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1. Understanding the Photoluminescence Quenching of Liquid Exfoliated WS2 Monolayers

Author: Li, Zhaojun, Rashvand, Farnia, Bretscher, Hope, Szydłowska, Beata M., Xiao, James, Backes, Claudia, Rao, Akshay, Li, Zhaojun, Rashvand, Farnia, Bretscher, Hope, Szydłowska, Beata M., Xiao, James, Backes, Claudia, and Rao, Akshay
Abstract: Monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are being investigated as active materials in optoelectronic devices due to their strong excitonic effects. While mechanical exfoliation (ME) of monolayer TMDs is limited to small areas, these materials can also be exfoliated from their parent layered materials via high-volume liquid phase exfoliation (LPE). However, it is currently considered that LPE-synthesized materials show poor optoelectronic performance compared to ME materials, such as poor photoluminescence quantum efficiencies (PLQEs). Here we evaluate the photophysical properties of monolayer-enriched LPE WS2 dispersions via steady-state and time-resolved optical spectroscopy and benchmark these materials against untreated and chemically treated ME WS2 monolayers. We show that the LPE materials show features of high-quality semiconducting materials such as very small Stokes shift, smaller photoluminescence line widths, and longer exciton lifetimes than ME WS2. We reveal that the energy transfer between the direct-gap monolayers and in-direct gap few-layers in LPE WS2 dispersions is a major reason for their quenched PL. Our results suggest that LPE TMDs are not inherently highly defective and could have a high potential for optoelectronic device applications if improved strategies to purify the LPE materials and reduce aggregation could be implemented.
Published: 2022
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2. Understanding the Photoluminescence Quenching of Liquid Exfoliated WS2 Monolayers

Author: Li, Zhaojun, Rashvand, Farnia, Bretscher, Hope, Szydłowska, Beata M., Xiao, James, Backes, Claudia, Rao, Akshay, Li, Zhaojun, Rashvand, Farnia, Bretscher, Hope, Szydłowska, Beata M., Xiao, James, Backes, Claudia, and Rao, Akshay
Abstract: Monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are being investigated as active materials in optoelectronic devices due to their strong excitonic effects. While mechanical exfoliation (ME) of monolayer TMDs is limited to small areas, these materials can also be exfoliated from their parent layered materials via high-volume liquid phase exfoliation (LPE). However, it is currently considered that LPE-synthesized materials show poor optoelectronic performance compared to ME materials, such as poor photoluminescence quantum efficiencies (PLQEs). Here we evaluate the photophysical properties of monolayer-enriched LPE WS2 dispersions via steady-state and time-resolved optical spectroscopy and benchmark these materials against untreated and chemically treated ME WS2 monolayers. We show that the LPE materials show features of high-quality semiconducting materials such as very small Stokes shift, smaller photoluminescence line widths, and longer exciton lifetimes than ME WS2. We reveal that the energy transfer between the direct-gap monolayers and in-direct gap few-layers in LPE WS2 dispersions is a major reason for their quenched PL. Our results suggest that LPE TMDs are not inherently highly defective and could have a high potential for optoelectronic device applications if improved strategies to purify the LPE materials and reduce aggregation could be implemented.
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

3. Understanding the Photoluminescence Quenching of Liquid Exfoliated WS2 Monolayers

Author: Li, Zhaojun, Rashvand, Farnia, Bretscher, Hope, Szydłowska, Beata M., Xiao, James, Backes, Claudia, Rao, Akshay, Li, Zhaojun, Rashvand, Farnia, Bretscher, Hope, Szydłowska, Beata M., Xiao, James, Backes, Claudia, and Rao, Akshay
Abstract: Monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are being investigated as active materials in optoelectronic devices due to their strong excitonic effects. While mechanical exfoliation (ME) of monolayer TMDs is limited to small areas, these materials can also be exfoliated from their parent layered materials via high-volume liquid phase exfoliation (LPE). However, it is currently considered that LPE-synthesized materials show poor optoelectronic performance compared to ME materials, such as poor photoluminescence quantum efficiencies (PLQEs). Here we evaluate the photophysical properties of monolayer-enriched LPE WS2 dispersions via steady-state and time-resolved optical spectroscopy and benchmark these materials against untreated and chemically treated ME WS2 monolayers. We show that the LPE materials show features of high-quality semiconducting materials such as very small Stokes shift, smaller photoluminescence line widths, and longer exciton lifetimes than ME WS2. We reveal that the energy transfer between the direct-gap monolayers and in-direct gap few-layers in LPE WS2 dispersions is a major reason for their quenched PL. Our results suggest that LPE TMDs are not inherently highly defective and could have a high potential for optoelectronic device applications if improved strategies to purify the LPE materials and reduce aggregation could be implemented.
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

4. Understanding the Photoluminescence Quenching of Liquid Exfoliated WS2 Monolayers

Author: Li, Zhaojun, Rashvand, Farnia, Bretscher, Hope, Szydłowska, Beata M., Xiao, James, Backes, Claudia, Rao, Akshay, Li, Zhaojun, Rashvand, Farnia, Bretscher, Hope, Szydłowska, Beata M., Xiao, James, Backes, Claudia, and Rao, Akshay
Abstract: Monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are being investigated as active materials in optoelectronic devices due to their strong excitonic effects. While mechanical exfoliation (ME) of monolayer TMDs is limited to small areas, these materials can also be exfoliated from their parent layered materials via high-volume liquid phase exfoliation (LPE). However, it is currently considered that LPE-synthesized materials show poor optoelectronic performance compared to ME materials, such as poor photoluminescence quantum efficiencies (PLQEs). Here we evaluate the photophysical properties of monolayer-enriched LPE WS2 dispersions via steady-state and time-resolved optical spectroscopy and benchmark these materials against untreated and chemically treated ME WS2 monolayers. We show that the LPE materials show features of high-quality semiconducting materials such as very small Stokes shift, smaller photoluminescence line widths, and longer exciton lifetimes than ME WS2. We reveal that the energy transfer between the direct-gap monolayers and in-direct gap few-layers in LPE WS2 dispersions is a major reason for their quenched PL. Our results suggest that LPE TMDs are not inherently highly defective and could have a high potential for optoelectronic device applications if improved strategies to purify the LPE materials and reduce aggregation could be implemented.
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

5. Understanding the Photoluminescence Quenching of Liquid Exfoliated WS2 Monolayers

Author: Li, Zhaojun, Rashvand, Farnia, Bretscher, Hope, Szydłowska, Beata M., Xiao, James, Backes, Claudia, Rao, Akshay, Li, Zhaojun, Rashvand, Farnia, Bretscher, Hope, Szydłowska, Beata M., Xiao, James, Backes, Claudia, and Rao, Akshay
Abstract: Monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are being investigated as active materials in optoelectronic devices due to their strong excitonic effects. While mechanical exfoliation (ME) of monolayer TMDs is limited to small areas, these materials can also be exfoliated from their parent layered materials via high-volume liquid phase exfoliation (LPE). However, it is currently considered that LPE-synthesized materials show poor optoelectronic performance compared to ME materials, such as poor photoluminescence quantum efficiencies (PLQEs). Here we evaluate the photophysical properties of monolayer-enriched LPE WS2 dispersions via steady-state and time-resolved optical spectroscopy and benchmark these materials against untreated and chemically treated ME WS2 monolayers. We show that the LPE materials show features of high-quality semiconducting materials such as very small Stokes shift, smaller photoluminescence line widths, and longer exciton lifetimes than ME WS2. We reveal that the energy transfer between the direct-gap monolayers and in-direct gap few-layers in LPE WS2 dispersions is a major reason for their quenched PL. Our results suggest that LPE TMDs are not inherently highly defective and could have a high potential for optoelectronic device applications if improved strategies to purify the LPE materials and reduce aggregation could be implemented.
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

6. Highly conductive and long-term stable films from liquid-phase exfoliated platinum diselenide

Author: Lee, Kangho, Szydłowska, Beata M., Hartwig, Oliver, Synnatschke, Kevin, Tywoniuk, Bartlomiej, Hartman, Tomáš, Tomašević-Ilić, Tijana, Gabbett, Cian P., Coleman, Jonathan N., Sofer, Zdeněk, Spasenović, Marko, Backes, Claudia, Lee, Kangho, Szydłowska, Beata M., Hartwig, Oliver, Synnatschke, Kevin, Tywoniuk, Bartlomiej, Hartman, Tomáš, Tomašević-Ilić, Tijana, Gabbett, Cian P., Coleman, Jonathan N., Sofer, Zdeněk, Spasenović, Marko, and Backes, Claudia
Abstract: Liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) has been introduced as a versatile and scalable production method for two-dimensional (2D) materials. This method yields dispersions that allow for the fabrication of printable and flexible electronic devices. However, the fabrication of uniform and homogeneous films from LPE dispersions with a performance similar to that of bottom-up grown materials remains a challenge, as the film quality strongly influences the optical and electrical performance of devices. Furthermore, long-term stability remains a major challenge for all 2D material based applications. In this study, we report on highly conductive tiled network films made of platinum diselenide (PtSe2) flakes derived using a scalable LPE method. We characterized the homogeneous films in terms of morphology and electrical behavior. As an example of applicability, we produce a chemiresistive sensor structure with the PtSe2 films and show significant resistance changes upon periodic ammonia gas exposures, revealing a sub-0.1 part per million (ppm) detection limit (DL). More remarkably the devices are fully functional after 15 months, underlining the high stability of PtSe2 based devices.
Published: 2022

7. Mechanochromic and Thermochromic Sensors Based on Graphene Infused Polymer Opals

Author: Jurewicz, Izabela, King, Alice A. K., Shanker, Ravi, Large, Matthew J., Smith, Ronan J., Maspero, Ross, Ogilvie, Sean P., Scheerder, Jurgen, Han, Jun, Backes, Claudia, Razal, Joselito M., Florescu, Marian, Keddie, Joseph L., Coleman, Jonathan N., Dalton, Alan B., Jurewicz, Izabela, King, Alice A. K., Shanker, Ravi, Large, Matthew J., Smith, Ronan J., Maspero, Ross, Ogilvie, Sean P., Scheerder, Jurgen, Han, Jun, Backes, Claudia, Razal, Joselito M., Florescu, Marian, Keddie, Joseph L., Coleman, Jonathan N., and Dalton, Alan B.
Abstract: High quality opal-like photonic crystals containing graphene are fabricated using evaporation-driven self-assembly of soft polymer colloids. A miniscule amount of pristine graphene within a colloidal crystal lattice results in the formation of colloidal crystals with a strong angle-dependent structural color and a stop band that can be reversibly shifted across the visible spectrum. The crystals can be mechanically deformed or can reversibly change color as a function of their temperature, hence their sensitive mechanochromic and thermochromic response make them attractive candidates for a wide range of visual sensing applications. In particular, it is shown that the crystals are excellent candidates for visual strain sensors or integrated time-temperature indicators which act over large temperature windows. Given the versatility of these crystals, this method represents a simple, inexpensive, and scalable approach to produce multifunctional graphene infused synthetic opals and opens up exciting applications for novel solution-processable nanomaterial based photonics., Funding Agencies|EPSRCEngineering & Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) [EP/L02263X/1 (EP/M008576/1), EP/M027791/1]
Published: 2020
Full Text: View/download PDF

8. Mechanochromic and Thermochromic Sensors Based on Graphene Infused Polymer Opals

Author: Jurewicz, Izabela, King, Alice A. K., Shanker, Ravi, Large, Matthew J., Smith, Ronan J., Maspero, Ross, Ogilvie, Sean P., Scheerder, Jurgen, Han, Jun, Backes, Claudia, Razal, Joselito M., Florescu, Marian, Keddie, Joseph L., Coleman, Jonathan N., Dalton, Alan B., Jurewicz, Izabela, King, Alice A. K., Shanker, Ravi, Large, Matthew J., Smith, Ronan J., Maspero, Ross, Ogilvie, Sean P., Scheerder, Jurgen, Han, Jun, Backes, Claudia, Razal, Joselito M., Florescu, Marian, Keddie, Joseph L., Coleman, Jonathan N., and Dalton, Alan B.
Abstract: High quality opal-like photonic crystals containing graphene are fabricated using evaporation-driven self-assembly of soft polymer colloids. A miniscule amount of pristine graphene within a colloidal crystal lattice results in the formation of colloidal crystals with a strong angle-dependent structural color and a stop band that can be reversibly shifted across the visible spectrum. The crystals can be mechanically deformed or can reversibly change color as a function of their temperature, hence their sensitive mechanochromic and thermochromic response make them attractive candidates for a wide range of visual sensing applications. In particular, it is shown that the crystals are excellent candidates for visual strain sensors or integrated time-temperature indicators which act over large temperature windows. Given the versatility of these crystals, this method represents a simple, inexpensive, and scalable approach to produce multifunctional graphene infused synthetic opals and opens up exciting applications for novel solution-processable nanomaterial based photonics., Funding Agencies|EPSRCEngineering & Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) [EP/L02263X/1 (EP/M008576/1), EP/M027791/1]
Published: 2020
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9. Production and processing of graphene and related materials

