies bacterial communities. The findings presented here shows that multiple class I cdiBAI loci within a cell can function in a synergetic manner and act as versatile interbacterial warfare systems able to inhibit the growth of rival bacteria, even when CdiA expression is low. We also show that class II CdiA receptor-binding domains can mediate broad-range cross-species toxin delivery and growth inhibition, even when a non-optimal target cell receptor is expressed at a low level. Additionally, we show that the cdiA gene supports the expression of two separate proteins. The full-length CdiA protein, able to mediate an extracellular toxin delivery, but also the discrete CdiA-CT toxin domain. This stand-alone CdiA-CT expression was stress-dependent and together with its cognate CdiI immunity protein functioned as a selfish-genet

Contact-Dependent growth inhibition (CDI) was discovered in 2005 in the E. coli isolate EC93. Since then our knowledge of CDI systems and their impact on bacterial communities have increased exponentially. Yet many biological aspects of CDI systems are still unknown and their impact on complex microbial communities have only just begun to be studied. CDI systems require the function of three proteins; CdiBAI. The outer-membrane transport protein, CdiB, allows for the transportation of the toxin delivery protein CdiA to the cell surface of an inhibitor cell. Through a contact- and receptor-dependent interaction with a target cell the toxic C-terminal domain of CdiA is cleaved off and delivered into the target cell were it mediates a growth arrest. Different CdiA-CT domains encodes for diverse toxic activities, such as nucleases and membrane ionophore toxins. Each unique CdiA-CT toxin has a cognate immunity protein (CdiI) that binds and neutralize against its toxic activity, thus preventing a possible self-inhibition. In this thesis I have studied the effect of CDI system(s) on both single cell and population level, within both intra- and interspecies bacterial communities. The findings presented here shows that multiple class I cdiBAI loci within a cell can function in a synergetic manner and act as versatile interbacterial warfare systems able to inhibit the growth of rival bacteria, even when CdiA expression is low. We also show that class II CdiA receptor-binding domains can mediate broad-range cross-species toxin delivery and growth inhibition, even when a non-optimal target cell receptor is expressed at a low level. Additionally, we show that the cdiA gene supports the expression of two separate proteins. The full-length CdiA protein, able to mediate an extracellular toxin delivery, but also the discrete CdiA-CT toxin domain. This stand-alone CdiA-CT expression was stress-dependent and together with its cognate CdiI immunity protein functioned as a selfish-genet

Contact-Dependent growth inhibition (CDI) was discovered in 2005 in the E. coli isolate EC93. Since then our knowledge of CDI systems and their impact on bacterial communities have increased exponentially. Yet many biological aspects of CDI systems are still unknown and their impact on complex microbial communities have only just begun to be studied. CDI systems require the function of three proteins; CdiBAI. The outer-membrane transport protein, CdiB, allows for the transportation of the toxin delivery protein CdiA to the cell surface of an inhibitor cell. Through a contact- and receptor-dependent interaction with a target cell the toxic C-terminal domain of CdiA is cleaved off and delivered into the target cell were it mediates a growth arrest. Different CdiA-CT domains encodes for diverse toxic activities, such as nucleases and membrane ionophore toxins. Each unique CdiA-CT toxin has a cognate immunity protein (CdiI) that binds and neutralize against its toxic activity, thus preventing a possible self-inhibition. In this thesis I have studied the effect of CDI system(s) on both single cell and population level, within both intra- and interspecies bacterial communities. The findings presented here shows that multiple class I cdiBAI loci within a cell can function in a synergetic manner and act as versatile interbacterial warfare systems able to inhibit the growth of rival bacteria, even when CdiA expression is low. We also show that class II CdiA receptor-binding domains can mediate broad-range cross-species toxin delivery and growth inhibition, even when a non-optimal target cell receptor is expressed at a low level. Additionally, we show that the cdiA gene supports the expression of two separate proteins. The full-length CdiA protein, able to mediate an extracellular toxin delivery, but also the discrete CdiA-CT toxin domain. This stand-alone CdiA-CT expression was stress-dependent and together with its cognate CdiI immunity protein functioned as a selfish-genet

While there is a rising number of research on Heritage Language Maintenance among East Asian immigrants, there have been very few research done on Southeast Asian minority heritage language maintenance. The purpose of this paper is to shed the light on the practices and ideologies towards heritage language maintenance in two Buddhist immigrant families from Myanmar residing in New York City. This paper approaches the topic of heritage language maintenance by employing Elinor Ochs and Bambi Schieffelin’s (1984) theoretical framework on language socialization, i.e., socializing U.S. born Burmese children to become competent members of both their heritage and American societies. The findings suggest that the socio-semantically ambiguous concept bāthā in Burmese referencing both language and religion leads to the prioritization of religious socialization over language socialization in the process of heritage language maintenance. Although the former could compliment the latter, both families seemed to be satisfied by the achievement of the former. By doing so, the participants in this study however achieve in successfully compromising between full assimilation to mainstream American society as a minority immigrant community and maintaining their heritage roots, even if not linguistically.

