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An in vivo study was conducted into the effects of partial replacement of dried ground corn grain with dried whey – as a supplement to alfalfa haylage (AH) or Italian ryegrass haylage (IRH) - on ad libitum intake, in vivo digestibility and N retention in wether sheep. The chemical composition of AH and IRH was roughly the same, except for the crude protein (CP) content which was much higher in AH compared with IRH. Sheep fed the AH-based diet had higher feed intake. Higher CP digestibility and higher N retention, as well as higher levels of excreted N, were shown compared IRHbased diet. The IRH-based diet increased the digestibility of chemical parameters studied, except CP and starch. The partial replacement of corn grain with dried whey reduced the intake of acid detergent fibre (ADF), improved the starch digestibility in AH and IRH-based diets, and increased the overall N intake in wethers fed the AH-based diet. In practical conditions, replacing 10% of corn grain with dried whey in a ration based on higher quality forage is a way to increase N intake in sheep. In conclusion, the partial replacement of corn grain with dried whey in a forage-based diet with higher CP content improves the nitrogen efficiency in the diet of wether sheep., Provedeno je in vivo istraživanje utjecaja djelomične zamjene suhog mljevenog zrna kukuruza sirutkom u prahu kao dodatka sjenaži lucerne (SL) ili sjenaži talijanskog ljulja (STL) na ad libitum konzumaciju, in vivo probavljivost i bilancu N u hranidbi kastriranih ovnova. Kemijski sastav SL i STL je bio otprilike isti, osim sadržaja sirovih proteina (SP) koji je bio veći kod SL u usporedbi s STL. Hranidba bazirana na SL imala je veću konzumaciju, veću probavljivost SP i veću bilancu N, kao i više izlučenog N u usporedbi s hranidbom baziranom na STL. Hranidba bazirana na STL je imala veću probavljivost istraživanih kemijskih parametara, osim SP i škroba. Djelomična zamjena zrna kukuruza sirutkom u prahu smanjila je konzumaciju kiselih detergent vlakana (KDV), povećala probavljivost škroba u hranidbi baziranoj na SL i STL i povećala ukupnu konzumaciju N u hranidbi baziranoj na SL. U praktičnim uvjetima zamjena 10% zrna kukuruza sirutkom u prahu u obroku na bazi kvalitetnije krme dovoljna je za povećanje konzumacije N. Zaključno, djelomična zamjena zrna kukuruza sirutkom u prahu u krmnoj osnovi s većim sadržajem SP povećava energetsku učinkovitost obroka u smislu konzumacije N i metabolizma.

Kukuruzna silaža (KS) je glavna energetska komponenta obroka u hranidbi goveda za meso i mlijeko. Cilj rada bio je utvrditi kvalitetu KS s područja Sisačko–moslavačke županije proizvedenih tijekom 2016. godine na deset obiteljskih poljoprivrednih gospodarstava (OPG). Analizirano je 65 uzoraka KS na organoleptičke, fizikalne, kemijske i biološke parametre kvalitete. Boja analiziranih uzoraka KS se kretala od normalne i zelenkaste do tamno smeđe, a miris od mirisa po alkoholu i maslačnoj kiselini do mirisa po karamelu. Najzastupljenija je bila duljina sječke od 0,8-1,9 cm (55 % analiziranih uzoraka), a zatim od 0,4-0,8 cm (31 % analiziranih uzoraka). Proizvedene KS su u prosjeku imale sadržaj suhe tvari (ST) 378,31 g kg-1 svježeg uzorka, neutralnih detergent vlakana (NDV) 407,78 g kg-1 ST, pH vrijednost 4,37, sadržaj sirovih proteina (SP) 72,81 g kg-1 ST, sadržaj škroba 343,3 g kg-1 ST, sadržaj metaboličke energije (ME) 10,85 MJ kg-1 ST, neto energije laktacije (NEL ) 6,56 MJ kg-1 ST i probavljivost organske tvari (POT) 71,1 %. Od ukupno analiziranih uzoraka se u optimalnu kvalitetu KS prema sadržaju ST može svrstati 23 % KS, sadržaju SP 46 %, škroba 18 %, pH vrijednosti 23 % analiziranih uzoraka dok prema POT 0% analiziranih uzoraka. Zaključeno je da su analizirane KS proizvedene su od usjeva kukuruza siliranih u kasnijim fazama fenološke zrelosti od optimalne za proizvodnju KS visoke kvalitete. Nadalje, vrijednosti sadržaja ST, NDV, pH i škroba su veće, a vrijednosti sadržaja SP, ME, NEL i POT niže od vrijednosti utvrđenih ranijim monitorinzima kvalitete KS na OPG-ima kao i poželjnih vrijednosti za KS. Varijabilna kvaliteta proizvedenih KS ukazuje na primijenjenu različitu tehnologiju