Author: Backes, Claudia, Abdelkader, Amr M., Alonso, Concepcion, Andrieux-Ledier, Amandine, Arenal, Raul, Azpeitia, Jon, Balakrishnan, Nilanthy, Banszerus, Luca, Barjon, Julien, Bartali, Ruben, Bellani, Sebastiano, Berger, Claire, Berger, Reinhard, Ortega, M. M. Bernal, Bernard, Carlo, Beton, Peter H., Beyer, Andre, Bianco, Alberto, Boggild, Peter, Bonaccorso, Francesco, Barin, Gabriela Borin, Botas, Cristina, Bueno, Rebeca A., Carriazo, Daniel, Castellanos-Gomez, Andres, Christian, Meganne, Ciesielski, Artur, Ciuk, Tymoteusz, Cole, Matthew T., Coleman, Jonathan, Coletti, Camilla, Crema, Luigi, Cun, Huanyao, Dasler, Daniela, De Fazio, Domenico, Diez, Noel, Drieschner, Simon, Duesberg, Georg S., Fasel, Roman, Feng, Xinliang, Fina, Alberto, Forti, Stiven, Galiotis, Costas, Garberoglio, Giovanni, Garcia, Jorge M., Antonio Garrido, Jose, Gibertini, Marco, Goelzhaeuser, Armin, Gomez, Julio, Greber, Thomas, Hauke, Frank, Hemmi, Adrian, Hernandez-Rodriguez, Irene, Hirsch, Andreas, Hodge, Stephen A., Huttel, Yves, Jepsen, Peter U., Jimenez, Ignacio, Kaiser, Ute, Kaplas, Tommi, Kim, HoKwon, Kis, Andras, Papagelis, Konstantinos, Kostarelos, Kostas, Krajewska, Aleksandra, Lee, Kangho, Li, Changfeng, Lipsanen, Harri, Liscio, Andrea, Lohe, Martin R., Loiseau, Annick, Lombardi, Lucia, Francisca Lopez, Maria, Martin, Oliver, Martin, Cristina, Martinez, Lidia, Angel Martin-Gago, Jose, Ignacio Martinez, Jose, Marzari, Nicola, Mayoral, Alvaro, McManus, John, Melucci, Manuela, Mendez, Javier, Merino, Cesar, Merino, Pablo, Meyer, Andreas P., Miniussi, Elisa, Miseikis, Vaidotas, Mishra, Neeraj, Morandi, Vittorio, Munuera, Carmen, Munoz, Roberto, Nolan, Hugo, Ortolani, Luca, Ott, Anna K., Palacio, Irene, Palermo, Vincenzo, Parthenios, John, Pasternak, Iwona, Patane, Amalia, Prato, Maurizio, Prevost, Henri, Prudkovskiy, Vladimir, Pugno, Nicola, Rojo, Teofilo, Rossi, Antonio, Ruffieux, Pascal, Samori, Paolo, Schue, Leonard, Setijadi, Eki, Seyller, Thomas, Speranza, Giorgio, Stampfer, Christoph, Stenger, Ingrid, Strupinski, Wlodek, Svirko, Yuri, Taioli, Simone, Teo, Kenneth B. K., Testi, Matteo, Tomarchio, Flavia, Tortello, Mauro, Treossi, Emanuele, Turchanin, Andrey, Vazquez, Ester, Villaro, Elvira, Whelan, Patrick R., Xia, Zhenyuan, Yakimova, Rositsa, Yang, Sheng, Yazdi, Gholamreza, Yim, Chanyoung, Yoon, Duhee, Zhang, Xianghui, Zhuang, Xiaodong, Colombo, Luigi, Ferrari, Andrea C., Garcia-Hernandez, Mar, Backes, Claudia, Abdelkader, Amr M., Alonso, Concepcion, Andrieux-Ledier, Amandine, Arenal, Raul, Azpeitia, Jon, Balakrishnan, Nilanthy, Banszerus, Luca, Barjon, Julien, Bartali, Ruben, Bellani, Sebastiano, Berger, Claire, Berger, Reinhard, Ortega, M. M. Bernal, Bernard, Carlo, Beton, Peter H., Beyer, Andre, Bianco, Alberto, Boggild, Peter, Bonaccorso, Francesco, Barin, Gabriela Borin, Botas, Cristina, Bueno, Rebeca A., Carriazo, Daniel, Castellanos-Gomez, Andres, Christian, Meganne, Ciesielski, Artur, Ciuk, Tymoteusz, Cole, Matthew T., Coleman, Jonathan, Coletti, Camilla, Crema, Luigi, Cun, Huanyao, Dasler, Daniela, De Fazio, Domenico, Diez, Noel, Drieschner, Simon, Duesberg, Georg S., Fasel, Roman, Feng, Xinliang, Fina, Alberto, Forti, Stiven, Galiotis, Costas, Garberoglio, Giovanni, Garcia, Jorge M., Antonio Garrido, Jose, Gibertini, Marco, Goelzhaeuser, Armin, Gomez, Julio, Greber, Thomas, Hauke, Frank, Hemmi, Adrian, Hernandez-Rodriguez, Irene, Hirsch, Andreas, Hodge, Stephen A., Huttel, Yves, Jepsen, Peter U., Jimenez, Ignacio, Kaiser, Ute, Kaplas, Tommi, Kim, HoKwon, Kis, Andras, Papagelis, Konstantinos, Kostarelos, Kostas, Krajewska, Aleksandra, Lee, Kangho, Li, Changfeng, Lipsanen, Harri, Liscio, Andrea, Lohe, Martin R., Loiseau, Annick, Lombardi, Lucia, Francisca Lopez, Maria, Martin, Oliver, Martin, Cristina, Martinez, Lidia, Angel Martin-Gago, Jose, Ignacio Martinez, Jose, Marzari, Nicola, Mayoral, Alvaro, McManus, John, Melucci, Manuela, Mendez, Javier, Merino, Cesar, Merino, Pablo, Meyer, Andreas P., Miniussi, Elisa, Miseikis, Vaidotas, Mishra, Neeraj, Morandi, Vittorio, Munuera, Carmen, Munoz, Roberto, Nolan, Hugo, Ortolani, Luca, Ott, Anna K., Palacio, Irene, Palermo, Vincenzo, Parthenios, John, Pasternak, Iwona, Patane, Amalia, Prato, Maurizio, Prevost, Henri, Prudkovskiy, Vladimir, Pugno, Nicola, Rojo, Teofilo, Rossi, Antonio, Ruffieux, Pascal, Samori, Paolo, Schue, Leonard, Setijadi, Eki, Seyller, Thomas, Speranza, Giorgio, Stampfer, Christoph, Stenger, Ingrid, Strupinski, Wlodek, Svirko, Yuri, Taioli, Simone, Teo, Kenneth B. K., Testi, Matteo, Tomarchio, Flavia, Tortello, Mauro, Treossi, Emanuele, Turchanin, Andrey, Vazquez, Ester, Villaro, Elvira, Whelan, Patrick R., Xia, Zhenyuan, Yakimova, Rositsa, Yang, Sheng, Yazdi, Gholamreza, Yim, Chanyoung, Yoon, Duhee, Zhang, Xianghui, Zhuang, Xiaodong, Colombo, Luigi, Ferrari, Andrea C., and Garcia-Hernandez, Mar
Abstract: We present an overview of the main techniques for production and processing of graphene and related materials (GRMs), as well as the key characterization procedures. We adopt a hands-on approach, providing practical details and procedures as derived from literature as well as from the authors experience, in order to enable the reader to reproduce the results. Section I is devoted to bottom up approaches, whereby individual constituents are pieced together into more complex structures. We consider graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) produced either by solution processing or by on-surface synthesis in ultra high vacuum (UHV), as well carbon nanomembranes (CNM). Production of a variety of GNRs with tailored band gaps and edge shapes is now possible. CNMs can be tuned in terms of porosity, crystallinity and electronic behaviour. Section II covers top down techniques. These rely on breaking down of a layered precursor, in the graphene case usually natural crystals like graphite or artificially synthesized materials, such as highly oriented pyrolythic graphite, monolayers or few layers (FL) flakes. The main focus of this section is on various exfoliation techniques in a liquid media, either intercalation or liquid phase exfoliation (LPE). The choice of precursor, exfoliation method, medium as well as the control of parameters such as time or temperature are crucial. A definite choice of parameters and conditions yields a particular material with specific properties that makes it more suitable for a targeted application. We cover protocols for the graphitic precursors to graphene oxide (GO). This is an important material for a range of applications in biomedicine, energy storage, nanocomposites, etc. Hummers and modified Hummers methods are used to make GO that subsequently can be reduced to obtain reduced graphene oxide (RGO) with a variety of strategies. GO flakes are also employed to prepare three-dimensional (3d) low density structures, such as sponges, foams, hydro- or aeroge, Funding Agencies|European Commission Graphene Flagship Core1 [696656, 785219]
Published: 2020
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10. Synthesis and Exfoliation of a New Layered Mesoporous Zr-MOF Comprising Hexa- and Dodecanuclear Clusters as Well as a Small Organic Linker Molecule

Author: Leubner, Sebastian, Bengtsson, Viktor E. G., Synnatschke, Kevin, Gosch, Jonas, Koch, Alexander, Reinsch, Helge, Xu, Hongyi, Backes, Claudia, Zou, Xiaodong, Stock, Norbert, Leubner, Sebastian, Bengtsson, Viktor E. G., Synnatschke, Kevin, Gosch, Jonas, Koch, Alexander, Reinsch, Helge, Xu, Hongyi, Backes, Claudia, Zou, Xiaodong, and Stock, Norbert
Abstract: A new layered mesoporous Zr-MOF of composition [Zr30O20(OH)26(OAc)18L18] was synthesized by employing 5-acetamidoisophthalic acid (H2L) using acetic acid as the solvent. The new MOF, denoted as CAU-45, exhibits a honeycomb structure of stacked layers which comprise both hexa- and dodecanucelar zirconium clusters. Its structure was solved from submicrometer-sized crystals by continuous rotation electron diffraction (cRED). Liquid phase exfoliation and size selection were successfully performed on the material.
Published: 2020
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11. Mechanochromic and thermochromic sensors based on graphene infused polymer opals

Author: Jurewicz, Izabela, King, Alice A. K., Shanker, Ravi, Large, Matthew J., Smith, Ronan J., Maspero, Ross, Ogilvie, Sean P., Scheerder, Jurgen, Han, Jun, Backes, Claudia, Razal, Joselito M., Florescu, Marian, Keddie, Joseph L., Coleman, Jonathan N., Dalton, Alan B., Jurewicz, Izabela, King, Alice A. K., Shanker, Ravi, Large, Matthew J., Smith, Ronan J., Maspero, Ross, Ogilvie, Sean P., Scheerder, Jurgen, Han, Jun, Backes, Claudia, Razal, Joselito M., Florescu, Marian, Keddie, Joseph L., Coleman, Jonathan N., and Dalton, Alan B.
Published: 2020