While there is a rising number of research on Heritage Language Maintenance among East Asian immigrants, there have been very few research done on Southeast Asian minority heritage language maintenance. The purpose of this paper is to shed the light on the practices and ideologies towards heritage language maintenance in two Buddhist immigrant families from Myanmar residing in New York City. This paper approaches the topic of heritage language maintenance by employing Elinor Ochs and Bambi Schieffelin’s (1984) theoretical framework on language socialization, i.e., socializing U.S. born Burmese children to become competent members of both their heritage and American societies. The findings suggest that the socio-semantically ambiguous concept bāthā in Burmese referencing both language and religion leads to the prioritization of religious socialization over language socialization in the process of heritage language maintenance. Although the former could compliment the latter, both families seemed to be satisfied by the achievement of the former. By doing so, the participants in this study however achieve in successfully compromising between full assimilation to mainstream American society as a minority immigrant community and maintaining their heritage roots, even if not linguistically.

RIVM rapport:Voor chemische stoffen die onder REACh gereguleerd worden en die bedoeld zijn om in consumentenproducten gebruikt te worden, vereist REACh een z.g. 'Chemical Safety Assessment (CSA)'. In een dergelijke CSA moet gedemonstreerd worden dat het gebruik van de stof in een consumentenproduct veilig is. Bij gebrek aan blootstellingsgegevens kan bij het maken van een CSA gebruik gemaakt worden van blootstellingmodellering. Er bestaan verschillende modellen voor de schatting van de blootstelling van consumenten aan chemische stoffen. Voor stoffen uit consumentenproducten in spuitbussen m.n. zijn er twee modellen die waarschijnlijk veelvudig gebruikt zullen worden bij de ontwikkeling van CSAs. Dit zijn het 'Indoor Air' model van de 'British Aerosol Manufacturers Association (BAMA)' en het spuitbus model uit het ConsExpo programma dat is ontwikkeld door het RIVM. Voor een beoordeling van de kwaliteit van een CSA, zoals die door de industrie worden gemaakt, is het belangrijk goed inzicht te krijgen in de verschillen en overeenkomsten tussen verschillende methodes en modellen die in de praktijk gebruikt kunnen worden. In dit rapport worden de BAMA en het ConsExpo programma met elkaar vergeleken, In het rapport worden de aannames en modelstructuur van beide modellen beschreven. De verschillen tussen beide modellen worden aan de hand van simulaties geïllustreerd. Het BAMA model is op meer versimpelende aannames gebaseerd dan het ConsExpo spuitmodel. Deze vereenvoudigingen zijn met name van belang als het model gebruikt wordt voor het schatten van de blootstelling aan niet-vluchtige stoffen in spuitbussen die vrijkomen als aerosoldeeltjes. Voor dit type stoffen geeft het BAMA model hogere schattingen dan het ConsExpo spuitmodel. Het is de verwachting dat de BAMA schattingen in de meeste van deze gevallen onrealistisch hoog zijn. Het model is slechts geschikt voor een ruwe schatting van de mogelijke blootstelling aan deze stoffen. Een andere beperking van het BAMA model is de aannam, For chemical substances regulated under REACh, that are intended to be used in consumer products, REACh regulation requires that safe use of chemicals in these products is demonstrated. Such Chemical Safety Assessments (CSAs) require an evaluation of the consumer exposure to the chemical substances in the product. Due of the lack of data on exposure, this evaluation is often done by modelling. Various tools to estimate human exposure from consumer products exist. Specifically, for substances contained in consumer spray products, two modelling tools are expected to be frequently used in the development of Chemical Safety Reports: the BAMA Indoor Air model and ConsExpo. The first tool is developed by the British Aerosol Manufacturers Association (BAMA), ConsExpo is developed at RIVM. For the evaluation of Chemical Safety Reports