uzgoja i siliranja usjeva kukuruza u istim mikroklimatskim uvjetima., Corn silage (CS) is the main energy component of the ration in feeding cattle for meat and milk. The objective of this study was to determine the quality of CS from the Sisak-Moslavina County produced in 2016 on ten family farms. Total of 65 CS samples were analyzed for organoleptic, physical, chemical and biological quality parameters. The color of the analyzed CS ranged from normal and greenish to dark brown, and the smell from the smell of alcohol and butyric acid to the smell of caramel. The most common was the chopping length of 0.8-1.9 cm (55% of the analyzed samples), followed by 0.4-0.8 cm (31% of the analyzed samples). The CS produced had on average dry matter (DM) content 378.31 g kg-1 fresh sample, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) 407.78 g kg-1 DM and pH value 4.37, crude protein (CP) 72.81 g kg-1 DM, starch 343.3 g kg-1 DM, metabolic energy (ME) 10.85 MJ kg-1 DM, net energy for lactation (NEL ) 6.56 MJ kg-1 DM and digestibility of organic matter (OMD) 711 g kg-1 DM. Out of the total of analyzed samples, the optimal quality was determined in 23% of CS for DM, 46% for CP content, 18% for starch, 23% for pH value and 0% for OMD. It was concluded that the analyzed CS were produced from corn crops ensiled in later stages of phenological maturity than optimal for the production of high quality CS. Also, the values determined for DM, NDF, pH, starch were higher while the values for CP, ME, NEL i OMD lower than reported by previous monitoring of CS quality on family farms as well as the desired values for CS. The variable quality of the produced CS indicates applied different technology of cultivation and ensiling of corn crops in the same microclimatic conditions.

Kukuruzna silaža (KS) je glavna energetska komponenta obroka u hranidbi goveda za meso i mlijeko. Cilj rada bio je utvrditi kvalitetu KS s područja Sisačko–moslavačke županije proizvedenih tijekom 2016. godine na deset obiteljskih poljoprivrednih gospodarstava (OPG). Analizirano je 65 uzoraka KS na organoleptičke, fizikalne, kemijske i biološke parametre kvalitete. Boja analiziranih uzoraka KS se kretala od normalne i zelenkaste do tamno smeđe, a miris od mirisa po alkoholu i maslačnoj kiselini do mirisa po karamelu. Najzastupljenija je bila duljina sječke od 0,8-1,9 cm (55 % analiziranih uzoraka), a zatim od 0,4-0,8 cm (31 % analiziranih uzoraka). Proizvedene KS su u prosjeku imale sadržaj suhe tvari (ST) 378,31 g kg-1 svježeg uzorka, neutralnih detergent vlakana (NDV) 407,78 g kg-1 ST, pH vrijednost 4,37, sadržaj sirovih proteina (SP) 72,81 g kg-1 ST, sadržaj škroba 343,3 g kg-1 ST, sadržaj metaboličke energije (ME) 10,85 MJ kg-1 ST, neto energije laktacije (NEL ) 6,56 MJ kg-1 ST i probavljivost organske tvari (POT) 71,1 %. Od ukupno analiziranih uzoraka se u optimalnu kvalitetu KS prema sadržaju ST može svrstati 23 % KS, sadržaju SP 46 %, škroba 18 %, pH vrijednosti 23 % analiziranih uzoraka dok prema POT 0% analiziranih uzoraka. Zaključeno je da su analizirane KS proizvedene su od usjeva kukuruza siliranih u kasnijim fazama fenološke zrelosti od optimalne za proizvodnju KS visoke kvalitete. Nadalje, vrijednosti sadržaja ST, NDV, pH i škroba su veće, a vrijednosti sadržaja SP, ME, NEL i POT niže od vrijednosti utvrđenih ranijim monitorinzima kvalitete KS na OPG-ima kao i poželjnih vrijednosti za KS. Varijabilna kvaliteta proizvedenih KS ukazuje na primijenjenu različitu tehnologiju uzgoja i siliranja usjeva kukuruza u istim mikroklimatskim uvjetima., Corn silage (CS) is the main energy component of the ration in feeding cattle for meat and milk. The objective of this study was to determine the quality of CS from the Sisak-Moslavina County produced in 2016 on ten family farms. Total of 65 CS samples were analyzed for organoleptic, physical, chemical and biological quality parameters. The color of the analyzed CS ranged from normal and greenish to dark brown, and the smell from the smell of alcohol and butyric acid to the smell of caramel. The most common was the chopping length of 0.8-1.9 cm (55% of the analyzed samples), followed by 0.4-0.8 cm (31% of the analyzed samples). The CS produced had on