12. Production and processing of graphene and related materials

Author: Backes, Claudia, Abdelkader, Amr M, Alonso, Concepción, Andrieux-Ledier, Amandine, Arenal, Raul, Azpeitia, Jon, Balakrishnan, Nilanthy, Banszerus, Luca, Barjon, Julien, Bartali, Ruben, Bellani, Sebastiano, Berger, Claire, Berger, Reinhard, Ortega, M M Bernal, Bernard, Carlo, Beton, Peter H, Beyer, André, Bianco, Alberto, Bøggild, Peter, Bonaccorso, Francesco, Barin, Gabriela Borin, Botas, Cristina, Bueno, Rebeca A, Carriazo, Daniel, Castellanos-Gomez, Andres, Christian, Meganne, Ciesielski, Artur, Ciuk, Tymoteusz, Cole, Matthew T, Coleman, Jonathan, Coletti, Camilla, Crema, Luigi, Cun, Huanyao, Dasler, Daniela, De Fazio, Domenico, Díez, Noel, Drieschner, Simon, Duesberg, Georg S, Fasel, Roman, Feng, Xinliang, Fina, Alberto, Forti, Stiven, Galiotis, Costas, Garberoglio, Giovanni, García, Jorge M, Garrido, Jose Antonio, Gibertini, Marco, Gölzhäuser, Armin, Gómez, Julio, Greber, Thomas, Hauke, Frank, Hemmi, Adrian, Hernandez-Rodriguez, Irene, Hirsch, Andreas, Hodge, Stephen A, Huttel, Yves, Jepsen, Peter U, Jimenez, Ignacio, Kaiser, Ute, Kaplas, Tommi, Kim, HoKwon, Kis, Andras, Papagelis, Konstantinos, Kostarelos, Kostas, Krajewska, Aleksandra, Lee, Kangho, Li, Changfeng, Lipsanen, Harri, Liscio, Andrea, Lohe, Martin R, Loiseau, Annick, Lombardi, Lucia, Francisca López, Maria, Martin, Oliver, Martín, Cristina, Martínez, Lidia, Martin-Gago, Jose Angel, Ignacio Martínez, José, Marzari, Nicola, Mayoral, Álvaro, McManus, John, Melucci, Manuela, Méndez, Javier, Merino, Cesar, Merino, Pablo, Meyer, Andreas P, Miniussi, Elisa, Miseikis, Vaidotas, Mishra, Neeraj, Morandi, Vittorio, Munuera, Carmen, Muñoz, Roberto, Nolan, Hugo, Ortolani, Luca, Ott, Anna K, Palacio, Irene, Palermo, Vincenzo, Parthenios, John, Pasternak, Iwona, Patane, Amalia, Prato, Maurizio, Prevost, Henri, Prudkovskiy, Vladimir, Pugno, Nicola, Rojo, Teófilo, Rossi, Antonio, Ruffieux, Pascal, Samorì, Paolo, Schué, Léonard, Setijadi, Eki, Seyller, Thomas, Speranza, Giorgio, Stampfer, Christoph, Stenger, Ingrid, Strupinski, Wlodek, Svirko, Yuri, Taioli, Simone, Teo, Kenneth B K, Testi, Matteo, Tomarchio, Flavia, Tortello, Mauro, Treossi, Emanuele, Turchanin, Andrey, Vazquez, Ester, Villaro, Elvira, Whelan, Patrick R, Xia, Zhenyuan, Yakimova, Rositza, Yang, Sheng, Yazdi, G Reza, Yim, Chanyoung, Yoon, Duhee, Zhang, Xianghui, Zhuang, Xiaodong, Colombo, Luigi, Ferrari, Andrea C, Garcia-Hernandez, Mar, Backes, Claudia, Abdelkader, Amr M, Alonso, Concepción, Andrieux-Ledier, Amandine, Arenal, Raul, Azpeitia, Jon, Balakrishnan, Nilanthy, Banszerus, Luca, Barjon, Julien, Bartali, Ruben, Bellani, Sebastiano, Berger, Claire, Berger, Reinhard, Ortega, M M Bernal, Bernard, Carlo, Beton, Peter H, Beyer, André, Bianco, Alberto, Bøggild, Peter, Bonaccorso, Francesco, Barin, Gabriela Borin, Botas, Cristina, Bueno, Rebeca A, Carriazo, Daniel, Castellanos-Gomez, Andres, Christian, Meganne, Ciesielski, Artur, Ciuk, Tymoteusz, Cole, Matthew T, Coleman, Jonathan, Coletti, Camilla, Crema, Luigi, Cun, Huanyao, Dasler, Daniela, De Fazio, Domenico, Díez, Noel, Drieschner, Simon, Duesberg, Georg S, Fasel, Roman, Feng, Xinliang, Fina, Alberto, Forti, Stiven, Galiotis, Costas, Garberoglio, Giovanni, García, Jorge M, Garrido, Jose Antonio, Gibertini, Marco, Gölzhäuser, Armin, Gómez, Julio, Greber, Thomas, Hauke, Frank, Hemmi, Adrian, Hernandez-Rodriguez, Irene, Hirsch, Andreas, Hodge, Stephen A, Huttel, Yves, Jepsen, Peter U, Jimenez, Ignacio, Kaiser, Ute, Kaplas, Tommi, Kim, HoKwon, Kis, Andras, Papagelis, Konstantinos, Kostarelos, Kostas, Krajewska, Aleksandra, Lee, Kangho, Li, Changfeng, Lipsanen, Harri, Liscio, Andrea, Lohe, Martin R, Loiseau, Annick, Lombardi, Lucia, Francisca López, Maria, Martin, Oliver, Martín, Cristina, Martínez, Lidia, Martin-Gago, Jose Angel, Ignacio Martínez, José, Marzari, Nicola, Mayoral, Álvaro, McManus, John, Melucci, Manuela, Méndez, Javier, Merino, Cesar, Merino, Pablo, Meyer, Andreas P, Miniussi, Elisa, Miseikis, Vaidotas, Mishra, Neeraj, Morandi, Vittorio, Munuera, Carmen, Muñoz, Roberto, Nolan, Hugo, Ortolani, Luca, Ott, Anna K, Palacio, Irene, Palermo, Vincenzo, Parthenios, John, Pasternak, Iwona, Patane, Amalia, Prato, Maurizio, Prevost, Henri, Prudkovskiy, Vladimir, Pugno, Nicola, Rojo, Teófilo, Rossi, Antonio, Ruffieux, Pascal, Samorì, Paolo, Schué, Léonard, Setijadi, Eki, Seyller, Thomas, Speranza, Giorgio, Stampfer, Christoph, Stenger, Ingrid, Strupinski, Wlodek, Svirko, Yuri, Taioli, Simone, Teo, Kenneth B K, Testi, Matteo, Tomarchio, Flavia, Tortello, Mauro, Treossi, Emanuele, Turchanin, Andrey, Vazquez, Ester, Villaro, Elvira, Whelan, Patrick R, Xia, Zhenyuan, Yakimova, Rositza, Yang, Sheng, Yazdi, G Reza, Yim, Chanyoung, Yoon, Duhee, Zhang, Xianghui, Zhuang, Xiaodong, Colombo, Luigi, Ferrari, Andrea C, and Garcia-Hernandez, Mar
Published: 2020
Full Text: View/download PDF

13. Mechanochromic and Thermochromic Sensors Based on Graphene Infused Polymer Opals

Author: Jurewicz, Izabela, King, Alice A. K., Shanker, Ravi, Large, Matthew J., Smith, Ronan J., Maspero, Ross, Ogilvie, Sean P., Scheerder, Jurgen, Han, Jun, Backes, Claudia, Razal, Joselito M., Florescu, Marian, Keddie, Joseph L., Coleman, Jonathan N., Dalton, Alan B., Jurewicz, Izabela, King, Alice A. K., Shanker, Ravi, Large, Matthew J., Smith, Ronan J., Maspero, Ross, Ogilvie, Sean P., Scheerder, Jurgen, Han, Jun, Backes, Claudia, Razal, Joselito M., Florescu, Marian, Keddie, Joseph L., Coleman, Jonathan N., and Dalton, Alan B.
Abstract: High quality opal-like photonic crystals containing graphene are fabricated using evaporation-driven self-assembly of soft polymer colloids. A miniscule amount of pristine graphene within a colloidal crystal lattice results in the formation of colloidal crystals with a strong angle-dependent structural color and a stop band that can be reversibly shifted across the visible spectrum. The crystals can be mechanically deformed or can reversibly change color as a function of their temperature, hence their sensitive mechanochromic and thermochromic response make them attractive candidates for a wide range of visual sensing applications. In particular, it is shown that the crystals are excellent candidates for visual strain sensors or integrated time-temperature indicators which act over large temperature windows. Given the versatility of these crystals, this method represents a simple, inexpensive, and scalable approach to produce multifunctional graphene infused synthetic opals and opens up exciting applications for novel solution-processable nanomaterial based photonics., Funding Agencies|EPSRCEngineering & Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) [EP/L02263X/1 (EP/M008576/1), EP/M027791/1]
Published: 2020
Full Text: View/download PDF

14. Production and processing of graphene and related materials

Author: Backes, Claudia, Abdelkader, Amr M., Alonso, Concepcion, Andrieux-Ledier, Amandine, Arenal, Raul, Azpeitia, Jon, Balakrishnan, Nilanthy, Banszerus, Luca, Barjon, Julien, Bartali, Ruben, Bellani, Sebastiano, Berger, Claire, Berger, Reinhard, Ortega, M. M. Bernal, Bernard, Carlo, Beton, Peter H., Beyer, Andre, Bianco, Alberto, Boggild, Peter, Bonaccorso, Francesco, Barin, Gabriela Borin, Botas, Cristina, Bueno, Rebeca A., Carriazo, Daniel, Castellanos-Gomez, Andres, Christian, Meganne, Ciesielski, Artur, Ciuk, Tymoteusz, Cole, Matthew T., Coleman, Jonathan, Coletti, Camilla, Crema, Luigi, Cun, Huanyao, Dasler, Daniela, De Fazio, Domenico, Diez, Noel, Drieschner, Simon, Duesberg, Georg S., Fasel, Roman, Feng, Xinliang, Fina, Alberto, Forti, Stiven, Galiotis, Costas, Garberoglio, Giovanni, Garcia, Jorge M., Antonio Garrido, Jose, Gibertini, Marco, Goelzhaeuser, Armin, Gomez, Julio, Greber, Thomas, Hauke, Frank, Hemmi, Adrian, Hernandez-Rodriguez, Irene, Hirsch, Andreas, Hodge, Stephen A., Huttel, Yves, Jepsen, Peter U., Jimenez, Ignacio, Kaiser, Ute, Kaplas, Tommi, Kim, HoKwon, Kis, Andras, Papagelis, Konstantinos, Kostarelos, Kostas, Krajewska, Aleksandra, Lee, Kangho, Li, Changfeng, Lipsanen, Harri, Liscio, Andrea, Lohe, Martin R., Loiseau, Annick, Lombardi, Lucia, Francisca Lopez, Maria, Martin, Oliver, Martin, Cristina, Martinez, Lidia, Angel Martin-Gago, Jose, Ignacio Martinez, Jose, Marzari, Nicola, Mayoral, Alvaro, McManus, John, Melucci, Manuela, Mendez, Javier, Merino, Cesar, Merino, Pablo, Meyer, Andreas P., Miniussi, Elisa, Miseikis, Vaidotas, Mishra, Neeraj, Morandi, Vittorio, Munuera, Carmen, Munoz, Roberto, Nolan, Hugo, Ortolani, Luca, Ott, Anna K., Palacio, Irene, Palermo, Vincenzo, Parthenios, John, Pasternak, Iwona, Patane, Amalia, Prato, Maurizio, Prevost, Henri, Prudkovskiy, Vladimir, Pugno, Nicola, Rojo, Teofilo, Rossi, Antonio, Ruffieux, Pascal, Samori, Paolo, Schue, Leonard, Setijadi, Eki, Seyller, Thomas, Speranza, Giorgio, Stampfer, Christoph, Stenger, Ingrid, Strupinski, Wlodek, Svirko, Yuri, Taioli, Simone, Teo, Kenneth B. K., Testi, Matteo, Tomarchio, Flavia, Tortello, Mauro, Treossi, Emanuele, Turchanin, Andrey, Vazquez, Ester, Villaro, Elvira, Whelan, Patrick R., Xia, Zhenyuan, Yakimova, Rositsa, Yang, Sheng, Yazdi, Gholamreza, Yim, Chanyoung, Yoon, Duhee, Zhang, Xianghui, Zhuang, Xiaodong, Colombo, Luigi, Ferrari, Andrea C., Garcia-Hernandez, Mar, Backes, Claudia, Abdelkader, Amr M., Alonso, Concepcion, Andrieux-Ledier, Amandine, Arenal, Raul, Azpeitia, Jon, Balakrishnan, Nilanthy, Banszerus, Luca, Barjon, Julien, Bartali, Ruben, Bellani, Sebastiano, Berger, Claire, Berger, Reinhard, Ortega, M. M. Bernal, Bernard, Carlo, Beton, Peter H., Beyer, Andre, Bianco, Alberto, Boggild, Peter, Bonaccorso, Francesco, Barin, Gabriela Borin, Botas, Cristina, Bueno, Rebeca A., Carriazo, Daniel, Castellanos-Gomez, Andres, Christian, Meganne, Ciesielski, Artur, Ciuk, Tymoteusz, Cole, Matthew T., Coleman, Jonathan, Coletti, Camilla, Crema, Luigi, Cun, Huanyao, Dasler, Daniela, De Fazio, Domenico, Diez, Noel, Drieschner, Simon, Duesberg, Georg S., Fasel, Roman, Feng, Xinliang, Fina, Alberto, Forti, Stiven, Galiotis, Costas, Garberoglio, Giovanni, Garcia, Jorge M., Antonio Garrido, Jose, Gibertini, Marco, Goelzhaeuser, Armin, Gomez, Julio, Greber, Thomas, Hauke, Frank, Hemmi, Adrian, Hernandez-Rodriguez, Irene, Hirsch, Andreas, Hodge, Stephen A., Huttel, Yves, Jepsen, Peter U., Jimenez, Ignacio, Kaiser, Ute, Kaplas, Tommi, Kim, HoKwon, Kis, Andras, Papagelis, Konstantinos, Kostarelos, Kostas, Krajewska, Aleksandra, Lee, Kangho, Li, Changfeng, Lipsanen, Harri, Liscio, Andrea, Lohe, Martin R., Loiseau, Annick, Lombardi, Lucia, Francisca Lopez, Maria, Martin, Oliver, Martin, Cristina, Martinez, Lidia, Angel Martin-Gago, Jose, Ignacio Martinez, Jose, Marzari, Nicola, Mayoral, Alvaro, McManus, John, Melucci, Manuela, Mendez, Javier, Merino, Cesar, Merino, Pablo, Meyer, Andreas P., Miniussi, Elisa, Miseikis, Vaidotas, Mishra, Neeraj, Morandi, Vittorio, Munuera, Carmen, Munoz, Roberto, Nolan, Hugo, Ortolani, Luca, Ott, Anna K., Palacio, Irene, Palermo, Vincenzo, Parthenios, John, Pasternak, Iwona, Patane, Amalia, Prato, Maurizio, Prevost, Henri, Prudkovskiy, Vladimir, Pugno, Nicola, Rojo, Teofilo, Rossi, Antonio, Ruffieux, Pascal, Samori, Paolo, Schue, Leonard, Setijadi, Eki, Seyller, Thomas, Speranza, Giorgio, Stampfer, Christoph, Stenger, Ingrid, Strupinski, Wlodek, Svirko, Yuri, Taioli, Simone, Teo, Kenneth B. K., Testi, Matteo, Tomarchio, Flavia, Tortello, Mauro, Treossi, Emanuele, Turchanin, Andrey, Vazquez, Ester, Villaro, Elvira, Whelan, Patrick R., Xia, Zhenyuan, Yakimova, Rositsa, Yang, Sheng, Yazdi, Gholamreza, Yim, Chanyoung, Yoon, Duhee, Zhang, Xianghui, Zhuang, Xiaodong, Colombo, Luigi, Ferrari, Andrea C., and Garcia-Hernandez, Mar
Abstract: We present an overview of the main techniques for production and processing of graphene and related materials (GRMs), as well as the key characterization procedures. We adopt a hands-on approach, providing practical details and procedures as derived from literature as well as from the authors experience, in order to enable the reader to reproduce the results. Section I is devoted to bottom up approaches, whereby individual constituents are pieced together into more complex structures. We consider graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) produced either by solution processing or by on-surface synthesis in ultra high vacuum (UHV), as well carbon nanomembranes (CNM). Production of a variety of GNRs with tailored band gaps and edge shapes is now possible. CNMs can be tuned in terms of porosity, crystallinity and electronic behaviour. Section II covers top down techniques. These rely on breaking down of a layered precursor, in the graphene case usually natural crystals like graphite or artificially synthesized materials, such as highly oriented pyrolythic graphite, monolayers or few layers (FL) flakes. The main focus of this section is on various exfoliation techniques in a liquid media, either intercalation or liquid phase exfoliation (LPE). The choice of precursor, exfoliation method, medium as well as the control of parameters such as time or temperature are crucial. A definite choice of parameters and conditions yields a particular material with specific properties that makes it more suitable for a targeted application. We cover protocols for the graphitic precursors to graphene oxide (GO). This is an important material for a range of applications in biomedicine, energy storage, nanocomposites, etc. Hummers and modified Hummers methods are used to make GO that subsequently can be reduced to obtain reduced graphene oxide (RGO) with a variety of strategies. GO flakes are also employed to prepare three-dimensional (3d) low density structures, such as sponges, foams, hydro- or aeroge, Funding Agencies|European Commission Graphene Flagship Core1 [696656, 785219]
Published: 2020
Full Text: View/download PDF