provided by industry, insight in the differences and similarities of alternative tools and methods is required. In this report a comparison between BAMA indoor air model and ConsExpo has been made. The assumptions and structure of both models are described. In simulations the differences in models are illustrated. The BAMA model is build on simpler assumptions than the ConsExpo spray model. The simplifications in the BAMA model are especially important in cases where the model is used to estimate exposure to low-volatile substances in sprays that are released as aerosol droplets. In these applications the BAMA model will give higher estimates than the ConsExpo model. The BAMA model predictions are expected to be unrealistically high in most of these cases. The model is only suited for screening of potential exposure for these substances. A second limitation in the BAMA model is the assumption of instantaneous release of material. This assumption limits the applicability of the model to evaluation of short term (acute) exposures. The BAMA model is expected to be only suited for estimating longer term exposures.

Voor chemische stoffen die onder REACh gereguleerd worden en die bedoeld zijn om in consumentenproducten gebruikt te worden, vereist REACh een z.g. 'Chemical Safety Assessment (CSA)'. In een dergelijke CSA moet gedemonstreerd worden dat het gebruik van de stof in een consumentenproduct veilig is. Bij gebrek aan blootstellingsgegevens kan bij het maken van een CSA gebruik gemaakt worden van blootstellingmodellering. Er bestaan verschillende modellen voor de schatting van de blootstelling van consumenten aan chemische stoffen. Voor stoffen uit consumentenproducten in spuitbussen m.n. zijn er twee modellen die waarschijnlijk veelvudig gebruikt zullen worden bij de ontwikkeling van CSAs. Dit zijn het 'Indoor Air' model van de 'British Aerosol Manufacturers Association (BAMA)' en het spuitbus model uit het ConsExpo programma dat is ontwikkeld door het RIVM. Voor een beoordeling van de kwaliteit van een CSA, zoals die door de industrie worden gemaakt, is het belangrijk goed inzicht te krijgen in de verschillen en overeenkomsten tussen verschillende methodes en modellen die in de praktijk gebruikt kunnen worden. In dit rapport worden de BAMA en het ConsExpo programma met elkaar vergeleken, In het rapport worden de aannames en modelstructuur van beide modellen beschreven. De verschillen tussen beide modellen worden aan de hand van simulaties geïllustreerd. Het BAMA model is op meer versimpelende aannames gebaseerd dan het ConsExpo spuitmodel. Deze vereenvoudigingen zijn met name van belang als het model gebruikt wordt voor het schatten van de blootstelling aan niet-vluchtige stoffen in spuitbussen die vrijkomen als aerosoldeeltjes. Voor dit type stoffen geeft het BAMA model hogere schattingen dan het ConsExpo spuitmodel. Het is de verwachting dat de BAMA schattingen in de meeste van deze gevallen onrealistisch hoog zijn. Het model is slechts geschikt voor een ruwe schatting van de mogelijke blootstelling aan deze stoffen. Een andere beperking van het BAMA model is de aannam, For chemical substances regulated under REACh, that are intended to be used in consumer products, REACh regulation requires that safe use of chemicals in these products is demonstrated. Such Chemical Safety Assessments (CSAs) require an evaluation of the consumer exposure to the chemical substances in the product. Due of the lack of data on exposure, this evaluation is often done by modelling. Various tools to estimate human exposure from consumer products exist. Specifically, for substances contained in consumer spray products, two modelling tools are expected to be frequently used in the development of Chemical Safety Reports: the BAMA Indoor Air model and ConsExpo. The first tool is developed by the British Aerosol Manufacturers Association (BAMA), ConsExpo is developed at RIVM. For the evaluation of Chemical Safety Reports provided by industry, insight in the differences and similarities of alternative tools and methods is required. In this report a comparison between BAMA indoor air model and ConsExpo has been