average dry matter (DM) content 378.31 g kg-1 fresh sample, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) 407.78 g kg-1 DM and pH value 4.37, crude protein (CP) 72.81 g kg-1 DM, starch 343.3 g kg-1 DM, metabolic energy (ME) 10.85 MJ kg-1 DM, net energy for lactation (NEL ) 6.56 MJ kg-1 DM and digestibility of organic matter (OMD) 711 g kg-1 DM. Out of the total of analyzed samples, the optimal quality was determined in 23% of CS for DM, 46% for CP content, 18% for starch, 23% for pH value and 0% for OMD. It was concluded that the analyzed CS were produced from corn crops ensiled in later stages of phenological maturity than optimal for the production of high quality CS. Also, the values determined for DM, NDF, pH, starch were higher while the values for CP, ME, NEL i OMD lower than reported by previous monitoring of CS quality on family farms as well as the desired values for CS. The variable quality of the produced CS indicates applied different technology of cultivation and ensiling of corn crops in the same microclimatic conditions.

Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj dodatka sirutke u prahu biljnoj masi poluprirodnog travnjaka na kemijski sastav i pH vrijednost fermentirane krme. U istraživanju je analizirano pet razina dodatka sirutke u prahu biljnoj masi poluprirodnog travnjaka kod siliranja u laboratorijske silose: (i) 0 %; (ii) 3 %, (iii) 6 %, (iv) 12 % i (v) 24% dodane sirutke. Laboratorijski silosi su otvoreni 47. dan od zatvaranja radi utvrđivanja pH vrijednosti i sadržaja suhe tvari (ST) fermentirane krme. NIR aparatom je procijenjen kemijski sastav fermentirane krme: sadržaj sirovih proteina (SP), sirovih masti (SM), sirovih vlakana (SV), pepela i ne dušićnih ekstraktivnih tvari (NET). S povećanjem dodatka sirutke u prahu biljnoj masi kod siliranja utvrđeno je linearno povećanje sadržaja ST (P<0,001) fermentirane krme. Utvrđen je statistički značajan kvadratni trend dodatka sirutke u prahu na sadržaj SP (P<0,001) i sadržaj SM (P<0,001). Dodatkom sirutke u prahu (od 3 % do 24 %) biljnoj masi prilikom siliranja utvrđeno je linearno opadanje sadržaja SV u fermentiranoj krmi (P<0,001). Sadržaj pepela se nije statistički značajno razlikovao između istraživanih tretmana (P>0,05). Dodatak sirutke u prahu je snizio pH vrijednost fermentirane krme (P<0,05). Zaključeno je da preporučena količina sirutke u prahu koju bi trebalo dodati biljnoj masi poluprirodnog travnjaka sadržaja ST oko 30 % prilikom siliranja je različita za pojedine kemijske parametre. Za snižavanje pH vrijednosti dovoljno je dodati 3% sirutke u prahu, za povećanje sadržaja ST 6 % dok za smanjenje sadržaja vlakana 24 %., The objective of the study was to determine the effect of dried whey supplementation at ensiling on chemical composition and quality of fermented forage originated from semi-natural grassland. The study consists of 5 levels of dried whey supplemented to forage at ensiling into laboratory siloses: (i) 0%; (ii) 3%, (iii) 6%, (iv) 12% and (v) 24%. After 47 days fermentation the laboratory siloses, the pH value of fermented forage and the dry matter content (DM) were determinedd. The NIR instrument was applied to predict the chemical composition and quality parameters of fermented forage: crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), ash and non-nitrogen extractives (NET). With an increase in dried whey supplementation at ensiling, a linear increase in the DM content (P<0.001) of fermented forage was found. A statistically significant square trend of whey powder supplementation to CP content (P <0.001) and CF content (P<0.001) was found. The whey supplementation (from 3% to 24%) to forage at ensiling showed a linear decrease in CF content in fermented forage (P<0.001). The ash content did not differ significantly between the investigated treatments (P>0.05). The whey supplementation lowered the pH of the fermented forage (P<0.05). It was concluded that the recommended quantity of whey powder that should be added to semi-natural forage ensiled at about 30% is different for individual chemical parameters. To lower the pH value, it is enough to add 3% whey powder, to increase the content of ST 6% while to reduce fiber content by 24%.

Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj dodatka mljevenog zrna kukuruza biljnoj masi poluprirodnog travnjaka na pH vrijednost i kemijski sastav fermentirane krme. Biljnoj masi poluprirodnog trvnjaka je kod siliranja dodano mljeveno zrno kukuruza u udjelu od 0, 3, 6, 12 i 24 % na 200 g biljne mase poluprirodnog travnjaka za tretmane TR0, TR3, TR6, TR12 i TR24, tim redom. Formirano je po 5 laboratorijskih silosa (5 ponavljanja) po tretmanu. Laboratorijski silosi ostavljeni su fermentirati 47 dana nakon čega je klasičnim metodama utvrđen sadržaj suhe tvari (ST) i pH vrijednost, a NIR spektroskopijom kemijski parametri fermentirane krme: sirovi proteini (SP), sirova vlakna (SV), pepeo, nedušićne ekstraktivne tvari (NET) i sirove masti (SM). Utvrđeno je da dodatak 3 % mljevenog zrna kukuruza biljnoj masi poluprirodnog travnjaka kod siliranja ne utječe na sadržaj ST, SP i SV, dok dodatak 3 i 6 % ne utječu na sadržaj pepela, NET i pH vrijednost fermentirane krme (P>0,05). Dodatak 3-24 % mljevenog zrna kukuruza biljnoj masi poluprirodnog travnjaka kod siliranja linearno povećava sadržaj ST (P<0,001), SV (P<0,001), NET (P<0,001), a smanjuje sadržaj SP (P<0,05) i pepela (P<0,001) u fermentiranoj krmi. Zaključeno je da, od istraživanih tretmana, najveći učinak na snižavanje pH vrijednosti ima dodatak 12% mljevenog zrna kukuruza biljnoj masi poluprirodnog travnjaka. Osim toga, dodatak mljevenog zrna kukuruza utječe na kemijski sastav, kao preduvjet hranidbene vrijednosti fermentirane krme, na način da smanjuje sadržaj SP i pepela, a povećava sadržaj ST, SV i NET-a u fermentiranoj krmi., The objective of this paper was to determine the effect of ground corn grain supplementation to the semi-natural grassland on the pH value and chemical composition of fermented forage. The ground corn was supplemeted to fresh semi-natural grassland forage at ratio of 0, 3, 6, 12 and 24% for treatments TR1, TR2, TR3, TR4 and TR5 respectivelly. A total of 25 laboratory siloses (5 treatments x 5 repetitions) per treatment were formed. Forage was fermented for 47 days before analysis by wet chemistry for dry matter (DM) content and pH value while NIR spectroscopy was used for the chemical quality parameters prediction: crude proteins (CP), crude fiber (CF), ash, non-nitrogen extractive substances (NET) and crude fat (CF). It was found that the addition of 3% of ground maize grain to the semi-natural grassland forage at ensiling does not affect DM, CP and CF, while the addition of 3 and 6 % does not affect the ash content, NET and pH value of fermented forage (P>0.05). The addition of 3 -24 % of ground corn to the semi-natural grassland forage at ensiling linearly increased the DM (P<001), CF (P<0,001), NET (P<0,001) and at the same time reduced CP (P<0.05) and ash (P<0,001) in fermented forage. It was concluded that, of the treatments investigated, the greatest effect on lowering the pH value in silo had 12 % supplementation of ground corn to the semi-natural forage. Besides, the ground corn supplementation affected the chemical composition, as a prerequisite of forage nutritive value, in a way that it reduced the content of CP and ash, and increased DM, CF and NET in fermented forage.

Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj dodatka mljevenog zrna kukuruza biljnoj masi poluprirodnog travnjaka na pH vrijednost i kemijski sastav fermentirane krme. Biljnoj masi poluprirodnog trvnjaka je kod siliranja dodano mljeveno zrno kukuruza u udjelu od 0, 3, 6, 12 i 24 % na 200 g biljne mase poluprirodnog travnjaka za tretmane TR0, TR3, TR6, TR12 i TR24, tim redom. Formirano je po 5 laboratorijskih silosa (5 ponavljanja) po tretmanu. Laboratorijski silosi ostavljeni su fermentirati 47 dana nakon čega je klasičnim metodama utvrđen sadržaj suhe tvari (ST) i pH vrijednost, a NIR spektroskopijom kemijski parametri fermentirane krme: sirovi proteini (SP), sirova vlakna (SV), pepeo, nedušićne ekstraktivne tvari (NET) i sirove masti (SM). Utvrđeno je da dodatak 3 % mljevenog zrna kukuruza biljnoj masi poluprirodnog travnjaka kod siliranja ne utječe na sadržaj ST, SP i SV, dok dodatak 3 i 6 % ne utječu na sadržaj pepela, NET i pH vrijednost fermentirane krme (P>0,05). Dodatak 3-24 % mljevenog zrna kukuruza biljnoj masi poluprirodnog travnjaka kod siliranja linearno povećava sadržaj ST (P<0,001), SV (P<0,001), NET (P<0,001), a smanjuje sadržaj SP (P<0,05) i pepela (P<0,001) u fermentiranoj krmi. Zaključeno je da, od istraživanih tretmana, najveći učinak na snižavanje pH vrijednosti ima dodatak 12% mljevenog zrna kukuruza biljnoj masi poluprirodnog travnjaka. Osim toga, dodatak mljevenog zrna kukuruza utječe na kemijski sastav, kao preduvjet hranidbene vrijednosti fermentirane krme, na način da smanjuje sadržaj SP i pepela, a povećava sadržaj ST, SV i NET-a u fermentiranoj krmi., The objective of this paper was to determine the effect of ground corn grain supplementation to the semi-natural grassland on the pH value and chemical composition of fermented forage. The ground corn was supplemeted to fresh semi-natural grassland forage at ratio of 0, 3, 6, 12 and 24% for treatments TR1, TR2, TR3, TR4 and TR5 respectivelly. A total of 25 laboratory siloses (5 treatments x 5 repetitions) per treatment were formed. Forage was fermented for 47 days before analysis by wet chemistry for dry matter (DM) content and pH value while NIR spectroscopy was used for the chemical quality parameters prediction: crude proteins (CP), crude fiber (CF), ash, non-nitrogen extractive substances (NET) and crude fat (CF). It was found that the addition of 3% of ground maize grain to the semi-natural grassland forage at ensiling does not affect DM, CP and CF, while the addition of 3 and 6 % does not affect the ash content, NET and pH value of fermented forage (P>0.05). The addition of 3 -24 % of ground corn to the semi-natural grassland forage at ensiling linearly increased the DM (P<001), CF (P<0,001), NET (P<0,001) and at the same time reduced CP (P<0.05) and ash (P<0,001) in fermented forage. It was concluded that, of the treatments investigated, the greatest effect on lowering the pH value in silo had 12 % supplementation of ground corn to the semi-natural forage. Besides, the ground corn supplementation affected the chemical composition, as a prerequisite of forage nutritive value, in a way that it reduced the content of CP and ash, and increased DM, CF and NET in fermented forage.