15. Production and processing of graphene and related materials

Author: Backes, Claudia, Abdelkader, Amr M, Alonso, Concepción, Andrieux-Ledier, Amandine, Arenal, Raul, Azpeitia, Jon, Balakrishnan, Nilanthy, Banszerus, Luca, Barjon, Julien, Bartali, Ruben, Bellani, Sebastiano, Berger, Claire, Berger, Reinhard, Ortega, M M Bernal, Bernard, Carlo, Beton, Peter H, Beyer, André, Bianco, Alberto, Bøggild, Peter, Bonaccorso, Francesco, Barin, Gabriela Borin, Botas, Cristina, Bueno, Rebeca A, Carriazo, Daniel, Castellanos-Gomez, Andres, Christian, Meganne, Ciesielski, Artur, Ciuk, Tymoteusz, Cole, Matthew T, Coleman, Jonathan, Coletti, Camilla, Crema, Luigi, Cun, Huanyao, Dasler, Daniela, De Fazio, Domenico, Díez, Noel, Drieschner, Simon, Duesberg, Georg S, Fasel, Roman, Feng, Xinliang, Fina, Alberto, Forti, Stiven, Galiotis, Costas, Garberoglio, Giovanni, García, Jorge M, Garrido, Jose Antonio, Gibertini, Marco, Gölzhäuser, Armin, Gómez, Julio, Greber, Thomas, Hauke, Frank, Hemmi, Adrian, Hernandez-Rodriguez, Irene, Hirsch, Andreas, Hodge, Stephen A, Huttel, Yves, Jepsen, Peter U, Jimenez, Ignacio, Kaiser, Ute, Kaplas, Tommi, Kim, HoKwon, Kis, Andras, Papagelis, Konstantinos, Kostarelos, Kostas, Krajewska, Aleksandra, Lee, Kangho, Li, Changfeng, Lipsanen, Harri, Liscio, Andrea, Lohe, Martin R, Loiseau, Annick, Lombardi, Lucia, Francisca López, Maria, Martin, Oliver, Martín, Cristina, Martínez, Lidia, Martin-Gago, Jose Angel, Ignacio Martínez, José, Marzari, Nicola, Mayoral, Álvaro, McManus, John, Melucci, Manuela, Méndez, Javier, Merino, Cesar, Merino, Pablo, Meyer, Andreas P, Miniussi, Elisa, Miseikis, Vaidotas, Mishra, Neeraj, Morandi, Vittorio, Munuera, Carmen, Muñoz, Roberto, Nolan, Hugo, Ortolani, Luca, Ott, Anna K, Palacio, Irene, Palermo, Vincenzo, Parthenios, John, Pasternak, Iwona, Patane, Amalia, Prato, Maurizio, Prevost, Henri, Prudkovskiy, Vladimir, Pugno, Nicola, Rojo, Teófilo, Rossi, Antonio, Ruffieux, Pascal, Samorì, Paolo, Schué, Léonard, Setijadi, Eki, Seyller, Thomas, Speranza, Giorgio, Stampfer, Christoph, Stenger, Ingrid, Strupinski, Wlodek, Svirko, Yuri, Taioli, Simone, Teo, Kenneth B K, Testi, Matteo, Tomarchio, Flavia, Tortello, Mauro, Treossi, Emanuele, Turchanin, Andrey, Vazquez, Ester, Villaro, Elvira, Whelan, Patrick R, Xia, Zhenyuan, Yakimova, Rositza, Yang, Sheng, Yazdi, G Reza, Yim, Chanyoung, Yoon, Duhee, Zhang, Xianghui, Zhuang, Xiaodong, Colombo, Luigi, Ferrari, Andrea C, Garcia-Hernandez, Mar, Backes, Claudia, Abdelkader, Amr M, Alonso, Concepción, Andrieux-Ledier, Amandine, Arenal, Raul, Azpeitia, Jon, Balakrishnan, Nilanthy, Banszerus, Luca, Barjon, Julien, Bartali, Ruben, Bellani, Sebastiano, Berger, Claire, Berger, Reinhard, Ortega, M M Bernal, Bernard, Carlo, Beton, Peter H, Beyer, André, Bianco, Alberto, Bøggild, Peter, Bonaccorso, Francesco, Barin, Gabriela Borin, Botas, Cristina, Bueno, Rebeca A, Carriazo, Daniel, Castellanos-Gomez, Andres, Christian, Meganne, Ciesielski, Artur, Ciuk, Tymoteusz, Cole, Matthew T, Coleman, Jonathan, Coletti, Camilla, Crema, Luigi, Cun, Huanyao, Dasler, Daniela, De Fazio, Domenico, Díez, Noel, Drieschner, Simon, Duesberg, Georg S, Fasel, Roman, Feng, Xinliang, Fina, Alberto, Forti, Stiven, Galiotis, Costas, Garberoglio, Giovanni, García, Jorge M, Garrido, Jose Antonio, Gibertini, Marco, Gölzhäuser, Armin, Gómez, Julio, Greber, Thomas, Hauke, Frank, Hemmi, Adrian, Hernandez-Rodriguez, Irene, Hirsch, Andreas, Hodge, Stephen A, Huttel, Yves, Jepsen, Peter U, Jimenez, Ignacio, Kaiser, Ute, Kaplas, Tommi, Kim, HoKwon, Kis, Andras, Papagelis, Konstantinos, Kostarelos, Kostas, Krajewska, Aleksandra, Lee, Kangho, Li, Changfeng, Lipsanen, Harri, Liscio, Andrea, Lohe, Martin R, Loiseau, Annick, Lombardi, Lucia, Francisca López, Maria, Martin, Oliver, Martín, Cristina, Martínez, Lidia, Martin-Gago, Jose Angel, Ignacio Martínez, José, Marzari, Nicola, Mayoral, Álvaro, McManus, John, Melucci, Manuela, Méndez, Javier, Merino, Cesar, Merino, Pablo, Meyer, Andreas P, Miniussi, Elisa, Miseikis, Vaidotas, Mishra, Neeraj, Morandi, Vittorio, Munuera, Carmen, Muñoz, Roberto, Nolan, Hugo, Ortolani, Luca, Ott, Anna K, Palacio, Irene, Palermo, Vincenzo, Parthenios, John, Pasternak, Iwona, Patane, Amalia, Prato, Maurizio, Prevost, Henri, Prudkovskiy, Vladimir, Pugno, Nicola, Rojo, Teófilo, Rossi, Antonio, Ruffieux, Pascal, Samorì, Paolo, Schué, Léonard, Setijadi, Eki, Seyller, Thomas, Speranza, Giorgio, Stampfer, Christoph, Stenger, Ingrid, Strupinski, Wlodek, Svirko, Yuri, Taioli, Simone, Teo, Kenneth B K, Testi, Matteo, Tomarchio, Flavia, Tortello, Mauro, Treossi, Emanuele, Turchanin, Andrey, Vazquez, Ester, Villaro, Elvira, Whelan, Patrick R, Xia, Zhenyuan, Yakimova, Rositza, Yang, Sheng, Yazdi, G Reza, Yim, Chanyoung, Yoon, Duhee, Zhang, Xianghui, Zhuang, Xiaodong, Colombo, Luigi, Ferrari, Andrea C, and Garcia-Hernandez, Mar
Published: 2020
Full Text: View/download PDF

16. Mechanochromic and Thermochromic Sensors Based on Graphene Infused Polymer Opals

Author: Jurewicz, Izabela, King, Alice A. K., Shanker, Ravi, Large, Matthew J., Smith, Ronan J., Maspero, Ross, Ogilvie, Sean P., Scheerder, Jurgen, Han, Jun, Backes, Claudia, Razal, Joselito M., Florescu, Marian, Keddie, Joseph L., Coleman, Jonathan N., Dalton, Alan B., Jurewicz, Izabela, King, Alice A. K., Shanker, Ravi, Large, Matthew J., Smith, Ronan J., Maspero, Ross, Ogilvie, Sean P., Scheerder, Jurgen, Han, Jun, Backes, Claudia, Razal, Joselito M., Florescu, Marian, Keddie, Joseph L., Coleman, Jonathan N., and Dalton, Alan B.
Abstract: High quality opal-like photonic crystals containing graphene are fabricated using evaporation-driven self-assembly of soft polymer colloids. A miniscule amount of pristine graphene within a colloidal crystal lattice results in the formation of colloidal crystals with a strong angle-dependent structural color and a stop band that can be reversibly shifted across the visible spectrum. The crystals can be mechanically deformed or can reversibly change color as a function of their temperature, hence their sensitive mechanochromic and thermochromic response make them attractive candidates for a wide range of visual sensing applications. In particular, it is shown that the crystals are excellent candidates for visual strain sensors or integrated time-temperature indicators which act over large temperature windows. Given the versatility of these crystals, this method represents a simple, inexpensive, and scalable approach to produce multifunctional graphene infused synthetic opals and opens up exciting applications for novel solution-processable nanomaterial based photonics., Funding Agencies|EPSRCEngineering & Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) [EP/L02263X/1 (EP/M008576/1), EP/M027791/1]
Published: 2020
Full Text: View/download PDF