made. The assumptions and structure of both models are described. In simulations the differences in models are illustrated. The BAMA model is build on simpler assumptions than the ConsExpo spray model. The simplifications in the BAMA model are especially important in cases where the model is used to estimate exposure to low-volatile substances in sprays that are released as aerosol droplets. In these applications the BAMA model will give higher estimates than the ConsExpo model. The BAMA model predictions are expected to be unrealistically high in most of these cases. The model is only suited for screening of potential exposure for these substances. A second limitation in the BAMA model is the assumption of instantaneous release of material. This assumption limits the applicability of the model to evaluation of short term (acute) exposures. The BAMA model is expected to be only suited for estimating longer term exposures.

The cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria is a complex macromolecular structure that is essential for their viability. Little is known on how the proteins which are secreted to the envelope fold into their unique three-dimensional structure. Several folding factors, including chaperones and protein folding catalysts involved in disulfide bond formation, have been identified in the periplasm. The characterization of these proteins has advanced our understanding of envelope biogenesis, although many fundamental questions remain unanswered. In particular, we still do not know how b-barrel proteins are transported through the periplasm and inserted into the outer membrane. Here, we discuss the recent discoveries that have shed new light on the mechanisms that ensure the correct folding of envelope proteins. We have paid particular attention to the significant contribution of proteomic studies.

RIVM rapport:Voor chemische stoffen die onder REACh gereguleerd worden en die bedoeld zijn om in consumentenproducten gebruikt te worden, vereist REACh een z.g. 'Chemical Safety Assessment (CSA)'. In een dergelijke CSA moet gedemonstreerd worden dat het gebruik van de stof in een consumentenproduct veilig is. Bij gebrek aan blootstellingsgegevens kan bij het maken van een CSA gebruik gemaakt worden van blootstellingmodellering. Er bestaan verschillende modellen voor de schatting van de blootstelling van consumenten aan chemische stoffen. Voor stoffen uit consumentenproducten in spuitbussen m.n. zijn er twee modellen die waarschijnlijk veelvudig gebruikt zullen worden bij de ontwikkeling van CSAs. Dit zijn het 'Indoor Air' model van de 'British Aerosol Manufacturers Association (BAMA)' en het spuitbus model uit het ConsExpo programma dat is ontwikkeld door het RIVM. Voor een beoordeling van de kwaliteit van een CSA, zoals die door de industrie worden gemaakt, is het belangrijk goed inzicht te krijgen in de verschillen en overeenkomsten tussen verschillende methodes en modellen die in de praktijk gebruikt kunnen worden. In dit rapport worden de BAMA en het ConsExpo programma met elkaar vergeleken, In het rapport worden de aannames en modelstructuur van beide modellen beschreven. De verschillen tussen beide modellen worden aan de hand van simulaties geïllustreerd. Het BAMA model is op meer versimpelende aannames gebaseerd dan het ConsExpo spuitmodel. Deze vereenvoudigingen zijn met name van belang als het model gebruikt wordt voor het schatten van de blootstelling aan niet-vluchtige stoffen in spuitbussen die vrijkomen als aerosoldeeltjes. Voor dit type stoffen geeft het BAMA model hogere schattingen dan het ConsExpo spuitmodel. Het is de verwachting dat de BAMA schattingen in de meeste van deze gevallen onrealistisch hoog zijn. Het model is slechts geschikt voor een ruwe schatting van de mogelijke blootstelling aan deze stoffen. Een andere beperking van het BAMA model is de aannam, For chemical substances regulated under REACh, that are intended to be used in consumer products, REACh regulation requires that safe use of chemicals in these products is demonstrated. Such Chemical Safety Assessments (CSAs) require an evaluation of the consumer exposure to the chemical substances in the product. Due of the lack of data on exposure, this evaluation is often done by modelling. Various tools to estimate human exposure from consumer products exist. Specifically, for substances contained in consumer spray products, two modelling tools are expected to be frequently used in the development of Chemical Safety Reports: the BAMA Indoor Air model and ConsExpo. The first tool is developed by the British Aerosol Manufacturers Association (BAMA), ConsExpo is developed at RIVM. For the evaluation of Chemical Safety Reports provided by industry, insight in the differences and similarities of alternative tools and methods is required. In this report a comparison between BAMA indoor air model and ConsExpo has been made. The assumptions and structure of both models are described. In simulations the differences in models are illustrated. The BAMA model is build on simpler assumptions than the ConsExpo spray model. The simplifications in the BAMA model are especially important in cases where the model is used to estimate exposure to low-volatile substances in sprays that are released as aerosol droplets. In these applications the BAMA model will give higher estimates than the ConsExpo model. The BAMA model predictions are expected to be unrealistically high in most of these cases. The model is only suited for screening of potential exposure for these substances. A second limitation in the BAMA model is the assumption of instantaneous release of material. This assumption limits the applicability of the model to evaluation of short term (acute) exposures. The BAMA model is expected to be only suited for estimating longer term exposures.

RIVM rapport:Voor chemische stoffen die onder REACh gereguleerd worden en die bedoeld zijn om in consumentenproducten gebruikt te worden, vereist REACh een z.g. 'Chemical Safety Assessment (CSA)'. In een dergelijke CSA moet gedemonstreerd worden dat het gebruik van de stof in een consumentenproduct veilig is. Bij gebrek aan blootstellingsgegevens kan bij het maken van een CSA gebruik gemaakt worden van blootstellingmodellering. Er bestaan verschillende modellen voor de schatting van de blootstelling van consumenten aan chemische stoffen. Voor stoffen uit consumentenproducten in spuitbussen m.n. zijn er twee modellen die waarschijnlijk veelvudig gebruikt zullen worden bij de ontwikkeling van CSAs. Dit zijn het 'Indoor Air' model van de 'British Aerosol Manufacturers Association (BAMA)' en het spuitbus model uit het ConsExpo programma dat is ontwikkeld door het RIVM. Voor een beoordeling van de kwaliteit van een CSA, zoals die door de industrie worden gemaakt, is het belangrijk goed inzicht te krijgen in de verschillen en overeenkomsten tussen verschillende methodes en modellen die in de praktijk gebruikt kunnen worden. In dit rapport worden de BAMA en het ConsExpo programma met elkaar vergeleken, In het rapport worden de aannames en modelstructuur van beide modellen beschreven. De verschillen tussen beide modellen worden aan de hand van simulaties geïllustreerd. Het BAMA model is op meer versimpelende aannames gebaseerd dan het ConsExpo spuitmodel. Deze vereenvoudigingen zijn met name van belang als het model gebruikt wordt voor het schatten van de blootstelling aan niet-vluchtige stoffen in spuitbussen die vrijkomen als aerosoldeeltjes. Voor dit type stoffen geeft het BAMA model hogere schattingen dan het ConsExpo spuitmodel. Het is de verwachting dat de BAMA schattingen in de meeste van deze gevallen onrealistisch hoog zijn. Het model is slechts geschikt voor een ruwe schatting van de mogelijke blootstelling aan deze stoffen. Een andere beperking van het BAMA model is de aannam, For chemical substances regulated under REACh, that are intended to be used in consumer products, REACh regulation requires that safe use of chemicals in these products is demonstrated. Such Chemical Safety Assessments (CSAs) require an evaluation of the consumer exposure to the chemical substances in the product. Due of the lack of data on exposure, this evaluation is often done by modelling. Various tools to estimate human exposure from consumer products