17. Production and processing of graphene and related materials

Author: Backes, Claudia, Abdelkader, Amr M., Alonso, Concepcion, Andrieux-Ledier, Amandine, Arenal, Raul, Azpeitia, Jon, Balakrishnan, Nilanthy, Banszerus, Luca, Barjon, Julien, Bartali, Ruben, Bellani, Sebastiano, Berger, Claire, Berger, Reinhard, Ortega, M. M. Bernal, Bernard, Carlo, Beton, Peter H., Beyer, Andre, Bianco, Alberto, Boggild, Peter, Bonaccorso, Francesco, Barin, Gabriela Borin, Botas, Cristina, Bueno, Rebeca A., Carriazo, Daniel, Castellanos-Gomez, Andres, Christian, Meganne, Ciesielski, Artur, Ciuk, Tymoteusz, Cole, Matthew T., Coleman, Jonathan, Coletti, Camilla, Crema, Luigi, Cun, Huanyao, Dasler, Daniela, De Fazio, Domenico, Diez, Noel, Drieschner, Simon, Duesberg, Georg S., Fasel, Roman, Feng, Xinliang, Fina, Alberto, Forti, Stiven, Galiotis, Costas, Garberoglio, Giovanni, Garcia, Jorge M., Antonio Garrido, Jose, Gibertini, Marco, Goelzhaeuser, Armin, Gomez, Julio, Greber, Thomas, Hauke, Frank, Hemmi, Adrian, Hernandez-Rodriguez, Irene, Hirsch, Andreas, Hodge, Stephen A., Huttel, Yves, Jepsen, Peter U., Jimenez, Ignacio, Kaiser, Ute, Kaplas, Tommi, Kim, HoKwon, Kis, Andras, Papagelis, Konstantinos, Kostarelos, Kostas, Krajewska, Aleksandra, Lee, Kangho, Li, Changfeng, Lipsanen, Harri, Liscio, Andrea, Lohe, Martin R., Loiseau, Annick, Lombardi, Lucia, Francisca Lopez, Maria, Martin, Oliver, Martin, Cristina, Martinez, Lidia, Angel Martin-Gago, Jose, Ignacio Martinez, Jose, Marzari, Nicola, Mayoral, Alvaro, McManus, John, Melucci, Manuela, Mendez, Javier, Merino, Cesar, Merino, Pablo, Meyer, Andreas P., Miniussi, Elisa, Miseikis, Vaidotas, Mishra, Neeraj, Morandi, Vittorio, Munuera, Carmen, Munoz, Roberto, Nolan, Hugo, Ortolani, Luca, Ott, Anna K., Palacio, Irene, Palermo, Vincenzo, Parthenios, John, Pasternak, Iwona, Patane, Amalia, Prato, Maurizio, Prevost, Henri, Prudkovskiy, Vladimir, Pugno, Nicola, Rojo, Teofilo, Rossi, Antonio, Ruffieux, Pascal, Samori, Paolo, Schue, Leonard, Setijadi, Eki, Seyller, Thomas, Speranza, Giorgio, Stampfer, Christoph, Stenger, Ingrid, Strupinski, Wlodek, Svirko, Yuri, Taioli, Simone, Teo, Kenneth B. K., Testi, Matteo, Tomarchio, Flavia, Tortello, Mauro, Treossi, Emanuele, Turchanin, Andrey, Vazquez, Ester, Villaro, Elvira, Whelan, Patrick R., Xia, Zhenyuan, Yakimova, Rositsa, Yang, Sheng, Yazdi, Gholamreza, Yim, Chanyoung, Yoon, Duhee, Zhang, Xianghui, Zhuang, Xiaodong, Colombo, Luigi, Ferrari, Andrea C., Garcia-Hernandez, Mar, Backes, Claudia, Abdelkader, Amr M., Alonso, Concepcion, Andrieux-Ledier, Amandine, Arenal, Raul, Azpeitia, Jon, Balakrishnan, Nilanthy, Banszerus, Luca, Barjon, Julien, Bartali, Ruben, Bellani, Sebastiano, Berger, Claire, Berger, Reinhard, Ortega, M. M. Bernal, Bernard, Carlo, Beton, Peter H., Beyer, Andre, Bianco, Alberto, Boggild, Peter, Bonaccorso, Francesco, Barin, Gabriela Borin, Botas, Cristina, Bueno, Rebeca A., Carriazo, Daniel, Castellanos-Gomez, Andres, Christian, Meganne, Ciesielski, Artur, Ciuk, Tymoteusz, Cole, Matthew T., Coleman, Jonathan, Coletti, Camilla, Crema, Luigi, Cun, Huanyao, Dasler, Daniela, De Fazio, Domenico, Diez, Noel, Drieschner, Simon, Duesberg, Georg S., Fasel, Roman, Feng, Xinliang, Fina, Alberto, Forti, Stiven, Galiotis, Costas, Garberoglio, Giovanni, Garcia, Jorge M., Antonio Garrido, Jose, Gibertini, Marco, Goelzhaeuser, Armin, Gomez, Julio, Greber, Thomas, Hauke, Frank, Hemmi, Adrian, Hernandez-Rodriguez, Irene, Hirsch, Andreas, Hodge, Stephen A., Huttel, Yves, Jepsen, Peter U., Jimenez, Ignacio, Kaiser, Ute, Kaplas, Tommi, Kim, HoKwon, Kis, Andras, Papagelis, Konstantinos, Kostarelos, Kostas, Krajewska, Aleksandra, Lee, Kangho, Li, Changfeng, Lipsanen, Harri, Liscio, Andrea, Lohe, Martin R., Loiseau, Annick, Lombardi, Lucia, Francisca Lopez, Maria, Martin, Oliver, Martin, Cristina, Martinez, Lidia, Angel Martin-Gago, Jose, Ignacio Martinez, Jose, Marzari, Nicola, Mayoral, Alvaro, McManus, John, Melucci, Manuela, Mendez, Javier, Merino, Cesar, Merino, Pablo, Meyer, Andreas P., Miniussi, Elisa, Miseikis, Vaidotas, Mishra, Neeraj, Morandi, Vittorio, Munuera, Carmen, Munoz, Roberto, Nolan, Hugo, Ortolani, Luca, Ott, Anna K., Palacio, Irene, Palermo, Vincenzo, Parthenios, John, Pasternak, Iwona, Patane, Amalia, Prato, Maurizio, Prevost, Henri, Prudkovskiy, Vladimir, Pugno, Nicola, Rojo, Teofilo, Rossi, Antonio, Ruffieux, Pascal, Samori, Paolo, Schue, Leonard, Setijadi, Eki, Seyller, Thomas, Speranza, Giorgio, Stampfer, Christoph, Stenger, Ingrid, Strupinski, Wlodek, Svirko, Yuri, Taioli, Simone, Teo, Kenneth B. K., Testi, Matteo, Tomarchio, Flavia, Tortello, Mauro, Treossi, Emanuele, Turchanin, Andrey, Vazquez, Ester, Villaro, Elvira, Whelan, Patrick R., Xia, Zhenyuan, Yakimova, Rositsa, Yang, Sheng, Yazdi, Gholamreza, Yim, Chanyoung, Yoon, Duhee, Zhang, Xianghui, Zhuang, Xiaodong, Colombo, Luigi, Ferrari, Andrea C., and Garcia-Hernandez, Mar
Abstract: We present an overview of the main techniques for production and processing of graphene and related materials (GRMs), as well as the key characterization procedures. We adopt a hands-on approach, providing practical details and procedures as derived from literature as well as from the authors experience, in order to enable the reader to reproduce the results. Section I is devoted to bottom up approaches, whereby individual constituents are pieced together into more complex structures. We consider graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) produced either by solution processing or by on-surface synthesis in ultra high vacuum (UHV), as well carbon nanomembranes (CNM). Production of a variety of GNRs with tailored band gaps and edge shapes is now possible. CNMs can be tuned in terms of porosity, crystallinity and electronic behaviour. Section II covers top down techniques. These rely on breaking down of a layered precursor, in the graphene case usually natural crystals like graphite or artificially synthesized materials, such as highly oriented pyrolythic graphite, monolayers or few layers (FL) flakes. The main focus of this section is on various exfoliation techniques in a liquid media, either intercalation or liquid phase exfoliation (LPE). The choice of precursor, exfoliation method, medium as well as the control of parameters such as time or temperature are crucial. A definite choice of parameters and conditions yields a particular material with specific properties that makes it more suitable for a targeted application. We cover protocols for the graphitic precursors to graphene oxide (GO). This is an important material for a range of applications in biomedicine, energy storage, nanocomposites, etc. Hummers and modified Hummers methods are used to make GO that subsequently can be reduced to obtain reduced graphene oxide (RGO) with a variety of strategies. GO flakes are also employed to prepare three-dimensional (3d) low density structures, such as sponges, foams, hydro- or aeroge, Funding Agencies|European Commission Graphene Flagship Core1 [696656, 785219]
Published: 2020
Full Text: View/download PDF

18. Production and processing of graphene and related materials

Author: Backes, Claudia, Abdelkader, Amr M., Alonso, Concepcion, Andrieux-Ledier, Amandine, Arenal, Raul, Azpeitia, Jon, Balakrishnan, Nilanthy, Banszerus, Luca, Barjon, Julien, Bartali, Ruben, Bellani, Sebastiano, Berger, Claire, Berger, Reinhard, Ortega, M. M. Bernal, Bernard, Carlo, Beton, Peter H., Beyer, Andre, Bianco, Alberto, Boggild, Peter, Bonaccorso, Francesco, Barin, Gabriela Borin, Botas, Cristina, Bueno, Rebeca A., Carriazo, Daniel, Castellanos-Gomez, Andres, Christian, Meganne, Ciesielski, Artur, Ciuk, Tymoteusz, Cole, Matthew T., Coleman, Jonathan, Coletti, Camilla, Crema, Luigi, Cun, Huanyao, Dasler, Daniela, De Fazio, Domenico, Diez, Noel, Drieschner, Simon, Duesberg, Georg S., Fasel, Roman, Feng, Xinliang, Fina, Alberto, Forti, Stiven, Galiotis, Costas, Garberoglio, Giovanni, Garcia, Jorge M., Antonio Garrido, Jose, Gibertini, Marco, Goelzhaeuser, Armin, Gomez, Julio, Greber, Thomas, Hauke, Frank, Hemmi, Adrian, Hernandez-Rodriguez, Irene, Hirsch, Andreas, Hodge, Stephen A., Huttel, Yves, Jepsen, Peter U., Jimenez, Ignacio, Kaiser, Ute, Kaplas, Tommi, Kim, HoKwon, Kis, Andras, Papagelis, Konstantinos, Kostarelos, Kostas, Krajewska, Aleksandra, Lee, Kangho, Li, Changfeng, Lipsanen, Harri, Liscio, Andrea, Lohe, Martin R., Loiseau, Annick, Lombardi, Lucia, Francisca Lopez, Maria, Martin, Oliver, Martin, Cristina, Martinez, Lidia, Angel Martin-Gago, Jose, Ignacio Martinez, Jose, Marzari, Nicola, Mayoral, Alvaro, McManus, John, Melucci, Manuela, Mendez, Javier, Merino, Cesar, Merino, Pablo, Meyer, Andreas P., Miniussi, Elisa, Miseikis, Vaidotas, Mishra, Neeraj, Morandi, Vittorio, Munuera, Carmen, Munoz, Roberto, Nolan, Hugo, Ortolani, Luca, Ott, Anna K., Palacio, Irene, Palermo, Vincenzo, Parthenios, John, Pasternak, Iwona, Patane, Amalia, Prato, Maurizio, Prevost, Henri, Prudkovskiy, Vladimir, Pugno, Nicola, Rojo, Teofilo, Rossi, Antonio, Ruffieux, Pascal, Samori, Paolo, Schue, Leonard, Setijadi, Eki, Seyller, Thomas, Speranza, Giorgio, Stampfer, Christoph, Stenger, Ingrid, Strupinski, Wlodek, Svirko, Yuri, Taioli, Simone, Teo, Kenneth B. K., Testi, Matteo, Tomarchio, Flavia, Tortello, Mauro, Treossi, Emanuele, Turchanin, Andrey, Vazquez, Ester, Villaro, Elvira, Whelan, Patrick R., Xia, Zhenyuan, Yakimova, Rositsa, Yang, Sheng, Yazdi, Gholamreza, Yim, Chanyoung, Yoon, Duhee, Zhang, Xianghui, Zhuang, Xiaodong, Colombo, Luigi, Ferrari, Andrea C., Garcia-Hernandez, Mar, Backes, Claudia, Abdelkader, Amr M., Alonso, Concepcion, Andrieux-Ledier, Amandine, Arenal, Raul, Azpeitia, Jon, Balakrishnan, Nilanthy, Banszerus, Luca, Barjon, Julien, Bartali, Ruben, Bellani, Sebastiano, Berger, Claire, Berger, Reinhard, Ortega, M. M. Bernal, Bernard, Carlo, Beton, Peter H., Beyer, Andre, Bianco, Alberto, Boggild, Peter, Bonaccorso, Francesco, Barin, Gabriela Borin, Botas, Cristina, Bueno, Rebeca A., Carriazo, Daniel, Castellanos-Gomez, Andres, Christian, Meganne, Ciesielski, Artur, Ciuk, Tymoteusz, Cole, Matthew T., Coleman, Jonathan, Coletti, Camilla, Crema, Luigi, Cun, Huanyao, Dasler, Daniela, De Fazio, Domenico, Diez, Noel, Drieschner, Simon, Duesberg, Georg S., Fasel, Roman, Feng, Xinliang, Fina, Alberto, Forti, Stiven, Galiotis, Costas, Garberoglio, Giovanni, Garcia, Jorge M., Antonio Garrido, Jose, Gibertini, Marco, Goelzhaeuser, Armin, Gomez, Julio, Greber, Thomas, Hauke, Frank, Hemmi, Adrian, Hernandez-Rodriguez, Irene, Hirsch, Andreas, Hodge, Stephen A., Huttel, Yves, Jepsen, Peter U., Jimenez, Ignacio, Kaiser, Ute, Kaplas, Tommi, Kim, HoKwon, Kis, Andras, Papagelis, Konstantinos, Kostarelos, Kostas, Krajewska, Aleksandra, Lee, Kangho, Li, Changfeng, Lipsanen, Harri, Liscio, Andrea, Lohe, Martin R., Loiseau, Annick, Lombardi, Lucia, Francisca Lopez, Maria, Martin, Oliver, Martin, Cristina, Martinez, Lidia, Angel Martin-Gago, Jose, Ignacio Martinez, Jose, Marzari, Nicola, Mayoral, Alvaro, McManus, John, Melucci, Manuela, Mendez, Javier, Merino, Cesar, Merino, Pablo, Meyer, Andreas P., Miniussi, Elisa, Miseikis, Vaidotas, Mishra, Neeraj, Morandi, Vittorio, Munuera, Carmen, Munoz, Roberto, Nolan, Hugo, Ortolani, Luca, Ott, Anna K., Palacio, Irene, Palermo, Vincenzo, Parthenios, John, Pasternak, Iwona, Patane, Amalia, Prato, Maurizio, Prevost, Henri, Prudkovskiy, Vladimir, Pugno, Nicola, Rojo, Teofilo, Rossi, Antonio, Ruffieux, Pascal, Samori, Paolo, Schue, Leonard, Setijadi, Eki, Seyller, Thomas, Speranza, Giorgio, Stampfer, Christoph, Stenger, Ingrid, Strupinski, Wlodek, Svirko, Yuri, Taioli, Simone, Teo, Kenneth B. K., Testi, Matteo, Tomarchio, Flavia, Tortello, Mauro, Treossi, Emanuele, Turchanin, Andrey, Vazquez, Ester, Villaro, Elvira, Whelan, Patrick R., Xia, Zhenyuan, Yakimova, Rositsa, Yang, Sheng, Yazdi, Gholamreza, Yim, Chanyoung, Yoon, Duhee, Zhang, Xianghui, Zhuang, Xiaodong, Colombo, Luigi, Ferrari, Andrea C., and Garcia-Hernandez, Mar
Abstract: We present an overview of the main techniques for production and processing of graphene and related materials (GRMs), as well as the key characterization procedures. We adopt a hands-on approach, providing practical details and procedures as derived from literature as well as from the authors experience, in order to enable the reader to reproduce the results. Section I is devoted to bottom up approaches, whereby individual constituents are pieced together into more complex structures. We consider graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) produced either by solution processing or by on-surface synthesis in ultra high vacuum (UHV), as well carbon nanomembranes (CNM). Production of a variety of GNRs with tailored band gaps and edge shapes is now possible. CNMs can be tuned in terms of porosity, crystallinity and electronic behaviour. Section II covers top down techniques. These rely on breaking down of a layered precursor, in the graphene case usually natural crystals like graphite or artificially synthesized materials, such as highly oriented pyrolythic graphite, monolayers or few layers (FL) flakes. The main focus of this section is on various exfoliation techniques in a liquid media, either intercalation or liquid phase exfoliation (LPE). The choice of precursor, exfoliation method, medium as well as the control of parameters such as time or temperature are crucial. A definite choice of parameters and conditions yields a particular material with specific properties that makes it more suitable for a targeted application. We cover protocols for the graphitic precursors to graphene oxide (GO). This is an important material for a range of applications in biomedicine, energy storage, nanocomposites, etc. Hummers and modified Hummers methods are used to make GO that subsequently can be reduced to obtain reduced graphene oxide (RGO) with a variety of strategies. GO flakes are also employed to prepare three-dimensional (3d) low density structures, such as sponges, foams, hydro- or aeroge, Funding Agencies|European Commission Graphene Flagship Core1 [696656, 785219]
Published: 2020
Full Text: View/download PDF

19. Production and processing of graphene and related materials

Author: European Commission, García-Hernández, M. [0000-0002-5987-0647], Backes, Claudia, Abdelkader, Amr M., Alonso, Concepción, Andrieux-Ledier, Amandine, Arenal, Raúl, Azpeitia-Urkia, Jon, Balakrishnan, Nilanthy, Banszerus, Luca, Barjon, Julien, Bartali, Ruben, Bellani, Sebastiano, Melucci, Manuela, Beton, Peter H., Patane, Amalia, Muñoz, Roberto, Méndez, Javier, Merino, César, Zhang, Xianghui, Villaro, Elvira, Ortolani, Luca, Ruffieux, Pascal, Borin Barin, Gabriela, Miseikis, Vaidotas, Zhuang, Xiaodong, Pugno, Nicola, Yazdi, Reza G., Bernard, Carlo, Tortello, Mauro, Carriazo, Daniel, Parthenios, John, Rojo, Teófilo, Ott, Anna K., Tomarchio, Flavia, Coletti, Camilla, Palacio, Irene, Castellanos-Gómez, Andrés, Strupinski, Wlodek, Prevost, Henri, Cun, Huanyao, Pasternak, Iwona, Prudkovskiy, Vladimir, Feng, Xinliang, Coleman, Jonathan, Fasel, Román, Beyer, André, García-Hernández, Mar, Díez, Noel, Prato, Maurizio, Berger, Claire, Stenger, Ingrid, Bonaccorso, Francesco, Crema, Luigi, Botas, Cristina, Bueno, Rebeca A., Hemmi, Adrian, Hirsch, Andreas, Yang, Sheng, Ciesielski, Artur, Kenneth, Teo B. K., Ciuk, Tymoteusz, Cole, Matthew T., Bøggild, Peter, Berger, Reinhard, Bernal, M. Mar, Galiotis, Costas, Hodge, Stephen A., Drieschner, Simon, Garrido, Jose A., Bianco, Alberto, Kim, HoKwon, Setijadi, Eki, García Martínez, Jorge Manuel, Stampfer, Christoph, Speranza, Giorgio, Dasler, Daniela, Garberoglio, Giovanni, Duesberg, Georg S., Testi, Matteo, Lombardi, Lucia, Kaplas, Tommi, Gómez, Julio, Ferrari, Andrea C., Gölzhäuser, Armin, Schué, Léonard, Fina, Alberto, Forti, Stiven, Hernández-Rodríguez, Irene, Gibertini, Marco, Vázquez, Ester, Yakimova, Rositza, Yoon, Duhee, Martínez, José I., Martín-Gago, José A., Greber, Thomas, Hauke, Frank, López, María Francisca, Lee, Kangho, Merino-Mateo, Pablo, Kostarelos, Kostas, Seyller, Thomas, Papagelis, Konstantinos, Yim, Chanyoung, Nolan, Hugo, Kis, Andras, Huttel, Yves, Jepsen, Peter U., Rossi, Antonio, Morandi, Vittorio, Jiménez, Ignacio, Kaiser, Ute, Li, Changfeng, Loiseau, Annick, Svirko, Yuri, Colombo, Luigi, Krajewska, Aleksandra, Mayoral, Álvaro, Treossi, Emanuele, Meyer, Andreas P., Xia, Zhenyuan, Lipsanen, Harri, Munuera, C., Liscio, Andrea, Lohe, Martin R., Samorì, Paolo, Turchanin, Andrey, McManus, John, Martín, Oliver, Martín, Cristina, De-Fazio, Domenico, Palermo, Vincenzo, Martínez-Izquierdo, Lidia, Taioli, Simone, Christian, Meganne, Mishra, Neeraj, Marzari, Nicola, Whelan, Patrick R., Miniussi, Elisa, European Commission, García-Hernández, M. [0000-0002-5987-0647], Backes, Claudia, Abdelkader, Amr M., Alonso, Concepción, Andrieux-Ledier, Amandine, Arenal, Raúl, Azpeitia-Urkia, Jon, Balakrishnan, Nilanthy, Banszerus, Luca, Barjon, Julien, Bartali, Ruben, Bellani, Sebastiano, Melucci, Manuela, Beton, Peter H., Patane, Amalia, Muñoz, Roberto, Méndez, Javier, Merino, César, Zhang, Xianghui, Villaro, Elvira, Ortolani, Luca, Ruffieux, Pascal, Borin Barin, Gabriela, Miseikis, Vaidotas, Zhuang, Xiaodong, Pugno, Nicola, Yazdi, Reza G., Bernard, Carlo, Tortello, Mauro, Carriazo, Daniel, Parthenios, John, Rojo, Teófilo, Ott, Anna K., Tomarchio, Flavia, Coletti, Camilla, Palacio, Irene, Castellanos-Gómez, Andrés, Strupinski, Wlodek, Prevost, Henri, Cun, Huanyao, Pasternak, Iwona, Prudkovskiy, Vladimir, Feng, Xinliang, Coleman, Jonathan, Fasel, Román, Beyer, André, García-Hernández, Mar, Díez, Noel, Prato, Maurizio, Berger, Claire, Stenger, Ingrid, Bonaccorso, Francesco, Crema, Luigi, Botas, Cristina, Bueno, Rebeca A., Hemmi, Adrian, Hirsch, Andreas, Yang, Sheng, Ciesielski, Artur, Kenneth, Teo B. K., Ciuk, Tymoteusz, Cole, Matthew T., Bøggild, Peter, Berger, Reinhard, Bernal, M. Mar, Galiotis, Costas, Hodge, Stephen A., Drieschner, Simon, Garrido, Jose A., Bianco, Alberto, Kim, HoKwon, Setijadi, Eki, García Martínez, Jorge Manuel, Stampfer, Christoph, Speranza, Giorgio, Dasler, Daniela, Garberoglio, Giovanni, Duesberg, Georg S., Testi, Matteo, Lombardi, Lucia, Kaplas, Tommi, Gómez, Julio, Ferrari, Andrea C., Gölzhäuser, Armin, Schué, Léonard, Fina, Alberto, Forti, Stiven, Hernández-Rodríguez, Irene, Gibertini, Marco, Vázquez, Ester, Yakimova, Rositza, Yoon, Duhee, Martínez, José I., Martín-Gago, José A., Greber, Thomas, Hauke, Frank, López, María Francisca, Lee, Kangho, Merino-Mateo, Pablo, Kostarelos, Kostas, Seyller, Thomas, Papagelis, Konstantinos, Yim, Chanyoung, Nolan, Hugo, Kis, Andras, Huttel, Yves, Jepsen, Peter U., Rossi, Antonio, Morandi, Vittorio, Jiménez, Ignacio, Kaiser, Ute, Li, Changfeng, Loiseau, Annick, Svirko, Yuri, Colombo, Luigi, Krajewska, Aleksandra, Mayoral, Álvaro, Treossi, Emanuele, Meyer, Andreas P., Xia, Zhenyuan, Lipsanen, Harri, Munuera, C., Liscio, Andrea, Lohe, Martin R., Samorì, Paolo, Turchanin, Andrey, McManus, John, Martín, Oliver, Martín, Cristina, De-Fazio, Domenico, Palermo, Vincenzo, Martínez-Izquierdo, Lidia, Taioli, Simone, Christian, Meganne, Mishra, Neeraj, Marzari, Nicola, Whelan, Patrick R., and Miniussi, Elisa
Abstract: We present an overview of the main techniques for production and processing of graphene and related materials (GRMs), as well as the key characterization procedures. We adopt a 'hands-on' approach, providing practical details and procedures as derived from literature as well as from the authors' experience, in order to enable the reader to reproduce the results. Section I is devoted to 'bottom up' approaches, whereby individual constituents are pieced together into more complex structures. We consider graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) produced either by solution processing or by on-surface synthesis in ultra high vacuum (UHV), as well carbon nanomembranes (CNM). Production of a variety of GNRs with tailored band gaps and edge shapes is now possible. CNMs can be tuned in terms of porosity, crystallinity and electronic behaviour. Section II covers 'top down' techniques. These rely on breaking down of a layered precursor, in the graphene case usually natural crystals like graphite or artificially synthesized materials, such as highly oriented pyrolythic graphite, monolayers or few layers (FL) flakes. The main focus of this section is on various exfoliation techniques in a liquid media, either intercalation or liquid phase exfoliation (LPE). The choice of precursor, exfoliation method, medium as well as the control of parameters such as time or temperature are crucial. A definite choice of parameters and conditions yields a particular material with specific properties that makes it more suitable for a targeted application. We cover protocols for the graphitic precursors to graphene oxide (GO). This is an important material for a range of applications in biomedicine, energy storage, nanocomposites, etc. Hummers' and modified Hummers' methods are used to make GO that subsequently can be reduced to obtain reduced graphene oxide (RGO) with a variety of strategies. GO flakes are also employed to prepare three-dimensional (3d) low density structures, such as sponges, foams, hydro
Published: 2020