exist. Specifically, for substances contained in consumer spray products, two modelling tools are expected to be frequently used in the development of Chemical Safety Reports: the BAMA Indoor Air model and ConsExpo. The first tool is developed by the British Aerosol Manufacturers Association (BAMA), ConsExpo is developed at RIVM. For the evaluation of Chemical Safety Reports provided by industry, insight in the differences and similarities of alternative tools and methods is required. In this report a comparison between BAMA indoor air model and ConsExpo has been made. The assumptions and structure of both models are described. In simulations the differences in models are illustrated. The BAMA model is build on simpler assumptions than the ConsExpo spray model. The simplifications in the BAMA model are especially important in cases where the model is used to estimate exposure to low-volatile substances in sprays that are released as aerosol droplets. In these applications the BAMA model will give higher estimates than the ConsExpo model. The BAMA model predictions are expected to be unrealistically high in most of these cases. The model is only suited for screening of potential exposure for these substances. A second limitation in the BAMA model is the assumption of instantaneous release of material. This assumption limits the applicability of the model to evaluation of short term (acute) exposures. The BAMA model is expected to be only suited for estimating longer term exposures.

In mineral processing plants, circuit optimisation, control and process performance are evaluated by material flow rate and stream components such as assay or particle size. Fluctuations in assay and particle size have a strong influence on the efficiency of the processes. In simple circuits of mineral processing units, sensitivity analysis is applicable using analytical solutions, but this method is very difficult, time consuming and inaccurate for simulation of complex circuits; Monte Carlo simulation is therefore an accepted tool for probability calculation and sensitivity analysis of complex circuits. A case study is presented of the lead-zinc flotation circuit at the Bama processing plant in Isfahan, Iran. Input data were collected from line 1 of the flotation circuit of the Bama lead and zinc processing plant during 3 months of three 8-hour shifts per day. Distribution and probability density function of output data (flow rates of lead concentrate, zinc concentrate, tailings, recovery of lead and zinc) are calculated using Monte Carlo simulation with 100,000 iterations. Finally, the sensitivity of output parameters to input parameters is determined. The output data prediction could be done with a high degree of precision if the correlation coefficient was closer to one and the input standard deviation low., In mineral processing plants, circuit optimisation, control and process performance are evaluated by material flow rate and stream components such as assay or particle size. Fluctuations in assay and particle size have a strong influence on the efficiency of the processes. In simple circuits of mineral processing units, sensitivity analysis is applicable using analytical solutions, but this method is very difficult, time consuming and inaccurate for simulation of complex circuits; Monte Carlo simulation is therefore an accepted tool for probability calculation and sensitivity analysis of complex circuits. A case study is presented of the lead-zinc flotation circuit at the Bama processing plant in Isfahan, Iran. Input data were collected from line 1 of the flotation circuit of the Bama lead and zinc processing plant during 3 months of three 8-hour shifts per day. Distribution and probability density function of output data (flow rates of lead concentrate, zinc concentrate, tailings, recovery of lead and zinc) are calculated using Monte Carlo simulation with 100,000 iterations. Finally, the sensitivity of output parameters to input parameters is determined. The output data prediction could be done with a high degree of precision if the correlation coefficient was closer to one and the input standard deviation low.