20. Mechanochromic and Thermochromic Sensors Based on Graphene Infused Polymer Opals

Author: Jurewicz, Izabela, King, Alice A. K., Shanker, Ravi, Large, Matthew J., Smith, Ronan J., Maspero, Ross, Ogilvie, Sean P., Scheerder, Jurgen, Han, Jun, Backes, Claudia, Razal, Joselito M., Florescu, Marian, Keddie, Joseph L., Coleman, Jonathan N., Dalton, Alan B., Jurewicz, Izabela, King, Alice A. K., Shanker, Ravi, Large, Matthew J., Smith, Ronan J., Maspero, Ross, Ogilvie, Sean P., Scheerder, Jurgen, Han, Jun, Backes, Claudia, Razal, Joselito M., Florescu, Marian, Keddie, Joseph L., Coleman, Jonathan N., and Dalton, Alan B.
Abstract: High quality opal-like photonic crystals containing graphene are fabricated using evaporation-driven self-assembly of soft polymer colloids. A miniscule amount of pristine graphene within a colloidal crystal lattice results in the formation of colloidal crystals with a strong angle-dependent structural color and a stop band that can be reversibly shifted across the visible spectrum. The crystals can be mechanically deformed or can reversibly change color as a function of their temperature, hence their sensitive mechanochromic and thermochromic response make them attractive candidates for a wide range of visual sensing applications. In particular, it is shown that the crystals are excellent candidates for visual strain sensors or integrated time-temperature indicators which act over large temperature windows. Given the versatility of these crystals, this method represents a simple, inexpensive, and scalable approach to produce multifunctional graphene infused synthetic opals and opens up exciting applications for novel solution-processable nanomaterial based photonics., Funding Agencies|EPSRCEngineering & Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) [EP/L02263X/1 (EP/M008576/1), EP/M027791/1]
Published: 2020
Full Text: View/download PDF

21. Production and processing of graphene and related materials

Author: Backes, Claudia, Abdelkader, Amr M., Alonso, Concepcion, Andrieux-Ledier, Amandine, Arenal, Raul, Azpeitia, Jon, Balakrishnan, Nilanthy, Banszerus, Luca, Barjon, Julien, Bartali, Ruben, Bellani, Sebastiano, Berger, Claire, Berger, Reinhard, Ortega, M. M. Bernal, Bernard, Carlo, Beton, Peter H., Beyer, Andre, Bianco, Alberto, Boggild, Peter, Bonaccorso, Francesco, Barin, Gabriela Borin, Botas, Cristina, Bueno, Rebeca A., Carriazo, Daniel, Castellanos-Gomez, Andres, Christian, Meganne, Ciesielski, Artur, Ciuk, Tymoteusz, Cole, Matthew T., Coleman, Jonathan, Coletti, Camilla, Crema, Luigi, Cun, Huanyao, Dasler, Daniela, De Fazio, Domenico, Diez, Noel, Drieschner, Simon, Duesberg, Georg S., Fasel, Roman, Feng, Xinliang, Fina, Alberto, Forti, Stiven, Galiotis, Costas, Garberoglio, Giovanni, Garcia, Jorge M., Antonio Garrido, Jose, Gibertini, Marco, Goelzhaeuser, Armin, Gomez, Julio, Greber, Thomas, Hauke, Frank, Hemmi, Adrian, Hernandez-Rodriguez, Irene, Hirsch, Andreas, Hodge, Stephen A., Huttel, Yves, Jepsen, Peter U., Jimenez, Ignacio, Kaiser, Ute, Kaplas, Tommi, Kim, HoKwon, Kis, Andras, Papagelis, Konstantinos, Kostarelos, Kostas, Krajewska, Aleksandra, Lee, Kangho, Li, Changfeng, Lipsanen, Harri, Liscio, Andrea, Lohe, Martin R., Loiseau, Annick, Lombardi, Lucia, Francisca Lopez, Maria, Martin, Oliver, Martin, Cristina, Martinez, Lidia, Angel Martin-Gago, Jose, Ignacio Martinez, Jose, Marzari, Nicola, Mayoral, Alvaro, McManus, John, Melucci, Manuela, Mendez, Javier, Merino, Cesar, Merino, Pablo, Meyer, Andreas P., Miniussi, Elisa, Miseikis, Vaidotas, Mishra, Neeraj, Morandi, Vittorio, Munuera, Carmen, Munoz, Roberto, Nolan, Hugo, Ortolani, Luca, Ott, Anna K., Palacio, Irene, Palermo, Vincenzo, Parthenios, John, Pasternak, Iwona, Patane, Amalia, Prato, Maurizio, Prevost, Henri, Prudkovskiy, Vladimir, Pugno, Nicola, Rojo, Teofilo, Rossi, Antonio, Ruffieux, Pascal, Samori, Paolo, Schue, Leonard, Setijadi, Eki, Seyller, Thomas, Speranza, Giorgio, Stampfer, Christoph, Stenger, Ingrid, Strupinski, Wlodek, Svirko, Yuri, Taioli, Simone, Teo, Kenneth B. K., Testi, Matteo, Tomarchio, Flavia, Tortello, Mauro, Treossi, Emanuele, Turchanin, Andrey, Vazquez, Ester, Villaro, Elvira, Whelan, Patrick R., Xia, Zhenyuan, Yakimova, Rositsa, Yang, Sheng, Yazdi, Gholamreza, Yim, Chanyoung, Yoon, Duhee, Zhang, Xianghui, Zhuang, Xiaodong, Colombo, Luigi, Ferrari, Andrea C., Garcia-Hernandez, Mar, Backes, Claudia, Abdelkader, Amr M., Alonso, Concepcion, Andrieux-Ledier, Amandine, Arenal, Raul, Azpeitia, Jon, Balakrishnan, Nilanthy, Banszerus, Luca, Barjon, Julien, Bartali, Ruben, Bellani, Sebastiano, Berger, Claire, Berger, Reinhard, Ortega, M. M. Bernal, Bernard, Carlo, Beton, Peter H., Beyer, Andre, Bianco, Alberto, Boggild, Peter, Bonaccorso, Francesco, Barin, Gabriela Borin, Botas, Cristina, Bueno, Rebeca A., Carriazo, Daniel, Castellanos-Gomez, Andres, Christian, Meganne, Ciesielski, Artur, Ciuk, Tymoteusz, Cole, Matthew T., Coleman, Jonathan, Coletti, Camilla, Crema, Luigi, Cun, Huanyao, Dasler, Daniela, De Fazio, Domenico, Diez, Noel, Drieschner, Simon, Duesberg, Georg S., Fasel, Roman, Feng, Xinliang, Fina, Alberto, Forti, Stiven, Galiotis, Costas, Garberoglio, Giovanni, Garcia, Jorge M., Antonio Garrido, Jose, Gibertini, Marco, Goelzhaeuser, Armin, Gomez, Julio, Greber, Thomas, Hauke, Frank, Hemmi, Adrian, Hernandez-Rodriguez, Irene, Hirsch, Andreas, Hodge, Stephen A., Huttel, Yves, Jepsen, Peter U., Jimenez, Ignacio, Kaiser, Ute, Kaplas, Tommi, Kim, HoKwon, Kis, Andras, Papagelis, Konstantinos, Kostarelos, Kostas, Krajewska, Aleksandra, Lee, Kangho, Li, Changfeng, Lipsanen, Harri, Liscio, Andrea, Lohe, Martin R., Loiseau, Annick, Lombardi, Lucia, Francisca Lopez, Maria, Martin, Oliver, Martin, Cristina, Martinez, Lidia, Angel Martin-Gago, Jose, Ignacio Martinez, Jose, Marzari, Nicola, Mayoral, Alvaro, McManus, John, Melucci, Manuela, Mendez, Javier, Merino, Cesar, Merino, Pablo, Meyer, Andreas P., Miniussi, Elisa, Miseikis, Vaidotas, Mishra, Neeraj, Morandi, Vittorio, Munuera, Carmen, Munoz, Roberto, Nolan, Hugo, Ortolani, Luca, Ott, Anna K., Palacio, Irene, Palermo, Vincenzo, Parthenios, John, Pasternak, Iwona, Patane, Amalia, Prato, Maurizio, Prevost, Henri, Prudkovskiy, Vladimir, Pugno, Nicola, Rojo, Teofilo, Rossi, Antonio, Ruffieux, Pascal, Samori, Paolo, Schue, Leonard, Setijadi, Eki, Seyller, Thomas, Speranza, Giorgio, Stampfer, Christoph, Stenger, Ingrid, Strupinski, Wlodek, Svirko, Yuri, Taioli, Simone, Teo, Kenneth B. K., Testi, Matteo, Tomarchio, Flavia, Tortello, Mauro, Treossi, Emanuele, Turchanin, Andrey, Vazquez, Ester, Villaro, Elvira, Whelan, Patrick R., Xia, Zhenyuan, Yakimova, Rositsa, Yang, Sheng, Yazdi, Gholamreza, Yim, Chanyoung, Yoon, Duhee, Zhang, Xianghui, Zhuang, Xiaodong, Colombo, Luigi, Ferrari, Andrea C., and Garcia-Hernandez, Mar
Abstract: We present an overview of the main techniques for production and processing of graphene and related materials (GRMs), as well as the key characterization procedures. We adopt a hands-on approach, providing practical details and procedures as derived from literature as well as from the authors experience, in order to enable the reader to reproduce the results. Section I is devoted to bottom up approaches, whereby individual constituents are pieced together into more complex structures. We consider graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) produced either by solution processing or by on-surface synthesis in ultra high vacuum (UHV), as well carbon nanomembranes (CNM). Production of a variety of GNRs with tailored band gaps and edge shapes is now possible. CNMs can be tuned in terms of porosity, crystallinity and electronic behaviour. Section II covers top down techniques. These rely on breaking down of a layered precursor, in the graphene case usually natural crystals like graphite or artificially synthesized materials, such as highly oriented pyrolythic graphite, monolayers or few layers (FL) flakes. The main focus of this section is on various exfoliation techniques in a liquid media, either intercalation or liquid phase exfoliation (LPE). The choice of precursor, exfoliation method, medium as well as the control of parameters such as time or temperature are crucial. A definite choice of parameters and conditions yields a particular material with specific properties that makes it more suitable for a targeted application. We cover protocols for the graphitic precursors to graphene oxide (GO). This is an important material for a range of applications in biomedicine, energy storage, nanocomposites, etc. Hummers and modified Hummers methods are used to make GO that subsequently can be reduced to obtain reduced graphene oxide (RGO) with a variety of strategies. GO flakes are also employed to prepare three-dimensional (3d) low density structures, such as sponges, foams, hydro- or aeroge, Funding Agencies|European Commission Graphene Flagship Core1 [696656, 785219]
Published: 2020
Full Text: View/download PDF

22. Production and processing of graphene and related materials

Author: Backes, Claudia, Abdelkader, Amr M, Alonso, Concepción, Andrieux-Ledier, Amandine, Arenal, Raul, Azpeitia, Jon, Balakrishnan, Nilanthy, Banszerus, Luca, Barjon, Julien, Bartali, Ruben, Bellani, Sebastiano, Berger, Claire, Berger, Reinhard, Ortega, M.M. Bernal, Bernard, Carlo, Beton, Peter H, Beyer, André, Bianco, Alberto, Bøggild, Peter, Bonaccorso, Francesco, Barin, Gabriela Borin, Botas, Cristina, Bueno, Rebeca A., Carriazo, Daniel, Castellanos-Gomez, Andres, Christian, Meganne, Ciesielski, Artur, Ciuk, Tymoteusz, Cole, Matthew T., Coleman, Jonathan, Coletti, Camilla, Crema, Luigi, Cun, Huanyao, Dasler, Daniela, De Fazio, Domenico, Díez, Noel, Drieschner, Simon, Duesberg, Georg S., Fasel, Roman, Feng, Xinliang, Fina, Alberto, Forti, Stiven, Galiotis, Costas, Garberoglio, Giovanni, García, Jorge M., Garrido, Jose Antonio, Gibertini, Marco, Gölzhäuser, Armin, Gómez, Julio, Greber, Thomas, Hauke, Frank, Hemmi, Adrian, Hernandez-Rodriguez, Irene, Hirsch, Andreas, Hodge, Stephen A, Huttel, Yves, Jepsen, Peter Uhd, Jimenez, Ignacio, Kaiser, Ute, Kaplas, Tommi, Kim, HoKwon, Kis, Andras, Papagelis, Konstantinos, Kostarelos, Kostas, Krajewska, Aleksandra, Lee, Kangho, Li, Changfeng, Lipsanen, Harri, Liscio, Andrea, Lohe, Martin R., Loiseau, Annick, Lombardi, Lucia, Francisca López, Maria, Martin, Oliver, Martín, Cristina, Martínez, Lidia, Martin-Gago, Jose Angel, Martinez, Jose Ignacio, Marzari, Nicola, Mayoral, Álvaro, McManus, John, Melucci, Manuela, Méndez, Javier, Merino, Cesar, Merino, Pablo, Meyer, Andreas P., Miniussi, Elisa, Miseikis, Vaidotas, Mishra, Neeraj, Morandi, Vittorio, Munuera, Carmen, Muñoz, Roberto, Nolan, Hugo, Ortolani, Luca, Ott, Anna K., Palacio, Irene, Palermo, Vincenzo, Parthenios, John, Pasternak, Iwona, Patane, Amalia, Prato, Maurizio, Prevost, Henri, Prudkovskiy, Vladimir, Pugno, Nicola, Rojo, Teófilo, Rossi, Antonio, Ruffieux, Pascal, Samorì, Paolo, Schué, Léonard, Setijadi, Eki, Seyller, Thomas, Speranza, Giorgio, Stampfer, Christoph, Stenger, Ingrid, Strupinski, Wlodek, Svirko, Yuri, Taioli, Simone, Teo, Kenneth B.K., Testi, Matteo, Tomarchio, Flavia, Tortello, Mauro, Treossi, Emanuele, Turchanin, Andrey, Vazquez, Ester, Villaro, Elvira, Whelan, Patrick R., Xia, Zhenyuan, Yakimova, Rositza, Yang, Sheng, Yazdi, G. Reza, Yim, Chanyoung, Yoon, Duhee, Zhang, Xianghui, Zhuang, Xiaodong, Colombo, Luigi, Ferrari, Andrea C., Garcia-Hernandez, Mar, Backes, Claudia, Abdelkader, Amr M, Alonso, Concepción, Andrieux-Ledier, Amandine, Arenal, Raul, Azpeitia, Jon, Balakrishnan, Nilanthy, Banszerus, Luca, Barjon, Julien, Bartali, Ruben, Bellani, Sebastiano, Berger, Claire, Berger, Reinhard, Ortega, M.M. Bernal, Bernard, Carlo, Beton, Peter H, Beyer, André, Bianco, Alberto, Bøggild, Peter, Bonaccorso, Francesco, Barin, Gabriela Borin, Botas, Cristina, Bueno, Rebeca A., Carriazo, Daniel, Castellanos-Gomez, Andres, Christian, Meganne, Ciesielski, Artur, Ciuk, Tymoteusz, Cole, Matthew T., Coleman, Jonathan, Coletti, Camilla, Crema, Luigi, Cun, Huanyao, Dasler, Daniela, De Fazio, Domenico, Díez, Noel, Drieschner, Simon, Duesberg, Georg S., Fasel, Roman, Feng, Xinliang, Fina, Alberto, Forti, Stiven, Galiotis, Costas, Garberoglio, Giovanni, García, Jorge M., Garrido, Jose Antonio, Gibertini, Marco, Gölzhäuser, Armin, Gómez, Julio, Greber, Thomas, Hauke, Frank, Hemmi, Adrian, Hernandez-Rodriguez, Irene, Hirsch, Andreas, Hodge, Stephen A, Huttel, Yves, Jepsen, Peter Uhd, Jimenez, Ignacio, Kaiser, Ute, Kaplas, Tommi, Kim, HoKwon, Kis, Andras, Papagelis, Konstantinos, Kostarelos, Kostas, Krajewska, Aleksandra, Lee, Kangho, Li, Changfeng, Lipsanen, Harri, Liscio, Andrea, Lohe, Martin R., Loiseau, Annick, Lombardi, Lucia, Francisca López, Maria, Martin, Oliver, Martín, Cristina, Martínez, Lidia, Martin-Gago, Jose Angel, Martinez, Jose Ignacio, Marzari, Nicola, Mayoral, Álvaro, McManus, John, Melucci, Manuela, Méndez, Javier, Merino, Cesar, Merino, Pablo, Meyer, Andreas P., Miniussi, Elisa, Miseikis, Vaidotas, Mishra, Neeraj, Morandi, Vittorio, Munuera, Carmen, Muñoz, Roberto, Nolan, Hugo, Ortolani, Luca, Ott, Anna K., Palacio, Irene, Palermo, Vincenzo, Parthenios, John, Pasternak, Iwona, Patane, Amalia, Prato, Maurizio, Prevost, Henri, Prudkovskiy, Vladimir, Pugno, Nicola, Rojo, Teófilo, Rossi, Antonio, Ruffieux, Pascal, Samorì, Paolo, Schué, Léonard, Setijadi, Eki, Seyller, Thomas, Speranza, Giorgio, Stampfer, Christoph, Stenger, Ingrid, Strupinski, Wlodek, Svirko, Yuri, Taioli, Simone, Teo, Kenneth B.K., Testi, Matteo, Tomarchio, Flavia, Tortello, Mauro, Treossi, Emanuele, Turchanin, Andrey, Vazquez, Ester, Villaro, Elvira, Whelan, Patrick R., Xia, Zhenyuan, Yakimova, Rositza, Yang, Sheng, Yazdi, G. Reza, Yim, Chanyoung, Yoon, Duhee, Zhang, Xianghui, Zhuang, Xiaodong, Colombo, Luigi, Ferrari, Andrea C., and Garcia-Hernandez, Mar
Abstract: We present an overview of the main techniques for production and processing of graphene and related materials (GRMs), as well as the key characterization procedures. We adopt a ‘hands-on’ approach, providing practical details and procedures as derived from literature as well as from the authors’ experience, in order to enable the reader to reproduce the results. Section I is devoted to ‘bottom up’ approaches, whereby individual constituents are pieced together into more complex structures. We consider graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) produced either by solution processing or by on-surface synthesis in ultra high vacuum (UHV), as well carbon nanomembranes (CNM). Production of a variety of GNRs with tailored band gaps and edge shapes is now possible. CNMs can be tuned in terms of porosity, crystallinity and electronic behaviour. Section II covers ‘top down’ techniques. These rely on breaking down of a layered precursor, in the graphene case usually natural crystals like graphite or artificially synthesized materials, such as highly oriented pyrolythic graphite, monolayers or few layers (FL) flakes. The main focus of this section is on various exfoliation techniques in a liquid media, either intercalation or liquid phase exfoliation (LPE). The choice of precursor, exfoliation method, medium as well as the control of parameters such as time or temperature are crucial. A definite choice of parameters and conditions yields a particular material with specific properties that makes it more suitable for a targeted application. We cover protocols for the graphitic precursors to graphene oxide (GO). This is an important material for a range of applications in biomedicine, energy storage, nanocomposites, etc. Hummers’ and modified Hummers’ methods are used to make GO that subsequently can be reduced to obtain reduced graphene oxide (RGO) with a variety of strategies. GO flakes are also employed to prepare three-dimensional (3d) low density structures, such as sponges, foams, hydro
Published: 2020

23. Molecular chemistry approaches for tuning the properties of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides

Author: European Commission, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), German Research Foundation, Samorì, Paolo [0000-0001-6256-8281], Bertolazzi, Simone, Gobbi, Marco, Zhao, Yuda, Backes, Claudia, Samorì, Paolo, European Commission, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), German Research Foundation, Samorì, Paolo [0000-0001-6256-8281], Bertolazzi, Simone, Gobbi, Marco, Zhao, Yuda, Backes, Claudia, and Samorì, Paolo
Abstract: Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors, such as ultrathin layers of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), offer a unique combination of electronic, optical and mechanical properties, and hold potential to enable a host of new device applications spanning from flexible/wearable (opto)electronics to energy-harvesting and sensing technologies. A critical requirement for developing practical and reliable electronic devices based on semiconducting TMDs consists in achieving a full control over their charge-carrier polarity and doping. Inconveniently, such a challenging task cannot be accomplished by means of well-established doping techniques (e.g. ion implantation and diffusion), which unavoidably damage the 2D crystals resulting in degraded device performances. Nowadays, a number of alternatives are being investigated, including various (supra)molecular chemistry approaches relying on the combination of 2D semiconductors with electroactive donor/acceptor molecules. As yet, a large variety of molecular systems have been utilized for functionalizing 2D TMDs via both covalent and non-covalent interactions. Such research endeavours enabled not only the tuning of the charge-carrier doping but also the engineering of the optical, electronic, magnetic, thermal and sensing properties of semiconducting TMDs for specific device applications. Here, we will review the most enlightening recent advancements in experimental (supra)molecular chemistry methods for tailoring the properties of atomically-thin TMDs – in the form of substrate-supported or solution-dispersed nanosheets – and we will discuss the opportunities and the challenges towards the realization of novel hybrid materials and devices based on 2D semiconductors and molecular systems.
Published: 2018

24. Probing the local nature of excitons and plasmons in few-layer MoS2

Author: Nerl, Hannah Catherine, Winther, Kirsten Trøstrup, Hage, Fredrik S., Thygesen, Kristian Sommer, Houben, Lothar, Backes, Claudia, Coleman, Jonathan N., Ramasse, Quentin M., Nicolosi, Valeria, Nerl, Hannah Catherine, Winther, Kirsten Trøstrup, Hage, Fredrik S., Thygesen, Kristian Sommer, Houben, Lothar, Backes, Claudia, Coleman, Jonathan N., Ramasse, Quentin M., and Nicolosi, Valeria
Abstract: Excitons and plasmons are the two most fundamental types of collectiveelectronic excitations occurring in solids. Traditionally, they have beenstudied separately using bulk techniques that probe their average energeticstructure over large spatial regions. However, as the dimensions of materialsand devices continue to shrink, it becomes crucial to understand how theseexcitations depend on local variations in the crystal- and chemical structureon the atomic scale. Here we use monochromated low-lossscanning-transmission-electron-microscopy electron-energy-loss (LL-STEM-EEL)spectroscopy, providing the best simultaneous energy and spatial resolutionachieved to-date to unravel the full set of electronic excitations in few-layerMoS2 nanosheets over a wide energy range. Using first-principles many-bodycalculations we confirm the excitonic nature of the peaks at ~2eV and ~3eV inthe experimental EEL spectrum and the plasmonic nature of higher energy-losspeaks. We also rationalise the non-trivial dependence of the EEL spectrum onbeam and sample geometry such as the number of atomic layers and distance tosteps and edges. Moreover, we show that the excitonic features are dominated bythe long wavelength (q=0) components of the probing field, while the plasmonicfeatures are sensitive to a much broader range of q-vectors, indicating aqualitative difference in the spatial character of the two types of collectiveexcitations. Our work provides a template protocol for mapping the local natureof electronic excitations that open new possibilities for studyingphoto-absorption and energy transfer processes on a nanometer scale.
Published: 2017

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1. Understanding the Photoluminescence Quenching of Liquid Exfoliated WS2 Monolayers

2. Understanding the Photoluminescence Quenching of Liquid Exfoliated WS2 Monolayers

3. Understanding the Photoluminescence Quenching of Liquid Exfoliated WS2 Monolayers

4. Understanding the Photoluminescence Quenching of Liquid Exfoliated WS2 Monolayers

5. Understanding the Photoluminescence Quenching of Liquid Exfoliated WS2 Monolayers

6. Highly conductive and long-term stable films from liquid-phase exfoliated platinum diselenide

7. Mechanochromic and Thermochromic Sensors Based on Graphene Infused Polymer Opals

8. Mechanochromic and Thermochromic Sensors Based on Graphene Infused Polymer Opals

9. Production and processing of graphene and related materials

10. Synthesis and Exfoliation of a New Layered Mesoporous Zr-MOF Comprising Hexa- and Dodecanuclear Clusters as Well as a Small Organic Linker Molecule

11. Mechanochromic and thermochromic sensors based on graphene infused polymer opals

12. Production and processing of graphene and related materials

13. Mechanochromic and Thermochromic Sensors Based on Graphene Infused Polymer Opals

14. Production and processing of graphene and related materials

15. Production and processing of graphene and related materials

16. Mechanochromic and Thermochromic Sensors Based on Graphene Infused Polymer Opals

17. Production and processing of graphene and related materials

18. Production and processing of graphene and related materials

19. Production and processing of graphene and related materials

20. Mechanochromic and Thermochromic Sensors Based on Graphene Infused Polymer Opals

21. Production and processing of graphene and related materials

22. Production and processing of graphene and related materials

23. Molecular chemistry approaches for tuning the properties of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides

24. Probing the local nature of excitons and plasmons in few-layer MoS2

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